US 4,833,672 AGrant
Multiplex System
Issue Date:1989-05-23
•19 Claims
•12 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A multiplex system includes a master controller and a plurality of remote stations which are connected together by a cable. The cable is a twin co-ax cable which includes data and clock conductors which are surrounded by power and ground conductors. The power and ground conductors are capacitively coupled such that the power conductor simultaneously transmits power and provides an effective shield. The master controller includes a microcomputer which in turn includes an UART. The UART is used to transmit command bits to the remote stations while the CPU reads response bits from the remote stations in order to allow response bits to be interleaved in time with command bits. In one embodiment, the command bits are used to strobe row conductors of a keyboard and the response bits are used to monitor column conductors of the keyboard to allow a keyboard to be controlled by the master controller 20 in a simple and efficient manner. In the preferred embodiment an integration counter is used to decode response signals such as those from a keyboard and the integration counter is incremented when the desired signal is obtained and decremented when it is not. In this way the state of the signal can be determined even in an extremely noisy environment.
Metadata
Assignee
- AMP Incorporated
Inventor
- Lee W. Steely
Application Information
Application Number:US 8379114
Filing Date:1986-03-10
Priority Date:1986-03-10
Art Unit:263
Classifications
IPC:
H04L 120H04L 522
Field of Search:
37034037196;111;29;85;77;100365 E;365 S;825.06;825.146;64
Patent Drawings (12 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to improvements to multiplex systems of the type comprising a master controller which is linked to a plurality of remote stations and in which data signals are interchanged between the master controller and the remote stations.
Multiplex systems have been used in a variety of applications to reduce the number of conductors required to interconnect a master controller with remote actuators or sensors. In such multiplex systems, commands from the master controller are sent to the remote stations and measured quantities are sent as response signals from the remote stations to the master controller. In order for a multiplex system to compete effectively with simpler approaches such as direct connection systems using dedicated cables between the controller and each of the remote sensors or actuators, it is important that the multiplex system operate reliably, even in a noisy environment. It is also important that the multiplex system minimize the cost and complexity of the master controller and of the portions of the remote stations needed to adapt the remote stations to particular sensors or actuators.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention is directed to improvements to multiplex sensors which allow command signals to be interleaved in time with response signals at a high data transmission rate in an efficient and reliable manner, which efficiently interface the multiplex system with a keyboard, and which reliably decode response signals even in a noisy environment.
According to a first feature of this invention, a multiplex system of the type which comprises a master controller and a plurality of remote stations is provided. Each remote station comprises means for transmitting a plurality of data bits to the controller and means for receiving a plurality of data bits from the controller. According to this first feature of the invention, a microcomputer is included in the controller, and this microcomputer comprises a CPU and an interface buffer, such as a UART for example. First means included in the interface buffer operate to pass a plurality of first sets of data bits, each of which is passed between the microcomputer and a respective one of the remote stations. This first means operates independently of the CPU during the passing of each of the first sets of data bits. Second means are provided in the microcomputer for sequentially passing a respective second set of data bits between the microcomputer and each of the remote stations. Each of the first sets of data bits comprises a respective plurality of first data bits and each of the second sets of data bits comprises a respective plurality of second data bits. The first and second data bits alternate in time such that the first and second means operate simultaneously.
In the preferred embodiment described below the first means is embodied as a UART which transmits command bits to the remote stations via a data conductor, while the CPU monitors the data conductor to receive response bits from the remote stations. Each pair of adjacent command bits is separated by a spacer bit, such that operation of the UART does not interfere with reception of the response bits. The command bits and response bits are interleaved on the data conductor on a bit-by-bit basis.
This first feature of the invention provides the important advantage that readily available hardware can be used to interleave command bits and response bits on a bit-by-bit basis at a high data transmission rate. Because the CPU receives the response bits while the UART is transmitting a previously loaded set of command bits, it appears that the CPU and UART are operating independently and simultaneously to provide both transmission of command bits and reception of response bits simultaneously.
According to a second feature of this invention, a multiplex system is provided which comprises a master controller and a plurality of remote stations. Means are provided for transmitting command bytes from the controller to the remote stations, each command byte comprising a plurality of command bits. Means are provided for transmitting response bytes from the remote stations to the controller, each response byte comprising a plurality of response bits. A keyboard having a plurality of row conductors, a plurality of column conductors and an array of switches, each placed to interconnect a respective row conductor with a respective column conductor is coupled to a first remote station. Means are included in the first remote station for applying a plurality of signal patterns to the row conductors, such signal patterns determined by a first set of command bytes received by the first remote station. Means are also included in the first remote station for generating a first set of response bytes such that each of the response bytes in the first set of response bytes indicates a signal pattern on the column conductors at a respective time. Means are provided in the master controller for generating the first set of command bytes such that the signal patterns applied to the row conductors scan the row conductors sequentially.
This second feature of the invention provides an extremely simple, reliable, and inexpensive means for driving a keyboard with a multiplex system of the claimed type. In the preferred embodiment described below no alteration of any type is required to the remote stations, and the master controller can readily be programmed to scan the row conductors and monitor the column conductors in order to detect actuation of switches of the keyboard.
According to a third feature of this invention, a multiplex system of the type comprising a master controller which monitors a repeatedly polled response signal generated by a remote station is provided with means for maintaining a count. Means are also provided for automatically incrementing the count each time the polled response signal is in a first state, and for automatically decrementing the count each time the polled response signal is in a second state. Means are also provided for determining when the polled response signal is in a selected one of the first and second states by comparing the count with a threshold value and indicating when the count passes the threshold value.
This third feature of the invention provides important advantages in terms of reliable operation of the multiplex system even in an extremely noisy environment. In the event that communication between the master controller and the remote station is interrupted on an intermittent basis, the repeatedly polled response signal would appear and disappear on an erratic basis. This aspect of the invention allows such an erratic response signal to be decoded in a reliable manner by integrating the response signal over time. With this approach, the presence of the response signal can be determined reliably, even when the signal to noise ratio is close to one to one. Furthermore, this aspect of the invention allows the state of the response signal to be determined reliably in a rapid manner. If, as in some prior art systems, a count were maintained and the count were reset each time the response signal disappeared, the count would take an excessively long time to reach the threshold in a noisy environment. In the embodiment described in detail below, this aspect of the invention is used in conjunction with a keyboard to detect actuation of keys reliably. Of course, this aspect of the invention can readily be adapted for use with other types of repeatedly polled response signals.
The invention itself, together with further objects and attendant advantages, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a presently preferred embodiment of the multiplex system of this invention.
FIGS. 2a and 2b are an electrical schematic diagram of the master controller included in the multiplex system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of internal components of the microcomputer included in the master controller of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of one of the remote stations included in the multiplex system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of one of the remote stations of FIG. 1 coupled to a keyboard.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view in partial cut away of a cable included in the multiplex system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional representation of an alternative form of the cable of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram for the multiplex system of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 9a, 9b and 9c are timing diagrams for the multiplex system of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 10a,b, 11a,b and 12a,b are flow charts of software routines executed by the microcomputer of the master controller of FIGS. 2 and 3.
Detailed Description of the Presently Preferred Embodiments
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a multiplex system 10 which incorporates a presently preferred embodiment of this invention. This multiplex system 10 includes a master controller 20 which is coupled to a number of remote stations 50 by a cable 90. Each of the remote stations 50 is in turn coupled to a respective sensor/actuator 52. The master controller 20 directs command signals to remote stations 50, which in turn latch these command signals and apply the command signals to the associated sensor/actuator 52 in order to control the sensor/actuator 52. In addition, the master controller 20 polls the remote stations 50 for response signals supplied to the remote stations 50 by the sensor/actuators 52. The sensor/actuators 52 can take a wide variety of forms, and can include, for example, solenoids or switches to be controlled by the master controller 20 or sensors or switches such as keyboards, proximity switches or the like.
FIGS. 2a and 2b show an electrical schematic diagram of the master controller 20 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, the master controller 20 includes a microcomputer 22, a power supply 34, a watch dog timer 36, and a line driver 32. The power supply 34 supplies +5 VDC and 0 VDC voltages to circuits of the master controller 20 and via the cable 90 to the remote stations 50. The microcomputer 22 in this preferred embodiment is implemented as an Intel 8751 integrated circuit coupled to a 12 MHz crystal. The microcomputer 22 is coupled via the line driver 32 to the cable 90. As explained in greater detail below, the microcomputer 22 generates a periodic, square wave clock signal on a clock conductor 92 included in the cable 90, which is used to synchronize the operation of the remote stations 50. In addition, the microcomputer 22 transmits command signals to the remote stations 50 and monitors response signals from the remote stations 50 via a data conductor 94 included in the cable 90.
The watch dog timer 36 is connected to the microcomputer 22 by conductors 38, 40. The microcomputer 38 is programmed to issue a pulse on the conductor 38 at least once every millisecond. The watch dog timer 36 monitors the pulses on the line 38. In the event the microcomputer 22 fails to issue a pulse on line 38 for a selected time period (slightly greater than one millisecond in this embodiment), the watch dog timer 36 generates a reset pulse on line 40 which resets the microcomputer 22. Each of the components of the master controller 20 is a standard, readily obtainable component. For this reason, these components will not be described here in greater detail.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the microcomputer 22. As shown in FIG. 3, the microcomputer 22 includes a Central Processing Unit or CPU 23 which is coupled to both a read-only memory 24 and a random access memory 26. In the conventional manner the read-only memory 24 stores the program to be executed by the CPU 23 and the random access memory 26 is used by the CPU 23 for the storage of variables. The microcomputer 22 includes an on board interface buffer 30 commonly known in the art as a UART. The UART is coupled both to the CPU 23 and to the data conductor on the cable 90. As explained below in greater detail, the UART can be used to transmit command bits on the data conductor. Briefly, when the CPU 23 loads an 8-bit byte into the UART 30, the UART 30 is started. Once the UART 30 is started, the UART 30 outputs the previously loaded 8 bit byte onto the data conductor, without further supervision or control by the CPU 23.
AS shown in FIG. 4, each of the remote stations 50 includes three basic subcircuits: an addressing and gating circuit 54, a set of four command latches 56, and a selector circuit 58. The selector circuit 58 is coupled to the data conductor of the cable 90, and the addressing and gating circuit 54 is coupled to the clock conductor of the cable 90. The addressing and gating circuit 54 counts pulses on the clock conductor, and at a predetermined count enables the selector 58. For the next eight periods of the clock signal on the clock conductor the selector circuit 58 sequentially interconnects the data conductor on the cable 90 with the response inputs R0-R3 and the command latches for the command outputs C0-C3. The selector circuit 58 is arranged such that the response signals alternate with the command signals on the data conductor. In this embodiment, the data conductor is connected with the response inputs and the command outputs in the following sequence: C0, R0, C1, R1, C2, R2, C3, R3. The detailed circuitry of the remote station 50 is described and illustrated in FIG. 3 of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/567,476, filed Jan. 3, 1984, entitled "A Time-Slot Addressed, System Keyed Multiplex Device," which is assigned to the assignee of this invention. The specification of this application is hereby incorporated by reference in the present specification for its teaching of the detailed circuitry of the remote station 50.
As shown in FIG. 4, each of the remote stations 50 includes a capacitor 60 interconnecting the +5 VDC and the ground inputs. As explained below, this capacitive coupling between the two power conductors of the cable 90 is provided to improve noise immunity and reduce RFI and EMI emissions associated with the high frequency signals on the data and clock conductors. Preferably, the capacitor 60 is 0.1 microfarads, and a capacitor is provided across the ground and +5 VDC conductors at least every twenty feet along the length of the cable 90 in this embodiment. In the event the remote stations 50 are spaced at greater intervals than twenty feet, separate capacitors are preferably used to provide the desired capacitive filtering.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation which shows the manner in which one of the remote stations 50 is connected with a keyboard 70. As shown in FIG. 5, the keyboard 70 includes four row conductors 72 and four column conductors 74. A respective switch 76 is provided at each node in the grid defined by the row conductors 72 and the column conductors 74. Each switch 76 is coupled to a touch pad and is normally open in this embodiment such that the row conductors are isolated from the column conductors when the switches 76 are in their rest state. A row conductor 72 can be shorted to a selected one of the column conductors 74 by depressing the appropriate switch 76. Any suitable keyboard 70 can be used; for example the keyboards sold by AMP Incorporated as AMP Part Nos. 923792 and 923515 have been found to be suitable. Of course, the number of row and column conductors may be altered as necessary for the intended application.
As shown in FIG. 5, each of the row conductors 72 is connected to a respective one of the command outputs C0-C3, and each of the column conductors 74 is connected to a respective one of the response inputs R0-R3. Thus, the master controller 20 can apply any desired signal pattern on the row conductors 72 and then monitor the column conductors 74 to determine which of the switches 76 have been activated. As explained in greater detail below, the keyboard 70 is scanned by sequentially placing the following signal patterns on the row conductors 72: 0111, 1011, 1101, 1110, where "1" indicates +5 VDC and "0" indicates 0 VDC. In this specification and the following claims, the terms "row conductor" and "row" are used to designate the conductors which are scanned, and can be oriented horizontally or vertically. Similarly, the terms "column conductor" and "column" are used to designate the conductors which are sensed.
FIG. 6 shows a perspective view in partial cut away of a presently preferred embodiment of the cable 90. The cable 90 includes two co-axial cables. These co-axial cables include center conductors 92, 94 which are preferably the clock and data conductors, respectively. Each of the conductors 92, 94 is surrounded by a low loss insulator 96, which is in turn surrounded by a respective sheath conductor 98, 100. Preferably, the sheath conductors 98, 100 are connected to the +5 VDC and ground terminals of the master controller 20, respectively. The sheath conductors 98, 100 are imbeded in an extruded insulator 102. The insulator 102 defines a key 104 at one edge to indicate the polarity of the cable 90.
Preferably, the clock and data conductors 92, 94 are about 14 AWG and the power and ground conductors 98, 100 are co-axial braids having a relatively large cross section (about 12 AWG). The ground conductor 100 is grounded by the master controller 20 and thus provides an excellent shield for the data conductor 94. Because the power conductor 98 is capacitively coupled to the ground conductor 100 by the capacitors 60, the power conductor 98 also provides an excellent shield. The dielectric between the inner conductors 92, 94 and the sheath conductors 98, 100 is preferably a low loss, low dielectric constant material such as polyethylene. The outer insulator 102 should be chosen for mechanical, cost, and environmental factors. In many applications PVC is well suited for use as the outer insulator 102.
As pointed out above, high frequency square wave signals are transmitted on the clock and data conductors 92, 94, and the sheath conductors 98, 100 in this embodiment serve three important functions: (1) they transmit power to the remote stations 50; (2) they shield the clock and data conductors 92, 94 from noise; and (3) they prevent excessive EMI and RFI interference from being broadcast by the clock and data conductors 92, 94. The remote stations 50 can be interconnected with the cable 90 by the use of conventional connectors such as the low profile co-ax taps marketed by AMP Incorporated as AMP Part No. 228752-1.
FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment 90' of the cable 90. In the embodiment of FIG. 7 the clock and data conductors 92', 94' are positioned between spaced, parallel power and ground conductors 98', 100'. The entire assembly is surrounded by an insulator 102' which includes a key 104' to indicate polarity. In the cable 90' the power and ground conductors 98', 100' substantially surround the clock and data conductors 92', 94', thereby providing excellent shielding in a manner similar to that of the sheath conductors 98, 100. Of course, in other embodiments other geometries can be used in which the power and ground conductors substantially surround the data and clock conductors to provide the shielding advantages described above.
Table 1 provides an index of Appendices 1-5 included with this specification. Each Appendix includes a source and object code listing of a respective routine included in the program executed by the master controller 20. Appendices 1 and 2 provide the listing for the main executive, and are provided to define the environment in which the programs of Appendices 3-5 operate. For this reason, the routines of Appendices 1 and 2 will not be discussed in detail. Here, it is enough to note that the routines of Appendices 1 and 2 define the repetitive cycle shown diagrammatically in FIG. 8.
FIG. 8 the symbols RS0, RS1, . . . RS15 are used to designate burst periods during which the master controller 20 communicates with remote stations 0, 1, . . . 15, respectively. For example, during the burst period RS0 the master controller 20 transmits four command bits C0-C4 to remote station 0 and receives four response bits R0-R3 from remote station 0 via the data conductor 94. In FIG. 8 the symbol IB is used to designate an interburst period, which in this embodiment is five microseconds in duration. An interburst period is interposed between each adjacent pair of burst periods for consecutively addressed remote stations.
As shown in FIG. 8 the period of each complete cycle of the program executed by the master controller 20 is in this embodiment 503 microseconds. During the initial 208 microseconds, four command bits and four response bits are exchanged between each of the remote stations 50 and the master controller 20. During this initial period the master controller 20 merely stores the response bits received from the remote stations 50 for later processing. The second portion of the cycle is a processing period, which lasts for 295 microseconds in this embodiment. During the processing period the master controller 20 processes the response bits received from the remote stations 50 and determines the command bits to be sent to the remote stations 50 during the next cycle. This cycle is repeated continuously during operation of the master controller 20.
Appendix 3 provides a listing for TSTRNO, the routine executed during the polling period of FIG. 8. This routine utilizes the UART 30 to transmit the response bits R0-R3 and utilizes the CPU 23 to read the command bits C0-C3. FIGS. 9a through 9c illustrate the timing of a burst and interburst period. As shown in FIG. 9a, the clock signal on the clock conductor 92 of the cable 90 is a square wave, which in this preferred embodiment has a frequency of 1 MHz. For purposes of discussion, consecutive periods of the clock signal of FIG. 9a are labeled t1-t15. The clock signal defines a sequence of time slots for the remote stations 50.
As shown in FIGS. 9b and 9c, the UART 30 transmits a command byte which comprises command bits C0, C1, C2, C3 during time slots t1, t3, t5, and t7. The command byte also includes spacer bits in which the data line is driven to the logic high state. One of these spacer bits follows each of the command bits C0-C3 in time slots t2, t4, t6, t8. Simultaneously with the transmission of C0-C3 by the UART 30, the CPU 23 reads response bits R0-R3 during time slots t2, t4, t6 and t8, respectively. Because the UART 30 drives the data line 94 high during time slots t2, t4, t6 and t8, operation of the UART 30 does not interfere with transmission of the response bits R0-R3 by the remote stations 50. After an interburst period t9-t13 the foregoing sequence is repeated for the next remote station in sequence.
FIGS. 10a and 10b are a flow chart of the transmit routine of Appendix 3. As shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b, this routine first disables all interrupts. Timing is critical during the polling period, and interrupts could cause the CPU 23 to lose syncronization with the UART 30. The line driver 32 is then enabled and the routine checks that the data line 94 is high. If not (indicating a failure in the data line), the routine locks up at this point until the watch dog timer 36 resets the microcomputer 22. Assuming the data line 94 is high, the routine then transmits Burst 0 through Burst 15 in strict sequence. In order to obtain the desired timing, loops have been avoided and for this reason the programming is quite redundant. However, this approach provides the advantage of minimizing execution time and providing strict control over timing. Each of the Bursts 0-15 is addressed to a respective one of the 16 remote stations 50 of this embodiment.
As shown at block 201, the first step in transmitting Burst 0 is to move the first command byte to the UART 30. This initiates operation of the UART 30. As the UART 30 is transmitting the first command bit C0, the routine in FIG. 10 pulses the watch dog timer at block 203. By the time the watch dog timer has been pulsed, the UART 30 is transmitting the first spacer bit (during time slot t2 of FIG. 9a). During time slot t2 the routine of FIG. 10 reads the value from the data line 94 and transfers it to the C-register at block 205. During time slot t3, when the UART 30 is transmitting the second command bit C1, the routine of FIG. 10 rotates the C-register right into the accumulator at block 207. This pattern is repeated until all four command bits C0-C3 have been transmitted during time slots t1, t3, t5, and t7 and all four response bits R0-R3 have been read during time slots t2, t4, t6, t8. In each case the response bits R0-R3 are read by the CPU 23 during a time slot when the UART 30 is transmitting a spacer bit. In this way, the microcomputer 22 appears to be operating simultaneously to transmit the command bits C0-C3 and to read the response bits R0-R3.
After response bits R0-R3 for remote station 0 (Burst 0) have been received, the routine of FIG. 10 next checks to insure that the data line 94 is high. Then Burst 1 is transmitted to remote station 1, starting at block 209, by moving the second command byte to the UART 30, thereby initiating transmission of the second command byte. While the UART 30 is transmitting the first command bit C0 of the second command byte, the routine of FIG. 10 moves the last value for the data line for response byte 0 into the C-register at block 211 and then moves the accumulator to permanent storage at block 213. The routine of FIG. 10 then reads response bits R0-R3 in the manner described above. This process is repeated 14 times, thereby transmitting command bytes to and reading response bytes from each of the 16 remote stations 50. Of course, in alternate embodiments the number of remote stations 50 can be selected as desired for the particular application.
The routine of FIGS. 10a and 10b utilizes the UART 30 to interleave command bits and response bits on a bit-by-bit basis. This is achieved by utilizing the independent operation of the UART 30 to transmit the command bits while the CPU 23 attends to reading the response bits. Of course, response bits can be read by the UART 30 while command bits are transmitted by the CPU 23. Furthermore, in alternate embodiments the command bits and response bits may be transmitted on separate conductors rather than on the single data conductor 94 of the cable 90.
FIGS. 11a and 11b are a flow chart of the keypad service routine of Appendix 4. This routine scans the keyboard 70 in an eight period cycle. During the first period of the cycle Row 1 is grounded while Row 2-Row 4 are held high. During the second cycle columns one through four are read via response bits R0-R3 to determine if any of the switches on Row 1 are closed. Any closed switches will result in a logic low value in the associated response bit. In cycle three the command bits C0-C3 are reconfigured to ground Row 2 while maintaining Rows, 1, 3 and 4 in the logic high state. In cycle four, columns one through four are read to determine if any of the switches on Row 2 are closed. This process is continued until all four of the rows have been scanned. The cycle then repeats by again grounding Row 1.
The routine of FIGS. 11a and 11b is executed during the processing period. First the pass counter is checked to determine that it is greater than or equal to zero and less than nine. If not, the pass counter is set equal to eight, the command byte for the relevant remote station 50 is set to drive Row 1 to ground, and the flag KEY.sub.-- DEP1 and KEY.sub.-- SERVICED1 are cleared. The pass counter is then checked to determine if it is odd or even. In this embodiment an even value of the pass counter corresponds to a cycle when a new row is driven to ground, and an odd value of the pass counter corresponds to a cycle during which the logical state of the column conductors 74 is determined.
In the first pass of the routine of FIGS. 11a and 11b the command byte has been set to drive Row 1 to ground and the pass counter will be decremented and the subroutine will return. During the next processing period the pass counter will be found equal to the odd value 7 and the flow will branch to the right at decision block 221. The response bits R0-R3 from the remote station 50 connected to the keyboard 70 are then examined to see if any are in the logic low state. If no keys are found to have been depressed, the command byte for the relevant remote station 50 is altered to extinguish the drive to the current row and to drive the next row.
In the event any of the response bits R0-R3 is in the logic low state, the routine of FIGS. 11a and 11b checks to determine whether this is the first pass with a key depressed. If so, the row and column number of the depressed key are stored. The current row and column data are then checked for correspondence with this stored data. In the event of correspondence, the flag KEY.sub.-- DEP1 is set. KEY.sub.--DEP1 is used as an indication that a key has been depressed and that on subsequent cycles it is the same key as in the previous cycle. In either event, the command byte is updated at block 223, and the pass counter is decremented and checked for equality with zero. As before, if the pass counter is not equal to zero the subroutine returns. This process continues until the pass counter is decremented to zero, at which time all four of the rows will have been scanned. The registers are then reset to initial values at block 225 and the decode keypad routine is called at block 227 prior to return.
From this description it should be clear that the multiplex system 10 is well suited for use with the keyboard 70 with an minimum of external hardware. The remote station 50 can be controlled to scan the consecutive rows of the keyboard 70 and to read the consecutive columns, without alteration or modification to the remote station 50. Because each cycle of the master controller 20 takes about 0.5 milliseconds in this embodiment, the entire keyboard 70 is scanned at a rate of about once every four milliseconds.
FIGS. 12a and 12b provide a flow chart of the decode keypad routine called by the service keypad routine of FIG. 11. The decode keypad routine of FIGS. 12a and 12b is listed in Appendix 5.
The decode keypad routine starts by checking the flag KEY.sub.-- DEP1 to determine whether the same key is depressed this cycle as the previous cycle. If so, an integration counter is incremented at block 233 and KEY.sub.-- DEP1 is reset. The routine then checks KEY.sub.-- SERVICED1 to determine if the current key has already been serviced. If not, the integration counter is checked to determine if it is less than 20. If so, the routine returns; if not the integration counter is set equal to five and the key is decoded by calculating a table index pointer from the row and column data and placing the table value in the accumulator. The flag KEY.sub.-- SERVICED1 is then set and the routine returns. In the event the initial decision of decision block 231 indicates that a new key has been depressed or in the event the current key has already been serviced, the integration counter is decremented and checked for equality with zero. If the integration counter is equal to zero the flag KEY.sub.-- SERVICED1 is reset and the integration counter is set equal to one before the routine returns.
The decode keyboard routine of FIGS. 12a and 12b utilizes the integration counter to detect a change of state of the keyboard 70 reliably. While a single key of the keyboard 70 is held down, the integration counter is incremented until it reaches 20. It is only at this point that the key is decoded. If during the period while the key is being held down noise causes a response bit to be lost, the routine of FIG. 12 decrements the integration counter rather than resetting the count to zero. In effect, the integration counter is used to integrate the desired signal and noise interfering with reception of the desired signal. This approach allows the state of the keyboard to be determined reliably, even in the presence of high noise levels. Of course, the exact threshold used for the integration counter can be varied as desired to provide reliable decoding of the keyboard in the anticipated noise environment. Furthermore, in alternate embodiments it may be preferably to increment the counter in response to the signal by a value which differs from the amount of which the counter is decremented in response to absence to the signal. Of course, the term increment is used here in its broad sense, and is meant to include incrementing the counter by a negative number.
From the foregoing, it should be apparent that an improved multiplex system has been described which minimizes RF interference without unnecessarily increasing the number of conductors in the cable 90, which utilizes an independent interface buffer such as a UART to allow command bits and response bits to be interleaved in time at a high data transmission rate utilizing only a single microcomputer. Furthermore, a remarkably simple and efficient use of the multiplex system to control a keyboard has been described, along with an improved decoding approach which allows response signals such as keyboard actuation signals to be decoded reliably, even in a noisy environment.
Of course, it should be understood that a wide range of changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments described above. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, which are intended to define the scope of this invention. ##SPC1##
Claims
I claim:
1. In a multiplex system of the type which comprises a master controller, a set of data channels, and a plurality of remote stations, each comprising means for transmitting a plurality of data bits to the controller via said set of data channels and means for receiving a plurality of data bits from the controller via said set of data channels, the improvement comprising: a microcomputer included in the controller and interconnected to the set of data channels, said microcomputer comprising a CPU and an interface buffer; first means, included in the interface buffer, for sequentially passing a plurality of first sets of data bits, each of the first sets of data bits being passed in a first direction between the microcomputer and a respective one of the remote stations via the set of data channels, said first means operating independently of the CPU during the passing of each set of data bits; second means, included in the CPU and operative during operation of the first means, for sequentially passing a respective second set of data bits in a second direction between the microcomputer and each of the remote stations via the set of data channels; each of said first sets of data bits comprising a plurality of first data bits; each of said second sets of data bits comprising a plurality of second data bits; each first and second sets of data bits overlapping in time without interfering with one another such that the first and second means operate simultaneously.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein the first data bits comprise command bits transmitted from the master controller to the remote stations, and wherein the second data bits comprise response bits transmitted from the remote stations to the master controller.
3. The invention of claim 1 wherein the interface buffer comprises a UART.
4. The invention of claim 1 wherein the set of data channels comprises a single conductor and wherein the data bits are all transmitted to and from the master controller via the single conductor.
5. The invention of claim 2 wherein the set of data channels comprises a single conductor and wherein the command bits and the response bits are transmitted to and from the master controller via the single conductor.
6. The invention of claim 1 wherein the first and second data bits alternate in time.
7. In a multiplex system of the type which comprises a master controller, a data channel, and a plurality of remote stations, each comprising means for transmitting a plurality of response bits to the controller via the data channel and means for receiving a plurality of command bits from the controller via the data channel, the improvement comprising: a microcomputer included in the controller, said microcomputer comprising a CPU interconnected to the data channel and a transmit buffer interconnected to the data channel; means, included in the transmit buffer, for sequentially transmitting a selected respective command byte to each of the remote stations via the data channel, each of the command bytes comprising a plurality of the command bits and a plurality of spacer bits, said transmitting means operating independently of the CPU during transmission of each command byte; and means, included in the CPU, for reading and storing the response bits received via the data channel, each during transmission of a respective one of the spacer bits, such that the reading and storing means operate simultaneously with the transmitting means.
8. The invention of claim 7 wherein the transmit buffer comprises a UART included as an integral part of the microcomputer.
9. The invention of claim 7 wherein the data channel comprises a single conductor, and wherein the response bits and the data bits are transmitted between the master controller and the remote stations via the single conductor.
10. The invention of claim 7 wherein each pair of adjacent command bits in each command byte is separated by a respective spacer bit such that the response bits alternate in time with the command bits.
11. The invention of claim 7 wherein the command bits of each command byte are interleaved in time with the response bits of the respective response byte.
12. A multiplex system comprising: a master controller; a plurality of remote stations connected to the master controller by a cable, said plurality of remote stations including a first remote station; means for transmitting sets of clock signals from the master controller to the remote stations; means for transmitting command bytes from the controller to the remote stations, each command byte comprising a plurality of command bits transmitted during time periods associated with respective ones of the clock signals; means in each remote station for maintaining a count of the clock signals and for enabling the remote station for a selected time period at a respective value of the count; means in each remote station for receiving the respective command byte while the remote station is enabled; means in each remote station for transmitting response bytes from the remote station to the controller while the respective remote station is enabled, each response byte comprising a plurality of response bits; a keyboard having a plurality of row conductors, a plurality of column conductors, and an array of switches, each placed to interconnect a respective row conductor with a respective column conductor when activated; means, included in the first remote station, for applying a plurality of signal patterns to the row conductors, said signal patterns determined by a first set of the command bytes received by the first remote station; means, included in the first remote station, for generating a first set of the response bytes such that each of the response bytes in the first set of response bytes indicates a signal pattern on the column conductors at a respective time; and means, included in the master controller, for generating the first set of command bytes such that the signal patterns applied to the row conductors scan the row conductors sequentially.
13. The invention of claim 12, wherein each of the command bytes causes a respective one of the row conductors to be grounded while the remaining row conductors are held at a selected voltage.
14. The invention of claim 12 wherein the means for applying a plurality of signal patterns to the row conductors comprises a plurality of latches, each adapted to store a respective one of the command bits included in each of the command bytes included in the first set of command bytes.
15. The invention of claim 12 wherein the command bits of each command byte are interleaved in time with the response bits of the respective response byte.
16. In a multiplex system of the type comprising a central controller which monitors a repeatedly polled response signal generated by a remote station, the improvement comprising: means for maintaining a count; means for automatically incrementing the count by an increment each time the polled response signal is in a first state; means for automatically decrementing the count by a decrement each time the polled response signal is in a second state; means for determining when the polled response signal is in a selected one of the first and second states, said determining means comprising means for comparing the count with a threshold value and for indicating when the count passes the threshold value; and means for decreasing the count by an amount greater than the decrement of the decrementing means to a value less than the threshold value after the count passes the threshold value.
17. The invention of claim 16 wherein the incrementing means increments the count by a first selected amount; wherein the decrementing means decrements the count by a second selected amount; and wherein the first selected amount is equal to the second selected amount.
18. In a multiplex system of the type comprising a central controller; a plurality of response stations interconnected to the central controller by a cable; means, included in a first one of the remote stations, for generating a response signal; and means, included in the master controller, for repeatedly polling the response signal to determine a set of response signal values; the improvement comprising: an integration counter included in the master controller, said integration counter operative to store a count; means for incrementing the count by an increment each time the response signal value is in a logic low state; means for decrementing the count by a decrement each time the response signal value is in a logic high state; means for comparing the count with a threshold value; means for classifying the polled response signal as in the logic low state when the comparing means indicates that the count is greater than or equal to the threshold value; means for decreasing the count to an intermediate value which is less than the threshold value by an amount greater than the decrement of the decrementing means when the classifying means classifies the polled response signal as in the logic low state; and means for indicating that the polled response signal has been classified by the classifying means when the count reaches a reset value, less than the intermediate value.
19. The invention of claim 18 wherein the decrementing means decrements the count by a selected amount, and wherein the incrementing means increments the count by the same amount.
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