Method and Apparatus for Immunoassays

FIG. 1 is a cross-section of an apparatus for performing an immunoassay in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view of a porous member used in the invention for removing antigen from a sample being assayed.

As noted above, the apparatus of the present invention comprises, as a first member, a porous membrane or filter to which is bound receptor for a ligand or to which is bound anti-receptor or which is capable of filtering cellular material from a sample being assayed if the ligand is associated with the cellular material. In the last case, the membrane or filter is selected to have a pore size which permits this separation. Any of a variety of filtering members may be used including glass fiber filters and filters of various synthetic or natural materials.

When the porous member has receptor bound to it, the receptor is selected for its ability to selectively bind directly with the target ligand. For example, if the ligand is an antigen, the receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody. If the target ligand is an antibody, the receptor may be an antigen or anti-antibody. If the ligand is an enzyme, the receptor may be receptor for the enzyme. If the ligand is a nucleic acid, for example, RNA or DNA, the receptor may be a complementary oligomer of DNA or RNA. In a preferred embodiment the first member is a membrane or filter to which an antibody preparation is covalently bound. Preferably the antibody preparation comprises a monoclonal antibody even though polyclonal antibodies from antisera may be used. Techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation are now well known and require no citation here.

The material of the porous member is selected from a material to which the receptor or, if used, anti-receptor can be bound. In the case of protein receptors or anti-receptors, e.g., antibodies or antigens, a preferred material is nylon which has amino group residues or into which such groups have been introduced by chemical means, which permit a protein to be coupled to it by the well known glutaraldehyde method. Antibodies can be coupled to glass fibers through aminosilanes. Other natural or synthetic materials which can be coupled directly or through intermediates to a receptor may also be used.

The foregoing stresses chemical binding of the receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member. However, in appropriate cases the receptor or anti-receptor may be coated on the porous member or be a particulate which is entrapped within the interaction of the porous member. Therefore, as used herein, the term "bound" is intended to embrace any means for fixing receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member.

The second member is an absorbent member having capillary passageways generally transverse to the upper and lower surfaces. The second member is assembled with the first in a manner which permits direct communication between the pores or interstices of the first member and the capillaries of the second. Thus, as a liquid is applied to the first member and saturates it, the liquid is drawn into the absorbent member. As a result, flow can be induced through the first member when a liquid sample is applied to the upper surface of the first member even though the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid is so low that unaided it could not flow through the first member without the application of pressure to force it through or a vacuum to draw it through.

The selection of material for the second member is not critical and a variety of fibrous filter materials can be used. A useful material is cellulose acetate fibers oriented as in a cigarette filter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other absorbent members made of polyester, polyolefin or other materials may be used in place of cellulose acetate.

Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown in cross-section a device which can be used with the apparatus of this invention to perform the assays. Thus, in FIG. 1, a cylindrical container 10 although it may have any other appropriate shape is provided having an upper opening 12 defined by sidewall 14. The container may be made of glass, plastic, or other suitable material. As shown in FIG. 1, container 10 also has a lower opening 16, in which is inserted a removable plug 18, to permit insertion of the porous member 20, a circular membrane or filter disc, and an optional member 21, whose function is described below, which rest on cylindrical absorbent member 22, which is also inserted through opening 16.

A portion of container 10 is constricted as shown in FIG. 1 by reference numeral 24 to provide an integral funnel to direct sample onto the member 20 and to assure that effective washing of sample and other addends onto the member 20 is accomplished.

The size of member 22 and, therefore, the volume of the portion of container 10 below the constriction is preferably selected so that all of the liquid to be added to the apparatus during an assay can be received in and retained in absorbent member 22. Means for venting air (not shown in FIG. 1), for example, small ports, is provided in container 10, near the bottom, to allow displaced air to escape. Optionally, the bottom of container 10 can be eliminated and liquid allowed to pass through members 20 and 22 and exit the container through the bottom. However, since the article is intended to be disposable and to facilitate the disposal of sample in a simple and hygienic fashion, it is preferred to use a structure shown in FIG. 1.

As previously noted, member 20 may be used to either filter cellular material from a sample or as a support for bound receptor against the ligand being assayed. In either case, the liquid sample may be applied to the member 20 by introduction through opening 12. After it permeates the member 20 and the liquid is drawn therethrough by and into absorbent member 22, a solution of labeled receptor is added through opening 12 to member 20.

The labeled receptor then binds either to ligand bound to receptor on the member 20 or associated with cellular material trapped on the surface of 20. In the case of an immunometric assay, if member 20 has a monoclonal antibody bound to it, and the labeled antibody is also a monoclonal antibody, the two antibodies are selected to bind to non-interfering antigen binding sites as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110 and application Ser. No. 323,498 filed June 6, 1981, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.

Preferably the soluble receptor is labeled with an enzyme although other conventional assay labels may be used in appropriate circumstances. For example, a fluorescent label such as fluorescein or phycoerythrin or a radionuclide can also be used. Useful labels also include microspheres loaded with a colored dye or with a fluorescent particle. Among other useful labels may be mentioned liposomes or other vesicles loaded with a colored dye or fluorescent particles.

After the labeled receptor solution has passed through the member 20, a washing liquid is applied to member 20 to flush unbound labeled receptor from member 20 and into member 22. The sloping structure of the walls 24 provides an integral funnel to facilitate application of the washing liquid to the walls to remove adhered residue of the labeled receptor solution.

The addition of labeled receptor solution and washing liquid to the member 20 may be preceded by brief incubation periods to permit more extensive binding by receptor or ligand in solutions trapped on, or in the interstices of member 20 and, thereby, increase the sensitivity of the assay. We have found, however, that such incubation steps are either unnecessary or may be very brief, i.e., generally on the order of 60 seconds or less. The flow of solutions containing ligand or labeled receptor through the member 20 results in a substantially faster rate of binding than is observed in the absence of flow.

If the receptor label is an enzyme, after washing to remove unbound receptor from member 20, a solution of the enzyme substrate is added to member 20. If the target ligand is bound either to receptor bound to member 20 or to cellular material on member 20, the ligand will have bound to it a portion of labeled receptor. The enzyme will cause the substrate to react and generate, if properply selected, a visual color change.

We have found that when cellulose acetate is used as the material for the absorbent member 22 it may bind labeled receptor non-specifically at its upper surface. Accordingly, some visual color change may occur at this surface just under the member 20. To avoid this color change being visualized through member 20, a separating member (designated 21 in FIG. 1) of porous polyethylene or other material which does not bind receptor non-specifically is preferably disposed between members 20 and 22.

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a top view of member 20. The phantom line 26 represents the outer circumference of the area 28 in which ligand is bound in a preferred embodiment. This area has a diameter less than the diameter of the restriction formed by walls 24 at its narrowest point. Thus, when an enzyme is used as the receptor label the following results may occur: (1) the development of more color in the area 28 than in the periphery of member 20 will be read as a positive result; (2) if no color development is observed in member 20, a negative result is read; (3) if after washing some labeled receptor remains in the member 20, a modest color change which is uniform over the entire visible surface may occur. Such result is also interpreted as negative.

The foregoing is a general description of the apparatus and process of the invention. We have found it useful in performing immunoassays from introduction of sample to reading a positive result in less than five minutes. Thus, in a specific example, a monoclonal antibody against human choriogonadotropin (HCG), an antigen which is elevated in the urine of pregnant women, is bound to a porous nylon membrane using the glutaraldehyde technique and placed in a container such as 10 in FIG. 1 and supported there by an absorbent member of cellulose acetate but separated therefrom by a disc of porous polyethylene.

Samples of urine (4 ml containing 0 and 50 mIU/ml of HCG) were added to the apparatus described and drawn through members 20 and 21 into the absorbent material 22. Three (3) drops of a solution of second monoclonal antibody against HCG to which is bound alkaline phosphatase were then added. After a brief incubation, about 1 minute, during which time the conjugate is drawn through member 20, 4 ml of water was added to remove unbound antibody from member 20. This addition was followed by three drops of a solution containing indoxyl phosphate, a substrate for alkaline phosphatase. After two minutes no color developed in the device used to test the sample containing no HCG (0 mIU/ml). For the 50 mIU/ml HCG sample a distinct blue color developed in the center of the disc within thirty seconds which became dark blue within two minutes. No color developed in the periphery of the disc. The entire assay consumed about five (5) minutes. It will be appreciated that the sensitivity of the assay may be adjusted by varying the volume or incubation times.

Although the invention has been described using an assay for HCG as an example, it will be appreciated that a similar assay for other antigens may be constructed. The entire list of target antigens is too lengthy to be listed, but antigens such as IgE, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, alphafetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, leutenizing hormone, creatine kinase MB and other antigens in serum, plasma, urine or other liquid media may be detected. Additionally, liquid samples containing material having antigens associated therewith such as antigens associated with bacteria, parasites, fungi, or viruses including, for example, group A and B streptococcus, Neisseria gonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus can be detected by using a filter which will trap the cells or a filter to which antibody specific for the antigen is bound as member 20. Addition of a solution of a monoclonal antibody labeled, for example, with an enzyme, will result in binding of the antibody to the antigen. Washing and substrate addition will result in the color change associated with presence of the labeled antibody on the cells, which can be detected visually or by aid of an instrument.

If a label other than an enzyme is used, the procedure may be varied. Fluorescence of the membrane could be measured if a fluorescing label is used. If a radionuclide label such as .sup.125 I is used, the membrane can be removed and counted.

The foregoing has stressed the application of the invention to sequential immunometric assays with monoclonal antibodies, i.e., an immunoassay using a first monoclonal antibody receptor on the porous member and a second monoclonal antibody receptor which is labeled. Sample is added to the porous member followed by labeled antibody. Other assay variants are possible. For example, in the case of an immunometric assay, the labeled antibody and sample may be admixed prior to addition to the porous member.

The apparatus of this invention may also be used in assays for an antibody which employ an antigen as first receptor on the solid phase and which use labeled antigen or labeled anti-antibody as the second receptor. The latter is particularly suited to allergy specific assays where the first receptor is an allergen bound to the porous member and the second receptor is an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, to IgE. In other cases, the IgG response to allergens may be measured similarly, i.e., by using an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody against IgG, as the second receptor. Other antibody tests which can be carried out in this manner include tests for antibodies to herpes, rubella, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus and HTLV-III.

In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is used to perform competitive assays, i.e., assays in which the ligand receptor is bound to the porous member and for which the ligand in the sample competes with a fixed quantity of labeled ligand added to the sample solution or added following sample addition. Competitive immunoassays are conveniently run in this fashion using an antibody, for example, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody preparation as receptor bound to the solid phase. Labeled antigen can be added to the sample before the sample is added to the porous memer. Alternatively, it can be added subsequent to addition of the sample or concurrently therewith.

The apparatus of the invention can also be used to detect an enzyme by binding the enzyme's receptor to the porous member as the assay receptor. A labeled antibody against the enzyme can be used to detect formation of a receptor-enzyme complex on the porous member.

The porous member can also be based with a nucleic acid oligomer as a probe-receptor for nucleic acid material in a sample. The probe may be an oligomer of DNA, for example, complementary to a sequence in the nucleic acid of interest and can be used to bind either RNA or DNA as ligand as the case may be. Detection of the ligand-receptor complex can be done using a second nucleic acid oligomer complementary to a non-interfering region of the nucleic acid ligand of interest, the second oligomer being labeled to permit detection.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, the porous member may have anti-receptor bound to it. As used herein, the term "anti-receptor" is intended to refer to agents which will bind selectively to the receptor of a ligand-receptor pair. For example, if the ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody, for example, a mouse IgG antibody (preferably a monoclonal antibody), the anti-receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, against murine IgG. In other cases the receptor may be conjugated with a moiety which binds selectively with the anti-receptor. For example, the moiety may be a hapten and the anti-receptor an antibody against the hapten. A preferred such hapten is fluorescein. In other cases, the anti-receptor may be avidin. In that case, the receptor will have biotin bound to it. In other cases, the receptor may be nucleic acid oligomer, or have such an oligomer bound to it, and the anti-receptor may be a nucleic acid segment complementary to a portion of the receptor oligomer which does not impair receptor binding with the ligand. Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing that a variety of anti-receptor:receptor combinations may be employed.

When an anti-receptor is used, the sample may be assayed in a variety of ways. For example, in a "sandwich assay" first receptor and second, labeled receptor may be combined with the sample to bind ligand prior to addition to the porous member. Alternatively, first receptor and sample may be combined prior to addition to the porous member, or added in the sequence first receptor then sample, to be followed by addition of labeled receptor. In such sandwich assays, the anti-receptor is selected to bind the first receptor and not the labeled receptor.

The use of an anti-receptor bound to the porous member makes it possible to simplify development and preparation of the porous member useful in ligand-receptor assays. For example, if receptor is bound to the porous member, it may be necessary to modify the binding procedure in order to optimize the binding of each receptor required for a panel of assays. However, a single anti-receptor bound to the porous member may be employed in a plurality of assays. As a result, the development effort and manufacturing procedures may be greatly simplified when such a "universal" porous member is possible.