Method and Apparatus for Automatic Scanning of Fingerprints

There are known various methods for optical scanning of the fingerprint side of a finger for ascertaining the identity of a person or for identifying the characteristic papillary pattern of a finger. The scanning may take place manually and the papillary pattern may be characterised by means of one of the known systems whereof some are digital so that the pattern characteristics may be machine processed as soon as the characterisation has been completed. Manual scanning, however, is highly time-consuming because a fingerprint readily comprises 25 characteristic details whereof at least 6-10 details will often have to be characterised in order to achieve positive identification.

There has therefore been developed various apparatuses for optical scanning of the fingerprint side of a finger. These apparatuses have a movable optical means which scans the fingerprint side. Mechanically movable means are difficult to design so that they will not take up too much space and such apparatuses moreover require regular maintenance.

The object of the invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for optical/electrical scanning of the fingerprint side of a finger without using any mechanically movable means so that there is obtained an apparatus which will not require maintenance. It is moreover an object to provide an apparatus which is rather small so that it can be built into existing apparatuses such as telephone apparatus, entrance control apparatus and the like.

Instead of mechanically scanning the fingerprint side, it is according to the invention the finger which is moved during an optical/electrical scanning where simultaneously with or immediately before the scanning the rate of movement of the finger is measured. The mechanical movements in the known apparatuses have thereby been transferred into a modest finger movement where in stead of placing the finger on or in a scanning means, the finger is slid on a scanning surface, whereby the fingerprint side is scanned and there is obtained an electrical signal representing the fingerprint which signal can be processed in the usual manner in electrical apparatuses for example for comparaison with stored information.

It is sufficient to make the scanning surface transparent at the place of scanning. The points along the scanning line where the finger touches the surface (the ridges of the fingerprint) will reflect the light differently from the points where the finger does not touch the surface. By scanning the passing finger line by line there is obtained a complete scanning of the fingerprint.

Certainty of identification or recognition is achieved in that the use of copied prints of fingers or the use of a false finger such as a plastic or rubber cast is thereby excluded. By proceeding as disclosed it is simply checked whether it is a true finger or not.

By a uniform friction between the finger and the scanning surface it is possible in a simple manner electrically to synchronise or scale the line scanning with the rate of movement which will be sufficiently constant during the scanning. The rate measuring is thus used for synchronising or scaling the scanning.

By measuring the skin resistance as disclosed there is obtained a sufficiently accurate measuring to determine whether it is a genuine finger or not.

It is sufficient to make the scanning area transparent by the scanning line. If, for example, a scanning surface made of plastics, for example glass or synthetic materials such as acrylic plastics is used, the entire surface except the scanning area itself may be coated by a black coating such as black paint or the like so that undesirable light or undesirable reflections are avoided. There is thus obtained an apparatus that is insensitive to changes in light strength etc. in the surroundings where the apparatus has been mounted.

There is thus obtained a simple apparatus where the purely physical design may be changed in many different ways, for example dependent on where the apparatus is to be used or mounted.

The functioning of the apparatus and certainty of correct measuring are further increased by designing the apparatus as disclosed. This will not, however, substantially increase the complexity or power consumption of the apparatus.

The apparatus can be divided in two parts, one part where the scanning is done, and another part, the electrical part, from where the scanning is monitored and controlled. The two parts may without any practical problems be placed apart.

It is obvious that a method and an apparatus according to the invention may be used for many different purposes, but has preferably been developed for use in connection with entrance control.

The invention will be further explained in the following with reference to the drawing showing an embodiment of the invention wherein

FIG. 1 shows the scanning system itself, and

FIG. 2 shows the electrical circuit therefor.

In the drawing reference numeral 1 is a finger, the fingerprint side 2 of which is to be scanned. The finger is moved in contact with a scanning surface 3 on a part 16 of an apparatus which part may for example be a moulded acrylic block or a similar transparent material. In the scanning surface 3 there is arranged a measuring means 5 for skin resistance and finger rate of movement and there is moreover shown a scanning area 4 in the form of a scanning line. The scanning surface 3 with the measuring means 5 is designed so as to give all over the surface a substantially uniform friction against the finter movement so that without problems it is possible to move the finger at the same constant rate across the measuring means 5 and the scanning line 4. The measuring means 5 consists for example of five mutually separated measuring wires made of electrically conducting material embedded in the surface. The centre wire and the two outer wires are connected to each other and are used as reference, for example frame connected, whereas the two remaining wires C and D are connected to the measuring circuit shown in FIG. 2. The rate of the finger is measured by registering the points of time T.sub.C and T.sub.D where the finger 1 loses contact with the second and the fourth wire, respectively, in the direction of movement.

In the shown and explained example the measuring means 5 has five measuring wires. It is obvious that it is possible to use some other number of measuring wires--the entire surface 3 may if so desired be covered by measuring wires--dependent on the measuring method etc.

Under the apparatus part 16 there is arranged an elongate lighting means 6, for example an elongate lamp, a dense row of light diodes or some other form of elongate light source. The lighting means 6 is placed perpendicularly to the direction of movement of the finger and is provided with a reflector or a slit-shaped shutter so that substantially all light is directed towards the scanning area 4. The lighting means 6 may be mounted next to the apparatus part 16 as shown in FIG. 1, but may also be mounted inside the apparatus part 16, for example in a cylindrical cross bore. Next to a light pass surface 11 there is provided a mirror 7, for example a surface mirror throwing reflected light from the entire scanning area 4 onto the active part 10 of an optical/electrical scanning means 9 which part 10 is for example a linear photoarray with for example 256 punctiform photocells. The line 4 is imaged onto the linear photoarray 10 by means of an optical system that may comprise one or more lenses 8. The optical/electrical means 9 receives control signals through a wire B in such a manner that only one photocell at a time will give an electrical signal through the wire A representing the light intensity by which the cell is influenced. Through wire A there is thus obtained an electrical analog signal representing reflected light from the line 4, i.e. a line scanning of the contact print against the scanning surface 3 of the print side 2 of the finger.

The rate of movement of the finger 1 measured with the measuring means 5 is used for synchronising or scaling the scanning.

In order to avoid false reflections and to be capable of using as weak a lighting means 6 as possible, the entire apparatus part 16 has been painted dull black, except on the scanning area 4 and on the light pass surface 11.

By adjusting the mirror 7 it is possible to move the scanning area 4, for example in such a manner that it is placed quite close to the rate measuring means 5. If desired, the scanning line 4 may be placed between two of the measuring wires, for example between the two last wires in the direction of movement of the finger.

FIG. 2 of the drawing shows a schematic block diagram of the electrical circuit. At the left top the scanning surface 3 with the measuring means 5 and the two measuring wires C and D are shown. A 10 kHz square voltage may for example be applied to the wires C and D so that noise and mains hum problems are avoided. The wires C and D are connected to each its bridge circuit and the finger contact is detectd when the bridge is brought off balance when the finger touches the wire. The points of time T.sub.C and T.sub.D are measured when the finger leaves the respective wire and the time difference is used as an expression of the rate of movement of the finger. At the same time the circuit 12 measures the skin resistance twice i.e. between wires C and D and the other three connected wires, respectively. The result of the measurement of the skin impedance or the skin resistance and the measured points of time T.sub.C and T.sub.D is directed to a control and converter circuit 14 which also contains the power supply to the various circuits and the lighting means 6.

The scanning means 9 is via an amplifier 13 connected to the control and converter circuit 14 which inter alia by means of the impulses received from a clock generator undertakes the required controlling, signal processing and digitalisation of the measurement results from the photo array 10 and sends the digital measurement results to a binary store 15 such as a 256.times.256.times.1 bit store which may exactly hold one complete fingerprint. It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that other sizes and forms of store circuits may be used. From the store 15 the digitalised fingerprint may be transmitted for data processing together with any required synchronisation signal.

The data processin itself of the stored fingerprint does not form part of the invention and will therefore not be further described.

It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the electrical circuit shown in FIG. 2 may be designed and built up in a great number of different ways and that the circuit may moreover be constructed by using generally known circuits while obtaining the desired function.