US 4,752,504 AGrant
Process for Continuous Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbonaceous Films
Issue Date:1988-06-21
•12 Claims
•1 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A process continuously deposits a carbonaceous film, by chemical vapor deposition, onto a moving longitudinally extending web of a plurality of matted or woven fibers, a plurality of parallel individual fibers, or a bundle of fibers, of a refractory ceramic or refractory vitreous material. The result is a coated web having a controllable resistance along its length and a substantially uniform resistance across its breadth. An organic precursor is directly applied to the web in liquid and/or solid form, the applying being at a temperature below sublimation, boiling or decomposition temperature of the precursor. The web is continuously moved through a hot chemical vapor deposition zone at a temperature of 800.degree. C-1200.degree. C., the zone being substantially oxygen-free, the residence time of each portion of the web within the zone being less than that which would deleteriously effect the properties of the resulting carbonaceous film coated web. The organic precursor, under the residence time and temperature conditions of the deposition zone, is selected to be substantially completely converted by sublimation, boiling and/or decomposition to one or more vaporous species. The precursor either sublimes or boils at a temperature above about 400.degree. C. or, if it is of such a nature as to decompose rather than subliming or boiling, the decomposition temperature must be above about 300.degree. C. The resulting web has a selectable resistance generally between about 0.1 ohm per square and 1,000 ohms per square.
Metadata
Assignee
- Northrop Corporation
Inventor
- Steven F. Rickborn
Application Information
Application Number:US 8110182
Filing Date:1985-12-18
Priority Date:1984-11-16
Art Unit:152
Classifications
IPC:
C23C 1626
Field of Search:
427122;228;249;255;255.5;434.2;434.6;421
Patent Drawings (1 sheets)
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a process for continuously manufacturing an electrically conductive cloth, generally of a flexible nature, and useful as an electrical resistance heater, an antenna, an electromagnetic field reflector, an electromagnetic field shield, or the like and electrically conductive pluralities of parallel individual fibers and bundles of fibers such as rovings and yarns.
Background Art
The production of coated refractory fibers is known and is taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,428,519, issued Feb. 18, 1969 to Carl M. Zvanut. U.S. Pat. No. 3,565,683, issued Feb. 23, 1971 to Charles R. Morelock shows the coating of carbon-coated ceramic fibers with an electrically conductive boro-carbon coating. This process requires that the fiber to be coated be electrically resistively heated. Morelock's process is therefore not suitable for preparation of carbonaceous films on electrically non-conductive fibers. Such coated fibers as are discussed in the abovementioned patents have not been formulated into either woven cloths or non-woven cloths. And, if one were to attempt to do this it is highly unlikely that the coating would remain intact and undamaged.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,293, issued July 11, 1972 to Bernard A. Gruber, discloses a fabric of silicon carbide fibers coated with pyrolyzed carbon from a resin. The end product is a refractory. The silicon carbide of this patent is not electrically insulating but is instead a semiconductor.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,124, issued July 13, 1976 to Wilfred S. Stewart, discloses the formation of high strength shaped carbonaceous articles by shaping and curing particles of carbon, graphite and mixtures thereof with a resin binder and thereafter pyrolyzing the shaped article. The bulk density of the article can be increased and the porosity reduced by vapor deposition of graphite in its pores. The article may be reinforced with fibers and whiskers of various refractory materials including aluminum oxide. Such shaped articles are not, however, in the nature of a flexible cloth.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,154, issued Mar. 23, 1982 to Francois Ledru discloses a thermal insulating material comprising insulating mineral fibers bonded in a matrix which is formed in part by pyrolytic carbon. The resulting material has very low heat conductivity. There is no teaching of the material being electrically conducting.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,969 discloses a flexible thermally insulative refractory composition which is resistant to attack by molten material. It may contain inorganic fiber and any of various polymers. The composition is normally insulative.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,281,261 discloses coating a fabric such as rayon, cotton or polyacrylate with a refractory such as alumina and then carbonizing to provide a ceramic fabric having considerable strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,077, issued Apr. 9, 1985 to Richard K. Elton shows the batchwise production of fabrics made of fibers and coated with a pyrolyzed organic material with the organic material being such that it does not boil or sublime at the temperature of pyrolysis. The process preferably operates at a temperature of 650.degree. to 750.degree. C. and results in a product having differing resistivities from one part of the sample to another.
The prior art neither teaches nor suggests a continuous process for making an electrically conducting cloth, a plurality of parallel individual fibers or a bundle of fibers having an appropriate and reproducible sheet resistance by a chemical vapor deposition process.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving one or more of the problems as set forth above.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a process is set forth for continuous vapor deposition of a carbonaceous film onto a longitudinally extending web comprising a plurality of matted or woven fibers, a plurality of parallel individual fibers, or a bundle of fibers, of a refractory or ceramic refractory vitreous material, said web having a leading end and a trailing end, to produce a coated web having a controllable resistance along its length and a substantially uniform resistance across its width. The process comprises directly applying an organic precursor to the web in liquid and/or solid form, the applying being at a temperature below the sublimation, boiling or decomposition temperature of the organic precursor. The web is continuously moved, leading end followed by trailing end, through a hot chemical vapor deposition zone maintained at a temperature which falls within a range from about 800.degree. C. to about 1200.degree. C. while maintaining the deposition zone substantially oxygen free. The residence time of each portion of the web within the deposition zone is restricted to be less than that which deleteriously effect the properties of the resulting carbonaceous film coated web. The organic precursor, under the residence time and temperature conditions in the deposition zone, is selected to be substantially completely converted by sublimation, boiling and/or decomposition, to one or more vaporous species in the deposition zone and is further selected to either (1) sublime or boil at a temperature in excess of about 400.degree. C. or (2) to not decompose at a temperature of less than about 300.degree. C., to form said one or more vaporous species.
Operation in accordance with the method of the present invention provides a web having a carbonaceous film which has a controllable resistance along its length and a substantially uniform resistance across its breadth. The web can be in the nature of a woven or non-woven fabric, a yarn, a roving or a plurality of parallel individual fibers, either touching or spaced slightly apart, and may be used as formed or may be thereafter processed. Furthermore, throughput can be at a very high rate whereby the coated web can be produced in large quantities. Unexpectedly, one gets true chemical vapor deposition by the process of the present invention rather than mere surface charring of the organic precursor.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically, a process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 illustrates, schematically, a process in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
Best Mode for Carrying Out Invention
In accordance with the present invention a process, as shown schematically in FIG. 1, is set forth for the continuous vapor deposition of a carbonaceous film onto a longitudinally extending web 10 which is comprised of a plurality of matted or woven fibers, a plurality of parallel individual fibers, or a bundle of fibers, of a refractory ceramic or refractory vitreous material. The web 10 has a leading end 12 and a trailing end 14. The resulting product is a web 10 having a coating thereon, the web 10 having a controllable resistance along its length and breadth.
The fibers are preferably formed of a refractory ceramic material, for example of a refractory metal oxide such as for instance: Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.K.sub.2 O.SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2 (SiF.sub.6).sub.2, Al.sub.2 SiO.sub.5, BaO, BaSO.sub.4, Ba.sub.2 V.sub.2 O.sub.7, 3BeO.Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.6SiO.sub.2, BeO, Cd.sub.2 P.sub.2 O.sub.7.2H.sub.2 O, CdSiO.sub.3, CaO, CaSiO.sub.3, CaSO.sub.4, Ce.sub.2 O.sub.3, Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, Cr(PO.sub.4).3H.sub.2 O, Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4, HfO.sub.2, La.sub.2 O.sub.3, PbO, PbWO.sub.4, Li.sub.4 SiO.sub.4, MgO, MnP.sub.2 O.sub.7, MnSiO.sub.3, MoO.sub.3, Mo.sub.2 O.sub.3, NiO, Ni.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, SrSiO.sub.3, SrO, Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5, TiO.sub.2, Ti.sub.2 O.sub.3, WO.sub.3, UO.sub.2, V.sub.2 O.sub.3, V.sub.2 O.sub.4, Zr(OH).sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, non-oxide ceramic refractories such as carbides, e.g., silicon carbide, nitrides, e.g., boron nitride or metal nitrides or mixtures of ceramic refractory materials such as aluminum borosilicate, etc. Other useful materials include refractory vitreous materials such as silicate glass or magnesium aluminosilicate glass. More generally, however, any type of glass fibers can be utilized which can be formed into a web, e.g., woven into or matted into a fabric, provided that the glass fibers can withstand the deposition temperature. The sheet resistance of the plurality of the web from which the fabric is made should exceed 1,000 ohms per square.
Measurement of sheet resistance is a standard test and consists of pressing two 1 inch cubes of copper against a surface of the cloth 10 with the two copper pieces being 1 inch apart and with parallel edges whereby an area of 1 inch.times.1 inch on the web 10 is between the pieces of copper. The resulting resistance from one piece of copper to the next is then measured. This is known as the resistance per square. This test is described in, for example, Electronic Design, Feb. 15, 1974, at page 96. When the fibers are a plurality of parallel fibers or a bundle of fibers the sheet resistance is measured with the fibers packed in intimate contact with one another.
In accordance with the present invention a conducting coating is formed which encapsulates a majority of the fibers and more preferably encapsulates substantially all of the fibers. Substantially each fiber is substantially completely coated with the coating. The coating includes at least about 70 atomic percent carbon and is generally applied in a sufficient quantity to render the web 10 electrically conducting with a sheet resistance which lies between about 0.1 ohm per square and about 1,000 ohms per square. Basically, the coating is a pyrolyzed carbon coating.
In accordance with the process of the invention an organic precursor 16 is applied to the web 10 in liquid and/or solid form. In some instances a solution of the organic precursor 16 will be applied and the solvent removed, e.g., evaporated, to leave the dried organic precursor 16 on the web 10. The applying occurs at a temperature below the sublimation, boiling or decomposition temperature of the organic precursor 16, generally at ambient temperature. In accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1 the web 10 is led from a feed reel 18 through a vessel 20 which includes the organic precursor 16 and wherein the web 10 passes beneath the surface of the organic precursor 16. Thereafter, the web 10 is led into a hot chemical vapor deposition zone 22, past a heater 24, and then out of the hot chemical vapor deposition zone 22 and onto a takeup reel 26. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment wherein the organic precursor 16, which may be a liquid, a solid or a mixture thereof, is applied to the web 10 using appropriate spray nozzles 28 and 30.
While these methods for applying the precursor to the web 10 are preferred, it will be obvious that virtually any method of applying the precursor may be used, provided only that the method of such applying yields a reasonably uniform distribution of the precursor across the web 10 and a controllable distribution of the precursor along the length of the web 10.
In the case wherein the organic precursor is one which will sublime or boil prior to decomposition, such precursor should be selected to be one which sublimes or boils at a temperature in excess of about 400.degree. C. and below about the temperature maintained in the hot chemical deposition zone 22. In the case wherein the organic precursor is of such a nature that it decomposes at a temperature below its sublimation or boiling temperature, such decomposition temperature should be above about 300.degree. C.
It is essential to the practice of the present invention that the organic precursor, under the residence time and temperature conditions of the deposition zone, is selected to be substantially completely converted by sublimation, boiling and/or decomposition to one or more vaporous species under the conditions in the deposition zone. This assures that the process being carried out is one of chemical vapor deposition as opposed to mere surface charring.
The residence time of each portion of the web 10 in the deposition zone 22 should be controlled to be short enough so that the resulting conductively coated web 10 is not deleteriously effected. Generally, the residence time will be no more than about 100 minutes. It is an advantage to the practice of the present invention that the residence time of each portion of the web 10 within the deposition zone 22 can be restricted to be less than about 30 minutes and preferably less than about 15 minutes since this assures a high production rate. The minimum residence time is that which will be just sufficient to convert substantially all of the precursor to one or more vaporous species.
The temperature within the hot chemical vapor deposition zone must be maintained within a range which falls between about 800.degree. C. and about 1200.degree. C. If lower temperatures than 800.degree. C. are utilized the vapor species resulting from the organic precursor are not sufficiently pyrolyzed to form a coating of the desired properties. If higher temperatures are utilized the properties of the web may be deleteriously effected.
The deposition zone must be maintained substantially oxygen-free. This can be accomplished by working under an inert atmosphere, for example, nitrogen, argon, or the like, or working with a vacuum with the only pressure being that due to the vapor species produced from the organic precursor. For ease of operation it is preferred that the process be carried out under an inert atmosphere. In such an instance the inert atmosphere can be utilized to keep oxygen out of the hot chemical vapor deposition zone.
It is essential to the present invention that the heater 24 have sufficient capacity to rapidly heat the web to the desired temperature in the range between about 800.degree. C. and about 1200.degree. C. Thus, a relatively high capacity heater 24 should be utilized.
It is preferred that the conducting coating or film which encapsulates the fibers comprise no more than about 17 weight percent of the web 10, more preferably no more than about 10 weight percent of the web 10 and still more preferably no more than about 5 weight percent of the web 10. The coating preferably comprise at least about 0.001 weight percent of the web 10.
It should be noted that it is not essential that the organic precursor cover the entire surface of the web 10 although such is preferable. Since the process taking place in the hot chemical vapor deposition zone 22 is true chemical vapor deposition, it is possible to coat only a portion of the web 10 and still to obtain uniform coating of the film across the web 10. However, since the vaporous species tend to deposit somewhat near to the point of their formation, it is desirable to have a relatively uniform coating of the precursor.
The process of the present invention is carried forth to provide a web 10 with a desired resistance which falls within a range from about 0.1 ohm per square to about 1,000 ohms per square. Uniformity of coating is obtained over the surface of the web 10 from lateral edge to lateral edge and from leading end to trailing end. The amount of coating can be varied by increasing or decreasing the amount of the organic precursor 16, if desired. Thus, for example, if one desires to make a 100 meter length of web 10 with a sheet resistance of 10 ohms per square and then an additional 100 meter length of web 10 with a resistance of 800 ohms per square, one can simply change the amount of organic precursor 16, by decreasing that amount after the first 100 meters of web 10 have been coated, and one will then obtain a higher (800 ohms per square) resistance for the following 100 meters of web 10. Thus, one may selectively obtain different amounts of coating along the length of the web 10. In such an instance, however, the sheet resistance laterally across the web 10 at any particular longitudinal position will be substantially uniform.
The process of the invention is advantageously used to produce woven or non-woven, generally flexible, fabrics by using woven or non-woven refractory ceramic or refractory vitreous fibers as the web 10.
The process of the present invention can also be carried forth using a plurality of parallel individual fibers or a bundle of fibers as the web 10 to provide a plurality of parallel individual fibers or a bundle of fibers with a desired electrical resistance. Uniform control of coating is obtained along the lengths of the plurality of parallel individual fibers or bundle of fibers from leading end to trailing end. The amount of coating can be varied by increasing or decreasing the amount of organic precursor 16, if desired. Across the width of the plurality of parallel individual fibers or bundle of fibers the coating is uniform. The electrical resistance of the fiber or bundle of fibers will depend on the amount of coating and the size and number of fibers present in the bundle. One may selectively obtain different amounts of coating along the length of the plurality of parallel individual fibers or bundle of fibers, providing a gradation of electrical resistance along the length of the fibers or bundle of fibers.
When an inert atmosphere is utilized in the hot chemical vapor deposition zone 22 the inert atmosphere will generally be swept through the hot vapor deposition zone 22 to remove any undesired pyrolysis products. A vacuum pump may be used to impel this flow or, it may be impelled simply by introduction of the inert gas under pressure. When a vacuum is used in the hot chemical vapor deposition zone 22 any undesired pyrolysis products will be removed by the vacuum in a conventional manner.
Generally, the amount of film deposited on the web 10 can be controlled to ensure that the web 10 remains flexible. This is particularly useful when the web 10 is in the nature of a cloth. Very high amounts of film formed on the web 10 will, of course, reduce such flexibility.
The film or coating which is deposited by chemical vapor deposition on the web 10 is a carbonaceous film which has a controllable resistance along its length and generally contains at least about 70 atomic percent carbon and more usually at least about 85% carbon.
An advantage of the present invention is that great control of uniformity can be achieved because of the continuous nature of the process. The uniformity of coating achieved by the present invention cannot be achieved by coating processes described in the prior art. A second advantage of the present invention is that it allows the manufacture of the coated web, be it a fabric, a plurality of parallel individual fibers, or a bundle of fibers, at a very high rate, and therefore at low cost.
The chemical structure of the organic precursor is of virtually no importance to the practice of the present invention so long as it has the sublimation, boiling, and/or decomposition temperature ranges as described above. Generally, the organic precursor will be selected from organic precursors in which a majority of the atoms of the compound are carbon and hydrogen atoms. It is essential to the practice of the present invention that the organic precursor be substantially completely converted by sublimation, boiling and/or decomposition to one or more vaporous species in the deposition zone. The chemical vapor deposition which occurs in the zone is, in essence, the chemical vapor deposition of the vaporous species produced from the organic precursor. That is, what is occurring is true chemical vapor deposition rather than mere charring on the surface of the web 10.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following illustrative examples:
Example 1
A web of Nextel.RTM. (a registered trademark of 3M Company) aluminum borosilicate cloth, 3.5 inches wide by 30 feet long, was sprayed with a solution containing poly(styrene) so that after drying the web comprised approximately 0.1% poly(styrene) by weight. The web was then pulled through a 900.degree. C. hot zone with a residence time of approximately 8 minutes. The process was conducted in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the initial 6 feet of cloth, 24 feet of ceramic cloth evenly coated with a carbonaceous film was obtained. The sheet resistance of the coated cloth along the entire 24 foot length was 227 ohms/square, .+-.24 ohms/square.
Example 2
A web of Nextel.RTM. aluminum borosilicate cloth, 3.5 inches wide by 30 feet long, was evenly coated with 18 gram powdered solid zinc phthalocyanine, giving a loading of about 0.014 gram zinc phthalocyanine per square inch of web. The web was then placed under a vacuum and pulled through a 900.degree. C. hot zone with a residence time of about 24 minutes. After the initial 6 feet of cloth, a 24 foot length of cloth evenly coated with a carbonaceous film was obtained. The sheet resistance of the coated cloth along the entire 24 foot length was 18 ohms/square .+-.2.4 ohms/square.
Example 3
A web of Nextel.RTM. aluminum borosilicate cloth, 3.5 inches wide and 30 feet long, was evenly coated with 3 gram powdered solid zinc phthalocyanine. The web was then placed under a vacuum and pulled through a 900.degree. C. hot zone with a residence time of 5 minutes. After the initial 6 feet of web, a 24 foot length of cloth evenly coated with a carbonaceous film was obtained. The sheet resistance of the coated cloth along the entire 24 foot length was 536 ohm/square .+-.63 ohms/square.
Example 4
A web of Nextel.RTM. aluminum borosilicate cloth 3.5 inches wide and 30 feet long was dip coated with a solution of poly(styrene). After drying, the cloth was coated with about 0.006 gram poly(styrene) per square inch of cloth. The web was placed under an atmosphere of nitrogen and pulled thorugh a hot zone at 900.degree. C. with a residence time of about 8 minutes. After the initial 6 feet of web, a 24 foot length of cloth evenly coated with a carbonaceous film was obtained. The sheet resistance of the coated cloth along the entire 24 foot length was 33 ohm/square .+-.2.4 ohm/square.
In each of the above examples the first 6 feet of the cloth were not evenly coated because they were resident in the deposition zone during the heat up. The remaining 24 feet of cloth are representative of what is obtained during continuous operation of the process.
The above examples demonstrate that webs having controllable and very uniform sheet resistance are provided in accordance with the present invention. As will be noted, the resistance varies no more than .+-. about 10%.
Example 5
An approximately 30 feet long roving composed of approximately 2,800 S-2 Glass.RTM. filaments of 0.00038 inches in diameter, manufactured by Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation was dip-coated with a solution of 4% polystyrene in methylene chloride and then allowed to dry in air. The coated roving was then pulled through a hot zone held at 856.degree. C. under a flow of nitrogen with a residence time of 3.5 minutes. After cooling, the coated roving had a resistance of 314 ohms/centimeter along its length. The resistance was measured between two alligator clips placed one centimeter apart.
Example 6
An approximately 30 feet long roving composed of approximately 2,800 S-2 Glass.RTM. filaments of 0.00038 inches in diameter, manufactured by Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation was dip-coated with a solution of 4% polystyrene in methylene chloride and then allowed to dry in air. The coated roving was then pulled through a hot zone held at 900.degree. C. under a flow of nitrogen with a resistance time of 3.5 minutes. After cooling, the coated roving had a resistance of 68 ohms/centimeter along its length. The resistance was measured between two alligator clips placed one centimeter apart.
Industrial Applicability
The present invention provides a process for the continuous vapor deposition of a carbonaceous film onto a longitudinally extending web moving through a chemical vapor deposition zone. The resulting web 10 is useful as a resistance heater, an electromagnetic shield, an electromagnetic reflector, an antenna, or the like. The process of the present invention allows the production of such a web 10 from a wide variety of precursor materials in an inexpensive and very rapid manner.
While the invention has been described with respect to certain specific embodiments thereof it will be understood that many variations are possible within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
I claim:
1. A process for continuous chemical vapor deposition of a carbonaceous film onto a longitudinally extending web comprised of a plurality of matted or woven fibers, a plurality of parallel individual fiber, or a bundle of fibers, of a refractory ceramic or refractory vitreous material, said web having a leading end and a trailing end, to produce a coated web having a controllable sheet resistance along its length and a substantially uniform sheet resistance across its breadth, comprising: directly applying an organic precursor to the web in liquid and/or solid form, the applying being at a temperature below the sublimation, boiling or decomposition temperature of the organic precursor; and continuously moving the web, leading end followed by trailing end, through a hot chemical vapor deposition zone maintained at a temperature which falls within a range from about 800.degree. C. to about 1200.degree. C. while maintaining said deposition zone substantially oxygen-free, the residence time for each portion of the web within the deposition zone being restricted to be less than that which would deleteriously effect the properties of the web having the vapor deposited carbonaceous film, the organic precursor, under the residence time and temperature conditions in the deposition zone, being selected to be substantially completely converted by sublimation, boiling and/or decomposition, to one or more vaporous species in said decomposition zone and being selected to either (1) sublime or boil at a temperature in excess of about 400.degree. C. or (2) to not decompose at a temperature of below about 300.degree. C. if said organic precursor decomposes at a temperature below its sublimation or boiling temperature, to form said one or more vaporous species.
2. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said residence time is no more than about 100 minutes.
3. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said residence time is no more than about 30 minutes.
4. A process as set forth in claim 1, where said applying step applies substantially an equal quantity of said organic precursor along the length of said web whereby the resulting coated web has a substantially uniform resistance along its length.
5. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said deposition zone has an inert gas atmosphere.
6. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said deposition zone is maintained substantially under vacuum save for said one or more vaporous species.
7. A process as set forth in claim 1, further including: continuously removing vaporous byproducts from said deposition zone.
8. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of said fibers is covered over substantially its entire exposed surface with said carbonaceous film.
9. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said web comprises a plurality of matted or woven fibers.
10. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said web comprises a plurality of parallel individual fibers.
11. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said web comprises a bundle of fibers.
12. A process as set forth in claim 1, wherein said organic precursor is in solution and including, after applying said organic precursor and before continuously moving said web, allowing said solution to dry.