US 4,760,581 AGrant
Laser Oscillating Apparatus
Issue Date:1988-07-26
•5 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A laser oscillating apparatus has an elongate housing, a pair of discharge electrodes arranged along the longitudinal direction in the interior of the laser housing, and first and second planar folding mirrors arranged at either end in the longitudinal direction of the lasing cavity formed by the discharge electrodes, with the reflecting surfaces of the folding mirror facing the lasing cavity. The folding mirrors are placed with their reflecting surfaces inclined by a predetermined angle with respect to one another. Also in the laser housing are a primary mirror and an output mirror, each of which is arranged with a predetermined spacing in the neighborhood of one of the folding mirrors. At least the primary mirror and the output mirror are arranged so that their attitude is adjustable from the outside of the laser housing.
Metadata
Assignee
- Laser Corporation of America
Inventor
- Ethan D. Hoag
Application Information
Application Number:US 8608180
Filing Date:1986-05-08
Priority Date:1986-05-08
Art Unit:251
Classifications
IPC:
H01S 303
Field of Search:
37265;107;99;108;103
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser oscillating apparatus, and in more detail, to a laser oscillating apparatus which is capable of outputting large capacity laser beams while being compact, and moreover, facilitates the attitude adjustment of the optical resonator.
In recent years, there have been various attempts to obtain a laser oscillating apparatus of small size and high output power.
As one such oscillating apparatus there may be mentioned a device in which the optical resonator is composed of a primary mirror, an output mirror, and an appropriate number of folding mirrors.
This is a device which aims at reducing the length of the lasing cavity by multiply folding the laser beam that travels back and forth between the primary mirror and the output mirror by means of the folding mirrors in the passage of the beam so as to let the laser beam pass through the lasing gas medium a number of times.
An example of such a construction is, for example, to arrange a relatively large front folding mirror at one end of the lasing gas medium, a somewhat smaller semi-transmissive output mirror in the neighborhood of the front folding mirror, and to arrange on the other end of the lasing gas medium a rear folding mirror which is parallel to the front folding mirror. In addition, in the neighborhood of the rear folding mirror there is arranged the primary mirror positioned diagonally with respect to the output mirror.
In this optical resonator, a ray of radiation which is emitted from the lasing gas medium reaches, for example, the front folding mirror on one end of the lasing gas medium after being reflected from the primary mirror on the other end and going through the lasing gas medium. Then, after being reflected from the front folding mirror, the ray travels through the lasing gas medium again, and reaches the rear folding mirror at the other end. Thereafter, the ray is reflected between the rear folding mirror and the front folding mirror for a number of times, and is arranged eventually to reach the output mirror which is placed in the neighborhood of the front folding mirror.
In this optical resonator, there are formed multiple optical paths between the front folding mirror and the rear folding mirror, obtaining an effective optical path which is several times the length of the optical resonator. This permits the realization of a laser oscillating apparatus of small size and high output power.
However, in such an optical resonator, the points of reflection of the laser beam on both folding mirrors are situated on a straight line so that the path of the laser beam becomes planar.
In this way, when the path of the laser beam lies in a plane, it is required that a portion of the plane be large enough for the passage of the path, namely, a width for the resonating cavity, and also there will be required discharge electrodes of large width for realizing a uniform discharge.
Further, when the path of the laser beam lies in a plane, the cross-section of the laser beam in resonation at each reflecting point is in a mode in which the cross-section is inverted repeatedly with a center axis that is orthogonal to the plane of reflection as the boundary. This leads to the generation of an anisotropy of the laser beam in resonation, resulting in the shape of the cross-section of the output laser beam which is flat.
Moreover, it has been customary to provide mirror attitude adjusting means of some form to the optical resonator.
However, in the prior art laser oscillating apparatus, it was frequently necessary in adjusting the attitude of the mirrors to remove the top of the laser's housing which is a gas tight enclosure. Further, the mirror attitude adjusting method is optically complicated so that the adjusting operation of mirrors consumes much labor and time.
Summary of the Invention
An object of the present invention is to provide a laser oscillating apparatus which is capable of outputting a laser beam of high quality and high output power, even though the device is compact.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a laser oscillating apparatus which includes an optical resonator that permits an easy adjustment of the optical path of the laser beams.
Still another object of the present invention is to utilize the laser's housing itself as the optical bench for the optical resonator.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a laser oscillating apparatus which includes an optical resonator that is capable of tracing a three-dimensional optical path.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a laser oscillating apparatus which permits adjustment of the attitude of at least the primary mirror and the output mirror in the optical resonator, without removing the cap to the laser's housing.
In order to achieve these objects, the present invention is arranged to accommodate within the laser's housing an optical resonator which permits the formation of a three-dimensional optical path that is easy to adjust. Briefly described, the optical resonator consists of a front folding mirror that includes in its neighborhood a primary mirror and an output mirror that are placed with a predetermined spacing, and a rear folding mirror that is inclined by a predetermined angle with respect to the front folding mirror. Moreover, in the present invention, it is arranged to be able to utilize the laser's housing itself as the optical bench for the optical resonator. In addition, at least the primary mirror and the output mirror are arranged to be adjustable for their attitude from the outside of the laser's housing.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the laser oscillating apparatus.
FIG. 2 is an enlargement of the cross-section along II--II of FIG. 1 which depicts schematically the set-up of the laser resonation unit that represents the principal part of the laser resonator.
FIG. 3 is a side view of the laser oscillation unit which depicts the interior arrangement of the cylindrical housing by a partial cutaway.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the encircled portion IV of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the encircled portion V of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a side view which depicts in enlargement the structures situated in the interior of the laser oscillation unit in which it shows a part of it as a cross-sectional view as well as it shows the blower part by removing the gas flow smoothing screens that surround it.
FIG. 7 is a side view from the left of FIG. 3 as shown under the state in which the left-side cap is removed from the laser oscillation unit shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 8, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are respectively the explanatory diagrams for illustrating the affixing means of the L-shaped members to the laser's housing.
FIG. 11 is a right side view of FIG. 6.
FIG. 12 is a front view of the first L-shaped frame.
FIG. 13 is a right side view of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is a left side view of FIG. 6.
FIG. 15 is an explanatory perspective view for illustrating the gas flow.
FIG. 16 is a side view the discharge electrodes,
FIG. 17 is a right side view of the upper discharge electrode shown in FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is a plan view of the upper discharge electrode shown in FIG. 16.
FIG. 20 is a perspective explanatory view of the optical resonator.
FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram for the path of a laser ray shown as a plan view of FIG. 20.
FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram for the path of a laser ray shown as a plan view of FIG. 20.
Embodiments of the Invention
As shown in FIG. 1, the laser oscillating apparatus is comprised of a laser oscillation unit 1, a control panel 3 for summarily controlling the oscillation unit 1, an accessory equipment 5, and a connecting members 7 which connect the laser oscillation unit 1 and the control panel 3.
The laser oscillation unit 1 is comprised of a cylindrical laser's housing in which are stored oscillation elements. On the side surface at left of the housing 9, there are provided an output window 11 for outputting the laser beam LB in the direction of the optical axis Z, a peephole 13 for viewing the interior of the housing, and a handle 15, manual operation of which enables to interrupt temporarily the outputting of the laser beams.
The control panel 3 includes a keyboard operation unit and a control unit for summarily controlling the elements to be controlled in the interior of the laser oscillation unit 1. The control unit carries out all-inclusive control of various kinds of electrical controls, filling up and exhaustion of gasses such as CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 and He, temperature control and supply control of the cooling water, and so forth.
Included in the accessory equipment 5 are gas bombs of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 and He shown in the figure and the cooling machine, not shown, for manufacturing cooling water.
As shown schematically in FIG. 2, in the upper part in the interior of the laser's housing 9, a pair of upper and lower discharge electrodes 19U and 19D that have numerous pin-shaped electrodes 17 are provided along the longitudinal direction (namely, the Z direction) of the housing 9, with a predetermined spacing between them. Underneath these discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, there is provided a blower 21 which produces a counterclockwise gas flow in the housing 9 by rotating in the counterclockwise direction in the figure.
Between the blower 21 and the lasing region DS formed by the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, there are provided heat exchangers 23 and 25 that are arranged in the upstream and downstream, respectively, of the gas flow GF, along the longitudinal direction of the housing 9. Between or near the blower 21, heat exchangers 23 and 25, and the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, there are suitably provided flow controlling plates FC.sub.1, FC.sub.2, FC.sub.3, and others for smoothing the gas flow GF. Further, in the upstream side of the lasing region DS, there are provided flow regulating plates 27 and screen 29. Hereafter, the directions of altitude and gas flow GF in the lasing region DS will be referred to as the X and Y axes, respectively.
As shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the laser's housing is comprised of a cylindrical housing proper 31 that is equipped on its both sides with a front side flange 31a and a rear side flange 31b, front and rear end caps 35 and 37 that are joined to the flanges 31a and 31b via O-rings 33 placed at the strength centers of the flanges 31a and 31b, respectively, a sealing plate 39 that is joined to an aperture which is created on the side surface of the cap 37, and a cover 41 that covers the sealing plate 39. On the sealing plate 39 there are provided a multitude of joint members for taking in the connecting members 7 to the interior of the housing.
The housing proper 31 is constructed by double walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2, and on its inner side there is appended another wall W.sub.3 to be used for heat shielding and for electromagnetic shielding. The walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 are made of an aluminum alloy, and the surface of the wall W.sub.1 is given a specified surface treatment such as oxidation treatment, in order to improve its anti-scratch property. Between the double walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 there is wound helically a partitioning member 43, and cooling water is passed through in the helical space that is partitioned by the partitioning member 43.
The inner wall W.sub.3 is placed on the inner side of the wall W.sub.2 with a predetermined spacing, and around the wall W.sub.3 there is wound a copper cooling tube 45 through which cooling water passes. The wall W.sub.3 is made of a metal such as copper, aluminum, or amother which has a good thermal conductivity. Further, between the walls W.sub.2 and W.sub.3 there is filled glass fiber 47 as a heat insulator.
The wall W.sub.3, together with the heat exchangers 23 and 25 shown in FIG. 2, actively absorbs the heat that is generated internally and imparts the heat absorbed by the cooling water to cool the gas flow strongly. Further, the wall W.sub.3 has in its surroundings glass fiber as a heat insulator so that it can shut out radiation of heat to the outside. Moreover, the wall W.sub.3 is made of a metallic material with good heat conductivity such as cooper, aluminum, or another so that it can prevent the leaking of electromagnetic waves into the exterior.
By the above effects due to the wall W.sub.3, the walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 are protected from being subjected to a large quantity of heat, and moreover, the temperature of the walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 can always be maintained at a predetermined level since the influence of internally generated heat can hardly reach the outside due to the cooling water passing through between the walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2, and since they are unaffected by the outside temperature as well.
The attaching positions of the O-rings 33 are chosen at the strength centers for the walls W.sub.1 and W.sub.2, as was mentioned earlier. By positioning the O-rings 33 at the positions of the strength center for the wall W.sub.1 and W.sub.2, it becomes possible to receive the external pressure applied on the caps 35 and 37 at the strength center of the housing proper 31, minimizing the deformation in the housing proper 31 due to the external pressure.
Moreover, the wall W.sub.3 need not necessarily be made completely gas tight with respect to the wall W.sub.2. The reason for this is that in contrast to the necessity for the case of complete sealing of giving a considerable thickness to the wall W.sub.3 in consideration for the pressure to which the wall W.sub.3 is subjected, even if there is a penetration in the present case of internal gas into the space between the walls W.sub.3 and W.sub.2, the gas will be trapped by the glass fiber so that sufficient heat insulation can be expected without permitting the flow of the gas. However, in view of shielding electromagnetic waves it is not desirable to create ventilation holes that are too large in size.
On the side surface of the front side flange 31a there is attached a ring member for front side 49. On the outside surface of the ring member 49 there are mounted a first L-shaped member L.sub.1 with a folding mirror, a second L-shaped member L.sub.2 with a primary mirror, and a third L-shaped member L.sub.3 with an output mirror. The method for mounting the L-shaped members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3 and the mirrors to be attached to each of them will be described in detail by referring to FIG. 7 and subsequent figures.
Referring still FIG. 3, on the side surface of the rear side flange 31b there is mounted a rear side ring member 51 on whose outside surface is attached a fourth L-shaped member L.sub.4 with a folding mirror M.sub.4. The method for mounting the L-shaped member L.sub.4 and the folding mirror M.sub.4 to be attached on it will be described later with reference to detail in FIG. 11.
As shown in FIG. 6, on the inside of the ring member 51 there is mounted a unit 53 that consists of the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, the heat exchangers 23 and 25 (see FIG. 2), the blower 21, and other components. The unit 53 represents the internal structures to be exposed during oscillation of the laser to the flowing gas, made in a united body so as to be mountable and dismountable with respect to the laser's housing proper.
The rear side of the internal structures of the unit 53 is joined to the ring member 51, while its front side is joined to a sliding ring member 55.
Embedded along the peripheral surface of the sliding ring member 55 is an O-ring 57 which is made of a poor heat conducting material. The sliding ring member 55 is placed on the inside surface of the frontside flange 31a shown in FIG. 3, so as to be freely slidably along the longitudinal direction of the housing. Consequently, the sliding ring member 55 is to be slid within the front-side flange 31a in accordance with the thermal expansion and contraction of the unit 53. Further, the O-ring 57 is made of a poor heat conducting material so that not much heat will be transferred from the sliding ring member 55 to the front-side flange 31a which is a part of the housing proper 31.
The construction of the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D will be described in detail by referring to FIGS. 16 to 19.
The heat exchangers 23 and 25 are of the type in which fins are attached to the cooling tubes.
On the upstream side in the gas flow of the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D there is provided a screen 29 whose function will be described in detail later by referring to FIG. 15.
The blower 21 comprises a motor 59 in whose interior is passed through cooling water, a linking shaft 61, and three fan unit 63a, 63b, and 63c that are linked by the linking shaft 61.
For the linking shaft 61 use is made of the so-called stub shafts that are supported freely rotatably via bearings by four supporting blocks 65a, 65b, 65c, and 65d. Each of the supporting blocks 65a, 65b, 65c, and 65d is joined suitably to the flow controlling plate that serves as well for the casing of the blower 21.
The rear-side block 65d is fixed with two bolts 67 (see FIG. 11) to the rear-side ring member 51 via spacer 67e. At the lower portion of the front-side block 65a there is provided protruding from it a pin member 69 which is inserted freely slidably in a cavity of a guiding member 71 that is provided at a lower portion of the inside surface of the sliding ring member 55. The positions for attaching two bolts 67 and a pin member 69 on the cross-sectional planes are configured to form the three vertices of a triangle. Here, the sliding ring member 55 forms a part of the casing for the blower 21.
The assemblage of the blower 21 is accomplished by first joining the block 65d to a flow controlling plate that constitutes a part of the casing, fixing the motor 59 to the block with bolts, then connecting the fan 63c, block 65c, fan 63b, block 65b, and so forth, by interposing stub shaft as appropriate.
Since the blower 21 is supported by three points, namely, two bolts 67 and the pin member 69, it can be supported securely between the rear-side ring member 51 and the sliding ring member 55.
The unit fans 63a, 63b, and 63c have sectional structure, with blocks 65b and 65c interposed between neighboring units. Further, the pin member 69 is supported freely slidably in the direction of the optical axis Z. Consequently, each of the fans 63a, 63b, and 63c and the rotation shafts can expand or contract in the longitudinal direction alone, without being distorted in the lateral direction.
For these reasons, in the blower 21 shown in the present example, it becomes possible to rotate the fans 63a, 63b, and 63c up to the fast speed of, for example 24,000 rpm. Moreover, there is generated no stress due to temperature changes between the ring members 51 and 55 that form the supporting means for the unit, and no distortion will arise in the housing proper 31.
As shown in FIG. 7, the first, second, and third L-shaped members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3 with the front folding mirror M.sub.1, the primary mirror M.sub.2, and the output mirror M.sub.3, respectively, are fixed to the front-side ring member 49 via the fixing means 73, 77, and 79, in the order of first, second, and third members.
As shown in FIG. 8, a fixing means 73 comprises a stud bolt 73b that has a narrow part 73a and two nuts 73c and 73d. By adjusting the positions of the nuts 73c and 73d at predetermined positions on the bolt 73b, the position of the first L-shaped member L.sub.1 with respect to the ring member 49 can be adjusted. The narrow part 73a is for absorbing a fine thermal deformation in the front-side ring member 49 when there is generated such a fine deformation. Further, the narrow part 73a is for absorbing the amount of rotation when the L-shaped member L.sub.1 is rotated by a minute quantity around the X or Y axis with the bolt 73b as the fulcrum.
By adjusting the positions of the nuts 73c and 73d of the fixing means 73 that are provided at both ends of the letter L-shaped member, it is possible to adjust the rotation, around the X or Y axis by a minute amount without strain, of the front folding mirror M.sub.1 that is mounted on the back side of the figure. Moreover, even if a minute thermal distortion is generated in the front-side ring member 49, the narrow part 73a can absorb such a distortion and makes it possible to maintain with high precision the attitude of the folding mirror M.sub.1.
As shown in FIG. 9, a fixing means 77 is comprised of a stud bolt 77b and a bolt 77e that is equipped with a spring 77d. The bolt 77b is buried on the side of center of the letter L of the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3, and the rounding 77a at its tip is fitted into a cavity 49a in the ring member 49. The bolt 77e is buried on the side of the ring member 49, penetrates through a hole drilled in the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3, and elastically presses the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3 via a washer 77c by a virtue of elastic force of spring 77d. The diameter of the cavity 49a is chosen to be slightly larger than the diameter of the bolt 77b and a rounding is given in its bottom portion so as to let it function as a pivoting bearing. The diameter of the hole provided in the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3 is given a size which is sufficiently larger than the diameter of the bolt 77e.
The spring 77d continuously presses the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3 with a predetermined force toward the side of the ring member 49. Since the cavity 49a functions as a pivoting bearing, the L-shaped member L.sub.2 or L.sub.3 is capable of rotating around the X or Y axis with the cavity 49a as a fulcrum.
As shown in FIG. 10, a mounting means 79 is mounted on both ends of letter L of the L-shaped member (L.sub.2 or L.sub.3), and includes similar to the fixing means 77, a washer 79c, a spring 79d, and a bolt 79c. However, for the mounting means 79 there is provided a motor 81 for rotating a bolt 79b. Further, the tip of the bolt 79b is placed on a rail RL or a sliding plate SL. The rail RL is a member which makes a pressed contact with the tip of the bolt 79b at the lower ends of the L-shaped members L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 in FIG. 7. The rail RL guides the tip of the bolt 79b in the up and down direction X over two linear members. Further, the sliding plate SL is a plate-like member which makes a pressed contact with the tip of the bolt 79b at the right-hand ends of the L-shaped member L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 in FIG. 7.
Consequently, the attitudes of the L-shaped members L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are adjustable around the X or Y axis by driving the motor 81 of the mounting means 79 that is provided at the tip portion of the letter L. Hence, the attitudes of the primary mirror M.sub.2 and the output mirror M.sub.3 which are attached to the L-shaped members L.sub.2 and L.sub.3, respectively, are readily adjustable from outside.
As shown in FIG. 11, the fourth L-shaped member L.sub.4 with the rear folding mirror M.sub.4 is mounted on the rear-side ring member 51 using a means that is similar to the fixing means 73 shown in FIG. 8. Here, however, the stud bolt 73b in the figure penetrates through the rear-side ring member 51 and is buried in the rear-side flange 31b that shows smaller thermal deformations.
The L-shaped members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, L.sub.3, and L.sub.4 are individually mounted directly to the housing proper 31 that is shown in FIG. 3, and are isolated thermally from the unit 53. Accordingly, these members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, L.sub.3, and L.sub.4 will not suffer from deformation due to heat that is generated internally, and hence it becomes possible to maintain the attitude of each mirror attached to them with high precision.
As shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, the first L-shaped member L.sub.1 includes the front folding mirror M.sub.1 and a masking member 83.
The L-shaped member L.sub.1 is provided with nipples 83a for connecting the cooling tubes, and in its interior there is provided a cooling water passage 85 that is connected to the nipples 83a. The passage 85 is given a labyrinthian form as needed in order to cool the L-shaped member in a uniform manner.
The front folding mirror M.sub.1 is held pressed against the L-shaped member L.sub.1 by means of a pressing plate 87.
The masking member 83 which has predetermined apertures 89 at positions through which the laser beams in resonance LB.sub.R are to pass, is fixed to the L-shaped member L.sub.1 together with the pressing plate 87 with a bolt 91. The reference symbols a, c, e, g, and i refer to the reflection or passing points of the laser beams LB.sub.R in resonance.
The masking member 83 is made of a material with good heat conductivity such as copper or aluminum, and is fixed to the L-shaped member L.sub.1 with bolts 91 that have good heat conductivity (for instance, brass bolts). Accordingly, the masking member 83 shown in the present example is indirectly cooled by the cooling water that passes through the cooling water passage 85. Therefore, it actively absorbs the laser beams LB.sub.R that deviate from the predetermined path and improves the mode characteristics of the output laser beams LB. Incidentally, when it is attemped to suppress the parasitic oscillation modes in the laser beams in resonance LB.sub.R that have deviated from the predetermined path, by forming a masking member 83 in the reflecting surface, it is necessary to provide a masking surface that is mirror surface finished, to the reflecting surface. Moreover, the attitude of the masking member has to be adjusted to a predetermined one in order to have the reflected light directed in the predetermined direction. However, when the laser beams that have deviated from the optical path are absorbed actively by the surface of the masking surface 83, as in the present example, it becomes unnecessary to give a surface finishing of high precision to the masking member 83. Further, the attitude of the masking member 83 may be chosen to be parallel to the L-shaped member, for instance, so that it becomes possible to manufacture the masking member 83 easily and inexpensively. The masking member 83 has the effect of actively cooling the gas flow also.
In addition, although not shown in the figure, it is possible to improve heat absorption by the masking member 83 by interposing as many heat conducting members as possible between the masking member 83 and the L-shaped member L.sub.1, for instance, by increasing the number of the bolts 91. Further, it may also be arranged to let the cooling water pass on the inner surface of the masking member.
On the fourth L-shaped member L.sub.4, too, there is provided a masking mechanism for masking the area other than the predetermined reflecting points. In addition, also for the L-shaped members L.sub.2, L.sub.3, and L.sub.4 there are provided cooling means that are similar to those shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
As shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, in the upstream side of the lasing region DS there is provided a screen 29. Between the screen 29 and the upstream side heat exchanger there are provided flow regulating plates 27 as a regulating and cooling means, for the gas flow. Further, between the lower discharge electrode 19D and the heat exchanger 25 there is provided a ceramic tube 93.
The screen 29 is for regulating the gas flow GF that enters the lasing region DS by making it regular macroscopically and turbulent microscopically in order to uniformize the gas flow in the lasing region DS. Moreover, to cool the pin-shaped electrodes more effectively and not to generate too much turbulence in the gas flow GF, the extended portions (namely, the horizontal portions) of the pin-shaped electrodes 17 that have their tips bent approximately circularly inward are arranged to be orthogonal to the direction of the gas flow GF.
The flow regulating plates 27 are formed in what is called aerodynamic shape, with paths for cooling 27a in their interior. The flow regulating plates 27 are provided plural in number between the screen 29 and the heat exchanger 23, and maintain the velocity on the outside with that on the inside of the gas flow GF that comes out of the heat exchanger 23 and also cools down the gas flow GF. Now, it cannot be denied that the flow regulating plates give a certain degree of resistance to the gas flow GF. However, the regulating plates 27 regulate and cool the gas flow GF so that they improve the discharge efficiency and hence enhance the overall energy efficiency of the laser oscillating apparatus.
Between the discharge electrode 19D and the heat exchanger 25 there is provided a ceramic tube 93. The ceramic tube 93 suppresses the occurrence of a large turbulent flow in the gas flow GF between the discharge electrode 19D and the heat exchanger 25. Here, although it is somewhat disadvantageous from the cost viewpoint, an arrangement is possible in which the end surface of the dielectric substance is formed on the downstream side of the discharge electrode 19D into a form which is approximately circular, instead of providing the ceramic tube 93.
With the arrangement described in the foregoing, there is created a circulatory flow for the gas flow GF, which circulates in the order of the heat exchanger 23, the flow regulating plates 27 the screen 29, the lasing region DS, and the heat exchanger 25, enabling to obtain a predetermined regulated flow in the lasing region DS.
As shown in FIG. 16 to FIG. 18, the upper and lower discharge electrodes 16U and 16D are prepared symmetrically.
The discharge electrodes 19U and 19D have a multitude of pin-shaped electrodes 17. A pin-shaped electrode 17 is made by bending a wire whose tip is curled approximately circularly, into the form of the letter L, with a predetermined distance from the tip. It is comprised of a curled part which is curled in circular form, an extended part that extends from the curled part, and a support part which intersects orthogonally with the extended part. The support part is buried in the substrate 95 in a mode so as to have the extended part to be orthogonal to the gas flow.
The substrate 95 comprises a dielectric substance 95a made of ceramic material, a molded part 95b, capacity units 95c arranged in the molded part 95b, heat absorbing plates 95d that partition the units 95c, a cooling tube 95e (not shown in FIG. 16) that makes contact with the plates 95d and the dielectric substrate 95a, and a shielding plate 97 that covers the molded part 95b.
A capacitor unit 95c stores four capacitors in its interior, with the common terminal of each of the capacitors connected to a common line 95f, while the other terminal of each of the is connected respectively to the support part of one of the four pin-shaped electrodes 17 that are arranged adjacent to the capacitor unit 95c.
The condition of connection between a capacitor unit 95c and the pin-shaped electrodes 17 is illustrated exclusively in FIG. 18.
Supplied to a power source line 99 is a high frequency alternating current. The power source line 99 is the so-called shielding wire, and the grounding wire 99a wound around its surface skin is connected to the shielding plate 97.
The shielding plate 97 is made of a current conducting material such as copper or aluminum, and has the effect of preventing the radiation leakage into the exterior of the elctromagnetic waves that are generated by the electrical wirings, capacitors, or others in the interior.
The discharge electrodes 19U and 19D are made by inserting the support parts of the pin-shaped electrodes 17 into a multitude of small holes that are drilled in the dielectric substrate 95a, joining the support parts to the capacitor unit 95c as shown in FIG. 18, and then molding a molded part 95b by the use of a predetermined metallic mold, and by covering the molded part 95b with the shielding plate 97.
By the above procedure, the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D can be formed in modules so that the pin-shaped electrodes 17, the dielectric substrate 95a, the capacitor unit 95c, and the cooling tube 95e can be formed into a compact and united form.
As shown in FIG. 19, the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D have their own separate capacitors. A power source of frequency .omega. which is supplied via a coil with suitable inductance l is applied to each of the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, and in the lasing region DS a homogeneous discharge will be carried out with a resistance of the medium r. Here, impedance matching is carried out by varying the relation between the inductance l of the coil and the total capacity c of the capacitor to satisfy .omega.l=1/.omega.c, with the values of both sides of the equation to be sufficiently large compared with the value of the resistance r. With this, it becomes possible to increase the capacity between the electrodes, and to realize a stable glow discharge with high capacity.
In the present example, arrangement is made to cool the interior of the substrate 95 so that there will be no heating of discharge electrodes 19U and 19D, and it becomes possible to realize a stable discharge and prolong the life of the discharge electrodes 19U and 19D. The internal cooling effect will become more conspicious since there is provided a heat absorbing plate 95d. Further, the interior is molded so that there will be no filtration of a gas such as helium in the capacitor area, and hence, there will occur no trouble such as breakdown of insulation even if use is made of mica condensers.
Assemblage of the laser oscillating unit 1 will be carried out by first assembling the unit 53 shown in FIG. 6, and then inserting it into the housing proper 31 shown in FIG. 3 through the side surface at right, to the condition as shown in the FIG. 6. For this reason, on the rear-side flange 31b there are provided beforehand stud bolts that match the bolt insertion holes (no reference numeral given) that are created on the peripheral surface of the rear-side ring member 51 shown in FIG. 11.
Next, the L-shaped member L.sub.4 shown in FIG. 11 is mounted by utilizing a part of the stud bolts.
Further, on the flange 31a on the other side of the housing proper 31, there are mounted the front-side ring member 49 on which are attached each of the L-shaped members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3. These L-shaped members L.sub.1, L.sub.2, and L.sub.3 may be mounted on the front-side ring member 49.
Next, tubing and wiring works are carried out before the shielding plate 39, rear-side cap 37 is covered, joint processing is carried out using the shielding plate 39, and the cover 41 is mounted. Further, after carrying out mirror adjustment and others as needed, then the cap 35 is mounted.
In the present example, the internal structures that are subject to thermal expansion and contraction are put into a united body so that it becomes possible to carry out all of the assembling work, repairs, and adjustment work for the internal structures on the outside of the laser's housing 9.
Now, as shown in FIG. 16 to FIG. 19, if a discharge such as in the present example is carried out by using an AC power source, then there will take place a discharge in the lasing region DS which is uniform vertically, so that it is possible to extend effectively the lasing region DS in the attitude direction X.
Therefore, in the present example, the laser beams LB.sub.R in resonance are arranged to pass through the following three-dimensional path in the lasing region DS whose region is extended in the above manner.
As shown in FIG. 20, in the interior of the cylindrical housing proper 31, there are arranged facing each other a relatively large front folding mirror M.sub.1 and a rear folding mirror M.sub.4 which is inclined by a predetermined angle with respect to the mirror M.sub.1. In the neighborhood of the edge of the front folding mirror M.sub.1, there are arranged a relatively small primary mirror M.sub.2 and an output mirror M.sub.3 with predetermined respective attitudes. The two folding mirrors M.sub.1 and M.sub.4 and the output mirror M.sub.3 are formed flat, while the primary mirror M.sub.2 is formed concave. The reflection factor of the primary mirror M.sub.2, is nearly 100% and the reflection factor of the output mirror M.sub.3 is 60% (the transmission factor of 40%).
Each of the mirror M.sub.1, M.sub.2, and M.sub.3 are arranged in such a way as to have the laser beams in resonance LB.sub.R reflected or passed through at point a, or at point i. Point a is reflection point for the output mirror M.sub.3, point i is the reflection point for the primary mirror M.sub.2, points b, d, f, and h are the refletion points for the rear folding mirror M.sub.4, and points c, e, and g are the reflection points for the front folding mirror M.sub.1.
As shown in FIG. 21 and FIG. 22, the laser beams in resonace LB.sub.R pass through eight paths P.sub.1 to P.sub.8 in which, during the time the beams make one round trip in the altitude axis (the discharge axis) X, they make two round trips in the gas flow axis Y. Namely, the laser beams are reflected at points in the order of the points b, c, d, and e while they pass through the paths P.sub.1 to P.sub.4 by traveling in the reverse direction of gas flow Y. The set of reflection points c, e, and g and the set of reflection points d, f, and h for the folding mirrors M.sub.1 and M.sub.4, respectively, are configured distributed in the plane of each mirror so that the laser beams in resonance LB.sub.R pass through three-dimensional paths P.sub.1 to P.sub.8.
As in the above, it becomes possible to reduce the separation between the resonating mirrors and to guarantee the uniformity of reflection of the laser beams LB.sub.R in the up-down and left-right directions, so that the output mode of the output laser beams LB can be made satisfactory.
Moreover, according to the present example, adjustment of the resonating mirrors is extremely easy. Namely, in the present example, the primary mirror M.sub.2 and the output mirror M.sub.3 are mounted on the L-shaped members L.sub.2 and L.sub.3, respectively, whose attitude can be adjusted by means of the separate motors 81. Accordingly, it becomes possible for the operator to adjust easily the attitude of the primary mirror M.sub.2 and the output mirror M.sub.3 so as to make the output from the output mirror M.sub.3 maximum, by operating a joy stick that is provided on the outside of the laser's housing 9.
The matching of the folding mirrors M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 is carried out by removing the caps 35 and 37 on the laser's housing 9, and then by projecting a visible laser beam from a distant position on one side of the laser's housing 9. That is, on each of the folding mirrors M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 there is provided individually a thick glass plate that faces each of these mirrors. At the opposite portions on these glass plates there are provided respectively small holes that are drilled exactly in the direction of the Z axis. Therefore, by adjusting the L-shaped members L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 so as to let the light that was projected from one side of the laser's housing 9 to pass through both of the small holes, it becomes possible to adjust the relative inclination between both mirrors to coincide with a predetermined value.
Moreover, in the present embodiment, description has been given in conjunction with an example of a housing proper 31 which is a cylindrical body of truly circular cross-section with a structure that is two-layered strength-wise and triple-layered geometrically. However, the housing proper may be such a structure that it is single-layered strength-wise and double-layered geometrically. That is, it may be arranged to provide a heat shielding plate W.sub.3 as in the above in the interior of a single-walled cylindrical body, and to cool the cylindrical body, as may be required, by winding cooling tubes around the single-layered wall.
Furthermore, the housing proper does not have to be a cylindrical body with truly circular cross-section, and it may be cylindrical body with, for example, quadrilateral cross-section or hexagonal cross-section.
Still further, in the present embodiment, one end of the unit 53 is fixed to one end of the housing proper 31, while the other end of the unit 53 is left free to slide in the housing proper 31. However, it may be arranged to give a sufficient strength to the wall W.sub.3 of the housing proper 31, fix a mid point of the unit 53 to the wall W.sub.3, and leave both ends of the unit 53 free to slide with respect to the housing proper 31. Further, it may be arranged to let both ends of the unit 53 be supported elastically by both ends of the housing proper 31, and let the thermal expansion and contraction in the unit 53 be absorbed elastically.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A laser oscillating apparatus comprising: a longitudinally elongated housing defining a hollow interior a pair of discharge electrodes opposedly disposed in spaced relationship along the longitudinal direction in the interior of the laser's housing to define a lasing region therebetween; a first relatively large plaanr folding mirror disposed within the interior of the housing at one end thereof and a second relatively large planar folding mirror disposed within the interior of the housing at the opposite end thereof in the longitudinal direction, with the reflecting surfaces of the folding mirrors generally facing each other with the lasing cavity therebetween with the second folding mirror placed with its reflecting surface inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to the reflecting surface of the first folding mirror; a relatively small totally reflective concave primary mirror and a relatively small semi-transmissive output mirror each of which is disposed at a predetermined spacing adjacent the first folding mirror; first independently adjustable support means for holding the first folding mirror, second independently adjustable support means for holding the primary mirror, third independently adjustable support means for holding the output mirror, and fourth independently adjustable support means for holding the second folding mirror, each of said independently adjustable support means comprising an L-shaped member which is pivotally mounted at three points with respect to the laser housing; and fixing means operatively associated with each L-shaped member at each pivot point thereof for adjustably mounting the L-shaped member to the housing whereby the relative orientation of the mirror held by the L-shaped member associated therewith may be changed by adjustment of the fixing means.
2. A laser oscillating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said laser's housing is provided with flanges on its respective ends, temperature preserving means for preserving the temperature of said housing at a constant value, and housing sealing means connected to said flanges for forming a gas tight enclosure, wherein each mirror of the device is supported by mirror supporting means mounted on said flanges.
3. A laser oscillating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said pair of discharge electrodes is driven by an AC power source.
4. The laser oscillating apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of said fixing means is adjustable by means of a motor.
5. The laser oscillating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first planar folding mirror further comprises a masking means.