US 4,828,660 AGrant

Method and Apparatus for the Continuous on-Site Chemical Reprocessing of Ultrapure Liquids

Issue Date:1989-05-09

•35 Claims

•8 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A continuous process and apparatus for the repurification of ultrapure liquids. An oxidant solution comprising ultrapure sulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water is continuously withdrawn from a process after use. The withdrawn oxidant is reprocessed continuously by contacting with alumina to remove fluoride ions. Water is continuously separated or stripped from the oxidant solution by heating the solution and bubbling an inert gas therethrough causing the water to vaporize from the solution. The separated oxidant is continuously distilled and condensed to form a purified stream of sulfuric acid. The major portion of this stream is continuously returned to the process. The remaining minor portion is continuously cooled, subjected to analysis for purity, and diluted with ultrapure water. The diluted sulfuric acid is further cooled prior to electrochemical treatment in the anode compartment of an electrochemical cell. This converts at least a portion of the dilute sulfuric acid to peroxydisulfuric acid. The resulting solution is continuously returned to the process to be mixed with the major portion of the purified sulfuric acid. A system of apparatus to conduct the processes is provided which also includes means for continuously analyzing the minor portion for purity and trace elements.

Metadata

Assignee

Athens Corporation

Inventors

R. Scot Clark
Joe G. Hoffman
John B. Davison
Alan W. Jones
Allen H. Jones, Jr.
David W. Persichini
Wallace I. Yuan
Bruce A. Lipisko

Application Information

Application Number:US 915776&

Filing Date:1986-10-06

Priority Date:1986-10-06

Art Unit:112

Classifications

IPC:

C25B 128B01D 314

Field of Search:

20420220342315613482;263-266;130;103;104185.1;185.6;234;235;158;176;186;19896;49;99;DIG. 253164210;12;109;25.1;25.4

Patent Drawings (8 sheets)

Description

Background of the Invention

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the continuous on-site purification of ultrapure liquids, especially liquids used in a semiconductor wafer cleaning process, such as ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid and sulfuric acid solutions.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In the past, it has been common practice in industries requiring chemicals, especially ultrapure chemicals, to utilize such chemicals until a certain degree of contamination was reached. At that point, it was necessary to remove the contaminated chemicals from the process apparatus, clean the apparatus, and add new chemicals as needed. Contaminated chemicals were commonly disposed of by any convenient means. This has included legal and illegal dumping in land areas and occasionally in waterways.

In the semiconductor industry it is important to remove all organic and inorganic particles from the surface of semiconductor wafers. This is commonly done by immersion in an acid bath. A preferred acid bath consists of an oxidant solution of sulfuric acid and either peroxydisulfate ion, which has the formula S.sub.2 O.sub.8.sup.-2, or hydrogen peroxide and ultrapure water. The oxidant solution is commonly made by mixing together the oxidant and sulfuric acid. This combination produces a highly oxidizing compound which attacks carbon or other organic particles on the surface of the wafers.

The wafers are commonly held in a cassette boat whereby they can be cleaned by immersion into a tank containing the oxidant solution. The time for immersion is usually about ten to twenty minutes. After immersion, the cassette boat containing the wafers is then washed in ultrapure water. The purity of the water is determined by measuring the resistivity of the water.

In prior art processes very high purity sulfuric acid and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 or a source of peroxydisulfate are required. The bath temperature is maintained at about 80.degree. C.-150.degree. C. In about one half hour, contamination of the acid takes place with an increased concentration of particles. At this time, the acid is normally dumped and a new bath of high purity acid is added.

In recent years two developments have made this approach undesirable. The first of these has been the requirement of increasingly greater purity of chemicals, especially in industries such as the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries. The second development has been an increase in concern for the environmental effects of the dumping of hazardous waste materials in the sewer lines, as well as on land.

With regard to the purity of chemicals, it is evident that the purity of a liquid over a period of time is greater at the start of a process time period than it is at the end of that time period. As greater purity has become more and more important, it has become apparent that higher quality is produced using chemicals during the first part of the period when purity is greater, than at the end of the tolerable processing period when contaminants have been able to build up in the chemical liquid. As a consequence, in the specific case of the cleaning of semiconductor wafers using peroxydisulfuric acid, the wafers cleaned at the beginning of the process period have a higher quality than those which are cleaned at the end of the tolerable contaminant processing period.

With respect to the dumping of hazardous chemicals, public awareness coupled with recently passed hazardous waste chemical disposal laws, have made the disposal of hazardous chemicals extremely difficult as well as costly.

In addition, the necessity of periodic replacement of chemically pure liquids represents an increased cost of materials, increased labor costs, as well as a small but real risk of contamination or hazard to the personnel involved. Finally, there is the cost involved in shutting down a process for whatever time is required to replace the chemicals.

In addition, any time chemicals are stored or transferred, impurities are introduced which are intolerable for ultrapure requirements. For example, stabilizers often must be added to prevent decomposition of unstable compounds. Also, reaction with the containers during storage and transfer, although slight in most cases, often produces a contamination level in such liquids which is intolerable for ultrapure process requirements.

In the case of semiconductor wafer cleaning various chemicals can be used. One process utilizes hydrogen peroxide which must be shipped with stabilizers in order to prevent spontaneous decomposition. The stabilizers which are required to be used introduce impurities which will ultimately contaminate the wafers during the cleaning process.

Another process utilizes potassium or ammonium peroxydisulfate. Potassium peroxydisulfate commonly contains metal ions as impurities which produces a known problem with integrated circuits, particularly MOS circuits.

While ammonium peroxydisulfate could theoretically be made quite pure, such purity levels are not available on an economically attractive basis.

In light of the above difficulties in requirements for the use of ultrapure chemicals and the subsequent contamination and disposal requirements, it is desirable to provide a method and apparatus capable of maintaining purity of the ultrapure liquid throughout the course of the reaction which will avoid contamination buildup. In addition, it is desirable to provide a process and apparatus which avoid the need for the disposal of large amounts of hazardous chemicals. Finally, it is desirable to provide a process and apparatus which reduce processing costs by reducing the amount of chemicals required, reducing the number of personnel involved, increasing the safety of the personnel involved, and eliminating the frequent requirements for shutdown of the process for purposes of renewing ultrapure liquids.

Summary of the Invention

The novel process and apparatus provided by this invention overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art by continuously withdrawing used acid/oxidant solution from the process stream, subjecting it to purification techniques, and then reintroducing it to the process stream to maintain a constant ultrapure liquid concentration having a known purity.

With respect to the production of ultrapure liquids for semiconductor wafer cleaning, the process begins with an oxidant solution of ultrapure sulfuric acid and peroxydisulfuric acid in ultrapure water. During the course of the acid cleaning, the peroxydisulfuric acid gradually degenerates or degrades to sulfuric acid and water. This degraded oxidant solution comprising sulfuric acid and water is continuously withdrawn from the process stream and repurified. Peroxydisulfuric acid is generated in-situ from repurified sulfuric acid via the action of an electrochemical cell. The regenerated oxidant solution together with repurified sulfuric acid are continuously added to the wafer cleaning bath to maintain a constant volume and concentration of oxidant solution.

The purification process is continuous, permitting three to four acid changes per cleaning bath. This is based on a 60 liter per hour flow rate, a bath size of 4 liters, and a cleaning time of 10 minutes. This amounts to approximately 300 cc to 500 cc of clean acid per wafer by the new process compared to 10 cc to 50 cc of clean acid per wafer in the current stagnant cleaning bath prior art processes. Since the solution is reprocessed, spray processes may be optimized by increasing the volume of acid per wafer. The current art of spray and discard limits the acid volume for economic reasons.

Since the chemicals used are continuously purified, only small amounts of contaminated liquids require disposal. In addition, only small amounts of makeup acid or makeup ultrapure liquids are required to keep the volume constant.

Since no stabilizers are used and only occasional transfer and storage containers are necessary, the introduction of impurities is minimized.

Standard commercially available 90%-98% sulfuric acid contains 10-100,000 particles/cc of acid. These particles have a size of 1-15 microns. Trace impurities primarily in the form of cations are also present in the amount of 100 PPB. Both particles and trace elements constitute undesired impurities on semiconductor wafers. The process of the invention reduces particle concentrations of 1 micron size and greater to <5/cc and trace impurities <10 PPB.

A particular feature of the process avoids the pumping of the main stream of reprocessed ultrapure liquids, avoiding the introduction of pump induced contamination inherent in mechanical pumps. Pumping is employed during parts of the reprocessing process for only about 4% of the reprocessing stream. Non-contaminating pumping and delivery systems can also be used.

In addition, since the process is continuous, it is possible to continuously monitor the purity of the process chemicals in line. This is in contrast to prior art procedures which permit only the monitoring of lot samples of incoming chemicals since analysis of the chemicals at the use station is impractical. Since only lot samples are used, there is always the possibility that a single batch of incoming chemicals is contaminated which would not be evident from the prior art method of testing only lot samples. This can result in the contamination of wafers during the wafer cleaning process which will not be immediately evident. The invention method assures purity throughout the process.

While the invention is particularly described with respect to the purification of ultrapure liquids, particularly an oxidant solution of sulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water for use in semiconductor wafer cleaning processes, it is contemplated that the invention is applicable to the continuous on-site purification of other chemicals especially sulfuric acid. Such purification is intended to include but is not limited to, for example, mineral acids and solvents. These chemicals might be used but are not limited to such industries as the semiconductor manufacturing industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing, pc board manufacturing, magnetic tape or disk manufacture, laser disk manufacture, metal finishing industries, or any other application which requires purified chemicals.

Similarly, the exact process for the continuous on-site chemical reprocessing of the ultrapure liquids will involve various chemical process technologies, depending on the nature of the ultrapure liquid to be continuously repurified. Such process technologies can include, but are not limited to distillation, such as atmospheric and vacuum distillation, electrochemical regeneration, electrodialysis, filtration, centrifuging, ion exchange, gettering, sublimation, and adsorption.

The invention is specifically described with respect to the integration of these processes and their process conditions to the continuous regeneration and repurification of an oxidant solution of sulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water for use in cleaning semiconductor wafers.

A system comprising apparatus to conduct the repurification process of the invention is also provided. This system includes novel distillation apparatus whereby contaminants in the form of particles can be removed, a novel water/acid stripper which 13 separates acid from water and volatile components, and a novel electrical cell where chemicals are generated for the wafer cleaning process, and an integrated automatic chemical make-up.

Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the system of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a detailed schematic view of the stripper 1 shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows an enlarged view of the inert gas bubbler manifold of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows a detailed schematic view of the distillation column 2 and condenser and cooler 3 shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 shows an enlarged view of the packing stop shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows a detailed schematic view of the cooler 5 shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 shows a detailed schematic view of the diluter 7 and water cooler 9 shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 shows a schematic sectional view of the wafer cleaning process station 11;

FIG. 9 shows a schematic top plan view of the wafer cleaning bath of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows an enlarged detailed schematic view of the wafer bath of FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 shows a schematic representation of the electrical cell shown at 10 in the block diagram of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 shows a sectional view of the electrical cell 10;

FIG. 13 shows an enlarged perspective view of the water cooled anode of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 shows an enlarged perspective view of the cathode of FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of the apparatus of the invention, a portion of which is enclosed in a housing;

FIG. 16 shows a detailed view of the apparatus enclosed in a housing;

FIG. 17 shows a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 16; and,

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view one of the redirector rings emplaced in the distillation column of FIG. 2.

Description of the Preferred Embodiments

Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of the process of the invention. The process is continuous, and, thus, for convenience a description of the process will begin at the semiconductor wafer cleaner shown in Block 11.

An oxidant solution bath is first prepared and is comprised of at least 0.05 M H.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8, 92% by weight of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, and the balance ultrapure water. The temperature is typically about 80.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. Here, cassettes of wafers are subject to acid cleaning to remove any impurities therefrom. This is normally accomplished by immersion in the bath, but other means such as a spray can also be used. The cleaning can be augmented by means of ultrasound and megasound if desired (10.sup.+3 -10.sup.+6 Hz).

During the wafer cleaning process, the oxidant solution which is used to clean the semiconductor wafers is continuously withdrawn and circulated throughout the system. The oxidant solution is withdrawn continuously by gravity overflow to a surge tank 12 where it is first directed to a fluoride removal column or tank 14. The purpose of the fluoride removal column 14 is to remove any fluoride ions which are present as a contaminant on the wafers as a result of previous process steps.

It is desirable to remove the fluoride ions for two reasons. The first is that it is an undesired impurity in the acid solution, and secondly, it is very destructive to many types of materials, especially fused quartz glass which is the preferred material for this apparatus.

From the fluoride removal column 14 the oxidant solution containing acid and water is directed to the stripper shown in block 1. Here, the solution is heated to cause the water to vaporize. At the same time an inert gas such as nitrogen is bubbled through the solution to remove volatile impurities and water vapor. The water vapor and entrained impurities escape to condenser 13 and any acid vapor which is also passed into condenser 13 is condensed and returned to the surge tank 12. At the same time, the water vapor and impurities leave the system via an exhaust duct.

The acid stripped of the water in the stripper 1 is then directed to distillation column 2 where it is heated to a very high temperature, causing it to vaporize. This produces a very pure vapor separated from particles and other contaminants since the distillation column includes special boiling rings, packing materials, redirector rings as well as a reflux head. The acid vapor then passes from the distillation column 2 to the condenser and cooler 3 where it is condensed and cooled prior to being directed to a stream splitter 4.

The stream splitter 4 sends a major portion amounting to approximately 90% to 98% of the purified acid stream directly to the semiconductor wafer cleaner 11. The remaining portion of the stream amounting to about 2% to about 10% is directed to a water cooler 5 prior to being directed to a particle counter 6. At the particle counter 6, the purity of the acid is measured for quality control purposes.

The acid from the particle counter 6 is then directed by means of a metering pump 17 to a diluter shown in block 7. Here it is mixed with about 40% to about 70%, and most preferably 50% by weight of ultrapure water.

The heat of solution causes the temperature of this mixture to rise. It is cooled primarily by a water jacket within diluter 7 which reduces the temperature to about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C. before being directed to electrical cell 10 (E-cell). A small portion of the liquid stream is diverted after dilution to an atomic absorption spectrometer 16 for trace analysis.

At E-cell 10, the preferably 50% by weight sulfuric acid/water solution is changed to an oxidant solution of at least 0.5% M peroxydisulfuric acid and 50% by weight sulfuric acid, with the balance ultrapure water. The oxidant solution is then sent to the semiconductor wafer cleaner 11 where it is mixed with main stream incoming purified sulfuric acid from the condenser and cooler 3. Any excess or overflow is directed to the surge tank 12.

At the semiconductor wafer cleaning station 11, the process loop is complete and the reprocessing proceeds continuously.

The relatively unstable nature of the oxidant solution produced according to the process of the invention precludes its storage for long periods of time. The fact that the oxidant solution is freshly generated continuously constitutes a particular feature of the invention and constitutes a significant step over prior art processes.

While the process is particularly designed for continuous reprocessing of the oxidant solution, certainly the process can be applied for continuous batch repurification. In this instance, oxidant solution withdrawn from the wafer cleaning station could be held in at least one reservoir. If at least two reservoirs are used, one could be repurified according to the invention process while the other reservoir could be filling with degraded oxidant. The repurification process would then alternate between the two or more reservoirs to always provide a source of pure oxidant solution.

Each of the blocks shown in FIG. 1 are discussed in greater detail below.

The Surge Tank

During the semiconductor wafer cleaning process, the preferred oxidant solution comprised of at least about 0.05 M peroxydisulfuric acid, about 92% by weight sulfuric acid, and the balance ultrapure water becomes degraded during the process. The wafer bath continuously overflows to the surge tank 12. In addition, any overflow from the condenser and cooler 3, the stripper condenser 13, and the anolyte reservoir 120 or catholyte reservoir 118 of the E-cell 10 is directed to the surge tank 12. Moreover, any needed make up sulfuric acid is added to the process stream from the acid make up tank 18 at this point. This is necessary to keep the volume of the process stream constant since small amounts of the stream are continuously being removed in the form of waste from the stripper 1, the distillation column 2, and dragout from the bath 11.

A pump 15 continuously pumps acid solution from the surge tank 12 to the fluoride removal tank 14. This can be any standard pump, preferably a "Teflon" (.TM.) pump, which is made of materials resistant to acid corrosion. "Teflon" (.TM.) (polytetrafluoroethylene) is inert to the cleaning solution and for this reason is preferred.

Fluoride Removal Column

The fluoride removal tank or column 14 is not detailed in the drawings. It can be any standard chamber in the form of a tank or an elongated column filled with activated alumina (aluminum oxide) beads or other chemical reactive with F.sup.- ions. The F.sup.- ions are undesired in the reprocessing method due to their reactivity with fused quartz glass of which much of the apparatus is composed. The fluoride removal tank or column 14 has an inlet and an outlet for the passage of acid in and out of the tank. From the fluoride removal tank or column 14, the oxidant acid/water stream is passed to the stripper shown in block 1 of FIG. 1.

The Stripper

The stripper can be seen in greater detail in FIG. 2. As shown, a plurality of heating coils 20 in an insulated block 22 surround a large diameter vessel or fused quartz glass tube 24. Within the fused quartz glass tube 24 are a number of fused quartz glass inlet tubes. The oxidant acid/water solution is introduced into the bottom of the tube 24 by means of inlet tube 26. At the same time, an inert gas such as nitrogen gas is introduced through a fused quartz glass tube 28 which enters near the top of the tube 24 and extends downwardly into the tube 24 to a bubble manifold 30.

The manifold 30 is shown in detail in FIG. 3. As shown, the inlet tube 28 for the gas terminates in the manifold 30 which is in the form of a tubular circle having radial cross-members 31. A plurality of perforations 33 permit the gas bubbles to escape into the solution.

A temperature probe can be inserted into a closed fused quartz glass tube 32 to permit the measurement of the temperature within the tube 24 without invading the interior contents of the stripper 1. Another tube 34 permits the removal of the stripped acid from the stripper tube 24. The tube 24 also includes an outlet passage 36 near the top which opens into a condenser tube 38 corresponding to block 13 of FIG. 1. The condenser tube 38 has an outlet passage 40 for the escape of water vapor and nitrogen gas and an exit tube 42 at the bottom thereof to drain away condensed acid.

The condenser tube 38 contains a coiled spiral tube 44 which is sealed with respect to the interior of the condenser tube 38. Cooling fluid, preferably silicon oil, is circulated through coils 44 at a temperature of about 30.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C. In addition to the spiral tube 44, condenser tube 38 is packed with Raschig rings 39 which are 1/4 inch diameter fused quartz glass tubing which has been chopped into 1/4 inch lengths.

In operation, the oxidant acid/water solution at a temperature of about 100.degree. C. continuously arriving from the fluoride removal tank 14 enters the quartz tube 24 by means of inlet tube 26. At the same time, nitrogen is continuously bubbled down through tube 28 to manifold 30 where the bubbles rise through the acid/water liquid contained therein.

The heating coils 20 in the insulated block 22 which surround the fused quartz glass tube 24 continuously heat the oxidant acid/water solution to approximately 280.degree. C. which is below the boiling point of the acid. This heat and the partial pressure of nitrogen causes the water and a small portion of the acid to vaporize.

At the same time, the bubbles of nitrogen gas which pass upwardly through the oxidant acid/water solution attract molecules of water vapor and low boiling compounds such as CO.sub.2 to the bubble surfaces. These volatile impurities and minimal acid vapor are then continuously carried off at the top of the tube 24 by the gas bubbles which upon penetrating the surface form a fine mist.

This mist contains carbon dioxide, water vapor and other volatile components which are continuously removed from the acid solution. The bubbles then, carry these water vapor molecules as they rise through the oxidant acid/water solution and escape through passage 36 to condenser 38. The remaining liquid contains more concentrated acid. In this manner, most of the water is effectively stripped from the oxidant acid/water solution originally introduced into the tube 24.

In the condenser 38, the water vapor and the nitrogen gas rise and escape through passage 40. At the same time, silicone oil which is circulated through the sealed tubing condenser coils 44 within the condenser 38 together with the packing of the Rachig rings 39 cools any acid vapor to a point below its boiling temperature, causing it to condense and pass out of the condenser 38 through drain 42 which is then directed to surge tank 12. The condenser coils are kept at a temperature which is greater than the dew point of water and less than the boiling point of water to insure that the water will escape in the form of a vapor and the acid vapor will be condensed and returned to the surge tank 12. Without the Rachig rings 39 and the condenser coils 44, acid vapor would exit with the water vapor causing an overall loss of acid.

The cooling oil which is circulated through tube 44 within the condenser tube 38 is cooled in a heat exchange unit not shown or by any other suitable means. In most instances this is practically accomplished by means of ambient temperature city water. The same method is used for cooling oil and cooling water which are circulated for cooling purposes in other parts of the apparatus as subsequently described.

Preferably the cooling oil is a silicone oil which has a boiling point between 400.degree. C.-500.degree. C. Such a high temperature boiling point oil is necessary to be able to cool sulfuric acid which has a boiling point of 338.degree. C.

Although nitrogen gas is preferred for use in the stripper 1, other inert, clean, dry purified gases can be used in place of nitrogen. Such inert gases include but are not limited to air, helium, neon and argon.

At the stripper 1, the acid which has been stripped of the water exits continuously from the tube 24 through exit tube 34. It is then directed to the distillation column 2 and cooler and condenser 3 of FIG. 1 which are detailed in FIG. 4.

The Distillation Column

As shown in FIG. 4, the distillation column 2 is comprised of a large diameter fused quartz glass distillation tube 46. The distillation column 46 is surrounded at its base by heating coils 82 disposed in an insulated block 84. This provides the necessary heat to the distillation column 46.

In order to aid in the boiling process, a series of "snoball" quartz rings 50 are disposed annularly approximately 1/2 inch from the wall of the fused quartz glass distillation tube 46 by attachment to several fused quartz glass support rods 52. The rods 52 are disposed vertically around the interior peripheral surface of the fused quartz glass tube 46 for purposes of holding the quartz rings 50.

The quartz rings 50 are comprised of a special type of quartz called "snoball" quartz which refers to its appearance. Initially the "snoball" quartz is in the form of small beads of quartz which have a frosted appearance. The rings 50 are formed of a plurality of these beads which have been only partially melted together. The result is a perforated structure having a plurality of interstices within the rings to act as boiling sites for the boiling acid.

The quartz rings are very important to the distillation column to aid in the boiling of the acid. Commonly used boiling chips were initially tried and found to be less satisfactory. The boiling chips moved around so much in the column that they resulted in a scouring effect on the column surfaces. This is undesirable since it can produce contaminants from the fused quartz glass. Other nucleation enhancement materials such as sintered glass frits can also be used.

The acid enters the fused quartz glass distillation tube 46 at opening 54 where it is introduced near the vicinity of the quartz rings 50. A smaller diameter tube 48 extending from one side of the tube 46 near the bottom is used for purposes of removing acid constituting waste.

Above the quartz rings 50 is a grid or packing stop 56. As detailed in FIG. 5, the grid 56 is in the form of a cross hatched fused quartz glass circular disk which is attached to the walls of the quartz tube 46. The grid 56 extends across the tube 46 in a direction perpendicular to the central axis of the tube 46.

Within the quartz tube 46 above the grid or packing stop 56 are axially disposed redirector rings 57 in a form having a generally truncated funnel shape with a large delivery opening as shown in FIG. 18. Also above the packing stop 56 and within and surrounding the redirector rings 57 there is disposed packing comprised of Raschig rings 58 which extend nearly to the top. Raschig rings are comprised of 1/4 inch diameter fused quartz glass tubing which has been chopped into 1/4 inch lengths across the central axis. Quartz marbles could be used in place of the Raschig rings 58, if desired, but they are less preferred.

The purpose of the Raschig rings 58 and redirector rings 57 are to cause the considerable refluxing of the acid during the distillation process. This is further enhanced by means of a reflux condenser head 60 located at the top of the quartz distillation column 46. It is comprised of a spiral tube 61 which is sealed with respect to the interior of distillation column 46.

The spiral tube 61 contains cooling oil, preferably silicone oil, and is located in the vicinity of the outlet passage 62 which leads to cooler and condenser 3. The cooling oil has the effect of condensing acid vapor which reaches it so that there is a continuous scrubbing action of the acid, so that only the purest acid vapor manages to escape through passage 62 to the cooler and condenser 3 leaving behind particles and other contaminants.

The effect of the reflux condenser 60, the redirector rings 57, and Raschig rings 58 within the column 46 as shown is to remove contaminants, especially particles. For every 4000 particles present prior to distillation there will be only 1 particle present after distillation. Thus, the distillation process removes not only soluble contaminants but particles as well from the sulfuric acid. This represents a significant and novel step in the art. Thus, the distillation column itself is a novel feature of the invention.

The Cooler and Condenser

The cooler and condenser 3 shown in FIG. 4 is comprised of a large diameter fused quartz glass tube 64 disposed horizontally and having two substantially parallel spiral sealed tubes 66 and 68 disposed therein, although more tubes can be used as needed to provide increased cooling surface area. Each of the tubes 66 and 68 contain circulating cooling oil which is pumped through the tubes from a heat exchanger not shown as described for the stripper condenser.

The upper cooling coil 66 acts to condense the acid vapor as it reaches the cooler and condenser 3. The lower disposed cooling coil 68 acts to cool the acid liquid as it is condensed so that it is further cooled prior to its exit from outlet 70. Upon exiting through outlet 70 the liquid acid is directed to stream splitter 4 as indicated in the block diagram of FIG. 1.

The quartz tube 64 also contains a vent 72 in the form of a small diameter tube 72 which extends partially into the quartz tube 64 in one direction and in the other direction is in communication with a condenser 74. The condenser 74 communicates with a packed column 76. The condenser 74 contains a sealed spiral coil of fused quartz glass tubing 78 through which cooling water is circulated for purposes of cooling any vapor which escapes into the condenser 74 through vent 72. This vapor is further condensed by means of passage through packed column 76 which is comprised of a fused quartz glass tube filled with a packing material 80. From the packed tube 76 any condensed acid liquid is directed to the surge tank 12 for recirculation through the system.

In operation, the acid stripped of water from stripper 1 continuously enters the distillation column 46 at inlet tube 54 near the bottom of the distillation column 46. Heat is continuously applied to the quartz tube 46 by means of the heating coils 82 to effect continuous boiling of the acid. The temperature of the acid is maintained at approximately 300.degree. C.-330.degree. C. Boiling of the acid is aided by means of the quartz rings 50 which are present to prevent excess bubbling. The packing with the Raschig rings 58, the redirector rings 57, and the reflux condenser 60 act to continuously scrub the acid removing particles and other contaminants to produce an especially highly purified acid vapor which continuously escapes through passage 62 to the cooler and condenser 3.

The vapor which does not escape through outlet passage 62 is purified by the effect of the repeated condensation and re-evaporation on the column packing 58 in conjunction with the redirector rings and the refluxing liquid. The reflux head 60 augments this action by condensing a portion of the sulfuric acid vapor. The resulting liquid returns to the boiling acid in a downward direction which acts to scrub the vapor by means of the counter action between the upstream vapor of the volatile and particulate impurities contained therein. Ideally, this combination results in a reflux of at least 50%.

The influx of acid and its subsequent distillation produces near the bottom of the column 46 a concentration of contaminants including particles which have been separated from the acid. This more highly contaminated acid is removed continuously as waste from the bottom of the column 46 by means of small diameter tube 48.

In the cooler and condenser 3 the vapor is condensed and cooled to a process temperature in the range of about 100.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. A reservoir of ultrapure clean acid at a constant elevation or head pressure is thereby produced.

It is preferred to use a relatively tall distillation column 46 to allow for elevation of the acid without the use of a pump. In this manner, the purified acid can be moved by means of gravitational force to the wafer cleaning station 11. The need for a pump can thus be avoided and the consequent possible contamination which can be introduced by the use of pumps.

The Stream Splitter

From the condenser and cooler 3 the acid stream continuously exits at 70 to the wafer cleaning station 11 and to the cooler 5. This is not shown in the drawings but can comprise any convenient means. For example, two separate ports from the condenser and cooler 3 with valve means can conveniently accomplish this. Alternatively, a series of valves which will split the stream into two smaller streams can be used. Preferably, 80% to about 98% by volume of the stream is sent directly to the semiconductor wafer cleaner 11, while about 2% to about 10% is diverted for electrochemical treatment. Thus, a major portion of the stream is sent directly to the wafer cleaner 11 while a minor portion is processed further. The actual proportions of the stream are dictated by the requirements of the wafer cleaning bath. Other ranges can be used if desired. The exact amount should not limit the scope of the invention. The change of the purified acid liquid from sulfuric acid to peroxydisulfuric acid is effected by reaction in the electrochemical cell 10.

The Cooler

From the stream splitter 4, the diverted smaller stream comprising preferably about 2% to about 10% by volume of the stream is continuously directed to a cooler 5 which cools the hot process acid to approximately room temperature or about 25.degree. C. This temperature is suitable for the next analyzing step at block 6 shown in FIG. 1.

The cooler 5 detailed in FIG. 6 is in the form of a large diameter Teflon (.TM.) vessel 86 having a circumferential flange 83 spaced from its top opening. A lid 81 having a flanged top 91 fits over the top of the vessel. A plurality of bolts 85 pass through the flanged top 91 of the lid 81 and the flange 83 on the vessel 86 to hold the lid tightly on the vessel 86.

The lid 81 is provided with an inlet 90 for the introduction of acid. Two other openings 93 and 95 in the lid 81 hold the ends of a sealed small diameter fused quartz tube spiral 88 which is disposed within vessel 86. The spiral tube 88 has cooling water circulating therethrough for purposes of cooling the acid. An outlet 92 is disposed in the bottom of the vessel 86 for exit of cooled acid.

The acid from the stream splitter 4 continuously enters the cooler 5 through inlet 90 where it circulates in contact with the cooling water coils 88 and then exits at outlet 92 to the particle counter 6.

The Particle Counter

The particle counter 6 is a flow through device so that the entire side stream is analyzed for particles. Other analytical instruments can also be incorporated at this point. Examples of such instruments which are useful in the present process as applied to the semiconductor industry, include but are not limited to atomic absorption spectrometers for trace analysis and laser particle counters, chromatographs, IR and UV-VIS spectrophotometers; mass spectrometers; emission and plasma emission spectrometers; electrochemical analyzers; chromatographs; and any other desired analytical instrument which would analyze and measure the purity of the sulfuric acid of the stream.

From the particle counter 6, the acid is continuously passed to a diluter 7 which is detailed in FIG. 7.

The Diluter

As shown, the diluter 7 is formed of a large diameter fused quartz glass tube 94 having a substantially centrally disposed fused quartz glass tube 96. The tube 96 has an inlet port 98 for the continuous introduction of metered amounts of ultrapure water which is upstream from an inlet port 100 for the continuous introduction of metered amounts of acid. An outlet 102 for central tube 96 continuously conducts diluted sulfuric acid out of the diluter 7.

Within the quartz tube 94 in contact with the exterior surfaces of central tube 96 is a water jacket of circulating cooled thermostated water.

The central tube 96 has disposed therein a spiral coil of small diameter fused quartz glass tubing 112 which is sealed with respect to the interior of tube 96. The spiral coil 112 communicates with the thermostated water circulating around the exterior of tube 96 by means of an inlet 106 and an outlet 103 through which cooling water circulates continuously around the tube 96 and exits at an outlet 104.

In operation, a metering pump or other constant flow device not shown continuously delivers metered amounts of ultrapure water into the central tube 96 through port 98. The ultrapure water is caused to circulate through central tube 96 during which time metered amounts of acid are continuously introduced through port 100 by means of a metering pump 17 for the acid. The metered amounts of acid introduced into the metered amount of water are calculated to provide the desired % by weight acid/water solution.

The acid and water are mixed in the diluter 7 to provide about a 30% to about a 60% by weight sulfuric acid/water solution. Most preferably, the solution is comprised of 50% by weight sulfuric acid. This range of sulfuric acid to water is governed by the requirements of the E-cell for proper operation. When the above range is exceeded in either direction, the result in the E-cell will be either no reaction and/or undesired side reactions. Excellent results have been obtained with a sulfuric acid/water solution in the range of about 45% to about 55% by weight.

The water used must be ultrapure water. The industry standard for ultrapure water is "18 megohm" which refers to its maximum resistivity. The same standard for ultrapure water is used for rinsing of the wafers after the acid cleaning.

The process of diluting the acid causes an increase of temperature. The temperature is reduced by the circulating water jacket of cooling water around the exterior surfaces of the central tube 96 within the large diameter tube 94. Diluted sulfuric acid exiting diluter 7 is cooled to a temperature in the range of about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C., which temperature is a requirement for the proper operation of the electrical cell 10.

A small portion of the diluted stream is preferably diverted to an atomic absorption spectrometer for trace analysis. This is indicated at block 16 of FIG. 1 and is not shown in detail.

The cooled diluted acid which continuously exits diluter 7 at outlet 102 is continuously passed to E-cell 10 which is detailed in FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14.

E-Cell

As shown in FIG. 11, the electrical cell includes an anode compartment 122 and a cathode compartment 124 separated by a membrane 126. The anode compartment 122 communicates with an anolyte reservoir 120 while the cathode compartment 126 communicates with a catholyte reservoir 118. Both the anolyte reservoir 120 and the catholyte reservoir 118 are positioned above the E-cell 10.

The anode compartment 122 includes a hollow, water cooled anode electrode 128 having ports 130 and 132 for circulation of water in and out of the hollow electrode. A Teflon (.TM.) layer 134 substantially surrounds the anode compartment 122 for insulation purposes. It is held in place by means of an outer plate 136. The electrode 128 also includes projections 138 and 140 for electrical connection to a power source, not shown.

The cathode compartment 124 includes a cathode plate 142. A Teflon (.TM.) insulator 144 partially wraps around the E-cell in the same manner as for the anode compartment 122. A plate 146 is held against the Teflon (.TM.) layer 144. The cathode plate 142 also includes electrical contacts 160 and 162 which are connected to a power source, not shown.

The Teflon (.TM.) insulators 134 and 144 together surround the E-cell 10 in the form of a box. The insulators 134 and 144 are held together by means of the outer plate 136 and the outer plate 146. The plates 136 and 146 are bolted together at the ends thereof by means of bolts 148 and 150 which are secured at the ends thereof by means of nuts 152, 154, 156 and 158. This is made possible by interior threading on each of the nuts 152, 154, 156 and 158 in conjunction with exterior threading on the exterior ends of the bolts 148 and 150 respectively.

The anolyte reservoir 120 is in communication with the anode compartment 122 by means of a tube 164 and a tube 166. The anolyte reservoir 120 is also provided with an outlet tube 168 for continuous discharge of oxidant solution to the wafer bath 11. An inlet 176 is provided for continuous introduction of diluted acid from water cooler 9 for reaction in anode compartment 122. An outlet 180 is provided for the venting of gases from the anolyte reservoir 120.

The catholyte reservoir 118 communicates with the cathode compartment 124 by means of tube 170 and tube 172. Another tube 174 provides a means for draining of the catholyte reservoir 118. Catholyte solution is introduced through inlet tube 178. An outlet 182 is provided for the venting of gases from the catholyte reservoir 118.

As shown in FIG. 13, the anode 128 is in the form of a closed, hollow, generally rectangular configuration having openings 130 and 132 for the introduction and withdrawal of water for purposes of cooling. The anode 128 also is provided with solid pins 138 and 140 for purposes of electrical connection.

According to a preferred embodiment, the anode 128 is composed of platinum plated titanium and has a wall thickness of about 100 mils. The water circulates only on the inside of the anode 128 with the anolyte solution circulating on the exterior of the anode electrode 128.

As shown in FIG. 14, the cathode 142 is in the form of a flat plate having a thickness of about 20 mils. Tabs 162 and 160 are provided for electrical connection. The cathode is preferably composed of platinum sheet although lead or graphite can be used.

The catholyte and anolyte solutions circulate on one side of the electrodes 142 and 128 respectively between the electrodes and the semipermeable membrane 126. The membrane 126 is preferably formed of a proprietary material manufactured by Dupont which is called "NAFION" (.TM.). Other materials can be used in place of the "NAFION" (.TM.) semipermeable membrane. Such materials must be resistant to the corrosive action of sulfuric acid at the concentrations employed. Examples of such materials include but are not limited to polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone.

The arrangement of the catholyte and anolyte reservoirs 118 and 120 spaced above the electrical cell 10 avoids the need for use of a pump in circulating the catholyte and anolyte solutions through the electrical cell. This is made possible by the use of liberated gas from water electrolysis chemical reactions taking place in the electrical cell 10 to continuously pump the solution back to the respective reservoirs 120 and 118.

In operation, the catholyte reservoir 118 is filled with catholyte which is comprised of between about 30% and about 60% by weight sulfuric acid in water. Most preferably, 50% by weight sulfuric acid is employed.

Since this acid solution only circulates between the catholyte reservoir 118 and the cathode compartment 124 of the E-cell, ultrapure sulfuric acid and ultrapure water are not required. Filling of the catholyte reservoir 118 takes place through inlet tube 178.

During operation of the E-cell 10, water from the anode compartment 122 continually passes through semipermeable membrane 126 into the cathode compartment 124. This dilutes the sulfuric acid solution within the catholyte reservoir. As a consequence, sulfuric acid must be added as needed to maintain the desired sulfuric acid concentration.

The anolyte reservoir 120 is continuously filled with diluted sulfuric acid of approximately 30% to about 60% by weight and preferably 50% by weight sulfuric acid in ultrapure water which continuously arrives from the diluter 7 at a temperature of approximately 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C. This temperature range insures stable operation of the E-cell 10. At the same time, cooling water is introduced and continuously circulated through hollow anode 128 through ports 130 and 132 of E-cell 10.

With both anolyte and catholyte reservoirs 120 and 118 filled, the respective connecting anode and cathode compartments 122 and 124 fill by gravity flow.

A voltage is applied from a power source, not shown, between the anode 128 (+) and the cathode 142 (-). The electrochemical reactions which are believed to take place in the E-cell 10 are shown below:

Anode Reaction:

Main Reaction: 2SO.sub.4.sup.-2 .fwdarw.2e.sup.- +S.sub.2 O.sub.8.sup.-2

Parasitic Reaction from Electrolysis of Water: 2H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.4e.sup.- +4H.sup.+ +O.sub.2 (g)

Cathode Reaction: 2H.sup.+ +2e.sup.- .fwdarw.H.sub.2 (g)

This electrochemical oxidation of the diluted sulfuric acid forms peroxydisulfuric acid in the anode compartment 122. As shown above, oxygen is evolved in the process, representing a substantial volume increase. This oxygen gas is used to pump the oxygen and liquid in a continuous manner up to the anolyte reservoir 120. The gas is vented through vent 180. A flow meter, not shown, can be used in order to monitor the rate of evolved oxygen which can subsequently be correlated with the amount of peroxydisulfuric acid generated.

The acid in the anolyte reservoir 120 with the gas removed is then recirculated, continuously down through the tube 164 to make continuous passes through the anode chamber 122 of the electrical cell 10.

At the same time, a portion of the acid solution in the anolyte reservoir 120 is continuously being passed to the wafer process bath 11 through tube 168. The amount is equivalent to the amount which is delivered from the diluter 7 through the inlet 176. The output is preferably motivated by gravity flow to avoid the introduction of impurities which might be the case if a pump were used.

Contemporaneously, newly purified diluted sulfuric acid is continuously arriving from the diluter 7. In this manner, inflow from the diluter 7 and outflow to the wafer bath 11 is stabilized.

If any excess liquid is produced in the anolyte reservoir 120, it can be drained off to the surge tank 12 through port 167 for reprocessing through the stripper 1 and distillation column 2.

At the same time that the reaction is taking place in the anode compartment 122, reaction is simultaneously taking place in the cathode compartment 124. The reaction taking place here produces hydrogen gas which in a similar manner to the reaction in the anolyte compartment 122 acts to pump solution from the cathode compartment 124 through tube 172 back up to the catholyte reservoir 118. Here, the hydrogen gas is vented away from the catholyte reservoir 118 through vent 182.

The hydrogen thus produced can be used in any desired PG,44 manner such as by collection and further use. Alternatively, if desired, it can be diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen, to render it harmless. It can then be vented to the atmosphere.

The catholyte solution present in the catholyte reservoir 118 which has had the gas removed proceeds in a continuous manner down through tube 170 back into the cathode compartment 124. Here, it again reacts and is pumped upwardly by means of the hydrogen gas evolved through tube 172 back to the catholyte reservoir 118.

The reaction proceeds in this manner continuously. The oxidant solution thus produced is added continuously to the wafer bath 11 together with sulfuric acid arriving continuously from the condenser and cooler 3 which has been separated by means of the stream splitter 4.

Once started the E-cell operates continuously in a stable manner. The voltage and current will also be stable and will signal a malfunction if there is a change. The cell requires, as noted above, sulfuric acid in about a 30%-60% by weight solution in water and a temperature in the range of about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C.

The exact voltage and current will vary with the size of the cell. The exact figures can be arrived at empirically by testing at each current and voltage

The E-cell constitutes a novel feature of the invention. Here, peroxydisulfuric acid is generated by the action of the E-cell on the dilute sulfuric acid. In addition, the gases generated in the anode and cathode compartments are utilized to pump the catholyte and anolyte to their respective reservoirs above the E-cell. This avoids the need for a pump which could introduce impurities and provides a reservoir of freshly generated oxidant for addition to the wafer cleaning bath.

A preferred method of start up operation of the system is to start with a sufficient quantity of sulfuric acid solution in the range of 95% to about 98% by weight in water. This is conveniently introduced at the surge tank 12 and purified through the system as above described.

At the stream splitter 4, about 2%-20% by weight and preferably 5% by weight of the purified sulfuric acid is split from the main stream for oxidation in the E-cell 10. The remaining 98% to 80% by weight passes directly to the wafer cleaner 11.

The 2%-20% by weight purified sulfuric acid is passed to the cooler 5, particle counter 6, and diluter 7 where it is mixed with water and cooled to provide about a 30% to about 60% and preferably a 50% by weight solution of acid in water. A portion of the stream is diverted to the atomic absorption spectrometer 16 for trace analysis. The remainer is directed to the anolyte reservoir 120.

With the catholyte reservoir 118 charged with the required amount of sulfuric acid/water solution, the operation of the E-cell 10 is begun. Before passing the anolyte solution to the wafer cleaning station 11, a concentration of at least about 0.05 M and typically 0.5 M peroxydisulfuric acid is first reached. The wafer cleaning process requires a concentration of least about 0.03 M peroxydisulfuric acid after mixing with the main stream of sulfuric acid to be effective. The upper concentration limit of peroxydisulfuric acid which can be produced by this E-cell is about 1 M to 2 M.

When the desired molar concentration of peroxydisulfuric acid has been reached, anolyte can be withdrawn from the anolyte reservoir and passed to the wafer cleaning station 11. At the same time additional purified diluted sulfuric acid is added from the cooler and condenser 3. These two streams taken together are equivalent to the amount being continually withdrawn from the wafer cleaning station 11 and occasional additions of sulfuric acid to the surge tank 12. The additions are needed to make up for waste acid withdrawn at the stripper 1, distillation column 2, and drag out as cleaned wafers are removed from the cleaning bath. By this process, a state of equilibrium is established which can be maintained continuously.

Occasionally, sulfuric acid needs to be added to the catholyte reservoir to counteract the dilution effect of water entering cathode compartment 124 through semipermeable membrane 126 of E-cell 10. However, this acid does not normally contact the oxidant repurification stream. Only when the catholyte reservoir overflows to the surge tank does contact with the repurification stream take place.

Sulfuric acid and peroxydisulfuric acid are highly corrosive and are very reactive. They are capable of dissolving most metals and will oxidize, dehydrate or sulfonate most organic compounds. Their reaction with water generates a great deal of heat and can cause explosive spattering. For this reason, in the diluter 7 only small amounts of acid are mixed with water and extensive cooling is provided.

It is important that the apparatus of this invention utilize materials which are not corroded by or reactive with sulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid and/or high temperatures. For this reason, standard technology vitreous quartz and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon .TM.) are preferred materials to be used in contact with the acids.

A further feature of the invention which is not shown is the monitoring of all of the separate steps. For example, liquid levels in all parts of the system are monitored, as well as particle content and purity for the overall process. The latter is accomplished by means of the particle counter 6 and atomic absorption spectrometer 16. Temperature monitoring is also provided to automatically open and close valves for consistent processing and for safety.

The following example is given for the purpose of illustrating the invention and is in no way intended to constitute a limitation thereof.

Example

Using the apparatus as above described, about 4 liters of 50% by weight sulfuric acid are added to the catholyte reservoir and about 4 liters of 50% by weight sulfuric acid are added to the anolyte reservoir. Then 95% to 98% by weight sulfuric acid is added slowly to the surge tank and the pump between the fluoride removal column, and the stripper is started. This causes the stripper to fill with acid which overflows to the distillation column. Acid addition is continued until the desired level of acid in the distillation column can be seen. At this point the system is partially charged and about 40 liters of acid are required to reach this point.

The main power to the system and support utilities including the oil and water heat exchangers is switched on. The main control panel is then turned on and all of the system diagnostics are checked. When everything checks out, the power to the distillation and stripper heaters is advanced to about 20% of full power. The control panel is then observed for the next half hour during which time the system is warmed up. If everything checks out, the power is advanced to 50% of full power. This results over time in visible boiling in the distillation column and the production of steam in the stripper.

The control panel is checked again and if all looks well, then full power is applied to the distillation and stripper heaters. The temperature is brought to and maintained at about 280.degree. C. at the stripper. Boiling is maintained at the distillation column. As the liquid acid present in the distillation column begins to distill, the remainder of the system is gradually charged with acid. The level of the surge tank is kept at a set level, with acid being added to maintain that level. The amount added corresponds to the amount of acid passing through the distillation column. Acid additions to the surge tank are continued until the entire system is charged with acid. The total volume of the system is about 60 liters.

When the system is on and fully functioning, the ultrapure water for the diluter is turned on. Then the pump for the acid to the mixer is turned on. The valve from the splitter to the anolyte reservoir is then opened. At this point, the power to the E-cell is turned on and the E-cell begins to operate. The time for the preceding to take place is about two hours.

When the E-cell has been operating for about two hours and the process appears to have stabilized throughout the system, the valve from the anolyte reservoir to the wafer cleaning station is opened. When the desired operating temperature is reached at the wafer cleaning station and the process appears to have stabilized such that input is substantially equal to output, a sample of the wafer bath is taken for analysis. This is conveniently done by titration.

If the desired makeup of the wafer cleaning oxidant bath is comprised of 92% by weight sulfuric acid, at least 0.03 M peroxydisulfuric acid, and the balance water, then the wafer cleaning process is begun. If the concentration of peroxydisulfuric acid is too high the flow rate into the bath is decreased slightly. Conversely if the concentration of the peroxydisulfuric acid is too low, the flow rate into the bath is increased slightly. This can conveniently be done by adjustment of the valves into and out of the anolyte reservoir. For the size E-cell shown, the flow rate is about 60 ml per minute.

Initially the concentration of any trace impurities in the sulfuric acid prior to stabilization of the process is approximately 100 PPB. After stabilization of the process has been reached the concentration of any specific trace impurity is <10 PPB. Also, particles are reduced from 10-100,000/cc particles of 1-15 micron size to <5/cc particles of 1 micron and greater size.

During the wafer cleaning process, small amounts of acid are lost by dragout of the acid during removal of the casettes from the wafer cleaning oxidant bath. This requires periodic replacement through the surge tank. A level sensor in the surge tank is employed to indicate when acid additions are required.

The system has been run for more than 1000 hours with only periodic additions of acid. During this time, waste acid was not removed from the distillation column or from the stripper. It is believed that, depending upon the impurities introduced by the wafers that the system can be operated for about three months before the concentration of trace elements would increase sufficiently high to require shut down of the process. At this time all of the acid is preferably discarded and a new batch of acid added.

The Wafer Cleaning

Semiconductor wafers are cleaned of residual particles and contaminants acquired on their surfaces during manufacture. Cleaning of semiconductor wafers must be conducted under very clean, class 100 or better clean room conditions. For this reason, the wafer cleaning process is conducted in a room physically separate from the repurification process. Here, the air is highly filtered to remove all particles.

The invention is primarily directed to the method and apparatus for the reprocessing of the oxidant used in the wafer cleaning process. Thus, any wafer cleaning process station can be used without limiting the invention.

Wafer cleaning processes are sometimes called stripping processes. The wafers are cleaned by removing polymer and other contaminants acquired during their manufacture. Sometimes this includes prediffusion cleaning which is conducted prior to a high temperature furnace step. The same oxidant baths are used for these processes.

Some wafer cleaning techniques utilize spraying of the wafers in order to clean them. Another technique, which is illustrated herein, utilizes immersion of the wafers for cleaning with a spray water rinse. Other rinse techniques including cascade, spray only, etc are fully satisfactory as well. The invention is not limited by the wafer cleaning process or by the method of rinsing. It is to the production of the oxidant bath and the use thereof in any wafer cleaning process that the invention is directed.

As shown in FIG. 8, an acid bath 200 and a quick dump spray water bath 202 are enclosed in an upright housing 210. A clear, plastic hinged cover 213 provides convenient access to the acid bath 200 and water bath 202. In addition, the cover 213 guards against the introduction of impurities during the wafer cleaning process. The acid bath 200 and the water bath 202 are supported within the housing 210 by a shelf 207 which extends crosswise of the housing 210.

The wafers are normally emplaced under clean room conditions into Teflon (.TM.) cassette boats 212 shown in FIG. 9 which are slotted at 216 to hold a row of semiconductor wafers 214. The slots 216 merely act to hold the wafers in place during immersion. FIGS. 9 and 10 show a detail of the acid bath 200.

Referring to FIG. 8, a bath 200 of oxidant solution is prepared with usually an adjacent quick dump ultrapure water bath 202 for rinsing away the acid. The semiconductor wafers 214, held in cassette boats 212 are immersed first in the acid bath 200 for a time sufficient to clean them of impurities. At the end of the cleaning period, the cassette boat 212 of wafers is removed from the acid bath and placed in the ultrapure water bath 202 for rinsing.

The oxidant solution bath 200 is surrounded by an overflow trough 204. As the acid from the cooler and condenser 3 and oxidant solution from the anolyte reservoir 120 are continually introduced into the bath 200 through inlet 206 in the bottom of the bath, the oxidant constantly overflows into the trough 204. From the trough 204, the acid solution exits through outlet 208 and is passed to the surge tank 12 for repurification according to the invention process.

The water bath 202 is shown in FIG. 8. It includes a tank 310 having a support grid 330 spaced from the bottom to support the cassette boats 212. Near the top of the tank 310 are a plurality of spray nozzles 320 which spray ultrapure water down onto the cassette boats 212. A very large orifice drain valve 340 is disposed in the bottom of the tank 310. After the cassette boats 212 are placed within the tank 310 on the grid 330, ultrapure water is sprayed onto the cassette boats 212 from the spray nozzles 320. During this time the drain valve 340 is closed. When the tank 310 is filled, an automatic sequencer, not shown, opens the large orifice valve 340 and quickly drains the entire tank of rinsed water. The sequencer then shuts the drain valve and the tank 310 refills. This cycle is commonly repeated five times in a period of less than 5 minutes to provide a totally effective rinse.

Since the acid bath 200 is constantly being renewed, cleaning of the wafers can be accomplished with a higher degree of purity than by prior art processes. This represents a considerable improvement in quality. Cost savings are also provided.

System Arrangement

FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of a preferred arrangement of the reprocessing apparatus of the invention. As shown, a steel enclosure 228 houses the bulk of the processing equipment, namely the surge tank 12, the pump 15, the fluoride removal column 14, a heat exchanger 17 not shown in the other drawing, the stripper 1 with attached condenser 13, the distillation column 2, the condenser and cooler 3, the stream splitter 4, the water cooler 5, the particle counter 6 and atomic absorption spectrometer 16, the pump 17, diluter 7, and E-cell 10. FIGS. 16 and 17 shown an enlarged showing of the enclosure 228.

This enclosure 228 includes a pair of hinged doors 231 and 233 which hold windows 230 and 232 respectively. Side windows 234 and 236 together with windows 230 and 232 permit the viewing of fluid levels as well as the other observable process steps. A side opening 238 permits exterior connections by means of tubing for pure water, nitrogen, and cooling water. The cooling water is cooled in an adjacent heat exchanger 240. The connections are not shown. A similar opening, not shown, which is located in the opposite side permits connection to the electrical supplies, control systems, and monitoring system 242. By enclosing the apparatus within an enclosure, increased safety levels are ensured.

The wafer cleaning station 11 is located separately in a clean room adjacent to the apparatus described. Only the door 246 to the clean room is shown. Additional connections in opening 238 permit tubing, not shown, to be passed through the walls of the clean room for connection between the wafer cleaning station 11 and the E-cell 10 and condenser and cooler 3, and surge tank 12 as previously described. Alternative configurations, which are remote or at a different level are possible with non-contaminating pumping and delivery systems.

While the invention process and apparatus are discussed and illustrated using, for example, one separator, one distillation column, and one electrical cell, it is contemplated that in some instances more than one of these and other elements would desirably be used. Thus, a series of separators and/or a series of distillation columns could be used to increase the purity of the sulfuric acid over that which is possible with only one of such elements. Likewise, in the case of the electrical cells, a series of electrical cells could be used to increase the amounts of peroxydisulfuric acid generated.

Various other modifications of the invention are contemplated which will be apparent to those skilled in the art and which can be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A process for the regeneration and repurification of ultrapure oxidant solution comprising ultrapure sulfuric acid, ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water which is used in a chemical process utilizing said ultrapure oxidant solution comprising: withdrawing at least a portion of said oxidant solution used in said chemical process; distilling said withdrawn oxidant solution to remove particles and dissolved impurities to form ultrapurified sulfuric acid; dividing said ultrapurified sulfuric acid into a major portion and a minor portion; returning said major portion of said ultrapurified sulfuric acid to said chemical process; diluting said remaining minor portion of said ultrapurified sulfuric acid with ultrapure water to produce a stream of diluted ultrapure sulfuric acid; introducing said diluted ultrapure sulfuric acid into the anode compartment of an electrochemical cell where at least a portion of said diluted ultrapure sulfuric acid is converted into ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid; adding at least a portion of said resulting solution of ultrapure sulfuric acid, ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water to said chemical process where it is admixed with said major portion of said ultrapure sulfuric acid to reform said ultrapure oxidant solution.

2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein: each of said process steps is performed continuously; and, further comprising continuously repeating said process steps.

3. A process as claimed in claim 2 further comprising: continuously passing said withdrawn portion of said oxidant solution first into contact with a chemical reactive with fluoride ions and substantially unreactive with the oxidant to remove fluoride ions.

4. A process as claimed in claim 3 wherein the step of continuously passing the oxidant solution into contact with a chemical reactive with fluoride ions further comprises: continuously passing said oxidant solution into contact with alumina to remove F.sup.- ions.

5. A process as claimed in claim 2 further comprising: continuously separating water from said oxidant solution prior to said distillation step.

6. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein the step of continuously separating the water from the oxidant solution further comprises: continuously heating said oxidant solution to a temperature sufficiently high to cause substantially all of said water to vaporize; continuously introducing an inert gas into said heated process solution to cause bubbles of said inert gas to pass upwardly through the heated water-containing oxidant solution; and, continuing the above two steps until substantially all the water has been removed from the process solution.

7. A process as claimed in claim 6 further comprising: continuously collecting said water vapor, any vaporized sulfuric acid, and inert gas; continuously directing them into a condenser containing at least one cooling surface at a temperature above the boiling temperature of water and below the boiling temperature of the sulfuric acid, causing any vaporized sulfuric acid to condense and the water vapor and inert gas to escape; and, continuously collecting the condensed acid vapor and reintroducing it into the process stream at a point before the water separation step.

8. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said step of continuously distilling the process solution to form highly purified sulfuric acid comprises: continuously heating said oxidant solution separated of water to cause it to boil and vaporize; continuously refluxing said oxidant solution during boiling; and, continuously cooling and condensing said vapor.

9. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said major portion of said distilled acid comprises: about 80% to about 98% by volume and said remaining minor portion comprises about 2% to about 20% by volume.

10. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein prior to diluting the remaining minor portion of purified acid with water, the process further comprises: continuously cooling said remainder of distilled purified acid to a temperature in the range of about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C.; and, continuously analyzing said cooled diluted acid for purity.

11. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said step of continuously diluting said remaining minor portion of purified acid with water further comprises: continuously metering the amount of acid to be diluted; continuously metering the amount of water to be added; continuously diluting the acid with water to provide about a 30% to about a 60% by weight sulfuric acid/water solution; and, continuously cooling said acid and water during said diluting step to a temperature in the range of about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C.

12. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein at least a portion of said diluted ultrapurified sulfuric acid is continuously converted into ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid by a method which comprises: providing an electrical cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment; continuously providing electrical power to said electrochemical cell; providing a catholyte reservoir containing a catholyte solution which is in communication with the cathode compartment of said electrochemical cell; continuously circulating said catholyte between said cathode compartment and said catholyte reservoir; providing an anolyte reservoir which is in communication with said anode compartment of said electrochemical cell and with said chemical process; continuously introducing anolyte comprised of said ultrapurified diluted sulfuric acid solution into said anolyte reservoir; continuously circulating said anolyte between said anolyte reservoir and said anode compartment where at least a portion of said ultrapurified diluted sulfuric acid is transformed into ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid; continuously withdrawing a portion of said anolyte comprising ultrapure water, ultrapurified sulfuric acid, and ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid; and, continuously adding said withdrawn portion of said anolyte to said chemical process where said anolyte is admixed with said major portion of said ultrapure sulfuric acid to reform said ultrapure oxidant solution.

13. A process as claimed in claim 12 further comprising: locating said catholyte reservoir and said anolyte reservoir above said electrochemical cell; and wherein said catholyte is continuously circulated between said cathode compartment and said catholyte reservoir by using gravity feed to circulate catholyte from said catholyte reservoir to said cathode compartment and using gas produced in said cathode compartment to pump said catholyte from said cathode compartment up to said catholyte reservoir; and wherein said anolyte is continuously circulated between said anolyte reservoir and said anode compartment by using gravity feed to circulate anolyte from said anolyte reservoir to said anode compartment and by using gas produced in said anode compartment to pump said anolyte from said anode compartment up to said anolyte reservoir; continuously cooling said anode during said reaction in said anode compartment of said electrical cell; and, distilling said acid at a point above said chemical process and conducting said major portion of said purified sulfuric acid obtained by distillation to said chemical process by means of gravity feed.

14. A process as claimed in claim 12 wherein: said anolyte comprises about a 30% to about a 60% by weight sulfuric acid/water solution; and, said anolyte is introduced into said anolyte reservoir at a temperature in the range of about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C.

15. A process as claimed in claim 2 further comprising: providing an overflow reservoir downstream of said chemical process; continuously conducting overflow from said distillation process to said overflow reservoir; continuously conducting overflow from said water separating process step to said overflow reservoir; and, continuously conducting overflow from said electrochemical process to said overflow reservoir.

16. A system for the chemical repurification and regeneration of an ultrapure oxidant solution comprised of ultrapure sulfuric acid, ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water used in a chemical process at a process center comprising: means for removing oxidant solution from said process center; means for removing fluoride ions from said oxidant solution; means for separating sulfuric acid from water contained in said oxidant solution; means for distilling to remove particles and dissolved impurities and condensing said sulfuric acid into a continuous stream of ultrapure condensed sulfuric acid; means for dividing said condensed ultrapure acid stream into two streams comprising a major portion and a minor portion; means for conducting said major portion of said ultrapure condensed sulfuric acid stream to said chemical process center; means for diluting said minor portion of said stream of condensed purified acid with ultrapure water to form an ultrapure acid/water solution; means for metering and conducting said minor portion of said ultrapure condensed acid stream to said diluting means; at least one electrochemical cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment; means for conducting said ultrapure acid/water solution from said diluting means to said anode compartment of said electrochemical cell; a source of electrical power for said electrochemical cell; and, means for conducting said acid/water solution from the anode compartment of said electrochemical cell after reaction therein to produce a solution containing ultrapure sulfuric acid, ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid, and ultrapure water to said chemical process center for admixture with said major portion of said ultrapure condensed sulfuric acid stream.

17. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said electrochemical cell further comprises: an anolyte reservoir; a catholyte reservoir; means for continuously circulating catholyte between said catholyte reservoir and said cathode compartment; means for continuously circulating anolyte between said anolyte reservoir and said anode compartment; means for continuously withdrawing anolyte from said anolyte reservoir; and, means for continuously conducting said anolyte to said chemical process station.

18. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said means for removal of fluoride ions comprises: a chamber filled with a chemical reactive with fluoride ions and substantially unreactive with said sulfuric acid or said peroxydisulfuric acid.

19. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said means for separating said sulfuric acid from said water comprises: a chamber for said oxidant solution to be separated; an inlet within said chamber for the introduction of oxidant solution; an inlet for the introduction of an inert gas which inlet is below the level of the oxidant solution in the chamber; an outlet above the level of the oxidant solution for venting of inert gas and vapors from said chamber; and, an outlet within said chamber for withdrawal of separated acid; and, heating means surrounding said chamber for heating of said solution to be separated.

20. A system as claimed in claim 19 further comprising: a condenser in communication with said separater outlet having at least one cooling means therein comprising in combination cooling coils and packing for purposes of condensing any acid vapor and venting water vapor and inert gases therefrom.

21. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said means for distillation comprises: an elongated upright chamber having an inlet and an outlet for liquids contained therein; heating means surrounding said chamber for purposes of heating the contents contained therein; a plurality of substantially concentric perforated boiling rings disposed substantially axially near the bottom of the chamber and spaced from the walls of said chamber; means for securing said boiling rings in said spaced relationship to the interior walls of said chamber; a packing stop disposed substantially crosswise of said chamber above said boiling rings; at least one redirector ring comprising a substantially truncated funnel shaped ring having a large opening and a smaller opening which is disposed above said packing stop with its smaller opening facing the bottom of the chamber; packing disposed within said upright chamber above said packing stop and within and without said redirector rings; a reflux condenser head disposed at the top of said chamber; a vapor outlet disposed within the upper part of said chamber for continuous escape of vaporized acid; a condenser and cooler in communication with said vapor outlet from said distillation chamber; said condenser and cooler comprising a chamber; at least one cooling means within said condenser and cooler for cooling and condensing vapor contained therein; and, an outlet for condensed acid.

22. A system as claimed in claim 21 wherein: said condenser and cooler is disposed substantially horizontally; said cooling means within said condenser is comprised of at least one spiral tube sealed with respect to the interior contents of said chamber and having circulating therethrough cooling fluid; said condenser and cooler further including a vent for any vapor which fails to condense within the condenser and cooler; a second condenser containing cooling means for said uncondensed vapor; and wherein, said reflux condenser head is comprised of a coiled section of small diameter tubing sealed with respect to the interior of the chamber and having cooling fluid circulating therethrough; and, said packing is comprised of small diameter tubing cut crosswise into a plurality of smaller lengths.

23. A system as claimed in claim 22 further comprising: a process chemical overflow tank downstream of said chemical process center; and, means in communication with said condenser cooler vent.

24. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein: said means for separation of said acid stream into two smaller streams is comprised of a series of valves for dividing said stream into said two separate smaller streams comprising a major portion and a minor portion.

25. A system as claimed in claim 16 further comprising: a cooler for cooling said minor stream portion of said condensed and cooled acid from said distillation apparatus.

26. A system as claimed in claim 25 wherein said cooler comprises: a chamber; an inlet and an outlet for the introduction and withdrawal of acid; at least one spiral coil of small diameter tubing sealed with respect to the contents of said cooling chamber; cooling fluid continuously circulating through aid tubing; and, said cooling chamber and said tubing being comprised of a material which is substantially nonreactive with said acid.

27. A system as claimed in claim 25 further comprising: an analyzer for continuously measuring and analyzing the purity of acid which has been distilled; and, said analyzer being disposed downstream of said cooler.

28. A system as claimed in claim 27 wherein: said analyzer is selected from atomic absorption spectrometers, particle counters, IR and UV-VIS spectrophotometers, emission and plasma emission spectrometers, mass spectrometers, electrochemical analyzers, and chromatographs.

29. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said means for diluting said purified acid with ultrapure water comprises: a chamber having at least one inlet for water and at least one inlet for acid; an outlet for said diluted acid/water solution; cooling means in contact with said chamber and acid/water solution for continuous cooling purposes; and, said chamber, inlets and outlets being comprised of a material substantially nonreactive with said acid, water, or acid/water solution.

30. A system as claimed in claim 29 wherein said diluter further comprises: a chamber having an inner chamber disposed therein; at least one inlet within said inner chamber for the introduction of water; at least one inlet within said inner chamber for the introduction of acid; an outlet within said inner chamber for diluted acid; a spiral of small diameter tubing sealed with respect to the contents of said inner chamber and being disposed therein; and cooling fluid surrounding said inner chamber and in communication with said spiral tubing for circulation therethrough; and, said tubing and said inner chamber being comprised of a material which is substantially nonreactive with said acid solution.

31. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said means for electrochemically transforming said ultrapure sulfuric acid solution to ultrapure peroxydisulfuric acid solution comprises: an electrochemical cell enclosed in a housing; an anode compartment disposed within said housing; a cathode compartment disposed within said housing; a semipermeable membrane separating said anode compartment from said cathode compartment; a cathode plate disposed within said cathode compartment and having electrical contacts connected thereto; an anode plate within said anode compartment having electrical contacts connected thereto; a source of power; means for connecting said power source to said electrical contacts on said cathode plate and on said anode plate respectively; an anolyte reservoir separate from said electrochemical cell; a vent within said anolyte reservoir for venting of gases; an inlet within said anolyte reservoir for introduction of dilute acid; an outlet within said anolyte reservoir in communication with said chemical process center; an outlet within said anolyte reservoir in communication with said anode compartment; an inlet within said anolyte reservoir in communication with said anode compartment; means for continuously circulating said anolyte between said anolyte reservoir and said anode compartment; a catholyte reservoir separate from said electrochemical cell; an inlet within said catholyte reservoir for introduction of catholyte solution; a vent within said catholyte reservoir for venting of gases; an outlet within said catholyte reservoir for draining the contents therefrom; an outlet in communication with said cathode compartment for introduction of catholyte into said cathode compartment; an inlet in communication with said cathode compartment for introduction of catholyte from said cathode compartment; means for continuously circulating said catholyte between said catholyte reservoir and said cathode compartment; means for continuously withdrawing and conducting anolyte from said anolyte reservoir to said chemical process center for admixture with said ultrapure condensed sulfuric acid stream.

32. A system as claimed in claim 31 further comprising: an overflow reservoir downstream from said chemical processing center; means in communication with said anolyte reservoir for overflow to said overflow reservoir; said electrochemical cell further comprising a hollow anode having inlet and outlet means passing in and out of said anode and not in communication with the interior of said anode compartment for the introduction and removal of cooling fluid therethrough for purposes of cooling said anode.

33. An electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 31 further comprising: a hollow anode having inlet and outlet means passing in and out of said anode and not in communication with the interior of said anode compartment for the introduction and removal of cooling fluid therethrough for purposes of cooling said anode.

34. A system as claimed in claim 16 further comprising: means for continuously monitoring pressure, temperature, purity, flow rate, cations and fluoride ions, oxidation potential, and current.

35. A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein: said system apart from said chemical process center is contained within an enclosed housing.

Patent Citations (19)

Patent	Date	Inventor
US1262522	1918-04-01	Lambert
US3445284	1965-09-01	Robinson, Jr. et al.
US3676219	1972-07-01	Schroeder et al.
US3677701	1972-07-01	Hollingsworth
US3728154	1973-04-01	Suzuki
US3900337	1975-08-01	Beck et al.
US4010240	1977-03-01	von Plessen et al.
US4085016	1978-04-01	Janjua et al.
US4116714	1978-09-01	Basi
US4159917	1979-07-01	Gluck
US4233267	1980-11-01	Coker et al.
US4264374	1981-04-01	Beyer et al.
US4329155	1982-05-01	Schlegel
US4395348	1983-07-01	Lee
US4397719	1983-08-01	Yoshida
US4464227	1984-08-01	Colwell
US4695349	1987-09-01	Becker et al.
GBX2113719	1983-08-01
GBX2142549	1985-01-01

Abstract

Description