Security and Alarm System

This invention relates to a security and alarm system and, more particularly, to a security and alarm system capable of detecting a variety of hazardous situations that might reasonably occur in a home or industrial property, such as theft, fire, heart attack, and the like, capable of signaling the occurrence of such conditions to other parties, and utilizing a sophisticated coding scheme for reliably transmitting an indication of the alarm condition over noisy communications channels, such as those available on citizens band radios.

Home security systems of various types have previously been developed. These systems use one or more sensors to detect one or more alarm conditions, such as an intruder, a fire, a drop in temperature due to a furnace failure, and so forth. These prior systems typically actuate an audible alarm, the purpose of which is to scare away any intruder, warn all persons present of the alarm condition, and to warn other persons in the immediate vicinity of the alarm condition. However, if there is no one in the building and if persons in the immediate vicinity do not hear and respond to the alarm, the system is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some prior systems have also been provided with a device which, when triggered, will automatically dial the police or a security service, but an intruder can defeat these systems by cutting the telephone lines to the building prior to entering the building. One approach to overcoming these problems, in particular with respect to making neighbors or other persons in the vicinity aware of an alarm condition, is to provide a system which can communicate with other systems in nearby buildings using radio waves, for example over citizens band channels, since citizens band transceivers are readily available at relatively low cost.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set aside 40 channels for citizens band radios, of which 6 can be used for coded signals such as radio control applications. Since the FCC made these channels available to the general public without examination requirements, there has been a great interest in using these channels for control and signaling purposes ranging from simple transmitter identification schemes to rather complex systems like those used for the remote control of model airplanes, boats, and cars. As a simple example, a person might like to avoid hearing the continual verbal chatter that is normally present on the typical citizens band channel by having a device connected to his receiver that would only permit an audio output when his receiver receives a unique signal transmitted specifically to him, for example by his neighbor or his spouse. The receiving station, although continually receiving radio signals generated by the transmitting station of interest and also all other citizens band stations within range, would thus produce an audible output only when another transmitting station emitted the requisite unique signal. The person at the receiving end would then be called upon to listen to the extremely noisy conditions that prevail on the usual citizens band channel only when the person at the transmitting end was trying to reach him, rather than continuously.

Although such arrangements are easy to imagine, the situation is quite different in practice, because of a number of legal and physical restrictions imposed on citizens band systems.

First, unlimited Radio Frequency power is not available, because the Federal Communication Commission limits the RF power of a citizens band transceiver to 4 watts (except on one channel 23, which can be used with up to 25 watts). With simple antennas, this restricts the range of such systems to approximately five miles.

Second, the Federal Communications Commission forbids internal adjustment and modification of citizens band transceivers except by holders of the appropriate class of FCC license, and restricts rather severely the adjustments and modifications even those persons may make. In particular, modifications to increase power output and/or to change the modulation techniques are illegal. Consequently, a security and alarm system using citizens band transceivers would have to inject signals into an unmodified citizens band transceiver in the normal way, namely through the microphone input, and since citizens band transceivers are designed to accept voice signals in the audio range, the injected signals would have to be in that range of frequencies, for example from 300 Hz to 3000 Hz.

Third, the above-mentioned restrictions on internal modifications to citizens band devices would also limit the security and alarm system to observing the audio output of the receiver, which may not reproduce the waveform of a transmitted signal with great accuracy. In fact, only sinusoidal signals may be counted on to come through with a reasonably faithful degree of reproduction, due to the narrow audio bandwidth of the transceiver.

Fourth, the citizens band channels are continually filled with other interfering signals which are in themselves legal, since they originate from other licensed stations transmitting voice signals. Since these other transmitters are often mobile stations, the signals received are often very strong. Attempting to receive information from a station five miles away while a transmitter fifty feet away is transmitting is a challenging task, because the strong signals from the nearby transmitter will typically capture the automatic gain control loop of the receiver and thus suppress the signal from the remote transmitter.

These interfering signals can in a sense be referred to as "noise", and one might think that their effects can be readily overcome, because noise suppression and filtering techniques are highly developed and are widely used in the scientific, engineering, and radio communications field. However, the "noise" on the citizens band channels is quite different from the noise that communications technology can suppress, in that it is highly variable in intensity and spectral content with respect to time. That is, the citizens band "noise" is "nonstationary", whereas "stationary" noise has statistical properties such as amplitude distribution and power spectral density that do not change with time. Accordingly, it is far more accurate to think of the interfering signals as "jamming" signals which are highly variable in amplitude, frequency, and pattern of occurrence.

One approach to solving these problems is to start with a simple audio oscillator generating a precisely known frequency in the audio range, for example 1 KHz. This signal is in the passband of the typical citizens band transceiver, and will be transmitted as though it were a normal voice signal. At the receiving end, the 1 KHz signal will be received (if the interfering signals are sufficiently weak), and may be passed through a filter designed to pass only a narrow range of frequencies centered on 1 KHz. The output of this filter will be large only if a 1 KHz signal is being received, and could be taken as an indication that the transmitting station of interest was transmitting. A relay could then be closed, allowing the audio output of the receiver to reach an external loudspeaker or other form of audible alarm, thus enabling the person at the receiving end to hear what was being transmitted.

Many such simple systems have been designed and marketed. They do not work well, however, for the simple reason that normal speech patterns contain substantial amounts of energy in the frequency range surrounding 1 KHz, and this energy causes the narrow band filter to frequently respond to voice signals in exactly the same way that it would respond to the enabling signal from the transmitting station of interest.

An approach to improving the situation would be to pick a better frequency or use narrower filter bandwidths. Because of the restricted bandwidth of the CB transceiver, however, there aren't any frequencies significantly better, and as the receiving filter bandwidth is made narrower, it becomes technologically difficult to make sure that the transmitter and receiver are aligned to the same audio frequency.

Another approach is to use combinations of two or more frequencies transmitted simultaneously or sequentially in an attempt to make the triggering signal sufficiently different from voice signals so that the receiver may reliably tell the two apart. Many attempts have been made in this direction, but none have produced entirely satisfactory results. The problem of reducing the probability of a false alarm to sufficiently low levels while keeping the probability of detecting a true alarm sufficiently high for the system to fulfill its intended purpose is thus difficult. Utilizing relatively simple electronics, it is very hard to generate signals significantly different from those appearing as normal background chatter on the citizens band channels; female voices are particularly likely to trigger such devices with great regularity, due to their strong high frequency content.

The objects and purposes of the invention are met by providing a method and apparatus for transmitting from a radio transmitter to a radio receiver a message which includes a plurality of characters arranged in a predetermined sequence. Each character of the message is transmitted in the form of a 48-bit binary word, which is made up of six 8-bit binary words. The first 8-bit binary word is a predetermined binary number, the second and third 8-bit binary words are identical and are a binary number representing the position in the message of a selected one of the characters, the fourth and fifth 8-bit binary words are identical and are a binary number representing the selected character, and the sixth 8-bit binary word is a predetermined binary number different from that of the first 8-bit binary word.

In a preferred form of the invention, the bits of the first 8-bit binary word are all binary 0's, and the bits of the sixth 8-bit binary word are all binary 1's. The binary number representing the selected character is the ASCII code representing the selected character. The characters of the message are preferably sent successively and the message is preferably sent repeatedly, so that in effect the transmitter is transmitting a continuous string of binary bits at a first rate. The receiver continuously accepts binary bits at a rate slightly different than the rate at which the transmitter transmits, and the receiver continuously evaluates the 48 bits most recently received in order to determine whether the bit pattern thereof corresponds to a valid transmission.

A system embodying the present invention can provide security from theft, fire, and personal injury to the occupants of a dwelling, an industrial building, or other semi-enclosed space. The system can signal the presence of alarm conditions to nearby neighbors via a radio link utilizing readily available and inexpensive citizens band transceivers. With suitable battery back-up capability installed, the system can maintain communication with neighboring systems even if all telephone and power lines to the protected building have been severed. Use of citizens band channels gives the system a range of approximately five miles, which is sufficient to supply adequate private protection to an entire residential subdivision. In the event of an unlawful entry into someone's home, the intrusion can be detected and signaled to all other surrounding systems, with the effect that all of the person's neighbors having similar systems can be alerted to the fact that the intrusion is taking place, advised where it is taking place, and given pertinent information such as police and fire department telephone numbers and other, information that the homeowner may choose to transmit. The alerted neighbors can then take appropriate action, whether it be to call the police, arouse the homeowner, or turn on their lights and observe so that they may be witnesses.

Signaling between the various systems of the network is by means of the complex coded signal described above, so devised as to be reliably distinguishable from the voice signals that are normally present on any citizens band channel by a pattern checking arrangement. The coded signals are sufficiently complex so that only the complex coded signals generated by the device at the transmitting end are recognized by the device at the receiving end as a valid message indicating the existence of an alarm condition. The false alarm probability of the system is thus extremely low, and experimental results suggest that it is substantially zero. The system embodying the invention has never been observed to trigger on voice signals.

Although special purpose hardware to do the generation and analysis of the coded signals can readily be designed, it is relatively expensive to manufacture. Generation and analysis of the coded signals is thus preferably carried out by a digital computer, namely, a computer of the type commonly referred to as a home computer or a personal computer. The computer can also be used to implement a number of other useful functions without a significant increase in system cost. Furthermore, the computer can still be used for its more ordinary functions, such as game playing, budget analysis, or technical computations, so that purchase of the system actually provides more possible functions than just security.

Also, since most computers of this type are equipped with some form of cathode ray tube which serves as a video display, are equipped with the ability to display textual information in alphanumeric form, and typically have rather extensive graphics capabilities, the alarm system according to the invention can provide a much more informative and useful display than is commonly provided in conventional systems.

When the system is first installed, the user enters data into the computer, such as his or her name, address, telephone number, doctor's telephone number, etc., and this data is transmitted to neighboring systems in the event that an alarm situation is detected. In the event of an alarm, this data is received by all nearby security systems of the same type, and is displayed on the video display of each. Thus, all one's neighbors are immediately informed of the fact that there is an alarm condition, are advised where it is located, and are provided with a displayed list of telephone numbers and other data to allow them to take appropriate action immediately, based on the type of alarm that occurred. In addition, alarm conditions may also cause the system to set off audible alarms at the host installation to inform or awake the occupants and scare away intruders.

The system according to the invention has several advantages over existing systems. The number of sensors it is capable of scanning is much greater than that normally provided, even on large industrial systems, and allows a much higher degree of instrumentation of the home environment than has been previously practical. For example, all doors and windows in a typical dwelling may be monitored. The sensors are scanned at a much faster rate than in prior systems, reducing the possibility that an unauthorized intrusion may go unnoticed and reducing the delay between a sensor status change and its detection by the system. Operation of the system cannot be aborted by cutting telephone lines, because alarms are transmitted to neighboring systems primarily by radio signals, although a telephone dialing capability can be provided. The amount of information provided at neighboring installations in the event of an alarm condition is far greater than in prior systems, allowing far greater flexibility of response on the part of neighbors and other persons in the vicinity. It is not necessary to contract with a telephone answering service or an alarm company, because neighbors fill that role on a mutually cooperative basis. Also, it is not possible to tell from outside the protected building that such a system is installed, although one might choose to advertise the fact. The only external indication of the system's existence is the ubiquitous citizens band antenna, which may be placed in the attic or some other inconspicuous location if concealment is desired. Large antennas are not necessary unless extreme range is desired.

It is quite difficult to deliberately jam the system embodying the invention, especially if there are a number of such systems installed in a given neighborhood. All that is necessary is that the transmission of an alarm indication get through to any one of the many identical systems in the network. Deliberate jamming is particularly difficult to carry out, because the system is technically capable of functioning on any of the citizens band channels, of which there are forty at the present time, and it is unlikely others will be aware of which channel the neighborhood has selected to operate the network on for a particular month, week or day.

The system is inherently frequency agile, and normally produces no radio frequency emissions whatsoever unless an alarm condition occurs. The system achieves satisfactory data transmission despite the presence of voice signals during the frequent lulls or intervals of silence in such signals. The system does not attempt to overpower such voice signals. Instead, system signals garbled by voice signals are ignored by the receiving station, and valid data is again received and displayed when the disturbing voice transmissions temporarily cease. In the extremely unlikely event that voice signals coincident with data transmissions do cause the system to make a mistake and display an erroneous character on the video display, the ability of a human being to comprehend the message even though one or two characters are incorrect will render the error negligible. In any event, the system will typically correct such an error automatically the next time it receives the message, since the message is transmitted repeatedly once an alarm condition occurs.

A complete understanding of the invention and its features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a security and alarm system embodying the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a frequency-to-binary converter circuit which is a portion of the circuitry of an interface board which is a component of the system of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphs showing hysteresis characteristics of respective portions of the frequency-to-binary converter circuit of FIG. 2;

FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a further portion of the circuitry of the interface board of FIG. 1, including input and output ports and a digital-to-analog converter circuit;

FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of a scanner board which is a component of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of a temperature sensor and comparator circuit which is a further portion of the interface board of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a coded data format used in inter-system data transfer in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a pattern recognition sequence used to analyze received data;

FIGS. 8 through 12 are flowcharts of respective portions of a sequence which is used in the system of FIG. 1 and facilitates graphical entry of a time/temperature profile; and

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary time/temperature profile as graphically displayed by the system of FIG. 1 on a visual display which is a component thereof.

For convenience, a brief overview of the system will be given prior to a detailed explanation of the various parts thereof.

With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a security and alarm system which includes a computer 1. The computer 1 includes a CPU 1A, memory 1B, video display 1C, keyboard 1D and input/output control 1E. The computer 1 is a conventional, commercially available device and is therefore not described in detail. In the preferred embodiment, the computer 1 is a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III.

Computer 1 exchanges digital signals with an interface board 5 using address lines 1F, control lines 1G, and a bidirectional data bus 1H. Interface board 5 in turn sends and receives digital signals to and from up to four scanner boards 6, causing the logic circuitry thereon to determine the status of up to 64 sensors 10 for each scanner board 6, for a maximum of 256 sensors. The digital signals sent from the computer 1 through the interface board 5 to the scanner boards 6 select, in a manner described later in detail, which of the 256 possible sensors 10 is being interrogated. Each sensor 10 is a switch, a relay contact or some other device having a pair of contacts which are either open or closed, and after sensing it the associated scanner board sends an electrical signal which is a logic 0 or a logic 1 back to the computer 1 through the interface board 5 to indicate whether the contacts are open or closed. The program in the computer 1 then compares the status of each sensor with its desired status, which is specified by the user when the system is installed. Any discrepancy between the status of a given sensor and its desired status is interpreted by the program as an indication of an alarm condition.

The interface board 5 is also connected to a conventional citizens band (CB) radio transceiver 12, for example a Radio Shack TRC-422A, thereby permitting the security and alarm system to communicate with other identical systems using radio waves. The information signals passed between the interface board 5 and the transceiver 12 are audio frequency analog signals in the 300-3000 Hz range. The transceiver 12 is normally kept in receive mode.

If the security and alarm system has detected an alarm condition via its sensors 10, it will send digital control signals to its radio transceiver 12 in order to place the transceiver 12 into transmit mode. The computer 1 has a table of numbers therein which correspond to various amplitudes at equally spaced intervals along a sinusoidal waveform. This digital data is sent sequentially at a rate proportional to a desired frequency to interface board 5, where it is converted to analog form, filtered, and attenuated to produce a digitally synthesized sinusoid of precise frequency in the 300-3000 Hz frequency range. The frequency of the signal can be changed by changing the rate at which data from the table is transmitted. This audio frequency signal is used as an input signal by transceiver 12. Since transceiver 12 is in the transmit mode, modulated radio frequency emissions will be radiated by antenna 13 and can be received by any other such transceiver within a range of approximately five miles. Other security and alarm systems, which it is assumed are in the receive mode (since the probability of alarm conditions occurring simultaneously at two or more locations is extremely small), will receive the radio frequency emissions produced by the transmitting system. The audio output of the transceiver is filtered and converted into a digital signal by a frequency-to-binary converter circuit on the interface board (which circuit will be described in detail later). This digital signal is passed by the interface board 5 to the computer 1, where it is compared to the type of signal that would be received if alarm data were being transmitted by another system. Normally, no alarm condition is being detected by any such system, and the pattern of 1's and 0's received by the computer will be a random pattern caused by noise or by normal use of the CB channel by other people. In such a case, the pattern of 1's and 0's will not have the specific coding that coded alarm signals generated according to the invention would have. Consequently, the computer 1 simply ignores them. However, when an alarm condition is being signaled by one of the systems, the received patterns will "match" the data pattern expected in the event of an alarm condition and the video display 1C of the computer 1 is then used to display the transmitted message. This message will normally contain the location of the transmitting station, pertinent telephone numbers (e.g., the police), and other such data which the owner of the transmitting station has given it to transmit. Simultaneously, at both the transmitting system and all receiving systems, the computer 1 will cause an interface board 5 to activate one or more audible alarms 14 to alert the occupants of the dwelling in which the alarm condition was detected and the occupants of the dwellings in which the alarm indication is now being received that an alarm condition has been detected. Sufficient information will appear on the displays of the receiving systems to allow anyone receiving an alarm indication to take appropriate action. Such action could be of a variety of forms, depending on the time of day, the type of alarm condition signaled, proximity to the dwelling in which the alarm condition was detected, and other factors. Interface board 5 can also produce an output which activates a conventional automatic telephone dialing device 15, so that the originating system (that is, the one at which the alarm condition was detected) can automatically dial a telephone number of the owner's choice to transmit the alarm condition via telephone lines as well as via the radio link which is the main form of communication.

The system as a whole is powered by a conventional and not illustrated power source, which might be a source of alternating current such as conventional 115 volt, 60 Hz electrical power supply or might be a battery back-up system allowing extended intervals of system operation in the event of a power failure due to natural causes or deliberately introduced by someone seeking unlawful entry.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a circuit diagram of a frequency-to-binary converter, which accepts as an input the audio frequency output of the radio transceiver 12 and converts it into a digital signal (1's and 0's) suitable for processing by the computer 1. The audio input is obtained from the speaker output of radio transceiver 12, and is passed through an audio frequency filter consisting of resistors 18, 21 and 22 and capacitors 19 and 20. Resistor 18 and capacitor 19 form a low pass filter whose function is to remove extraneous hiss, static, and other forms of high frequency noise from the audio signal. Capacitor 20 and resistors 21 and 22 form a high pass filter whose function is to remove extraneous low frequency noise (generated largely by speech waveshapes) from the signal. Resistors 21 and 22 also form a voltage divider across the power supply in order to set the proper bias voltage at the inverting input of a comparator 28. Diodes 23 and 24 serve to prevent the input voltage to the inverting input of comparator 28 from going substantially above 5 volts or substantially below ground, since either condition will cause comparator 28 to generate spurious outputs unrelated to its intended function. Resistors 25, 26 and 27 serve two functions simultaneously. First, they set the bias voltage at the non-inverting input of comparator 28 to a level compatible with that set by resistors 21 and 22 at the inverting input. Second, mediated primarily by resistor 27, they provide positive feedback from the output of comparator 28 to its non-inverting input, thus causing the transfer characteristic of comparator 28 and its associated circuitry to exhibit a controlled amount of hysteresis, as shown in FIG. 2A, which causes comparator 28 to discriminate against noisy input signals based on their amplitude (whereas the filters referred to previously discriminate against noisy input signals based on frequency). Resistor 29 is a pull-up resistor for comparator 28, and plays a relatively minor role in the determination of the hysteresis width (at 28A in FIG. 2A) of comparator 28 and the bias level at the non-inverting input of comparator 28. As evident from FIG. 2A, the output of comparator 28 is a digital signal which is approximately 3.5 volts (logical 1) whenever the audio input is positive and is approximately 0 volts (logical 0) whenever the input audio signal is negative. Thus, the main function of the circuitry of FIG. 2, up to the output of comparator 28, is to convert the audio input signal (which may be thought of as a sinusoidal input signal at a given frequency) into a digital signal (a squarewave signal) having the same frequency as the sinusoidal audio input signal. In other words, it is a sine wave to square wave converter, albeit with carefully tailored filtering properties.

The digital output of comparator 28 is fed into the trigger input T of a monostable multivibrator 30 and into the data input D of positive edge-triggered D type flip-flop 34. The width of the output pulse produced at the Q output of monostable multivibrator 30 is determined primarily by resistor 32 and capacitor 31, but resistor 33 also plays an important role in determining the width of the output pulse, as described below. The Q output of monostable multivibrator 30 is used to clock D flip-flop 34. Ignoring the effect of resistor 33 temporarily, the combination of monostable multivibrator 30, its associated circuitry, and D flip-flop 34 constitute a pulse-width frequency discriminator which produces a digital output signal RCVBIT which is high (logic 1) if the frequency of the incoming square wave from comparator 28 is greater than 1000 Hz and is low (logic 0) if the frequency of the incoming square wave from comparator is less than 1000 Hz. Thus, monostable multivibrator 30, D flip-flop 34, and the associated circuitry can detect whether or not the frequency of the square wave out of comparator 28 is above or below a threshold frequency of 1000 Hz. The threshold frequency is, of course, controlled by the width of the output pulse generated by monostable multivibrator 30, which in turn is determined by the values of resistors 32 and 33, capacitor 31, and the output voltage level at the Q output of D flip-flop 34. Since the frequency of the square wave out of comparator 28 is essentially equal to the frequency of the incoming audio signal, RCVBIT is high (logic 1) if the frequency of the incoming audio signal is greater than 1000 Hz, and RCVBIT is low (logic 0) if the frequency of the incoming audio signal is less than 1000 Hz.

The binary digits of the coded transmissions from a system at which an alarm condition has been detected are transmitted serially as digitally synthesized sinusoidal signals where, for example, 1200 Hz represents a binary 1 and 600 Hz represents a binary 0. The overall function of the circuitry of FIG. 2 is to serially reproduce the transmitted pattern of 1's and 0's for subsequent analysis by the computer 1.

Since transitions from 600 Hz to 1200 Hz and back are noisy, spurious outputs from the circuit could result as the input frequency is changed. To avoid this, the pulse-width discriminator which includes monostable multivibrator 30, D flip-flop 34, resistor 32, and capacitor 31 is given a transfer characteristic having a certain amount of hysteresis. FIG. 2B is a graph of the output voltage at RCVBIT as a function of the frequency of the output signal from comparator 28. Resistor 33 produces a small, controlled amount of positive feedback, as follows. If RCVBIT is high, signifying that the input frequency is greater than 1000 Hz, the Q output of D flip-flop 34 is low, and resistors 32 and 33 form a voltage divider across the power supply, thereby lowering the voltage available for charging capacitor 31. This increases the pulse width of the monostable multivibrator 30 and thus lowers the threshold frequency of the pulse-width discriminator to approximately 800 Hz. On the other hand, if RCVBIT is low, signifying that the input frequency is less than the threshold frequency of the pulse width discriminator, the Q output of the D flip-flop will be high, and resistors 32 and 33 will both be connecting capacitor 31 to approximately 4 to 5 volts, so that the capacitor 31 is charged in a manner producing a pulse width for the monostable multivibrator 30 which corresponds to a threshold frequency of 1000 Hz. In effect, resistor 33 causes the pulse-width discriminator to have two threshold frequencies, the higher one being in effect if the input frequency is low, and the lower one being in effect if the input frequency is high. This produces hysteresis which discriminates against noise in the input frequency.

The frequency-to-binary converter of FIG. 2, although containing a relatively small number of parts, is thus seen to be to perform a multiplicity of functions, and the careful attention paid to noise reduction in every available way should be apparent. The performance of this circuit is important to the performance of the system as a whole.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the circuit of the interface board 5 of FIG. 1. The bidirectional data bus 1H from the computer 1 is connected to an octal buffer 102 which serves an input port and to two octal latches 103 and 35 which serve as output ports 1 and 2, respectively. The address and control lines 1F and 1G from the computer 1 are connected to a conventional address decoding circuit 101 which in turn is connected to enable inputs of the buffer 102 and the octal latches 103 and 35. When the address decoding circuit 101 determines that the computer 1 is addressing the input port, it sends an enable signal to the buffer 102 which causes the buffer 102 to place onto the respective lines of the 8-bit data bus the digital signals present at its eight data inputs. Similarly, when the address decoding circuit 101 determines that the computer 1 is addressing one of the latches 103 and 35, it sends an enable signal to the selected latch which causes that latch to be loaded with the data placed on the bidirectional data bus by the computer 1. This information is then available at the data outputs of that latch until the latch is again loaded.

FIG. 3 also shows a digital-to-analog converter 106, together with an output buffer amplifier 107. The digital-to-analog converter 106 includes eight resistors 36-43 and eight resistors 44-51. The resistors 44-51 are connected in series and one end of this serial arrangement is connected to ground, and the resistors 36-43 each connect a respective output of the octal latch 35 to a respective node in the serial arrangement of resistors 44-51. This arrangement is called an R-2R ladder because resistors 36-43 have twice the resistance of resistors 44-51. It is well known that the DC output voltage at the point labeled D/A OUTPUT is proportional to the digital number in the octal latch 35, where the least significant bit of the digital number corresponds to resistor 36 and the most significant bit corresponds to resistor 43. The D/A OUTPUT is a relatively large signal, and this high-level signal is used as an audio input to the transceiver 12 and also as a comparison voltage for analog-to-digital conversion of analog signals from one or more temperature sensors which can be used to detect a low or high temperature alarm condition and can also be used as part of an energy management system. The D/A OUTPUT signal is sent to a buffer amplifier 107 which includes resistors 52, 53, 54 and 55, current-mode operational amplifier 55, and capacitor 56. The output voltage of operational amplifier 55 is connected through a DC blocking capacitor 57 to a potentiometer 58, which permits the amplitude of the AUDIO OUTPUT signal from the buffer amplifier 107 to be adjustably attenuated to the small voltage level necessary for applying it to the microphone input of radio transceiver 12 (FIG. 1). Since the output voltage D/A OUTPUT of the R-2R ladder varies in small steps, capacitor 59 and potentiometer 58 serve as a low pass filter whose cutoff frequency is selected to smooth out the step changes in the digitally synthesized waveform so that they do not get into the microphone input of the transceiver 12.

The low-level AUDIO OUTPUT signal is transmitted by the transceiver 12 when the transceiver 12 is in the transmit mode. The computer 1 feeds digital numbers which are proportional to respective amplitude values at equally spaced intervals along a sinusoid to output latch 35 at a rate suitable to generate one complete cycle every 0.00167 seconds (if a transmitted audio tone frequency of 600 Hz is desired) or every 0.000833 seconds (if a transmitted audio tone frequency of 1200 Hz is desired). The AUDIO OUTPUT signal from potentiometer 58 is the digitally synthesized sinusoid of precisely determined frequency referred to previously. Obviously, the hardware can be used to generate other types of audible (and sub-audible and ultrasonic) signals as well. In particular, digitally synthesized music, alarm tones of any desired pattern of pitch and/or intensity, and digitally synthesized speech signals can also be produced by this circuitry.

FIG. 4 shows a sensor scanner circuit which permits the computer 1 to selectively determine the status (contacts open or closed) of any of up to sixty-four of the sensors 10. Through the octal latch 103 (FIG. 3), the computer places a bit (logic 1 or logic 0) on the line in FIG. 4 named DATA-. This signal is inverted by a digital inverter 61, and serves as the serial data input to a shift register 60. Via the octal latch 103, the computer then briefly lowers the line CLOCK-, which is inverted by an inverter 62, thereby clocking the shift register 60, causing all data therein to be shifted and the input data on the line DATA+to be loaded into the first flip-flop of shift register 60. This sequence is repeated eight times in a row, with a different value being output by the computer on the DATA- line each time. In this way, the computer 1 can, under program control, load shift register 60 with any desired 8-bit number. In the disclosed security system, the number is a sensor address from 0 to 255. The left-most three bits of the shift register are connected to the select bits A, B, C of a three-to-eight decoder 63, causing the corresponding one of the eight output lines Y0-Y7 to go low (logic 0), while all other output lines of the decoder will remain high (logic 1). The second three bits of the shift register 60 are connected to the select bits A, B, C of an eight-to-one data selector 64, causing the corresponding one of the eight input lines to be transferred through the data selector 64 to its output.

Normally, each data input line of the selector 64 is held high (logic 1) by a corresponding one of eight resistors 66-73 which are each connected to +5 v. However, the contacts of each sensor 10 are respectively connected to a respective row and a respective column of an array 74 of sixteen wires, eight of which are connected to the eight outputs of decoder 63 and eight of which are connected to the eight inputs of data selector 64. There are no direct electrical connections between any of these 16 wires. If the contacts 75A and 75B of a selected sensor 10 are open, the corresponding wires are not connected and the corresponding input line to data selector 64 will remain high (logic 1). On the other hand, if the sensor contacts 75A and 75B are closed, the corresponding output Y1 of decoder 63 will be connected to input 7 of data selector 64 by the engagement of contacts 75A and 75B. Thus, for example, when select inputs A, B, C of decoder 63 have the values 001 (binary 1), Y1 will go low (logic 0), and when select inputs A, B, C of data selector 64 have the values 111 (binary 7), the low output on Y1 will be coupled to input 7 of data selector 64 by the short between contacts 75A and 75B and will appear at the output W of data selector 64. Thus, output W will be high if there is no connection between contacts 75A and 75B, and will be low if there is a connection therebetween. Changes in the state of the sensor contacts 75A and 75B can therefore be detected. Output W is inverted and sent back to the computer 1 as digital signal OUTPUT- via octal input port 102.

Contacts 75A and 75B have been used only as an example in the foregoing discussion. By controlling the bit pattern in shift register 60, the computer 1 can sequentially interrogate all 64 of the sensors 10 and determine if any of the eight horizontal wires have been connected to any of the eight vertical wires.

The last two bits of shift register 60 are connected to switches 79 and 80 so that either Q.sub.G or Q.sub.G - or Q.sub.H or Q.sub.H - may be selected as inputs to the enable inputs G2B and G2A of decoder 63. The eight bits held by shift register 60 are sufficient to address 256 sensors, but the basic scanner circuit of FIG. 4 handles only 64. Setting switches 79 and 80 to any one of their four possible combinations of settings determines which one of the four groups of 64 sensors that are contained in the 256 possibilities will cause a given one of four scanner boards 6 to respond: 0-63, 64-127, 128-191, or 192-255. Four scanner boards 6 having their switches 79 and 80 set to respective positional combinations may thus be used simultaneously in a given system. Consequently, up to 256 different sensors may be handled by the system. All data lines out of the scanner boards, such as OUTPUT- and CHECK- are driven by open collector inverters as at 76 and 81 so that all scanner boards 6 can be connected to the interface board 5 through a common cable. Normally, the computer 1 interrogates the status of each of the sensors 10 in ascending or descending order, but this is merely a programming convenience; the sensor scanner circuit of FIG. 4 allows sensors to be interrogated in any order, including random and/or repeated interrogations of the same sensor for validation purposes if that is desired.

A certain amount of self-diagnostic capability is included in the circuit of FIG. 4. The eighth bit of shift register 60 is fed back as output CHECK- from each scanner board 6 to the computer 1 via open collector inverter 81. As a result, computer 1 can feed known test patterns serially through each shift register 60 and verify that the desired pattern did indeed get into shift register 60. A substantial amount of the more troublesome parts of the system, for example the interconnecting cables, can be at least partially checked this way.

The occupant of the dwelling in which the system is installed must be able to get back into the dwelling without causing the security system to set off an alarm. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 3, a key-operated switch 65 which is operable from outside the dwelling is connected to an input of the input port 102. The occupant uses a key to deactuate this switch before entering the dwelling. When the normal scanning of the sensors 10 indicates that a change in state of one of these sensors has occurred, namely that one of the doors has been opened as the occupant enters, the system immediately checks to see whether the key-operated switch 65 has been deactuated. If so, no alarm is given. If not, then an alarm is issued.

The occupant must also be able to get out of the dwelling without setting off an alarm. In the preferred embodiment, the occupant pushes a predetermined key on the keyboard 1D (FIG. 1), and the system then gives the occupant about four minutes and 15 seconds to leave the house and close any doors. Alternatively, the system could simply wait until the key switch 65 is reactivated by the occupant after leaving the dwelling.

FIG. 5 illustrates a further portion of the circuitry on the interface board 5, namely, a temperature sensor and temperature comparator circuit. A basic component of this circuit is a conventional and commercially available device 82 whose output current is proportional to absolute temperature. Resistor 83 supplies an input current to the inverting input of a current mode operational amplifier 86. Operational amplifier 86 and resistor 84 function as a current differencing amplifier, producing an output voltage proportional to temperature on a Centigrade or Fahrenheit scale, rather than on an absolute temperature scale. The linear output voltage range of operational amplifier 86 may thereby be made to occur over a selected temperature range, for example from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water, rather than from absolute zero to room temperature. Capacitor 85 slows down the response of operational amplifier 86 so that small random variations in instantaneous temperature of the device 82, such as may be caused by wind or convection currents in the air, do not cause significant changes in the output voltage of operational amplifier 86. Operational amplifier 86 thus functions as a low pass filter as well as a differential amplifier. The output voltage of operational amplifier 86 is compared by a comparator circuit, which includes comparator 89 and resistors 87, 88 and 90, with the high level output voltage obtained from the D/A converter 106 (FIG. 3). This voltage is controlled by the computer 1. TEMP1, the output voltage from comparator 89, is fed back to the computer 1 via input port 102 (FIG. 3) on interface board 5, so that the computer 1 can determine whether or not the output voltage of the digital-to-analog converter 106 is less than or greater than the output voltage of operational amplifier 86, and thus determine the temperature at the temperature sensitive device 82. The interface board 5 preferably includes three of the temperature sensing circuits shown in FIG. 5, the output D/A OUTPUT from the digital-to-analog converter being connected to each such circuit and the respective outputs TEMP1, TEMP2 and TEMP3 of these three circuits being connected to respective inputs of the input port 102, as shown in FIG. 3. The temperature sensitive devices 82 can be provided at respective locations in the dwelling which are spaced from interface board 5, and they may thus be used to measure three different indoor temperatures, and if the security and alarm system is connected to the heating plant for the dwelling, a three-zone heating system can be implemented. Alternatively, one of the devices 82 can be used to measure the outdoor temperature. The system architecture is not limited to three temperature sensors; provision of more input ports on the interface board allows the number of temperature sensing circuits to increase to almost any desired degree at relatively low cost. The digital-to-analog circuitry is shared among all temperature sensing circuits, and need not be duplicated.

As shown in FIG. 3, an output ZONE1 of the output port 103 is connected through a resistor and transistor to a relay 92 which can control a furnace capable of supplying heat to the portion of the dwelling in which the temperature sensitive device 82 (FIG. 5) is located. Two additional outputs ZONE2 and ZONE3 are preferably connected through similar relays to two additional furnaces which can respectively supply heat to the portions of the dwelling having the temperature sensitive devices which are connected to the inputs TEMP2 and TEMP3 of input port 102.

The three furnaces are controlled independently in the preferred embodiment, and the manner in which one such furnace is controlled will now be described. The occupant of the dwelling provides the system with data which specifies the desired temperature in the region of the temperature sensitive device 82 at various times during the course of a day. This data is stored in the memory 1B. In order to measure the actual temperature in the region of the temperature sensitive device 82, the system sends to output port 35 (FIG. 3) a digital number which the system estimates to be the actual temperature. This digital number is converted to an analog voltage by the D/A converter 106, and the comparator 89 in FIG. 5 compares this analog signal to an analog signal from the operational amplifier 86 which represents the actual temperature at the temperature sensitive device 82. The result of the comparison is a digital signal (TEMP1) at the output of comparator 89 which is high if the actual temperature is higher than the estimated temperature and low if the actual temperature is lower than the estimated temperature. The system reads the TEMP1 signal through input port 102, and then increments or decrements its temperature estimate, based on the state of TEMP1, in order to bring the temperature estimate closer to the actual temperature. The system repeats this sequence several times, each time using its most recent revision of the estimated temperature, and in due course the estimated temperature will substantially conform to the actual temperature. Using this approach to measure the actual temperature takes longer than would be required if a dedicated analog-to-digital converter were provided to convert the analog output of the temperature sensitive device 82 into a digital number, but the slowness is preferable because it filters out small temporary fluctuations in the output signal from the temperature sensitive device 82, for example those caused by air turbulence, and has the additional advantage of avoiding the cost of a dedicated analog-to-digital converter.

After the system has measured the actual temperature in the manner just described, it locates the temperature which the dwelling occupant has previously specified for the current time of day, and compares this specified temperature to the measured temperature. If the measured temperature is above the specified value, the system deactuates the relay 92 (FIG. 3), which will turn the associated furnace off if it is on and will keep it off if it is already off. On the other hand, if the measured temperature is below the specified temperature, the system actuates the relay 92 in order to cause the associated furnace to supply heat to the region of the temperature sensitive device 82.

The occupant of the dwelling can provide the system with a separate time/temperature profile for each additional temperature sensitive device, and the system independently controls the furnace associated with each such temperature sensitive device in a manner analogous to that just described. Instead of providing separate furnaces, it would alternatively be possible to provide a single furnace and to selectively actuate valves which control fluid flow through conduits which carry heat from the furnace to the region of each of the respective temperature sensitive devices. Further, the system could control one or more air conditioning systems in a manner analogous to that described above for heating systems.

As mentioned above, the occupant of the dwelling provides the system with a time/temperature profile which specifies the desired temperature in the region of the temperature sensitive device 82 at various times during the course of a day, the time/temperature profile being stored in the memory 1B (FIG. 1). In order to permit the occupant to enter and/or modify the time/temperature profile, the system graphically displays the time/temperature profile as a curve on the video display 1C (FIG. 1), and then permits the user to alter the time/temperature curve, while visually observing it, by pressing certain keys on the keyboard 1B. FIGS. 8-12 depict in flowchart form the software routines which facilitate the graphical display and alteration of the time/temperature profile, and FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary time/temperature profile as graphically displayed by the system on the video display 1C (FIG. 1).

Referring to FIG. 8, when the occupant places the system in a mode for entry of time/temperature data, processing begins at block 121 and proceeds to block 122, where subroutine DRAW is called. The subroutine DRAW is responsible for producing on the screen of the video display 1C the framework for the graph, including labels and grid lines. In particular, referring to FIG. 9, processing begins at block 123 and proceeds to block 124, where the display is cleared. Then, in block 126, the horizontal axis representing time is labeled at 170 in hours from 5 (5:00 A.M.) to 20 (8:00 P.M.). Then, in block 127, the vertical axis is labeled at 171 in increments of 3.degree. F. from 49.degree. F. to 88.degree. F. Then, in blocks 128 and 129, a grid of spaced broken horizontal lines 172 and spaced broken vertical lines 173 are drawn on the display. Thereafter, block 131 returns control to the flowchart of FIG. 8 at block 122.

Thereafter, control proceeds to block 132 of FIG. 8, which is a call to the subroutine OVER. The subroutine OVER is shown in FIG. 10, and at block 133 draws an initial flat time/temperature curve horizontally across the display 1C at 70.degree. F. Then, at block 134, the cursor is positioned on the curve at the left end thereof and is turned on, and then control returns to the flowchart of FIG. 8 at block 132.

Control then proceeds to block 136 of FIG. 8, which is a call to the subroutine DECODE. The subroutine DECODE is shown in FIG. 11. The subroutine DECODE gets from the memory 1B (FIG. 1) any time/temperature curve data previously entered by the occupant and displays it on the display 1C in place of corresponding portions of the initial flat curve drawn by the subroutine OVER of FIG. 10. If a complete time/temperature curve has previously been entered, it will replace the entire initial flat curve which was tentatively drawn on the display by the subroutine OVER. An exemplary time/temperature curve is shown at 177 in FIG. 13 and is a series of segments which each represent a time interval of fifteen minutes, two of which are shown at 178 and 179.

The subroutine DECODE returns control to the flowchart of FIG. 8 at block 136, and control proceeds to block 138, where the system waits for the occupant to press a key on the keyboard, and then examines the character received from the keyboard in order to determine which key was pressed. In particular, at block 139, the character from the keyboard is checked to see if the "break" key was pressed to indicate that the occupant is finished entering or changing time and temperature data. If so, processing of time and temperature data is terminated at block 141. If not, then in blocks 142-145 the system successively checks to see if the key pressed was one of the four keys which respectively indicate that the cursor is to be moved up, down, right or left on the that the cusor is to be moved up, down, right or left on the screen. If it is determined in block 142 that the cursor is to be moved up, then at block 147 the cursor and the fifteen minute curve segment on which it is positioned are shifted upwardly on the display by 1.degree. F. Similarly, if it is determined at block 143 that the cursor is to be moved downwardly, then at block 148 the cursor and the fifteen minute curve segment on which it is positioned are moved downwardly by 1.degree. F. on the display. If it is determined at block 144 that the cursor is to be moved rightwardly, then at block 149 the cursor is shifted right fifteen minutes to the adjacent segment and positioned thereon. Similarly, if it is determined at block 145 that the cursor is to be moved to the left, the cursor is shifted left fifteen minutes to the adjacent curve segment and positioned thereon. Control proceeds from each of the blocks 147, 148, 149 and 151 to the block 138, where the system waits for the occupant to press another key on the keyboard. Thus, by pressing the cursor control keys, the occupant can adjust the time/temperature profile in any desired manner.

When the occupant is satisfied with the displayed time/temperature profile and wants to store it in the memory 1B, he presses a key which causes the keyboard to send the system a "carriage return" character, and in FIG. 8 the system checks for this character at block 152. When this character is received, processing proceeds to block 153 and a call is made to subroutine ENCODE, which is shown in FIG. 12. Referring to block 154 of FIG. 12, the subroutine ENCODE takes the time/temperature curve which the occupant has entered on the display and stores it in the computer memory 1B. Then, control is returned to FIG. 8 at block 153, and proceeds to block 156 where a call is made to subroutine DECODE. As previously described, subroutine DECODE retrieves from the memory 1B the time/temperature curve stored by the subroutine ENCODE, and draws it on the display. Then, control returns to block 138, where the system waits for the occupant to press another key. As already mentioned, when the occupant has finished entering, adjusting and/or storing the time/temperature curve, he presses the "break" key and, at blocks 139 and 141 of FIG. 8, processing of time and temperature data is terminated.

With respect to the drawing of FIG. 6, there is shown a coded data format according to the invention which is used to transmit data from one system to another. The data to be transmitted is referred to as a message. There are two important characteristics about any message: the characters (letters, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks, etc.) which it includes and the sequence in which the characters occur. Wrong characters obviously constitute a garbled message, but correct characters in erroneous sequence are equally disastrous. The coded format in FIG. 6 is based on a number pair. The first number, in the range of 0-255, is simply the 8-bit ASCII code for a particular character. The character's position within the message is given by the second number. Each message in the system of FIG. 1 can include up to 128 characters. Consequently, 7 bits are required to define the position of a given character, and the number pair is thus a 2-byte quantity. (A byte is 8 bits).

The effects of noise and/or jamming signals can cause a properly transmitted character to be received incorrectly; the character byte may be incorrect, the position byte may be incorrect, or both may be incorrect. All three situations are equally undesirable. Therefore, it is desirable to include some form of verification that a byte received, whether a character byte or a position byte, is indeed correct before it is output to the receiving system's display screen. According to the invention, and as shown in FIG. 6, the position byte is sent twice, and then the character byte is sent twice. Obviously, a greater number of repetitions could be used, reducing the probability of accepting an invalid character/position pair to as low a level as desired.

If a long string of such numbers is transmitted, it is difficult to know where the beginning of the first data byte is. This is referred to as the synchronization problem. In the coded data format in FIG. 6, the two identical position bytes are therefore preceded by a start byte of all binary 0's (00000000) and the two identical data bytes are followed by a stop byte of all binary 1's (11111111). The coded format used to transmit one character is thus six bytes or 48 bits in length: a start byte, two identical bytes for redundant transmission of the character position byte, two identical bytes for redundant transmission of the character itself, and a stop byte. As an example, sending the message "CAT" would require transmission of the following three 48-bit strings:

The ASCII codes for C, A, and T are C=01000011, A=01000001, and T=01010100, and they are respectively the 00000000, 00000001, and 00000010 characters in the message.

The three 48-bit strings above are repeated below, with spaces inserted between bytes in order to make the example easier to understand:

Translated into conventional letters and decimal numbers, this reads:

A serially received string of 48 bits may or may not represent a valid 6-byte transmission from another security and monitoring system. To be valid:

(a) the first byte must be 00000000;

(b) the sixth byte must be 11111111;

(c) the second and third bytes must be identical;

(d) the common binary value of the second and third bytes must be between 0 and 01111111 (decimal 127);

(e) the fourth and fifth bytes must be identical; and

(f) the common binary value of the fourth and fifth bytes must lie between 00100000 (decimal 32) and 01011010 (decimal 90) inclusive, which includes the ASCII codes for all the capital letters, all commonly used punctuation marks, and the decimal digits 0-9.

Thus, according to the invention, a serially received 48-bit word is treated as a valid transmission only if several important conditions are met. Special purpose hardware to check these conditions could be designed without difficulty, but they can also be checked quite rapidly by the computer 1 using a suitable sequence of compares and/or subtractions. FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the sequence of steps the computer 1 preferably follows to check these conditions. Assuming that all the tests have been passed and the 48-bit word is indeed valid, the receiving computer 1 will then display the character specified in the second byte at one of 128 positions on its display screen specified by the fourth byte. If, on the other hand, the 48-bit word does not meet all of the requisite conditions, the 48-bit word being analyzed does not represent a valid transmission and it is not displayed. Instead, it is simply ignored.

In either case, whether the data is valid or not, the receiving computer 1 shifts the resulting 48-bit word of FIG. 6 left one bit, discarding the leftmost (oldest) bit, and then reads a new bit from the RCVBIT (FIG. 2) through the input port 102 and adds it to the 48-bit word as the rightmost bit. In essence, a 48-bit shift register is implemented in the memory of the computer 1, and each time a new bit is received the 48-bit word is shifted 1 bit and is then examined in detail again to see if it is a valid transmission from another system. If it is, it is displayed. If it is not, it is ignored.

There is no practical way to achieve absolute synchronization of the transmitting and receiving systems at the bit level. Therefore, it is entirely possible that a receiving system may be sampling received information at precisely the instants in time that the transmitting system is changing the bits it is sending. In such a case, valid data would be received very rarely, if at all. Preferably, the receiving system samples received information halfway between changes made by the transmitting system. In this case, highly accurate and consistent data transmission is normally achieved. If the transmitting and receiving rates are very nearly equal, very long periods of satisfactory reception can occur, but long periods of little or no reception can also occur. This is undesirable. It is therefore preferable that the transmitting and receiving bit rates differ in frequency by an amount so that simultaneous changing and sampling of data bits will occur periodically but for only short periods of time, no greater than the time required to transmit a 128-character message once. The sampling rate of the receiving system can, for example, be adjusted by varying the length of the delays shown in the flowchart of FIG. 7. The system may miss part of one transmission of the message, but it will receive the message correctly the next time it is transmitted.

It might be supposed that the 128 character positions referred to above are sequential positions on the screen of the displaying microcomputer. This need not be the case; in the system described here, the positions can be provided in groups at various locations on the screen. The data entry routines used when the system user enters his personal data into his system assign position numbers to his input characters in such a way that when these position numbers are received and transformed through the inverse function. The received characters are displayed in the same locations on the video display of the receiving system as the locations they were assigned upon entry into the transmitting system. Thus, the display format is substantially the same as the data entry format, allowing each user to exert considerable control over what will appear on the video display of all receiving systems in the event an alarm condition is detected at his location.

The coded data format illustrated in FIG. 6 and described above has been found to be very effective at avoiding false alarms. In the presence of interfering signals, the transmitting system is of course unaware that interference is taking place. It simply repeats the message a number of times. The receiving system receives valid data in the frequent lulls in the interfering signals, such lulls being very common with voice-generated interference, and ignores invalid data produced as a result of the interfering signals. Since position data accompanies and has equal status with the character data, the receiving system does not lose its place in the message. Missing characters are simply filled in and/or corrected on the next transmission of the message. Furthermore, if no station is transmitting valid message data, naturally occurring noise and interference never cause the receiving system to receive and display a valid message. Consequently, the system as a whole has an extremely low probability of false alarms.

Although a particular preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognized that variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus, including the rearrangement of parts, lie within the scope of the present invention.

The foregoing description of the security and alarm system according to the invention should be sufficient to permit a programmer of ordinary skill to generate the program required for the computer 1 shown in FIG. 1. Nevertheless, in order to ensure that a functional version of the program is readily available, an exemplary version of the program is set forth hereinafter. ##SPC1##