US 4,967,253 AGrant
Bipolar Transistor Integrated Circuit Technology
Issue Date:1990-10-30
•9 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An integrated circuit bipolar transistor is described wherein the relative semiconductor electrode areas are established by an electrode pedestal that includes a base contact positioning feature and wiring constraints are relaxed by a base pedestal that facilitates the positioning of contact wiring that is independent of contact location. A heterojunction bipolar transistor having a base area less than twice as large as the emitter area is described.
Metadata
Assignee
- International Business Machines Corporation
Inventor
- Chakrapani G. Jambotkar
Application Information
Application Number:US 2388308
Filing Date:1988-08-31
Priority Date:1988-08-31
Art Unit:258
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 2972
Field of Search:
35734;34 HB;16;35;56
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to the structure and fabrication of bipolar transistors in integrated circuits.
Background of the Invention
Integrated circuits typically consist of thousands of transistors which are built into and interconnected on large substrates. In their fabrication, consisting of many operations, cumulative structural and locational tolerances limit precision and result in some loss of electrical performance of the transistors. This is particularly true in the case of bipolar transistors where, for example, the collector electrode is in the substrate crystal, the base and emitter electrodes being epitaxially arranged above it. In such a structure, one must consider not only lithographic limitations in positioning but also as to how relative areas of electrodes affect device parameters.
In the prior art, some consideration has been given to the relative size of the base, which, in turn, directly affects base-to-collector capacitance. The ideal relative sizes would be that the base-to-collector area be the same as the base-to-emitter area.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,774, the collector is implanted with ions so there remains only an active region that coincides with the emitter area.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,111, there is grown a base and emitter on a collector region, the base being very thin. Side layers of the same conductivity as the base serve as contacts and control relative areas.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,305, control is achieved by control of doping adjacent to the junctions.
In Asbeck et al, IEEE Electron Device Letters Vol. EDL-5, No. 8, Aug. 1984, p.310, 02 is implanted under the extrinsic base to keep the base area to the emitter size.
Summary of the Invention
The invention provides an integrated bipolar transistor wherein the area of the base region is made extremely small, being less than twice the area of the emitter. A device construction involving two pedestals is employed wherein one pedestal establishes base size and the other pedestal establishes external base connection location to facilitate global wiring. The invention is particularly advantageous in bipolar heterojunction transistor technology.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional schematic view of the novel structure along with processing principles.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the same structure.
FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating the interrelationship of electrode and wiring dimensions in bipolar transistor integrated circuits of the prior art.
FIGS. 4 through 13 illustrate intermediate steps in the application of the principles of the invention to the fabrication of a heterojunction bipolar transistor integrated circuit wherein:
FIG. 4 is a multilayer substrate with an electrode pedestal thereon;
FIG. 5 is the structure of FIG. 4 with a temporarily formed material surrounding the pedestal;
FIG. 6 is the structure of FIG. 5 after area reduction of the electrode pedestal with base electrode spacing overhang;
FIG. 7 is the structure of FIG. 6 with the electrode pedestal area reduction protected with a material resistant to an erosion operation exercised on the material applied at the stage of FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is the structure of FIG. 7 wherein isolation is provided adjacent the electrode pedestal;
FIG. 9 is the structure of FIG. 8 wherein the isolation is eroded to provide access to a buried layer;
FIG. 10 is the structure of FIG. 9 with metal contacts to the base;
FIG. 11 is the structure of FIG. 10 with conformal insulation and planarization coatings;
FIG. 12 is the structure of FIG. 11 with the coatings partially removed to expose the pedestal electrode; and
FIG. 13 is the structure of FIG. 12 contact openings have been placed in the coatings and metallization has taken place.
Description of the Invention
The invention provides an integrated bipolar transistor wherein the area of the region is realized to be extremely small, being than twice the area of the emitter.
The relative areas are established by a first or electrode pedestal that includes a base contact positioning feature and device interconnection or global wiring constraints are relaxed by a second or base pedestal that facilitates the positioning of the global wiring.
Referring to FIG. 1 there is depicted a cross sectional view of a bipolar transistor illustrating the principles of the invention. Using for clarity an arbitrary n and p conductivity type assignment, there is a substrate 1 on which is provided an n type collector region 2 surrounded by isolation region 3. On the c 2 there is provided a base pedestal 4 having an region 5 bounding an n type region 6 of the collector 2 forming a base to collector junction with a p intrinsic base region 7. An electrode pedestal 8 contains an n type portion of the emitter 9 forming an emitter to base junction with the region 7. There is an n.sup.+ emitter contacting portion 10 interfaces with the emitter 9. Insulation 11 global device interconnecting wiring 12, 13 for emitter, base and collector, respectively. The two pedestal structure permits separation of the wiring 12, 13 and 14 even though the base contact 15 and the p.sup.+ extrinsic base portion 16 of base region 7 are positioned in close physical proximity to the emitter 9. Base reachthrough 17 connects base contact 15 with the global interconnecting wiring 13. Similarly, collector reachthrough 18 connects the collector region 2 with the global collector interconnect wiring 14. The vertical differentiation in the insulating material 11 at the collector contact provides reduced constraints in positioning the global collector interconnect wiring 14 through the reduced thickness and that reduced thickness also facilitates the collector contact 18 reach-through.
The invention is shown in a plan view in FIG. 2 which is dimensionally correlated with FIG. 1 using the same reference numerals. The figure depicts the global wiring 12, 13 and 14 which is separated relatively widely in accordance with the constraints of lithographic capability, while the base contact 15 and p.sup.+ region 16 are located very close to the emitter 9 area of pedestal 8.
The structure and process of the invention provides transistors with the smallest possible base area. Typically, this base area and therefore the collector base capacitance will be one-third that in a conventional transistor, thus resulting in an appreciable improvement in the transistor performance. An illustration of this is shown in FIG. 3, in connection with the prior art. It is well known in the art that the base collector capacitance has a strong influence on the switching performance of a bipolar transistor. As illustrated in FIG. 3, in transistor structures of the prior art, the base surrounding the emitter occupies an appreciable area. This surrounding area arises out of a number of considerations, a main one being the necessity of allowance for various lithography tolerances.
Referring to FIG. 3, the overall base area is labeled 20 and the emitter area is labeled 21, the base contact is labeled 22 and the global base connection is labeled 23 whereas the emitter global connection is labeled 24. In this type of prior art construction, dimensions X, Y, Z, V and U were for all practical purposes area losses governed primarily by lithography limitations. The dimension X is the overlap of the base window edge relative to the emitter edge to allow for edge to edge misregistration. The dimension Y is the overlap of the global metal for the emitter relative to the emitter edge which is necessary for reliability reasons. The dimension Z is the space between global metals for base and emitter connections. The dimension V is the width necessary for contact between the global metal and the connection to the base and the dimension U is the overlap of the base window edge relative to the base contact metal to prevent the contact metal from shorting to regions outside the base.
Under these prior art conditions, the base area, A, would follow the expression shown in Equation 1.
where L.sub.E and W.sub.E are emitter length and width, respectively. As a practical example, assuming the value of U, V, X, Y and Z to be 0.6, 0.9, 0.6, 0.6 and 1.5-1.8 microns, respectively, for a typical 3.times.1.5 micron squared emitter, the total base area would be of the order of 25.2 microns for a Z value of 1.8 microns.
In contrast, in accordance with the invention, while the intrinsic base occupies an area equal to that of the emitter, the length of the extrinsic base area is equal to the length of the emitter, and the width of the extrinsic base area is the amount necessary for contact with the p contact metal, viz. typically about nine-tenths of a micron. The result is that the base area is typically about 7.7 square microns.
In accordance with the principles of the invention, the invention will be described with the help of FIGS. 4-13 in connection with a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) wherein specific conductivity types and particular compound semiconductor materials will be employed. However, in the light of the principles of the invention, many substitutions will occur to one skilled in the art.
The process described using FIGS. 4-13 produces heterojunction bipolar transistors which have the smallest possible base area. Compared to a conventional transistor, the process of this invention enables the base area to be shrunk to about a third, for a given emitter size, and the collector-base capacitance diminishes by the same factor.
Employing the process of the invention the large reduction in base area is attained through triple self-alignment of the base edges with respect to the emitter edges. Placement of the base contact metal is only two-tenths of a micron away from one of the four edges of the emitter and self-aligned placement of an isolation region outside the base area on all four sides of the device removes the constraint of dimension U identified in FIG. 3. In other words, the base contact metal can extend beyond the base area as much as necessary in order to provide a connection to the global base metal without creating base to collector short circuits.
Referring to FIG. 4, a conventional starting structure is provided on a wafer 30 consisting of a monocrystalline compound semiconductor such as GaAs. The wafer 30 consists of a layer 31 of, for example, N.sup.+ GaAs, a layer 32 of N GaAs or AlGaAs, a layer 33 of P GaAs, a layer 34 of N AlGaAs and finally a layer 35 of N.sup.+ GaAs a comma grown sequentially using the technique of metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), as is standard in the art. Using the technique of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a layer 36 of Si.sub.x N.sub.y followed by a layer of polysilicon 37 is then provided over the layer 35.
Through the use of lithography and etching, layers 37, 36, 35 and 34 are removed beyond the edges 38 and 39 so that a first or electrode pedestal is created. This pedestal establishes the area of the emitter.
While the FIGS. 4-13 are shown in cross section as is conventional in the art, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the cross sectional structure of the pedestal also has a third dimension.
Using for example chemical vapor deposition, a conformal layer of SiO.sub.x 40 in FIG. 5, is deposited surrounding the pedestal which was made up of layers 34-37. This is followed by a planarizing coating of polyimide, not shown. An etch back technique, using, for example CF.sub.4 reactive ion etching (which etches SiO.sub.x and polyimide or resist at practically the same rate), or ion milling which also removes the two, materials at the same rate, is employed next so that the structure of FIG. 5 is produced when the etch back is stopped when the top surface of layer 37 is just exposed.
Referring to FIG. 6, an opening 41 follows the face 39 and removes from the first pedestal all material except that defined by the area 42 which will equal the size of the emitter of the device being manufactured. This is done as follows:
An oversized photoresist mask, not shown, is applied over the surface of the structure of FIG. 5 such that the portion (between 39 and 43 of FIG. 6) of the first pedestal, that is to be removed, is exposed. The layer 37 of polysilicon is first etched away using, for example, an SF.sub.6 Cl.sub.2 reactive ion etch which has a very low etch rate for silicon oxide.
Following this and using the same mask, the silicon nitride layer 36 is then etched through by changing the reactive ion etch to, for example, CF.sub.4. This etch removes a portion of the exposed silicon oxide 40 in the area 44 but this is of no particular consequence since the silicon oxide 40 substantially remains in place because of its thickness.
Retaining the same photoresist mask, the N.sup.+ layer 35 of GaAs is then etched through using, for example, CCl.sub.2 F.sub.2 +He as a reactive ion etch, followed by an isotropic plasma etch, with the same etchant, so as to create an, about 0.2 micron wide, undercut 45. The etching of the opening 41 is continued to remove layer 34 using, for example, wet etching or plasma etching. Through the opening 41, implantation of, for example, magnesium ions is next performed so as to produce the extrinsic base P.sup.+ region 46 in the layer 33, preferably extending slightly laterally at 47 and 48 and below into layer 32.
Conductivity type and material labeling designations have been included in the figures to assist in correlating the explanation of the device being manufactured.
In the activation of the dopant in the region 46 capless AsH.sub.3 annealing, or annealing following vapor deposition of a thin, about 500 Angstroms, silicon nitride, cap on the surface of the wafer may be performed. Where the thin cap is used, it is removed after annealing using, for example, CF.sub.4 plasma etching.
A coating of planarizing polyimide or resist is applied next. It is subjected to an O.sub.2 etch back so as to provide the structure depicted in FIG. 7, where the region 49 of polyimide or resist is filling the opening 41 and the area 42 on the polysilicon is exposed.
Referring next to FIG. 8, the silicon oxide 40 of FIG. 7 and earlier is removed using, for an example, buffered HF wet etching. This is followed by an implantation of ions such as boron, hydrogen or oxygen, which form isolation regions 50 a comma using as boundaries the interface 38 and the interface 51 of the polyimide or resist 49.
At this point, the first pedestal of the invention is complete which provides the emitter area 34.
Referring next to FIG. 9, the polyimide or resist 49 is removed, and then by lithography and etching, portions of the isolation 50 is etched down so as to expose the layer 31. Isolation regions 52 which define the subcollector boundary are next formed through ion implantation of boron, hydrogen or oxygen.
Referring next to FIG. 10, employing the standard liftoff technique well known in the art, a metal system, such as gold/manganese, is evaporated to serve as the contact 53 to the extrinsic portion 46 of the base. In the standard liftoff technique in the art, some of the metal evaporated during formation of contact 53 will fall above layer 37 as element 54 and the contact will thus be delineated at its edge by the ledge 45 built-in in accordance with FIG. 6.
Referring next to FIG. 11, employing a technique such as chemical vapor deposition, a layer of insulating Si.sub.x N.sub.y or SiO.sub.x 55 is placed over the structure fabricated thus far. Over the insulating layer 55, a planarizing layer 56 of polyimide or resist is applied.
Employing the etch-back technique which is standard in the art, the polyimide layer 56 and Si.sub.x N.sub.y or SiO.sub.x layer 55 are etched back at practically the same etch rate using, for example, CF.sub.4 reactive ion etching, until the metal layer 54 becomes exposed. The technique of ion milling is next employed to remove the metal 54. Thereafter, the polysilicon layer 37 and the silicon nitride layer 36 may be removed by using CF.sub.4 reactive ion etching producing the structure of FIG. 12.
Referring next to FIG. 13, the device is completed using lithography to etch contact holes 57 and 58 through the insulating layer 55 for the base contact and for the collector contact.
Through the technique of lift-off well known in the art, contact metal 59 and 60 is applied to the emitter and the collector, respectively. Finally, through lithography and the technique of lift-off and standard deposition, the patterns for the global wiring 61, 62 and 63 for the emitter, base and collector, respectively, are laid down.
In the structure of FIG. 13, the extrinsic base contact metal 53 is positioned extremely close to the emitter as governed by the overhang technique described in connection with FIG. 6.
The first or electrode pedestal thus governs the size of the base and the spacing of the base contact. The second or base pedestal bounded by isolation region 50 operates to provide support for element 53 when extended to permit the movement of the global metal 62.
Best Mode of Carrying Out the Invention
In the structure of FIG. 13 a comma the substrate 30 would be GaAs, the collector layer would be N.sup.+ GaAs approximately 5,000 Angstroms in thickness, the collector layer 32 would be one of either N GaAs or N AlGaAs about 4,000 Angstroms in thickness. The base layer 33 would be P GaAs approximately 1,000 Angstroms thick. The emitter layer 34 would be N AlGaAs about 1,500 Angstroms thick and the emitter layer 35 would be N.sup.+ GaAs about 1,500 Angstroms thick. The base contact metal 53 would be gold/manganese and the contact metal for the emitter 59 and the collector 60 would be gold/germanium/nickel. The global interconnection metal 61, 62 and 63 would be aluminum with a suitable barrier metal layer such as TiW.
In the structure of FIG. 13, the first pedestal provided an emitter region typically 3.0 microns by 1.5 microns. The base region, including the extrinsic region 46, would be typically about 8 microns.
What has been described is a structure and a technique of fabrication of a bipolar transistor wherein the area of the base region is extremely small, being equal to less than twice the area of the emitter wherein a first pedestal is formed that both establishes a minimal intrinsic base size with respect to the emitter size and facilitates the positioning of the base contact metal on an extrinsic portion of the base in close proximity to the emitter and a second pedestal which provides support for extending the base contact metal to facilitate positioning of global interconnection metals.
Claims
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A bipolar transistor wherein in a semiconductor body, emitter and collector electrodes are separated by a base electrode, comprising: a semiconductor substrate, a first electrode, being one of said emitter and collector, said first electrode having, a first layer, of a first conductivity type, high conductivity, with a first area, being positioned with one face on said substrate and surrounded by a first isolation region, a second layer, of said first conductivity type with normal conductivity, that is lower than said high conductivity, with a second area that is smaller than said first area, positioned with one face thereof epitaxial with the remaining face of said first layer, a base electrode layer coextensive in area with said second layer of said first electrode, said base electrode layer having one face thereof epitaxial with the remaining face of said second layer of said first electrode, having an opposite conductivity type to said first conductivity type, having a normal conductivity intrinsic portion with a third area corresponding to the base to emitter junction area designed for said transistor, and an extrinsic electrical contacting portion higher in conductivity than said intrinsic portion, a second isolation region surrounding the coextensive combination of said second layer of said first electrode and said base electrode layer, with a thickness sufficient to be planar with the remaining face of said base electrode layer, a second electrode, being the other one of said emitter and collector electrodes, having a layer with an area the same as said third area with one face thereof epitaxial with said intrinsic portion of said base electrode layer, a base contacting metal member, positioned on said second isolation region and on said extrinsic portion of said base electrode layer, and extending proximate to, but separated from, said second electrode layer, insulating material covering said transistor, surrounding said second electrode, and extending at least to said first isolation region, first global electrical wiring to said first electrode supported by said insulating material and connected with a reachthrough to said first layer of said first electrode, second global electrical wiring to said second electrode supported by and connected to contacting means to said second electrode layer, and third global electrical wiring to said base electrode supported by said insulating material and connected to said base contacting metal member at a location along the length thereof including the portion supported by said second isolation region beyond said base layer.
2. The transistor of claim 1 wherein said second electrode is the emitter electrode of said transistor.
3. The transistor of claim 2 wherein said contacting means to said second electrode is a higher conductivity semiconductor layer than said second electrode epitaxial with said second electrode layer and covered with a metal.
4. The transistor of claim 1 wherein said semiconductor body is of compound type semiconductor material.
5. The transistor of claim 4 wherein said second electrode is the emitter electrode of said transistor.
6. The transistor of claim 5 wherein said contacting means to said second electrode is a higher conductivity semiconductor layer epitaxial than said second electrode with said second electrode layer and covered with a metal.
7. The transistor of claim 6 wherein said first electrode contact layer is N.sup.+ type GaAs, said first electrode layer is an N conductivity type member taken from the group consisting of GaAs and AlGaAs, said base layer is P type GaAs, said second electrode layer is N type AlGaAs, and said second electrode contacting layer is N.sup.+ type GaAs.
8. A bipolar transistor having emitter and collector electrodes separated by a base electrode in a semiconductor body where the first of said emitter and collector electrodes is at least one layer having a first area positioned with a first face thereof in and supported by a substrate, the base electrode is a layer having a first face positioned on the second and remaining face of said first electrode layer forming a p-n junction therewith, and the second and other of said emitter and collector electrodes is a mesa structure having a second, transistor performance controlling, area, smaller than said first area, with at least one layer, forming p-n junction contact with the second and remaining face of said base electrode layer, the improvement comprising: said base layer having an intrinsic normal conductivity portion coextensive with said smaller area p-n junction and having a high conductivity extrinsic portion higher in conductivity then said intrinsic portion extending proximate to but separated from said p-n junction, an isolation region surrounding said base layer having a surface coplanar with said second face of said base electrode layer, a base contacting metal member extending from said extrinsic portion of said base electrode layer over said coplanar surface of said isolation region, insulating material surrounding said mesa and extending at least over said base contacting metal member and at least a portion of said isolation region, and base electrical contacting means extending through said insulating material and contacting said base contacting metal member over said coplanar isolation region beyond said extrinsic portion of said base layer.
9. The transistor of claim 8 wherein: said first electrode is the collector electrode, is of N conductivity type and is a material taken from the group consisting of of GaAs and GaAlAs, said base electrode layer is of P conductivity type GaAs, and said mesa is the emitter electrode with the layer thereof forming said p-n junction contact with said base being N conductivity type GaAlAs.
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