Muffler Apparatus With Filter Trap and Method of Use

The invention is directed generally to muffler devices for vehicles, primarily vehicles powered by diesel engines. The muffler includes a filter trap for capturing particulates exhausting from the engine and provides a regenerating mechanism for oxidizing the particulates and emitting them as a nonpolluting gas.

Particulate emissions by diesel-engine vehicles became a subject of great concern to both environmental regulators and the automotive industry during the late 1970's and early 1980's. The concern was prompted by the low supply of oil and the introduction of diesel engines in a greater number of models of passenger cars and light trucks. At the time, it was thought to be a wide trend toward dieselization. Although diesel engines are normally more expensive than gasoline engines, they are also much more efficient and, hence, the value of the higher efficiency propelled their popularity during that period. The prospect of greatly increased numbers of diesel vehicles, especially in urban areas, generated concern about the impact of diesel particulate emissions on ambient air quality. Diesel particulate material is easily respired, incorporates potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals, and strongly absorbs light leading to degraded visibility in some areas. In response to these concerns, regulations by various agencies were promulgated.

In response to the need to reduce diesel particulate emissions, vehicle and engine manufacturers began to attempt to reduce the amount of particulate matter generated by the engine and/or to remove the particulate matter from the exhaust gas. The latter approach is relevant to the present invention. The latter approach in general uses a device known as a trap-oxidizer. A trap-oxidizer system generally includes a temperature resistant filter (the trap) from which particulates are periodically burned off (oxidized), a process commonly known as regeneration. The traps must be regularly regenerated so as not to become excessively loaded and create an undesirable back pressure thereby decreasing engine efficiency. Since the particulate material captured by the trap is mainly carbon and hydrocarbons, its chemical energy is high. Once ignited, it burns readily and releases a large amount of heat.

Possible traps for capturing diesel particulate emissions primarily include cellular ceramic elements (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,071) and catalytic wire-mesh devices (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,269). The present invention uses cellular ceramic filter elements.

Trap-oxidizer regeneration systems can be divided into two major groups on the basis of control philosophy. One group is positive regeneration systems; the other group is self-regeneration systems. Positive regeneration systems are relevant to the present invention and have included use of a fuel fed burner (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,852), use of an electric heater (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,270,936; 4,276,066; 4,319,896; and British published application No. 2,134,407) and detuning techniques which aim to raise the temperature of exhaust gas temperature at selected times (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,211,075 and 3,499,260). Self generation systems are directed to the use of fuel-additives containing catalytic metals or the use of catalytic treated traps to lower the ignition temperature of the captured particulates.

Although, as indicated, there has been effort directed to reducing the emission of diesel particulates, a simple, reliable and efficient trap system has not been available. Prior art systems have tended to be an aggregation of items which when linked together theoretically are directed to solving the problem. None of the known systems, however, are directed to the total exhaust problem, that is, both muffling sound and making emissions environmentally acceptable.

The present invention is directed to a particulate filter module of a type for trapping diesel particulate emissions and a method manufacturing the module. The invention is also directed to muffler-filter apparatus which includes the module along with sound attenuating mechanism, as well as a method of using such muffler-filter apparatus.

The particulate filter module of the present invention includes a ceramic filter element enclosed along a side region by a rigid housing. The housing has mechanism for longitudinally retaining the ceramic filter element between opposite ends. The module also has mechanism for cushioning the filter element with respect to the rigid housing and for resisting heat transfer from the filter element to the housing, as well as mechanism for sealing the cushioning mechanism between the filter element and the housing at the opposite ends of the rigid housing in such a way as to be partially compressed between the filter element and the longitudinal retaining mechanism at the ends of the rigid housing which then puts the ceramic core in axial preload.

The method for making the particulate filter module includes steps of wrapping the side region of the ceramic filter element with an intumescent cushioning and heat resistant material, slipping the wrapped filter element into a housing, placing sealing mechanism at ends of the heat resistant material, and forming inwardly turned ends on the housing to compress a portion of the sealing mechanism between the filter element and the inwardly turned ends.

The present method may be of further advantage in certain cases to include steps of partially prerolling a metallic sheet before slipping the wrapped ceramic filter into it and thereafter squeezing the rolled sheet to a predetermined cylindrical dimension and welding the seam thereof. It may be of still further advantage to heat the completed module before use to cure the intumescent and heat resistant material.

The module is particularly advantageous since it is modular and yet includes many features important to proper use of a cellular ceramic element. In the modular form, the element may be used in a particular housing, removed for regeneration, and stored or installed in the same or a different housing. Additionally, the modular concept leads to simpler manufacture of larger assemblies, such as muffler apparatus.

The present ceramic flter module has intumescent, heat resistant material about the ceramic element to transversely compress the ceramic element and to contain the heat during regeneration of the element. The material has a diagonal joint so that the seam is not a ready source of leakage. Additionally, the heat resistant material is sealed in place at the ends of the ceramic element.

Of further importance, the housing includes inwardly turned ends which not only compress the seal, but provide an axial, preloaded containment for the ceramic element. Thus, the heat resistant material transversely loads and cushions the ceramic element with respect to side shock. The ends of the housing provide an axial load. Such construction minimizes ceramic cracking, and if cracking occurs, resists crack continuation. In this regard, such construction also allows for different thermal growth of the ceramic element and the metallic housing by providing a transition for different movement of the ceramic element and the metallic housing during thermal cycling. Thus, the present cconstruction provides the advantages of a module and also the advantages of protecting the ceramic element with respect to the environmental conditions it experiences.

In this regard, the method of making the ceramic filter module considers the fragile and brittle characteristics of the components and leads to minimizing defects in the final product. Of particular note is the simultaneous curling of the ends of the housing and equal compressing thereby to the ends of the ceramic element.

The muffler-filter apparatus of the present invention reduces both sound and particulates from exhaust gases of an engine. The apparatus includes a housing within which there are both mechanism for attenuating sound and mechanism for filtering particulates. In this regard, there are also mechanism for heating the inlet end of the filtering mechanism to obtain combustion and therefore regeneration, as well as mechanism for controlling the heating mechanism.

Of particular advantage then with respect to the present invention is the dual result of filtering particulate from and muffling the sound of exhaust gases. Of further particular import is that the heating mechanism functions to heat primarily by radiation, thus simplifying the heating sub-assembly.

The ceramic filter module is a preferred filtering device for the apparatus. In order to obtain a preferable distribution of particulates radially with respect to the axis of the filter module, the muffler-filter apparatus advantageously includes deflecting mechanism to direct flow of the exhaust gases away from the center portion of the filter module. In this way, during regeneration, heat in the center of the filter does not build excessively and is better distributed thereby further alleviating the possibility of cracking.

Various embodiments provide further advantages with respect to the heating sub-assembly. For example, one embodiment provides for a more rapid and uniform heating of the ceramic element face by blowing a low flow of air across the heating element until the face reaches a temperature near the combustion temperature, then the further rise is achieved by radiation only. In this way there is time for temperature across the face to become uniform before combustion starts. Another embodiment provides for an injector to atomize diesel fuel or other liquid combustible onto the heating element to create a flame which at a reduced electrical power consumption creates a very hot heat source thereby rapidly heating the face of the heating element. A further embodiment provides a reflecting surface for back scatter radiation so that most of the available heat is kept near the face of the filter element.

Another distinct advantage of the present apparatus is the use in some embodiments of a resonating chamber to hold heat storage granules along with a preheating element for the purpose of preheating combustion air directed therethrough during the regeneration of the ceramic filter element.

Another embodiment provides the further advantage of pre-heating the ceramic element, widening the flame zone, and reducing peak temperature. All these characteristics tend to minimize the potential for long-term damage to the ceramic element due to thermal gradient cracking and uncontrolled expansion or contraction. In this embodiment, a feedback tube directs downstream combusion gases back upstream to be combined with combustible gases including oxygen which are input to the inlet side of the ceramic element to insure particulate ignition and combusion continuation.

Also, the present apparatus advantageously compares a ratio of the base line differential pressure upstream from the ceramic element to a differential pressure across the ceramic element. The ratio is compared to a predetermined value to determine when sufficient loading is present and regeneration should be started. In this way, exhaust temperature, pressure and flow of the engine have little influence on system control.

The method of using the present muffler-filter apparatus includes the steps of comparing the indicated differential pressure ratio to a predetermined value, and if the comparison results in a triggering relationship, then a diverter valve is functioned to direct exhaust gases away from the flow path through the housing and the heating mechanism is turned on. Although not necessary, air from an air source may be directed at a low flow rate across the heating element toward the ceramic core face as the face heats. At a core face temperature differential below combustion temperature, the air is turned off. After further heating and when the core face reaches combustion temperature, combustion air at a high fow rate is directed into the ceramic core element. A timer is started so that at the end of a timed period, whereupon regeneration should be complete, the diverter valve is opened and the flow of combustion air is stopped. The heaters are turned off after combustion starts and before it ends.

The present method of use is simple and does not require steps unimportant to regeneration and reuse of the muffler-filter apparatus as soon as possible. In fact, in some cases, it may be possible to continue to direct exhaust gases through the muffler-filter apparatus during regeneration, as long as sufficient combustion air is also present.

The present invention is thusly summarized, and many advantages of the invention have been indicated. The invention and its advantages may be better understood, however, by reference to the drawings briefly described hereinafter and the detailed description of a preferred and other embodiments following thereafter.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an exhaust system having a pair of muffler-filter apparatuses in parallel in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of muffler-filter apparatus in accordance with the present invention and also schematically illustrates a control system for the apparatus;

FIG. 3 is a plan view of a heating element of a type which can be used to heat the inlet face of a ceramic filter element in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a side view of the heating element of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view, partially cut away, of a ceramic filter module in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the function of air being filtered with a ceramic filter element of the type used in the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional detail view of a portion of the module of FIG. 5;

FIGS. 8A-F illustrate a method of making the module of FIG. 5;

FIG. 9 is a side view in partial cross-section of an alternate embodiment of muffler-filter apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 10 is another alternate embodiment of muffler-filter apparatus;

FIGS. 11A-B show a logic diagram for using an exhaust system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is still another alternate embodiment of the front or inlet portion of muffler-filter apparatus; and

FIG. 13 is yet another alternate embodiment of the front portion.

FIG.14 is a side view in cross-section of a further alternate embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a side view in cross-section of still a further alternate embodiment;

FIG. 16 is an enlarged cross-section of the air injection portion of the feedback portion of the embodiments of FIGS. 14 and 15; and

FIG. 17 is a side view in cross-section of the valve in the feedback portion of the embodiment of FIG. 15.

Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 1, an exhaust system of the type which can carry diesel particulate emissions as addressed by the present invention is designated generally by the numeral 20.

System 20 is illustrated to be in fluid communication with diesel engine 22 via line 24. Line 24 leads to a diverter valve 26 and muffler apparatuses 28 and 30 in parallel. Diverter valve 26 has a single inlet 32 with a pair of outlets 34 and 36. Inlet 32 is in fluid communication through line 24 with engine 22. Outlet 34 is in fluid communication through line 38 with muffler-filter apparatus 28. Outlet 36 is in fluid communication through line 40 with muffler-filter apparatus 30. Muffler-filter apparatuses 28 and 30 each have ceramic filter modules 90. Muffler-filter apparatuses 28 and 30 also have tailpipes 42.

Valve 26 functions to divert exhaust gases from one muffler-filter apparatus to another so that when one filter module is being regenerated, exhaust gases do not pass to atmosphere without being filtered, but rather must first pass through the filter module in the other muffler-filter apparatus. A typical diverter valve 26 as shown in FIG. 1 may be of a three way diverter type which includes a pivot arm 44 controlled by a plunger arm 46 of a solenoid or air cylinder 48. Sealing disks 50 are attached to opposite sides of one end of pivot arm 44 to mate with either seat 52 leading to outlet 34 or seat 54 leading to outlet 36. Thus, with plunger arm 46 fully drawn into actuator 48, one of sealing disks 50 closes seat 54 and prevents exhaust emissions from further flowing through muffler-filter apparatus 30. On the other hand, with plunger arm 46 fully extended from solenoid 48, the other of sealing disks 50 fits into seat 52 and opens exhaust gas flow to muffler-filter apparatus 30 while closing exhaust gas flow to muffler-filter apparatus 28. With plunger arm 46 midway between extremes of movement, sealing disks 50 close neither fluid communication path so that emissions from engine 22 may exhaust partially through both muffler-filter apparatuses 28 and 30.

A typical muffler-filter apparatus, for example 28, in accordance with the present invention is shown in more detail in FIG. 2. Apparatus 28 includes housing 56 comprising a cylindrical wall 58 with opposite end walls 60 and interior baffle members 62. Each of end walls 60 and baffle members 62 are formed to have an outer circular flange 64 to be fastened to wall 58 along its interior and are also formed to have an inner circular flange 66 which forms an axially aligned opening. The wall 68 extending between flanges 64 and 66 is preferably formed to have a symmetric curvature to provide appropriate structural strength. Walls 68 of each pair of end walls 60 and baffle members curve convexly outwardly from one another.

An inlet pipe 70 is attached to and held by flanges 66 of the right-most pair of end wall 60 and baffle member 62. Pipe 70 is welded or otherwise fastened to be a part of line 38 which is in fluid communication through valve 26 and line 24 with engine 22. Inlet pipe 70 is perforated with a plurality of first openings 72 in a region between end wall 60 and baffle member 62 and is also perforated with a set of second openings 74 in a region between baffle wall 62 and the end 76 of inlet pipe 70. A closure member 78 prevents fluid communication from end 76 of inlet pipe 70. In this way, the chamber 80 formed between end wall 60 and baffle member 62 functions acoustically as a resonating chamber since openings 72 allow exhaust gases to flow therethrough and be muffled therein. Openings 74 allow exhaust gases to flow therethrough to a second chamber formed between baffle members 62 which functions acoustically as an expansion chamber and wherein filter module 90 is contained.

Similarly, an outlet pipe 82 is attached to and held by inner flanges 66 of the left-most pair of end wall 60 and baffle member 62. Outlet pipe 82 is fastened to exhaust tailpipe 42. Outlet pipe 82 includes a plurality of third openings 84 so that gases entering interior end 86 may flow through openings 84 and be muffled within third chamber 88 which then also functions acoustically as a resonating chamber, third chamber 88 being formed between end wall 60, baffle member 62 and outlet pipe 82.

A ceramic filter module 90 is fastened to cylindrical wall 58 between the interior ends 76 and 86 of inlet and outlet pipes 70 and 82 by friction fit, weld, bracket or other known mechanism (not shown). A heating element 92 is also attached in a known fashion to wall 58 between interior end 76 of inlet pipe 70 and filter module 90, and preferably in close proximity to the inlet end 94 of filter module 90 so as to heat the inlet end primarily by radiation. A temperature sensing device 96, such as a thermocouple, is located between heating element 92 and inlet end 94 of module 90. Temperature sensing device 96 senses fluid temperature in the region between heating element 92 and inlet end 94 for a control purpose described more fully hereinafter. Likewise, tube 98 providing fluid communication for combustion air from outside housing 56 into chamber 80 and fittings 100, 101 and 102, located to open into chamber 80 and located upstream and downstream from heating element 92 and filter module 90, but interior from resonating chambers 80 and 88, respectively, are all needed for system control and are explained more fully hereinafter.

It is noted that muffler-filter apparatus 28 includes reactive attentuation chambers in the form of resonating chambers at opposite ends of the housing and an expansion chamber therebetween. The invention is characterized by at least one reactive attenuation element. Such term, of course, is recognized by those skilled in the art to include more than expansion and resonating chambers. A reactive attenuation element is anything designated to attenuate sound by phase cancellation due to reflection so that one wave cancels another by approaching the other. Reactive attenuation is contrasted with passive, absorptive attenuation wherein flow does not pass therethrough, but amplitude is nevertheless damped thereby. Reactive attenuation is further contrasted with dissipated attenuation wherein sound is decreased, but not due to phase cancellation by interference.

Ceramic filter module 90 is shown more particularly in FIGS.5-7. Module 90 includes a cellular ceramic core 104 wrapped in a heat resistant, matted material 106 fitted within a metallic housing 108. The ends 110 of housing 108 are bent inwardly to hold core 104 in a significant axial compression, and a sealing material 112 provides a gasketing function between ends 110 and core 104 and a sealing function with respect to intumescent, heat resistant material 106.

As indicated, the filtration mechanism comprises ceramic core 104. Core 104 is an extruded ceramic which is fired so that the primary crystalline compound is preferably cordierite. Such component is commercially available for example from Industrial Ceramics Department, Ceramic Products Division, Corning Glass Works, New York 14830. In addition, it is noted that the art of making ceramic filter materials is known, e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,403; 4,329,162; and 4,324,572. The geometry of core 104 is illustrated in FIG. 6. Square shaped cells 114 are formed as parallel channels running the full length of the part. The walls 116 of channels 114 are porous, which allows them to be used as filter media. Opposite ends of adjacent channels are plugged with a ceramic material 118. This forces exhaust gases 120 through walls 116 so that soot is collected on the walls as the gases pass therethrough. The advantage of this type of construction is that high filtration area is available in a small volume.

Heat resistant material 106 provides both an intumescent, cushioning function for core 104 and a fireretardant, heat resisting barrier between core 104 and rigid housing 108. Material 106 is preferably cut at an angle with respect to a longitudinal axial plane so that mating ends 122 fit one over the other so as to eliminate a longitudinal slot and longitudinal leakage and the formation of a hot spot on housing 108 therealong. The ends 122 of material 106 are held together until placed within housing 108 by a plurality of strips of tape 124 or other equivalent fastening mechanism. A material 106 in sheet form is rather elastic below temperatures on the order of 100.degree. C. Material 106 then provides a cushioning function. As material 106 heats to 100.degree. C. or so and above, it intumesces as allowed and becomes a substantially rigid thermal insulator. At all temperatures, material 106 provides a seal against vapors, smokes and water. Thus, exhaust gases are prevented from exiting along the sidewall of core 104 and are directed through core 104 from the inlet end to the other. The art of making such material is well known, e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,879. A representative material 106 is commercially available, for example, from Ceramic Materials Department, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144.

As indicated, material 106 provides a cushioning function for ceramic element 104. Before heating, matreial 106 holds together as a fibrous sheet and is rather elastic. After heating, the binder in material 106 has burned off so that the remainder is fibrous and granular-like. Unless contained, material 106 in the cured state would fall apart. Nevertheless, when contained, material 106 transversely compresses core 104 so that in combination with the axial compression exerted by housing 108, core 104 is securely confined in a fashion to resist cracking or breakage due to normal use environmental conditions.

As indicated, material 106 is wrapped about the side region of core 104. In this configuration, material 106 has longitudinally opposite ends. The opposite ends are spaced from the inwardly turned ends 110 of housing 108. This creates a pair of circular grooves 128 between the core filter element 104 and housing 108 between the ends 130 of material 106 and the inwardly turned ends 110 of housing 108. The sealing material is fitted within grooves 128. The sealing material is preferably a compressible braided rope of fiberglass. In this way, material 112 may be placed in grooves 128 during the manufacturing process and appropriately deformed to function as a gasket between core 104 and ends 110 of housing 108 and to function as a seal for material 106.

Housing 108 is metallic, preferably an aluminized steel or a stainless steel, of about 18 gauge thickness. The corners of the flat sheet which is formed to become housing 108 are notched so that when ends 110 are formed, the material formed is mainly the overlap layer in the seam area. The edges are welded together.

The method of making module 90 is illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8F. A cellular ceramic filter core 104 is shown in FIG. 8A. Core 104 is cylindrical. The matted heat resistant and intumescent cushioning material 106 is wrapped about core 104 as illustrated in FIG. 8B. Matted material 106 has a set of facing ends 122 cut diagonally with respect to a longitudinally axial plane of core 104. The facing ends mate with one another. When facing ends 122 are brought into contact with one another, they are retained with strips of tape 124 or other equivalent fastening mechanism. As shown in FIG. 8C, the wrapped core is then slipped into a prerolled metallic sheet 132 which will be further formed to become housing 108. With wrapped core 104 in place, prerolled sheet 132 is further squeezed or formed to a predetermined cylindrical dimension (see FIG. 8D). As shown in FIG. 8E, material 106 longitudinally does not extend to end 126 of core 104, while rolled sheet 132 extends beyond end 126. Thus, groove 128 is formed. A similar groove is formed at the other end. Sealing rope 112 is placed into grooves 128 at the ends of material 106. Finally, as shown in FIG. 8F, ends 110 of metallic sheet 132 are simultaneously curled inwardly as forming dies 134 are moved together. Dies 134 are moved toward one another with sufficient force (20,000 pounds or so) to curl not only ends 110, but also to put core 104 in significant axial compression. The facing edges of sheet 132 are welded together to form housing 108. Thus, core 104 is rigidly retained not only at its ends, but also by the snugly fitting material 106 held by cylindrically rigid housing 108. Although not always necessary before use, it is preferable as a final step in making module 90 to heat module 90 above 100.degree. C. so that the binder in material 106 is burned off and material 106 uniformly intumesces.

Module 90, as described, or equivalent is attached within housing 56 of muffler-filter apparatus 28 between ends 76 and 86 of inlet and outlet pipes 70 and 82, respectively. Alternately, module 90 may be removably installed in housing 56 as indicated with respect to muffler-filter apparatus 30 in FIG. 1. A cylindrical clamp or other removable fastening mechanism 136 attaches end sections 138 and 140 of housing 56a together.

Heating element 92 which is located in clost proximity with inlet end 94 of ceramic filter element 90 preferably provides a substantial amount of radiant heat energy directed toward end 94. In this regard,heating element 92 may be a metallic, electrically resistive element. Alternatively, a heating element 92', as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, may be an electrically resistive element 142 embedded in a ceramic casting 144. In this regard it is noted that with respect to alternate embodiments, parts which are the same as the preferred embodiment are denoted with primed numerals, whle different parts are given new numerals.

Ceramic casting 144 is formed to include a plurality of rings of a plurality of openings 146 on both sides of the multi-ring heating element 142. Element 142 includes a pair of substanitally parallel leads 148 which are also parallel to a radial line of disk-shaped casting 144. Openings 150 are formed between leads 148 and lead to a plurality of openings 152 at the center of casting 144. A sufficient number of various openings in casting 144 must be provided so that heating element 92' does not become a significant restriction with respect to exhaust gases flowing through muffler-filter apparatus 28.

As exhaust emission gases from engine 22 flow through muffler-filter apparatus 28, the gases first flow into inlet pipe 70 for sound attenuation at resonating chamber 80. Gases continue to flow through inlet pipe 70 to perforations 74. Gases are prevented from flowing directly through the outlet end of inlet pipe 70 by closure member 78. Consequently, gases flow from perforations 74 outwardly away from the central portion of housing 56. In this way, the greater flow of exhaust gases pass through the outer openings or spaces of heating element 92 or 92' and into an outer ring of cellular core 104. A greater concentration of particulates is thus formed in such outer ring. Such concentration of particulates in the outer ring is advantageous during regeneration of the ceramic core since heat does not then become concentrated at the center of core 104, but rather is more evenly distributed and even possibly somewhat more intense in the outer ring. Such flow leads to a heat distribution which may be dissipated in a way which minimizes significant uneven expansion or contraction and any resultant cracking. Closure member 78 accomplishes the indicated function as a part of inlet pipe 70 and alleviates any necessity for special flow directing structure adjacent to core 104.

Since module 90 is attached to housing 56 in a way whch prevents gases from leaking past it without being filtered by it, gases pass through ceramic core 104 for entry to outlet pipe 82. While passing through outlet pipe 82, sound is attenuated further at the expansion chamber between baffles 62 and at resonating chamber 88.

Over time, filter module 90 traps a great enough quantity of particulates so as to begin to form a pressure restriction of significance. When this occurs, module 90 must be regenerated. The method of regeneration is illustrated by the logic diagram of FIGS. 11A and 11B. As the diagram indicates, the logic begins at "start" box 154 and leads via line 156 to step 158 of reading the base line differential pressure. With reference to FIGS. 2, base line differential pressure is obtained with pressure transducers 159 and 160 attached to fittings 100 and 101. Signals representing the pressure values are sent via lines 161 and 162 to a processing unit 164. As further shown in FIG. 2, baseline pressure differential is the pressure differential across inlet pipe 70 by the exhaust flow through perforations 72 and 74 upstream fromheating element 92 and filter module 90.

Next, the logic diagram leads via line 166 to step 168 of reading trap differential pressure. Trap differential pressure is obtained with pressure transducers 160 and 170 attached to fittings 101 and 102 which send signals corresponding to the pressure read via lines 162 and 172 to processing unit 164. Trap differential pressure is read across filter module 90 and upstream from outlet pipe 82.

Next, the logic diagram shows line 174 leading to step 176 of calculating the ratio of baseline differential pressure to trap differential pressure. Then, via line 178 leading to step 180, the ratio is compared to a limit value. If the ratio is less than the limit value,then as line 182 shows, the logic is restarted and the pressures are reread and compared as indicated. Line A--A divides the logic related to determining when regeneration is needed from logic related to actual regeneration. If the ratio is greater than the limit value, then as line 184 indicates leading to step 186, the core temperature or a temperature between core 104 and heating element 92 is determined and compared to a predetermined low limit temperature. This is necessary to make certain that regeneration does not occur when the engine is not running. The temperature is measured by thermocouple or sensing device 96 and sent via line 191 to the processor unit 164. If the temperature is below the limit value, as logic line 188 indicates, the temperature will be resampled. When the core temperature is found to be above the limit value, then logic line 190 leads to step 192 of closing the diverter valve with respect to the particular muffler-filter apparatus to be regenerated.

The logic diagram then shows line 194 leading to parallel steps 196 and 198 which occur preferably at about the same time. Heating element 92 is controlled by the processor unit 164 via line 192. Step 196 shows heating element 92 being turned on. Heating element 92 is controlled by the processor unit 164 via line 193. Step 198 shows a low flow of air from source 210 being initiated. The low level flow rate is preferably less than half the flow rate of combustion air. The function of the low flow of air is to aid in moving warmed air around heating element 92 to the face of core 104, thereby better utilizing the heat and also to partially warm a depth beyond the face of core 104 by moving some warm air thereinto. It is noted, however, that step 198 is not needed for effective regeneration.

With air on and the core heating, as shown by lines 200 and 202 leading to step 204, temperature is again sensed and compared to a predetermined temperature which is less than the carbon particulate combustion temperature. If the predetermined temperature has not been reached, then as line 206 shows, temperature sensing continues. Once the predetemined temperature is sensed, as line 208 leading to step 210 indicates, the low flow of air is turned off.

It is pointed out that the reduced air flow during warm-up of core 104 assures sufficient core temperature to a sufficient depth to prevent a quench condition for the flame when combustion occurs.

The logic diagram then shows line 214 leading through circle B (which shows where FIGS. 11A and 11B connect) to step 216 wherein the temperature sensed by thermocouple 96 is compared to the known combustion temperature of diesel particulates. As indicated hereinbefore, it is understood that the temperature sensed by thermocouple 96 could be the temperature of heating element 92, the temperature of the inlet end 94 of ceramic element 104 or the temperatur of the gaseous fluid therebetween. If the temperature is less than the combustion temperature, then as shown by line 217 temperature continues to be sensed. When the sensed temperature is found to have reached the combustion temperature, then as shown by line 218 leading to step 219 the air compressor 209 or other air source is turned on so that air may flow through line 212 to inlet tube 98. The combustion air from source 209 inters muffler apparatus 28 via line 215 and tube 98 at resonating chamber 80 and flows in perforated openings 72 and out perforated openings 74 to heating element 92 and finally filter core 104. With the temperature high enough and combustion air present, the particulates ignite and begin burning along a flame surface from inlet end 94 to outlet end 213 of core 104 of filter module 90. It is noted that compressor or source 209 is controlled by processing unit 164 via line 211.

As shown by logic line 220 leading to step 221, internal regeneration timer 222 is preferably started at the same time or shortly after thermocouple 96 senses ignition temperature. Timer 222 is in electrical communication with processor unit 164 via lines 224 and 226 as shown on FIG. 2. As indicated in the logic diagram, line 223 leads to step 225 wherein the heating element is turned off some time after combustion air is turned on. Then as shown by line 227 leading to step 228, the diverter valve is opened and the air compressor or source 209 is turned off after the timer times out. It is noted that the time period of timer 222 is sufficiently long to allow complete burning of the particulates in core 104 and, therefore, complete regeneration of core 104, or until sufficient soot is removed to permit safe operation of engine flows.

Line C--C divides the regeneration logic related to regeneration multiple units and/or resetting the just regenerated unit. As shown by logic line 242 leading to decisio step 244, the logic sequence is returned via line 246 to start step 154 if all cores have been regenerated. As shown by logic line 248 leading to step 250, the logic sequence is cycled for a second core, if such is present, as in system 20 of FIG. 1.

It is noted that alternate embodiments as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 include a combustion air preheating system 254 (FIG. 9) or 254" (FIG. 10). Preheating system 254 is formed in resonating chamber 80'. Preheating system 254 includes a cylindrical wall 256 concentric with inlet pipe 70' and cylindrical wall 58' of housing 56'. Wall 256 is perforated with openings 258 so that combustion air from inlet tube 98' entering the outer annular space may diffuse through openings 258 along the longitudinal and circumferential extent of wall 256. A heating element 260 formed as a double helix is attached to end 60' and fits about midway between inlet pipe 70' and cylindrical wall 256. The space within resonating chamber 80' between inlet pipe 70' and cylindrical wall 256 is filled with a granular, nonmetallic gravel or ceramic pellet or bead or ball, etc., 262 so as to function as a heat storage bed. Preferably, the granular material 262 has a specific heat greater than the surrounding metal, for example, about 0.2 BTU/LB .degree.F. In this way, heating element 260 heats the granular material, and the combustion air diffuses through it and is substantially heated thereby before flowing into and out of inlet pipe 70' and through heating element 92' to core 104'.

Alternately, as shown in FIG. 10, preheating system 254" may be formed such that granular material 262" completely fills resonating chamber 80". Heating element 260" is preferably a double helix, but larger than the element of FIG. 9 so that it is located approximately half way between inlet pipe 70" and cylindrical wall 58". In this configuration, end 60" is perforated with openings 264. A flat, radial wall 266 is installed outwardly of end 60" so that a small diffusion chamber is formed in an annular, approximately triangular cross-sectional space surrounding inlet pipe 70". Inlet tube 98" is attached to flat outer wall 266 and opens into the annular diffusion space. In this embodiment, combustion air flows in inlet tube 98" to the diffusion space and through perforations 264 to resonating chamber 80". The air is heated as it continues to diffuse through the granulated material 262" past heating element 260" to inlet pipe 70" whereafter the air flows as adequately described hereinbefore.

Preheating systems 254 or 254" are preferably connected with (not shown) and controlled by processor unit 164 and are turned on prior to closing the exhaust diverter vlve at step 192 and are left on for a predetermined variable time. The idea is that the granular material 262 is allowed therethrough for warming. The heating of the granular material can occur while exhaust gases are still passing through the muffler-filter apparatus.

Alternate inlet ends for a muffler-filter appartus are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. With respect to this alternate embodiment, equivalent elements with the preferred embodiment are designated by the same numeral along with the letter "b" for FIG. 12 and the letter "c" for FIG. 13. Housing 56b includes an end wall 60b and an interior baffle member 62b to form a chamber 80b therebetween. Inlet pipe 70b is attached to and held by flanges 66b. Inlet pipe 70b is not perforated to allow fluid communication with chamber 80b, but is perforated downstream from baffle member 62b as shown by opening 74b. As with the preferred embodiment, housing 56b contains a ceramic module 90b and a heating element 92b for heating the carbon on the face of core 104b of module 90b. Embodiment 28b is distinguished from the other embodiments by the closure for inlet pipe 70b and the directing of combustion air to module 90b. In this regard, tube 98b leads from a source (not shown) to chamber 80b. A plurality of tubes 270 extend from baffle 62b to an enclosure 272. Tubes 270 provide fluid communication between chamber 80b and enclosure 272, as well as help support enclosure 272. Enclosure 272 has a side 274 away from module 90b which forms the closure member for inlet pipe 70b. Faced away from side 274 by a wall 276 is a perforated side 278. Enclosure 272 is formed so that wall 276 is spaced somewhat from wall 58b of housing 56b. The gap allows for the flow of exhaust gases from inlet pipe 70b and perforations 74b to bypass enclosure 272 and flow toward module 90b. Combustion air flows in tube 98b to chamber 80b which functions as a manifold for the plurality of tubes 270. Air flows through tubes 270 to enclosure 272 and then out the preferably uniformly distributed openings of perforated side 278 so as to provide a uniform flow toward module 90b.

Embodiment 28c is the same as the preferred embodiment, except a mechanism for atomizing a combustible, preferably diesel fuel, and injecting it onto heating element 92c is shown. When the combustible ignites, a very hot heat source is provided and the face of module 90c may be warmed more quickly. In this way, less electrical power is needed for the heating with element 92c.

An atomizing element 280 is fastened as required to closure member 78c. Appropriate atomizing elements are known to those skilled in the art. Both air and fuel are provided to the atomizing element. This can be done in a number of ways. As shown in FIG. 13, an air line 282 is connected through a normally closed, two-way, two-position solenoid valve 284 to a mixing chamber 286 via a line 288. Similarly, a combustible, like diesel fuel, is directed through a line 290 to a normally closed, two-way, two-position, solenoid valve 292 and then to mixing chamber 286 via line 294. From mixing chamber 286, the mixture is directed via lines 296 and 298 through another normally closed, two-way, two-position, solenoid valve 300 to atomizing element 280.

A further alternate embodiment which includes a feedback tube to recirculate heat and provide for rate control of the flame which burns to regenerate the ceramic filter element is shown in FIG. 14. Embodiment 310 includes a housing 312 which contains a ceramic filter module 90d as described adequately hereinbefore. Housing 312 is cylindrical with flanges 314 at opposite ends. A heating element 92d and a temperature sensing device 96d are installed adjacent to the inlet end of module 90d in a fashion as described hereinbefore. Cone-shaped inlet and outlet ends 316 and 318 have flanges 320 which mate with flanges 314 of housing 312. A fluid flow path leads upstream from inlet 316 through module 90d downstream to outlet 318.

A feedback tubular network 322 directs combustion gases from the downstream side of module 90d to the upstream side. Network 322 includes an outlet nipple 324 connected via tube 326 to one end of check valve 328. The other end of check valve 328 is connected via tube 330 to one end 322 of a tee 331. Another end 333 of tee 331 is connected via line 334 to inlet nipple 336. The third end 338 of tee 331 includes a venturi insert 376 as shown more clearly in FIG. 16. The third end 338 is in fluid communication via line 212d with an air compressor 210d or other air source. The air source is control-led via line 216d by processor unit 314. In this regard, it is noted that processor unit 314 is also in communication with heating element 92d via line 193d and with temperature sensing device 96d via line 191d.

Check valve 328 allows flow from the outlet side of module 90d toward the inlet side and not vice versa. In this way, check valve 328 prevents any bypass of exhaust gases after regeneration has been completed and the exhaust gases are again directed through apparatus 310.

Embodiment 310 is particularly advantageous for the purpose of controlling the percentage of oxygen being directed toward the inlet end of module 90d. It is known that a reduced level of oxygen has many beneficial effects with respect to regeneration process and ultimately with respect to minimizing long term damage to the ceramic filter element. More particularly, reduced oxygen results in a reduced burn rate, a reduced peak ceramic filter element temperature, a wider flame zone, a reduced temperature gradient and other similar relative effects. Since the filter element is ceramic, it is brittle and has a thermal expansion coefficient which does not allow for sudden substantial expansion or contraction without cracking. Hence, the effects noted minimize such possibility and promote long term use of the filter element without failure.

Embodiment 310 is of further advantage in that the feedback network 322 not only advantageously reduces the percentage of oxygen flowing toward module 90d, but also does so by increasing the temperature of the gases directed toward module 90d. In other words, some of the heat created by the regeneration is directed back through the module thereby further heating the module, especially ahead of the flame, and therefore also leading to reduced temperature gradients.

Another embodiment 340 is shown in FIG. 15. Embodiment 340 shows a modification to muffler-filter apparatus 28, designated in FIG. 15 by the numeral 28e. Apparatus 28e has been adequately described hereinbefore. The modification includes a feedback tubular network 322e. The only essential difference between network 322e and network 322 of FIG. 14 is that check valve 328 is replaced by a solenoid operated valve assembly 342. Valve assembly 342 is shown in more detail in FIG. 17. Valve assembly 342 includes an air cylinder 344 having a piston 346. Cylinder 344 is connected via a series of fittings to one end 348 of a tee 350. The end 352 opposite end 348 leads to the air injection assembly 354. Third end 356 of tee 350 is connected to the outlet nipple 324e on apparatus 28e. The rod portion of piston 346 extends into the fittings connecting with end 348 and is connected with a connector 358 to a plunger 360. Plunger 360 includes a stem 362 with an end member 364 which is sized to seat against tube 330e. Stem 362 is stablized by plug 365. The position of piston 346 and plunger 360 is controlled by solenoid valve 366 as depicted in FIG. 15. Valve 366 includes lines 368 and 370 leading to air cylinder 344. Valve 366 is controlled by an air source and a processor unit (not shown) as connected thereto via lines 372 and 374.

Valve assembly 342 not only functions to prevent any bypass of exhaust gases after regeneration has been completed, but also provides for the possibility of rather accurately controlling the flow of combustion gases from the downstream side of the filter module through the feedback network 322e. In this way, a rather precise oxygen percentage of the total volume rate of combustible gases entering the inlet side of the module of apparatus 28 can be maintained.

Ejector assembly 354 is shown in more detail in FIG. 16. Tubular line 330e leads from valve assembly 342 to one end 322e of tee 331e. Another end 333e leads via line 334e to inlet nipple 98e. The third end 338e is preferably reduced and receives venturi nozzle insert 376. Insert 376 has an inlet end 378 which is connected with tubular line 212d. The outlet end 380 of insert 376 forms the venturi restriction and opens centrally with respect to end 333e and just beyond end 332e. In this way, oxygen laden combustible gases passing through the venturi restriction 380 aspirate combustion gases recirculating into end 332e.

The ejector/entrainment ratio provides an aspiration parameter which helps to determine the source of combustible gases which should be directed through venturi insert 376. If the ratio is low, compressed gas or an auxiliary blower may be needed to create the necessary aspiration vacuum. If the ratio is favorable, and if a slow regeneration rate is desired, it may be possible to direct unfiltered exhaust gases from the engine through insert 376.

In any case this latter set of embodiments as indicated provide considerable advantage with respect to the long term operation of a ceramic filter element in the environment described. In this regard, valve assembly 342 and ejector assembly 354 provide considerable flexibility with the feedback or recirculation concept. As more experience with use becomes available, these embodiments may be the more preferred of the several embodiments presented.

Thus, the present exhaust system 20 may be embodied in a variety of alternatives. The heart of the system, however, is a ceramic filter element module in conjunction with a muffling mechanism and mechanism for regenerating the filter element. Although the various embodiments have been described in detail and the advantages of structure and function set forth, it is understood that other equivalents may be possible as well. Therefore, it is finally understood that may changes made in structure with respect to the disclosed embodiments, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement, to the full extent extended by the general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed, are also within the principle of the present invention.