Biocidal Compositions and Use Thereof

The formation of slimes by microorganisms is a problem that is encountered in many aqueous systems For example, the problem is not only found in natural waters such as lagoons, lakes, ponds, etc., and confined waters as in pools, but also in such industrial systems as cooling water systems, air washer systems and pulp and paper mill systems. All possess conditions which are conducive to the growth and reproduction of slime-forming microorganisms. In both once-through and recirculating cooling systems, for example, which employ large quantities of water as a cooling medium, the formation of slime by microorganisms is an extensive and constant problem.

Airborne organisms are readily entrained in the water from cooling towers and find this warm medium an ideal environment for growth and multiplication. Aerobic and heliotropic organisms fluorish on the tower proper while other organisms colonize and grow in such areas as the tower sump and the piping and passages of the cooling system. The slime formation not only aids in the deterioration of the tower structure in the case of wooden towers, but also promotes corrosion when it deposits on metal surfaces. Slime carried through the cooling system plugs and fouls lines, valves, strainers, etc., and deposits on heat exchange surfaces. In the latter case, the impedance of heat transfer can greatly reduce the efficiency of the cooling system.

In pulp and paper mill systems, slime formed by microorganisms is commonly encountered and causes fouling, plugging, or corrosion of the system. The slime also becomes entrained in the paper produced to cause breakouts on the paper machines, which results in work stoppages and the loss of production time. The slime is also responsible for unsightly blemishes in the final product, which result in rejects and wasted output.

The previously discussed problems have resulted in the extensive utilization of biocides in cooling water and pulp and paper mill systems. Materials which have employed widespread use in such applications include chlorine, chlorinated phenols, organo-bromines, and various organo-sulfur compounds. All of these compounds are generally useful for this purpose but each is attended by a variety of impediments. For example, chlorination is limited both by its specific toxicity for slime-forming organisms at economic levels and by the tendency of chlorine to react, which results in the expenditure of the chlorine before its full biocidal function is achieved. Other biocides are attended by odor problems and hazards in respect to storage, use or handling which limit their utility. To date, no one compound or type of compound has achieved a clearly established predominance in respect to the applications discussed. Likewise, lagoons, ponds, lakes, and even pools, either used for pleasure purposes or used for industrial purposes for the disposal and storage of industrial wastes, become, during the warm weather, beseiged by slime due to microorganisms growth and reproduction. In the case of the recreational areas the problem of infection is obvious. In the case of industrial storage or disposal of industrial materials, the microorganisms cause additional problems which must be eliminated prior to the material's use or disposal of the waste.

Naturally, economy is a major consideration in respect to all of these biocides. Such economic considerations attach to both the cost of the biocide and the expense of its application. The cost performance index of any biocide is derived from the basic cost of the material, its effectiveness per unit of weight, the duration of its biocidal or biostatic effect in the system treated, and the ease and frequency of its addition to the system treated. To date, none of the commercially available biocides has exhibited a prolonged biocidal effect. Instead, their effectiveness is rapidly reduced as the result of exposure to physical conditions such as temperature, association with ingredients contained by the system toward which they exhibit an affinity or substantivity, etc., with a resultant restriction or elimination of their biocidal effectiveness, or by dilution.

As a consequence, the use of such biocides involves their continuous or frequent addition to systems to be treated and their addition to multiple points or zones in the systems to be treated. Accordingly, the cost of the biocide and the labor cost of such means of applying it are considerable. In other instances, the difficulty of access to the zone in which slime formation is experienced precludes the effective use of a biocide. For example, if in a particular system there is no access to an area at which slime formation occurs the biocide can only be applied at a point which is upstream in the flow system. However, the physical or chemical conditions, e.g., chemical reactivity, thermal degradation, etc., which exist between the point at which the biocide may be added to the system and the point at which its biocidal effect is desired render the effective use of a biocide impossible.

Similarly, in a system experiencing relatively slow flow, such as a paper mill, if a biocide is added at the beginning of the system, its biocidal effect may be completely dissipated before it has reached all of the points at which this effect is desired or required. As a consequence, the biocide must be added at multiple points, and even then a diminishing biocidal effect will be experienced between one point of addition to the system and the next point downstream at which the biocides may be added. In addition to the increased cost of utilizing and maintaining multiple feed points, gross ineconomies in respect to the cost of the biocide are experienced. Specifically, at each point of addition, an excess of the biocide is added to the system in order to compensate for that portion of the biocide which will be expended in reacting with other constituents present in the system or experience physical changes which impair its biocidal activity.

Most industrial disinfection is done by adding gaseous chlorine to water. In water, gaseous chlorine hydrolyzes to form hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions, the predominant species depending on the pH of the water. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used instead of gaseous chlorine, as can other hypochlorite salts. All hypochlorite salts dissolve in water to form hypochlorite ions and hypochlorons acid, again the predominant species depending on the pH of the water. As used herein the term "chlorine" refers to the presence of hypochlorous acid and/or hypochlorite ions in water regardless of the physical form the chlorine has prior to dissolution in the water.

The biocidal compositions of the present invention comprise, as active ingredients, (1) 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol ("BNPD") and (2) an oxidizing biocide, such as chlorine.

Other exemplary oxidizing biocides which the inventors believe will exhibit synergism in the proper combinations with BNPD are chlorine dioxide, bromine, ozone, peroxides and peracetic acid.

BNPD is sold by the Boots Company Ltd., Nottingham, England as an industrial water treatment antibacterial agent. Of interest regarding the uses of BNPD are Chemical Abstract, volume 95 (1981) 199029f, disclosing the use of a compositions comprising 4-5-dichloro-1, 2-dithiol-3-one and BNP, and Bryce, et al. Chemical Abstracts volume 89 (1978) 117510v, reviewing references describing the microbial chemical analystical properties, and, formulation of Bronopol (a tradename of Boots for BNPD). Neither of the abstracts discloses the compositions of the present inventions nor the utilization of such a composition to inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae growth.

BNPD has been used in conjunction with other biocidal compounds as described in the following U.S. patents of common assignment and inventorship herewith: U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,587 to Whitekettle and Donofrio, U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,623 to Whitekettle and Donofrio, U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,624 to Whitekettle and Donofrio, U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,905 to Donofrio and Whitekettle, U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,911 to Whitekettle and Donofrio, U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,913 to Donofrio and Whitekettle and U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,961 to Donofrio and Whitekettle.

BNPD has also been used in conjunction with other biocidal compounds in the following copending U.S. patent applications of common assignment and inventorship herewith, Ser. Nos.: 07/242,840; 07/242,831; 07/242,841; 07/243,007; 07/242,846.

Chlorine is a known oxidizing biocidal composition commercially available from Jones Chemical Company, Olin Corporation, and Pennwalt Corporation. Chlorine is well known and documented for its industrial disinfection properties. See, for example, Moore, Edward W., "Fundamentals of Chlorination of Sewage and Waste", Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 98 No. 3, (March 1951); Baker, R. J., "Chlorination of Industrial Water Supplies", 9th Annual Liberty Bell Corrosion Course (1971). Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, peroxides and peracetic acid are examples of oxidizing biocides which should exhibit synergism in the proper combination with BNPD.

Although BNPD, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, peroxides, and peracetic acid are known biocidal compounds; the synergistic effect obtained by combining BNPD and an oxidizing biocide selected from the group consisting of chlorine and chlorine dioxide has not been previously disclosed.

Surprisingly, the present inventors have found that mixtures of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol ("BNPD") and an oxidizing biocide are especially efficacious in controlling the growth of bacterial microbes, specifically the Klebsiella pneumoniae species. Specifically, the inventors found that mixtures of BNPD and hypochlorite are especially efficacious in controlling the growth of bacterial microbes, specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae. Based on these findings, it is postulated that mixtures of BNPD and strong oxidizers, particularly hypohalous acids, such as hypochlorous, hypobromous and hypoiodic acids, and their salts as well as mixtures of BNPD and chlorine dioxide, will be equally efficacious.

The Klebsiella pneumoniae species is a member of the capsulated, facultative class of bacteria and is generally present in air, water and soil. These bacteria continually contaminate open cooling systems and pulping and papermaking systems and are among the most common slime formers. The slime may be viewed as being a mass of agglomerated cells stuck together by the cementing action of the gelatinous polysaccharide or proteinaceous secretions around each cell. The slimy mass entraps other debris, restricts water flow and heat transfer, and may serve as a site for corrosion.

The fact that the Klebsiella species used in the tests is a facultative species is important as, by definition, such bacteria may thrive under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Accordingly, by reason of demonstrated efficacy in the growth inhibition of this particular species, one can expect similar growth inhibition attributes when other aerobic or anaerobic bacterial species are encountered. It is also expected that these compositions will exhibit similar growth inhibition attributes when fungi and algae species are encountered.

Hypochlorite/hypochlorous acid is available from The Chlorox Company, Oakland, Calif. under the tradename "Clorox". It is 5.25% pure. It is usually available as sodium hypochlorite. It is readily soluble in water.

Gaseous chlorine is available from Jones Chemical Company. It is 98-100% pure. Gaseous chlorine is usually available as chlorine gas in cylinders. It is readily soluble in water.

Chlorine dioxide is usually generated on site from either gaseous chlorine or sodium chlorate using a chlorine dioxide generator available from Lamb-Weston, Portland, Oreg. Once generated it is usually available as 0.05-1.0% aqueous solution. It is a readily soluble gas in water.

As noted above, BNPD is available from The Boots Company, Ltd. and is sold under the trademarks "Myacide AS" or "Bronopol" it is a white, free flowing, crystalline solid that is readily soluble in cold water. The product is from about 95-100% pure.

In accordance with the present invention, the combined BNPD and oxidizing biocide treatment may be added to the desired aqueous system in need of biocidal treatment, in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 200 parts of the combined treatment to one million parts (by weight) of the aqueous medium. Preferably, about 5 to about 50 parts of the combined treatment per one million parts (by weight) of the aqueous medium is added.

The combined treatment is added, for example, to cooling water systems, paper and pulp mill systems, pools, ponds, lagoons, lakes, etc., to control the formation of bacterial microorganisms, which may be contained by, or which may become entrained in, the system to be treated. It has been found that the BNPD and oxidizing biocide compositions and methods of utilization of the treatment are efficacious in controlling the facultative bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, which may populate these systems. It is thought that the combined treatment composition and method of the present invention will also be efficacious in inhibiting and controlling all types of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Surprisingly, it has been found that when the BNPD and oxidizing biocide ingredients are mixed, in certain instances, the resulting mixtures possess a higher degree of bactericidal activity than that of the individual ingredients comprising the mixture. Accordingly, it is possible to produce a highly efficacious bactericide. Because of the enhanced activity of the mixture, the total quantity of the bacterial treatment may be reduced. In addition, the high degree of bactericidal effectiveness which is provided by each of the ingredients may be exploited without use of higher concentrations of each.

The following experimental data were developed. It is to be remembered that the following examples are to be regarded solely as being illustrative, and not as restricting the scope of the invention.

BNPD and hypochlorite were added in varying ratios and over a wide range of concentrations to a liquid nutrient medium which was subsequently inoculated with a standard volume of a suspension of the facultative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. Growth was measured by determining the amount of radioactivity accumulated by the cells when .sup.14 C-glucose was added as the sole source of carbon in the nutrient medium. The effect of the biocide chemicals, alone and in combination, is to reduce the rate and amount of .sup.14 C incorporation into the cells during incubation, as compared to controls not treated with the chemicals. Additions of the biocides, alone and in varying combinations and concentrations, were made according to the accepted "checkerboard" technique described by M. T. Kelley and J. M. Matsen, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 9: 440 (1976). Following a two hour incubation, the amount of radioactivity incorporated in the cells was determined by counting (.sup.14 C liquid scintillation procedures) for all treated and untreated samples. The percent reduction of each treated sample was calculated from the relationship: ##EQU1##

Plotting the % reduction of .sup.14 C level against the concentration of each biocide acting alone results in a dose-response curve, from which the biocide dose necessary to achieve any given % reduction can be interpolated.

Synergism was determined by the method of calculation described by F. C. Kull, P. C. Eisman, H. D. Sylwestrowicz and R. L. Mayer, Applied Microbiology 9,538 (1961) using the relationship. ##EQU2## where: Q.sub.a =quantity of compound A, acting alone, producing an end point

Q.sub.b =quantity of compound B, acting alone, producing an end point

Q.sub.A =quantity of compound A in mixture, producing an end point

Q.sub.B =quantity of compound B in mixture, producing an end point

The end point used in the calculations is the % reduction caused by each mixture of A and B. Q.sub.A and Q.sub.B are the individual concentrations in the A/B mixture causing a given % reduction. Q.sub.a and Q.sub.b are determined by interpolation from the respective dose-response curves of A and B as those concentrations of A and B acting alone which produce the same % reduction as each specific mixture produced.

Dose-response curves for each active acting alone were determined by linear regression analysis of the dose-response data. Data were fitted to a curve represented by the equation shown with each data set. After linearizing the data, the contributions of each biocide component in the biocide mixtures to the inhibition of radioisotope uptake were determined by interpolation with the dose-response curve of the respective biocide. If, for example, quantities of Q.sub.A plus Q.sub.B are sufficient to give a 50% reduction in .sup.14 C content, Q.sub.a and Q.sub.b are those quantities of A or B acting alone, respectively, found to give 50% reduction in .sup.14 C content. A synergism index (SI) is calculated for each combination of A and B.

Where the SI is <1, synergism exists. Where the SI=1, additivity exists. Where SI>1, antagonism exists.

The data in the following tables comes from treating Klebsiella pneumoniae, a common nuisance bacterial type found in industrial cooling waters and in pulping and paper making systems, with varying ratios and concentrations of BNPD and hydantoin. Shown for each combination is the % reduction of .sup.14 C content (% I), the calculated SI, and the weight ratio of BNPD and hypochlorite.

Asterisks in the SI column indicate synergistic combinations in accordance with the Kull method supra. The double asterisk indicates that the tested hypochlorite was about 2.2% active ingredients.

In Tables I and II, differences seen between the replicates are due to normal experimental variance.

In accordance with Tables I-II supra., unexpected results occurred more frequently within the product ratios of BNPD to hypochlorite of from about 2.6:1 to 1:50.

At present, it is preferred that the commercial product embodying the invention comprise a product ratio of about 1:6.2 BNPD to hypochlorite.

Since the tested BNPD was about 100% active biocidal ingredient, and the tested hypochlorite was about 2.2% active biocidal ingredient, the unexpected results above occurred more frequently within the weight ratio range of 120:1 to 1:1.1 on a 100% actives basis of BNPD:hypochlorite. The preferred weight ratio on a 100% actives basis is 7:1 BNPD:hypochlorite.

Based upon the chemical similarities of hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite, chlorine and chlorine dioxide, it is expected that chlorine will exhibit unexpected synergistic activity in combination with BNPD in the following weight ratio based upon 100% actives 120:1 to 1:1.1. It is also expected that chlorine dioxide will exhibit unexpected synergistic activity in combination with BNPD in the following weight ratio (based on 100% actives) 150:1 to 1:100.

While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of this invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.