US 4,899,272 AGrant
Addressing Multiple Types of Memory Devices
Issue Date:1990-02-06
•14 Claims
•3 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention provides a memory addressing system that can accommodate multiple size DRAMS. DRAMS of various sizes can be mixed in a variety of ways. The present invention provides a hardware register associated with each pair of banks of DRAMS. This hardware register is programmable to indicate the type of DRAMS that have been inserted in the particular memory banks and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks. Using this technique, it is not necessary to insert the largest memory chips in the first memory bank. Memory chips of either size can be inserted in either set of memory banks and the information in the programmable register is used to control circuitry which appropriately modifies the accessing signals which are sent to the memory system.
Metadata
Assignee
- Chips & Technologies, Inc.
Inventors
- Michael G. Fung
- Justin Wang
Application Information
Application Number:US 1129678
Filing Date:1987-10-23
Priority Date:1987-10-23
Art Unit:233
Classifications
IPC:
G11C 800G11C 700G06F 100G06F 1100
Field of Search:
365364371230;49;231;230.01;230.03;189.08;189.0220011
Patent Drawings (3 sheets)
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to digital computers and more particularly, to memory systems for digital computers.
Background and Prior Art
Many digital computers and in particular many personal computers are designed so that the same computer can accommodate a variety of memory sizes. These computers generally have a plurality of switches which must be set to designate the amount of memory which has been inserted in the system. Other computers have an electronic means for detecting how much memory has been inserted into the computer.
With existing systems, the memory chips (called DRAMS) must be inserted in sequential sections because the system determines how much memory the system has by checking the memory up to the point where it finds no chips at a particular location.
The DRAMS generally available come in a variety of sizes and configurations. For example, at the present time 256K and 1 Meg DRAMS are very common. Such DRAMS are generally available in configurations such as, for example. 256 by 1. or 256 by 4, etc.
In many existing digital computers, only certain size DRAMS can be inserted in certain memory banks. Each memory bank can only accommodate one size of DRAMS because either switches (or some other configuration mechanism) provides the starting address of each bank and the system assumes a particular size from that starting address. Other presently known systems include physical switches which indicate the size of the DRAMS in an associated memory bank. Such systems are relatively costly and inflexible.
Thus, present digital computers and in particular present personal computers have limitations on the flexibility of how various size DRAMS can be inserted in various memory banks.
Objects of the Invention
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved memory addressing and control mechanism that supports multiple types of DRAMS.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a flexible, cost effective technique for supporting multiple sizes of DRAMS.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a software programmable control mechanism for supporting multiple types of DRAMS.
Other objects and features of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description of one particular preferred embodiment of the invention which is given below.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides a memory addressing system that can accommodate multiple size DRAMS. DRAMS of various sizes can be mixed in a variety of ways and the logical arrangement of the banks need not be the same as the physical arrangement of the banks. The present invention provides a hardware register associated with each pair of banks of DRAMS. This hardware register is programmable to indicate the type of DRAMS that have been inserted in the particular memory banks and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks.
Using this technique, it is not necessary to insert the largest memory chips in the first memory bank. Memory chips of either size can be inserted in either set of memory banks and the information in the programmable register is used to control circuitry which appropriately modifies the accessing signals which are sent to the memory system.
Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a simplified circuit diagram of the logic that controls the memory access mechanism.
FIG. 2 shows the meaning of the bits in a 32 bit address.
FIG. 3 shows a logical circuit diagram of a circuit 2 to address a memory in accordance with the present invention.
Description of Detailed Embodiment
The specific embodiment of the invention described herein is a memory accessing system for a digital computer which has a 36 bit data bus (32 bits and 4 parity bits). A byte of data is eight bits of data; hence, a 36 bit bus can accommodate 4 bytes of data and 4 parity bits. Hereafter, only the data bits will be discussed. Personal computers having this type of memory bus system are commercially available.
A memory system 5 which has a plurality of memory banks is shown in FIG. 1. Memory 5 is designed to accommodate either 256K DRAMS or 1 meg DRAMS. The memory 5 can have one, two or four banks of DRAMS. Each bank can have either:
(a) Thirty-six 256K DRAMS, that is, one megabyte of memory.
Note: 4 bytes [32 bits] times 256K equals 1 megabyte.
(b) Thirty-six 1 meg DRAMS. that is, four megabytes of memory.
Note: 4 bytes [32 bits] times 1 meg equals 4 megabytes.
If there is only one bank of memory, the starting address of the bank is always zero. Furthermore, if there is only one bank of memory, the system can easily detect the amount of memory installed by trying to write and read in the higher addresses, hence, the problems associated with multiple banks of memory does not arise. The following discussion of the invention will therefore address the situation where there are a plurality of banks of memory.
As explained above, the specific embodiment of the invention described can accommodate either, one, two or four banks of memory. Where there is more than one bank of memory, the banks of memory are arranged in pairs so that there is either one or two pairs of banks. Both banks in any pair must have either 256K DRAMS or 1 Meg DRAMS. However, any pair of banks can have either 256K DRAMS or 1 meg DRAMS. With the present invention, the physical arrangement of the memory banks need not be the same as the logical arrangement of the memory banks. The various allowable combinations of DRAMS in the memory banks are given below: Allowable combinations of 256K and 1 Meg DRMs in memory 5:
Each pair of memory banks has a byte (eight bits) of associated configuration data. This byte of data indicates what type of DRAMS have been inserted into the particular pair of memory banks and the staring address of that memory.
Bits 6 and 7 of the data byte associated with each pair of memory banks indicate what type of DRAMS have been inserted into that set of memory banks. These bits are set as follows: (Note. two bits give four possible combinations.)
0 no memory, bank disabled
1 256K DRAMS (2 bank of 1 megabytes for a total of 2 megabytes)
2 1 Meg DRAMS (2 bank of 4 megabytes for a total of 8 megabytes)
3 not used
Bits 0 to 5 of the data byte associated with each pair of memory banks indicate the starting address of that set of DRAMS as follows:
A simplified version of the circuitry which operates in accordance with this invention is shown in FIG. 1. A more complete explanation will be given later with respect to the circuitry shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. However, in order to facilitate an explanation of the invention, it will first be described with reference to the simplified flow diagram in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1. the embodiment of the invention shown herein includes a non-volatile section of memory 12B wherein system configuration data can be stored. Such memory is generally CMOS technology which can continue to store information even after the computer's main power supply has been turned off. CMOS memory uses little power and it can be operated by a relatively small battery. Computers such as the commercially available IBM AT .COPYRGT.computer include such a section of memory.
Memory 12B is initially loaded by a configuration program 12A that asks the operator to enter data indicating what memory chips have been inserted into the particular computer. The configuration program 12A stores this data in the non-volatile section of memory. Thereafter each time the system is powered up, an initialization program 12C reads the data from the nonvolatile memory 12B and stores it in the configuration registers 10-0 and 10-1.
As shown in FIG. 1 configuration register 10-0 is associated with the first pair of memory banks and configuration register 10-1 is associated with the second pair of memory banks. The data in register 10-0 and the input address are provided to a logic circuit 11-0, while the data in register 10-1 and the input address are provided to a logic circuit 11-1.
Control logic 11-0 and 11-1 includes logic circuitry that combines each address with the data that is stored in the associated configuration register to generate control signals for the memory. In this way, the computer never needs to know which physical location in memory is actually being addressed because the actual physical location is changed by logic.
Configuration program 12A is only run when the system is setup or initialized. Program 12A asks the operator to enter data which tells the system what size DRAMS have been inserted into the system. This data is stored in CMOS memory 12B. Thereafter each time the system is powered up, the data from CMOS memory 12B is transferred to registers 10-0 and 10-1. The general operation of the configuration program 12A and the way it obtains data and stores it in the CMOS memory 12B is conventional and it will not be explained further.
The configuration registers 10-0 and 10-1 each have two sections. The first section of registers 10-0 and 10-1 store bits 6 and 7 of the configuration byte associated with each bank of memory. As indicated above, these bits indicates what size DRAMS that were installed in that memory bank.
The second section of each of the registers 10-0 and 10-1 store the starting address which will be used by that section of memory. Logic circuitry 11-0 and 11-1 combines the input address with data from the associated configuration registers 10-0 or 10-1 to generate the row selection signals for the appropriate memory bank. The column selection signal can be generated in a conventional manner.
The detailed manner that logic 11-0 and 11-1 operates will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Each memory address comprises four bytes of data or 32 bits of data as shown in FIG. 2. The bits in each address word are assigned as follows:
The circuitry shown in FIG. 3 operates on a page interleaved mode. This means that if, for example, a series of memory requests includes (a) a number of requests for instructions that are located in one section of memory and (b) a request for several pieces of data that are located in a second section of memory, where the two memory sections are more than 2K apart, the data and the instructions can be accessed without waiting for a precharge cycle. This is explained in more detail in copending application serial number 112,863 entitled "Interleaved Page Memory Access" which was filed at the same time as this application. The description such copending application is incorporated herein by reference. Page interleave operation is also explained in the publicly available literature which describes the 82C302 Page/Interleave Memory Controller Chip which is available from Chips and Technologies Incorporated. Milpitas. California. Such publicly available literature is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
A more detailed description of the logical circuitry that activates the row selection circuitry in each memory bank is shown in FIG. 3. As previously explained the memory banks are divided into two pairs. The first pair includes memory banks 0 and 1. The second pair includes memory banks 2 and 3.
Each memory address activates the row selection in only one of the four memory banks. Configuration register 10-0 contains one byte of configuration data associated with the first pair of memory banks, that is memory banks 0 and 1. The configuration data in register 10-0 gives the starting address of that bank and the size of the DRAMS in the particular bank.
Circuit 14-0 compares the bank address bits 20 to 25 to the starting address and the size indication from register 10 to determine if a particular address is in the associated pair of memory banks. If the address is the associated memory bank, a signal is provided to circuit 15.
The row address bits are supplied to registers 16A and 16B which store the row address bits of the last row that was selected in each page. Depending on the value of the page select bit in the address either circuit 17A or 17B is activated. Circuits 17A and 17B perform the following logical operation.
If the row selected is the same as the last row that was selected, that is, if the input address does match what is in register 16A or 16B. the action taken depends on the present state of the memory. If the row is already in an accessed state, then merely select the appropriate column. If the row is not in an accessed state, then first do a row select and next do a column select.
If the row selected is not the same as the last row that was selected, that is. I the input address does not match what is in register 16A or 16B. first do a row select and then do a column select.
Logical circuits 17A and 17B are conventionally designed logical circuits, the details of which are not relevant to the present invention. hence, they will not be described further.
If circuit 14 determines that the particular address is in the associated pair of memory banks, it will send a signal to circuit 15. Circuit 15 also receives a row address and a signal from either circuit 17A or 17B which indicates if the requested row equals the last requested row. Circuit 15 is both a logic circuit and a state machine since whether or not it activates a row selection circuit depends both on the inputs it receives and whether or not the particular circuit has previously been selected. In practice circuits 14. 15. 16 nd 17 can be logically combined into one logic circuit. These are herein shown as separate boxes for ease of explanation. The details of how the logic is implemented is not relevant to the present invention.
The column selection circuitry for memory 5 is not shown since it is conventional. Likewise other details of the actual memory have not been shown since they are conventional.
FIG. 3 shows a dotted box 101 which indicates that memory banks 2 and 3 have circuitry associated therewith that is identical to the circuitry shown above.
While a particular embodiment of the invention has been shown and claimed, it should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiment shown herein. Many modification may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The description of a specific embodiment is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. It is contemplated and specifically stated that the applicant's invention covers all such modifications and alternatives to the specific embodiment shown which may fall within the words and spirit of the appended claims. It is to be fully understood that all of the foregoing is intended to be merely illustrative and is not to be construed or interpreted as being restrictive or otherwise limiting of the present invention.
Claims
I claim:
1. A memory addressing system for a memory that has a plurality of banks of memory devices having a first and a second size, comprising: means for supplying address signals to said memory banks and for generating row and column accessing signals for said memory; a plurality of hardware configuration registers, each associated with at least one of said memory banks; means for programming said configuration registers to indicate the type of memory devioce that have been inserted in the particular memory banks and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks; and logic means, having inputs coupled to said means for supplying address signals and at least one of said configuration registers, for using the information in said configuration register to modify said accessing signals; whereby it is not necessary to insert the largest memory devices in the physical first memory banks and whereby memory devices of either size can be inserted in either set of memory banks.
2. The memory accessing system recited in claim 1 wherein said memory devices are in combination of 256K chips and 1 Meg chips.
3. The memory accessing system recited in claim 1 wherein said configuration registers store the size and starting address of the associated memory banks.
4. The memory accessing system recited in claim 1 including a nonvolatile memory for storing configuration data, and means for transferring data from said nonvolatile memory to said configuration registers when said memory accessing system is initialized.
5. A memory addressing system for a memory that has four banks of memory devices having a first and a second size, comprising: means for supplying address signals to said memory banks and for generating accessing signals for said memory, said memory banks being arranged in two pairs; two hardware configuration registers, one associated with each pair of memory banks; means for programming said configuration registers to indicate the size of the memory devices that have been inserted in the particular memory banks and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks; and logic means, having inputs coupled to said means for supplying address signals and at least one of said configuration registers, for modifying said access signals in accordance with the information in said configuration register to modify said accessing signals, whereby it is not necessary to insert the largest memory chips in the first memory bank and whereby memory chips of either size can be inserted in either set of memory banks.
6. The memory accessing system recited in claim 5 wherein said memory devices are a combination of 256K chips and 1 Meg chips.
7. The memory accessing recited in claim 5 wherein said configuration registers store the size and starting address of the associated memory bank.
8. A memory accessing system for a memory that has a plurality of physical banks of DRAMS having a first size and a second size with a nonvolatile memory associated with the accessing system for storing data indicating the size of the DRAMS and the starting address in each pair of memory banks, comprising: means for supplying address signals to said memory banks and for generating row and column accessing signals for said memory, said memory banks being arranged in pairs; a hardware configuration register associated with each pair of memory banks; means for transferring information from the nonvolatile memory to said configuration registers to indicate which of said sizes of DRAMS have been inserted in the particular memory banks and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks; and logic means, having inputs coupled to said means for supplying address signals and at least one of said configuration registers, for using the information in said configuration register to modify said row accessing signals, whereby it is not necessary to insert the largest memory chips in the first memory banks and whereby memory chips of either size can be inserted in either set of memory banks.
9. A memory addressing system for a memory that has a first and a second bank of memory devices having a first and a second size, comprising: a first and a second configuration register, each register storing data representative of the first and second size and first an second starting address of the respective memory bank to which it is coupled; and a first and a second logic circuit, having inputs coupled to respective configuration registers, for generating a select signal in response to an address signal and to said start address data, said first logic circuit being coupled to the first memory bank and said second logic circuit being coupled to the second memory bank; such than an address signal input simultaneously to both logic circuits will cause a single select signal to select a memory bank as determined by said logic circuits in response to said data stored in said register irrespective of the relative sizes of the memory devices in each memory bank.
10. The memory addressing system of claim 9, further comprising: means for programming said configuration registers to indicate the size of the memory devices that have been inserted in the particular memory bank and to indicate the starting address of the particular set of memory banks.
11. The memory addressing system of claim 9, further comprising: a non-volatile memory for storing configuration data; and means for transferring data from said non-volatile memory to said configuration registers when the memory accessing system is initialized.
12. A memory addressing system for a memory, comprising: a first memory bank, for storing a first particular number of bits, at a first physical location in the memory; a second memory bank, for storing a second particular number of bits, wherein the second particular number of bits is greater than said first particular number of bits, at a second physical location in said memory; a first and a second logic circuit, each logic circuit having a select output port, an address input port, a starting address input port and a size input port; said first logic circuit having its output coupled to said first memory bank and said second logic circuit having its output coupled to said second memory bank; a first and a second configuration register, each configuration register having an input port, a starting address output port, and a size output port, said first configuration register being coupled to said first logic circuit and said second configuration register being coupled to said second logic circuit at corresponding ports; said first configuration register storing size information corresponding to said first particular number of bits and having a start address corresponding to a number of words in said second memory bank; and said second configuration register storing size information corresponding to said second particular number of bits and storing a start address equal to a zero; such that in response to simultaneous address input to said first and second logic circuits, a selected signal will be output from a logic circuit corresponding to an address in said first and second memory banks for the location of data corresponding to said address input wherein respective starting addresses stored in said configuration registers indicate data is accessed on a bit boundary having an address evenly diversible by its size for logical placement of said first and second memory banks in said memory system without regard to the physical location of said memory banks in said memory system.
13. A process for addressing a memory system, comprising the steps of: providing a first memory bank for storing a first particular number of bits stored in a first physical location of the memory system; providing a second memory bank for storing a second particular number of bits wherein said second number of bits is greater than said first particular number of bits, at a second physical location in the memory system; and rearranging addressing signals supplied to said memory system to provide that said second memory bank is assigned address locations corresponding to said first physical location wherein addressing of said first memory bank occurs logically after addresses of said second memory bank, which is arranged as a logical first memory bank.
14. A memory addressing system for a memory having a plurality of banks of memory devices, comprising: means for providing physical address signals to said banks of memory devices; means for receiving virtual memory address signals; logic means, coupled between said means for receiving and said means for providing, for programmably altering said virtual address signals to provide a different address as said physical address signal; means for programming said logic means in accordance with a size of said memory devices in each of said banks; and such that a bank having a smaller memory devices may have an earlier physical address than a second bank but a later virtual address than said second bank.