US 4,624,679 AGrant
Compositions Containing Antimicorbial Agents in Combination With Stabilizers
Issue Date:1986-11-25
•64 Claims
Abstract
Composition of an antimicrobial agent and an antioxidant having improved antimicrobial activity compared to the antimicrobial agent alone. The preferred environment of the invention is a composition of a thermoplastic resin, an antioxidant, and an antimicrobial agent, the latter two being compatible with the resin. The resin composition can contain other usual additives, and can be melt processed at an elevated temperature to form articles such as films or fibers having improved antimicrobial activity. A method for improving the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent by combining it with an antioxidant is disclosed. A method for melt-processing a resin composition containing an antimicrobial material is also disclosed, wherein the resin composition includes an antioxidant. The inventors have thus discovered and solved the problem of oxidation of an antimicrobial composition, particularly a resin composition containing an antimicrobial agent, which arises when the composition is processed at elevated temperatures, as are typically encountered when forming a fiber or film of the composition.
Metadata
Assignee
- Morton Thiokol, Inc.
Inventor
- Thomas C. McEntee
Application Information
Application Number:US 6884903
Filing Date:1985-01-03
Priority Date:1985-01-03
Art Unit:151
Classifications
IPC:
C09B 6700C08K 513C08K 559A01N 1102
Field of Search:
5238122650
Patent Drawings
This patent does not have any drawings.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to thermoplastic articles and compositions containing antimicrobial agents and to novel stabilizers for antimicrobial agents.
Background Art
It is well known that antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into thermoplastic materials during fabrication so the resulting thermoplastic articles will resist microbial growth. Thermoplastic compounds which are candidates for treatment include materials such as polyamides (nylon 6 or 6,6), polyvinyl chloride (with or without plasticizing agents), polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyethylene terephthalate (polyester), styrene-butadiene rubbers, other elastomers, etc. Antimicrobial agents which are candidates for incorporation into such thermoplastic materials include, but are not limited to, phenoxarsines (including bisphenoxarsines), phenarsazines (including bisphenarsazines), maleimides, isoindole dicarboximides having a sulfur atom bonded to the nitrogen atom of the dicarboximide group, halogenated aryl alkanols, isothiazolinone compounds, and organotin compounds. Others have also been used.
The known microbiocidal phenoxarsine and phenarsazine compounds include compounds represented by the formulas: ##STR1## where X is halogen or thiocyanate, Y is oxygen or sulfur, Z is oxygen or NH, R.sub.1 is halogen, lower alkyl (having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms), or thiocyanate, and n is from 1 to 4 inclusive. Examples of these phenoxarsines and phenarsazines include, but are not limited to:
10-chlorophenoxarsine;
10-iodophenoxarsine;
10-bromophenoxarsine;
4-methyl-10-chlorophenoxarsine;
2-tert-butyl-10-chlorophenoxarsine;
1,4-dimethyl-10-chlorophenoxarsine
2-methyl-8,10-dichlorophenoxarsine;
1,3,10-trichlorophenoxarsine;
2,6,10-trichlorophenoxarsine;
2,8,10-trichlorophenoxarsine;
1,2,4,10-tetrachlorophenoxarsine;
1,2,4,10-thiocyanatophenoxarsine;
10-thiocyanatophenoxarsine;
10,10'-thiobisphenoxarsine;
10,10'-oxybisphenarsazine;
10,10'-thiobisphenarsazine; and
10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA).
Many of these materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,288,674, issued to Yeager Nov. 19, 1966.
The microbiocidal maleimide compounds are exemplified by N-(2-methylnaphthyl)maleimide.
The microbiocidal isoindole dicarboximides having a sulfur atom bonded to the nitrogen atom of the dicarboximide group contain at least one group having the structure: ##STR2## wherein the hexagonal ring can have one to three sites of ring saturation.
Particular isoindole dicarboximides are the following: ##STR3##
An example of a isothiazolinone compound which has been found useful is 2-(n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one).
Other known antimicrobial agents are: bis(tri-n-butyl tin)oxide (TBTO); pentachlorophenol and its salts; zinc Omadine (a zinc derivative of pyridinethione sold by Olin Chemicals, Stamford, Conn.); 2'-hydroxy-2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenylether (Irgasan DP-300, sold by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Plastics and Additives Division, Hawthorne, N.Y.); 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Daconil 2787, sold by Diamond Alkali Company, Cleveland, Ohio); and 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (trade name Tektamer 100, sold by the Calgon Division of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.).
In all of these combinations of an antimicrobial agent and a thermoplastic material, the antimicrobial agent must: (1) have sufficient heat stability to avoid being destroyed or losing potency during fabrication; (2) not react with the thermoplastic resin nor any of its additives at elevated processing temperatures and other conditions; and (3) not become volatilized. In addition, the antimicrobial control agent should not impart undesirable features (odor, embrittlement) to the resin at use concentrations. A final requirement is that the composition effectively control microbial growth throughout the intended life of the finished article.
Synthetic fiber manufacture subjects the fiber composition to extremely rigorous conditions. For example, the fiber composition is melted and held at an elevated temperature prior to spinning. When spun, the composition is subjected to extremely high pressures and is further heated by the friction of extrusion. The extruded filaments are then cooled by ventilating them with air. The filaments have a large surface to volume ratio, and thus the composition is extensively exposed to atmospheric oxygen while cooling.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,345,341 claims thermoplastic compositions formed by blending an antimicrobial agent at a suitable ratio with chips of the polymer form prior to fabrication. The compositions are then spun into fibers. The degradation problem and possible solutions are not discussed.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,919,200 (Dubic, et al.) teaches incorporating a bacteriostatic agent in a thermoplastic composition, but simply specifies that the bacteriostatic agent should have a decomposition temperature above the molding temperature of the plastic. Many existing antimicrobial agents do not meet this criterion.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,556 (Morrison) describes the preparation of synthetic fibers which incorporate an antimicrobial agent, and claims antimicrobial properties are possessed by blends of the treated synthetic fiber with naturally occurring fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,279,986 (Hyman) describes preparation of a thermoplastic sheet material incorporating an antimicrobial agent. The specific antimicrobial agents clamed also are claimed to improve the thermal susceptibility of the sheet material. ("Thermal susceptibility" refers to the well known off-color that results from heating polyvinyl chloride resin materials.)
A weakness of all these patents is their failure to disclose that the antimicrobial agent present in the finished material often lacks some or all of its potency as a result of degradation during processing.
For example, if 500 parts per million (ppm) of OBPA is blended into a nylon composition, which is formed into fiber using conventional melt-spinning technology, only about 100 ppm of active OBPA will be present in the fiber.
This degradation has two important disadvantages. First, much of the antimicrobial agent is wasted so more of the agent must be incorporated in the chosen composition to provide a desired level of performance. Second, the decomposition products of the antimicrobial agent may be more easily released from a thermoplastic composition than the active agent. For example, when nylon fibers containing OBPA are vat dyed, much of the decomposition product (phenoxyarsenic acid) formed as a result of fiber fabrication migrates into the dye bath, necessitating removal before the dye effluent is released into the environment. If the amount of decomposition of OBPA during fiber formulation were reduced, the leaching of the phenoxyarsenic acid from fibers would be reduced.
Further, some known biological agents are not selected in these patents because the omitted agents are known to be insufficiently resistant to thermal inactivation.
The literature discloses using antioxidants in polymeric plastic compositions. There is a wide spectrum of needs for such antioxidants in different polymers and plastic compounds. For example, some resin compositions cannot be fabricated at all without antioxidants, while polyvinyl chloride compositions and polyamide (such as nylon) compositions do not benefit substantially from inclusion of an antioxidant except during high-temperature fabrication.
The following materials are known to act as antioxidants for plastic compositions:
The preceding listing of antioxidants is taken from a trade publication entitled: Index of Commercial Antioxidants & Antiozonants, 3rd Edition (1982), distributed by the Goodyear Chemicals division of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. That publication does not recommend any of the listed antioxidants specifically for inclusion in polyvinyl chloride compositions, and only recommends the following antioxidants:
N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamamide);
N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamide;
N-stearoyl-p-aminophenol; and
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)stearamide;
specifically for inclusion in polyamides. (Many of the other listed antioxidants are recommended for inclusion in "plastics" without further definition of a composition.) This index does not suggest inclusion of antimicrobial materials in conjunction with the indicated antioxidants.
Summary of the Invention
The essence of the present invention resides in the discovery that compositions and articles containing antimicrobial agents can be processed at relatively high temperatures, even when exposing a large surface area to the ambient atmosphere or other sources of oxygen (as when forming films or fibers), if the composition also contains an antioxidant (sometimes referred to herein as a "stabilizer"). Antioxidants have not previously been used to stabilize antimicrobial agents. Both the discovery of the nature of the oxidation problem and the discovery of its solution are facets of the present invention.
One aspect of the invention is an antimicrobial composition having improved resistance to degradation of antimicrobial activity as a result of exposure of said composition to heat. The composition comprises an antimicrobial agent and an antioxidant.
A second aspect of the invention is an unprocessed thermoplastic composition which will be resistant to microbial attack after being processed at an elevated temperature. This composition comprises a resin selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyamides, and polyvinyl chloride; an antimicrobial agent; and a amount of an antioxidant effective to reduce degradation of the antimicrobial agent while the composition is being melt processed.
A third aspect of the invention is an article, such as a film or fiber, having resistance to microbial attack. The article comprises a polymeric resin as described in the preceding paragraph, an antimicrobial agent, and an antioxidant. These components are combined to form a composition before the composition is melt processed to form the article.
Method aspects of the invention are also contemplated. One is a method for preserving the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent against heat-induced degradation, comprising the step of adding to the antimicrobial agent an effective amount of an antioxidant. Another is a method for melt processing a composition comprising a thermoplastic resin and an antimicrobial agent while maintaining the efficacy of the antimicrobial agent. This method comprises the steps of combining a thermoplastic resin, an antimicrobial agent, and an antioxidant, followed by melt processing the composition. "Melt processing" means the manipulation of the composition at an elevated temperature, which is typical when forming the composition into a useful article, particularly a fiber or film which has a large surface to volume ratio.
The compositions of the invention have a substantial advantage over unstabilized prior compositions. Either less of the antimicrobial agent can be used to provide a desired level of antimicrobial activity, or a given amount of the antimicrobial agent can provide greater activity.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Compositions according to the present invention comprise one part by weight of an antimicrobial agent and from 0.1 to 50 parts, preferably from 1 to 5 parts by weight of an additive referred to here as a "stabilizer" which prevents thermal and oxidative degradation of the antimicrobial agent in the composition.
The contemplated antimicrobial agents stabilized according to the present invention include all those specified in the Background Art section, others known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and mixtures thereof. The preferred antimicrobial agents are as follows:
10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA);
10,10'-oxybisphenarsazine;
bis-n-tributyltin oxide;
zinc Omadine; and
N-(trichloromethylthio)cyclohexenedicarboxamide.
Broadly speaking, the stabilizers contemplated herein can be any material which is stable with respect to the selected antimicrobial agent and under melt processing conditions and which will protect the chosen antimicrobial agent against degradation due to exposure of the composition to heat and oxygen. Epoxidized soybean oil also has utility as an antioxidant.
The preferred antioxidants contemplated herein are selected from the group consisting of: hindered phenols (examples of which are 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol or 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol); polyphenols (an example of which is tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate))methane, sold by Ciba-Geigy Corporation as Irganox 1010; phosphites (an example of which is tris-(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite, sold by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, under the trade name Irgafos 168 and as a 1:1 mixture with N,N'-hexamethylene-bis-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnanamide) (Irganox 1098) under the trade name Irganox B 1171); thioesters (e.g. distearyl thiodipropionate); 1,3,5-tris(4-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H ,5H)trione; nickel bis(0-ethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxylbenzyl)phosphonate; zinc 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; aromatic amines (such as N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine or alkylated diphenylamines); and combinations of the above.
The synergists contemplated herein are compounds which render the stabilizers more effective, typically by increasing the efficacy of the chosen stabilizer as an antioxidant for the antimicrobial compound. Two exemplary synergists are distearylthiodipropionate (DSTDP) and tris-(2,4-di-t-butylpheyl)phosphite. Other contemplated synergists, which also have utility as antioxidants, are the following compounds
2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole;
2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole;
zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole;
2-mercaptotoluimidazole; and
zinc 2-mercaptotoluimidazole.
These are listed as compounds H-1 (2 entries), H-2, H-7, and H-8 in the preceding list of antioxidants. Other synergists known to the art are also contemplated for use herein.
A third ingredient contemplated within the scope of the present invention is a predominant proportion of a polymeric resin, optionally including the usual modifiers and process aids employed in the rubber and plastic formulation arts. Two resin compositions are particularly contemplated herein. First is a concentrate composition containing 1 to 80 percent (all numbers stated herein are by weight unless otherwise indicated) of an antimicrobial agent, a stabilizer, and enough of a polymeric resin to improve the dispersibility of the other ingredients. Second is a composition containing at least about 90% of the resin, preferably from 99 to about 99.99 percent of the resin, and a minor proportion of the antimicrobial agent and its stabilizer. The first composition has utility as a concentrated antimicrobial agent premix which can be readily and uniformly dispersed in a resin composition. The second composition has direct utility as a thermoplastic resin composition for fabrication into useful articles having antimicrobial protection. Other proportions of ingredients are also contemplated.
The resins contemplated for use herein are exemplified by the description in the Background Art section of the specification. Other resins not specified herein are also contemplated within the scope of the invention. The preferred resins are polyamides and polyvinyl chloride, which derive particular benefit from the invention because they are not conventionally compounded with resin antioxidants. Optional resin modifiers contemplated herein include plasticizers; extenders; stabilizers to deter degradation caused by environmental heat and light; fillers; dyes and pigments; flame retardants; lubricants; blowing agents; and so forth. The additives chosen for a particular composition are determined by the desired properties of the final composition. The range of possible additives is limited only by the need to ensure compatibility of all the components of the final composition.
The desired concentrations of the antimicrobial agent and additives in resin compositions are a complex function of the inherent activity of the agent, the tendency toward thermal degradation in other ingredients such as the resin, and the temperature and duration of fabrication. Generally the amount of additive desired is from 0.1 to 50 times, and preferably from about one to about five times the amount of the antimicrobial agent, and the active antimicrobial agent desirably comprises from 0.005% (50 ppm) to 1.0% (10,000 ppm) by weight of the thermoplastic composition. One exemplary unprocessed thermoplastic composition according to the present invention contains from about 170 to about 450 ppm (preferably 220 ppm) of the selected antimicrobial agent and enough of the selected antioxidant that, following heat processing, at least 100 ppm of the active antimicrobial agent will remain. Another exemplary unprocessed thermoplastic composition according to the present invention contains from about 85 to about 220 ppm of the selected antimicrobial agent, and enough of the chosen antioxidant that, after heat processing, at least 50 ppm of the active antimicrobial agent will remain.
It will be appreciated that the ratio: ##EQU1## will depend on the selection of the antimicrobial agent, the identity and amount of the resin and modifiers selected, the processing conditions, and other factors, so no universal ratio can be stated. However, inclusion of an effective antioxidant will always bring the above-stated ratio nearer to its ideal value of 1.0.
In the preferred OBPA composition containing nylon, OBPA, and an amount of an antioxidant sufficient to provide protection during heat processing, the ratio of initial OBPA to final OBPA is about 0.60. Thus, if at least about 100 ppm of OBPA is desired in a fiber, about 170 ppm to about 450 ppm of OBPA is incorporated in the original composition. (If the antioxidant were absent, a final effective level of 100 ppm in nylon fibers would require incorporation of about 500 ppm--three times the level of addition required if the present invention is practiced.) If at least about 50 ppm of OBPA is desired in a fiber, from about 85 to about 220 ppm of OBPA and an effective amount of an antioxidant are incorporated in the composition.
A preferred method for preparing the stabilized plastic compounds is to prepare a blend of the selected resin and antimicrobial agent in which the antimicrobial agent is included in a concentrate as described by Rei in U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,297. The patent is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The blend is then mixed with the desired resin and modifiers.
Compositions specifically contemplated for use herein include those comprising polycaprolactam resin, OBPA as an antimicrobial agent, and a phosphite stabilizer. Nylon is selected because of its desirable properties as a fiber, particularly as a carpet fiber. Nylon fibers are also formed at a high temperature, for example about 285.degree. C. for Nylon 6 (300.degree. C. for Nylon 6,6), and thus antimicrobial agents contained in nylon compositions have previously been substantially or completely inactivated during processing. OBPA is selected because it has a high level of antimicrobial activity, particularly when it is stabilized as taught herein. Phosphite stabilizers are selected because they can protect the microbial agent at the relatively high processing temperature used when fabricating nylon fibers.
Practice of the method inventions taught herein is described or self-evident from the preceding composition description and following examples.
Examples 1-6
Nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) chips were mixed with processing additives as defined below and with a concentrate of an antimicrobial agent previously prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,297 (Rei) to achieve the blend compositions shown
The blend compositions were each extruded into strands approximately 1/16 inch in diameter, cooled in a water bath, and immediately cut into pellets 1/8 inch long. These pellets were then melt-spun into nylon fibers according to techniques commonly known in the industry. The maximum processing temperature was about 285 degrees Celsius.
The fibers were subsequently evaluated for their biological activity by placing each one on a microbiological growth medium, solidified with agar, which had previously been innoculated with an actively growing culture of Staphylococcus aureus.
After incubating the media for 24 hours, the biological activity of each fiber sample was evaluated by measuring the width of the region around the fibers on the agar surface where no visible bacterial growth was evident. This width is defined as a Zone of Inhibition. Another evaluation of biological activity was made by extracting a specimen of each of the test samples with methanol. The extracted material was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography for recovery of the active antimicrobial agent. These results are tabulated in Table II.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the optimum treatment need not result in 100% recovery of OBPA, since it is added at a very low level and may be unavailable for analysis as the result of incomplete extraction.
These examples show that more undegraded OBPA remains in processed compositions 2-6 which also contain a stabilizing agent, and that the stabilized OBPA of Examples 2-6 is much more microbiocidally active than unstabilized OBPA of Example 1. (It should be understood that the Zone of Inhibition Test is conservative and underestimates the advantage of employing an antioxidant.)
The advantages of the higher active level of an antimicrobial agent resulting from stabilization will be evident to those skilled in the art. For one thing the stabilized fibers can be subjected to a greater amount of post-finishing than unstabilized compositions without reducing the amount or potency of the antimicrobial agent in the fiber when it is put into use.
Examples 7-10
Unstabilized powdered polypropylene (sold under the trademark Profax 6301 PM by Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del.) was mixed with OBPA prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,297 and processing additives as follows:
The blends were converted into pellets by melt extrusion as in the previous examples. These pellets were melt-spun into polypropylene fibers according to techniques commonly known to the industry.
Microbiological effectiveness and active ingredient levels were obtained as in the previous examples and the results are presented in Table IV.
Again, the fibers of Examples 8-10, which contain a stabilizer for the antimicrobial agent, contain more extractable antimicrobial agent and provide a much greater zone of inhibition than the fiber of Example 7 which contains no stabilizer.
Example 11
In this example a polyvinyl chloride film composition containing stabilized OBPA is formed using conventional technology.
The formulation of the base film is:
Films are prepared by milling the components of the base until a uniform dispersion is obtained, at which time 0.05% by weight of carbon black is added.
The film is extrusion cast using conventional equipment at a processing temperature of 375 degrees Fahrenheit (191 degrees Celsius). The final film has a thickness of about 20 mils (500 microns). A control film is made in the same manner except that the stabilizer is omitted. The microbiocidal activity of the film is measured by cutting small round pieces of the test and control films, placing each one on an innoculated growth medium as described in Examples 1-6, and proceeding as described in those examples to develop and measure a Zone of Inhibition. The test samples are then extracted with methanol and the amount of recovered active ingredient is measured as described in Examples 1-6. Results comparable to those set forth in Examples 1-6 are obtained, illustrating that the invention can be used to improve antimicrobial films.
Example 12
Examples 1 and 2 are repeated, except the OBPA is replaced in separate trials by each of the antimicrobial agents specified in the Background Art section of the present specification. The compositions analogous to Example 2 show much greater antimicrobial activity and a much greater recovery of the active antimicrobial agent than the corresponding compositions analogous to Example 1. This illustrates the applicability of the invention to each of the named antimicrobial agents.
Example 13
Examples 1 and 2 are repeated, except the antioxidant (Irganox 1010) of Example 2 is replaced, in separate trials, by each of the antioxidants set forth in the Background Art section of the present specification. The compositions analogous to Example 2 show much greater antimicrobial activity and a much greater recovery of the active antimicrobial agent than the corresponding compositions analogous to Example 1. Thus, a wide range of antioxidants can be used to practice the invention.
Example 14
Examples 1 and 2 are repeated, replacing polycaprolactam with each of the resins specified in the Background Art section of the present application in separate trials. Similar results are again obtained, and show the value of the invention for improving the antimicrobial properties of many different resin compositions.
Example 15
The following test composition was blended and formed into test fibers according to the procedure described in Examples 1-6:
The fibers were then subjected to a modified continuous dyeing process adapted to simulate commercial continuous dyeing processes. The fibers were wet with a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant sold under the trademark Alrowet by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Dyestuffs and Chemicals Division, Greensboro N.C.; followed by an aliquot of an aqueous solution adjusted to a pH value of 6.0 and containing 0.1% of the same surfactant and 2% of a dye sold under the trademark "Tectilon Blue 4RKWL" by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Dyestuffs and Chemicals Division, Greensboro, N.C. The saturated fibers were steamed for 360 seconds at 101.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure, followed by three rinses, each one liter of 40.degree. C. tap water.
Fibers so treated were found to have retained all of their antimicrobial potency and 76% of their OBPA, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
Example 16
Test fibers like those of Example 15 were used again here. A control composition lacking Irganox B1171 antioxidant but otherwise containing the same ingredients in the same proportions was processed in the same manner, then formed into control fibers.
The test and control fibers were then subjected to Beck mock-dyeing. Mock dye baths were prepared having a pH of 4.0 and containing 0.1% Triton X-100 surfactant in aqueous solution. In separate trials, 5% and 10% (based on the weight of the dye bath) of the test and control fibers were added to the boiling dye baths. The dye baths were boiled for up to 30 minutes.
The baths were then analyzed for arsenic content. The baths used to boil the control fibers contained about three times as much arsenic as the corresponding baths used to boil the test fibers containing an antioxidant. Thus, use of an antioxidant to preserve an antimicrobial agent in these fiber compositions reduces the loss of decomposition products of the antimicrobial agent into the dye bath, and thus into the dye effluent.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A thermoplastic composition which will be resistant to microbial attack after being processed at an elevated temperature, comprising a homogeneous mixture of: A. a polyamide resin; B. an antimicrobial agent; and C. an amount of an antioxidant effective to reduce degradation of said antimicrobial agent while said composition is being melt-processed.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: monophenols; bisphenols thiobisphenols; polyphenols; hydroquinones; phosphites; thioesters; naphthylamines; diarylamines; p-phenylenediamines; quinolines; blended amines; 0,0-di-n-octadecyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate); 1,6-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate); 1,6-hexamethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy)hydrocinnamate; thiodiethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate; 3.
3. 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid triester with 1,3,5-tris (2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione; N-butyryl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butyramide; N-pelargonoyl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pelargonamide; N-lauroyl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)dodecanamide; 2,6-di-t-butyl-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol; 1,3,5-tris(4-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H, 5H)trione; nickel bis(0-ethyl(3,5-di-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate); 2,2'-oxamidobisethyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; tris(2-t-butyl-4-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenylthio)-5-methyl)-phenylp hosphite; bis(3,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-t-butylphenyl)butanoic acid glycolester; tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)-4,4'-biphenylylenediphosphonite; n-propyl gallate; n-propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate; calcium bis(0-ethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate); 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidadole; zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; zinc 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; dioctadecyl disulfide; metal aromatic sulfonates; nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate; nickel diisobutyldithiocarbamate; nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate; 3,9-bis(3-cyclohexenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane; and tris (5-norbornene-2-methyl)phosphite. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate))methane.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is tris-(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is distearyl thiodipropionate.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is 1,3,5-tris(4-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H ,5H)trione.
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said antioxidant is nickel bis(O-ethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxylbenzyl)phosphonate).
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is zinc 2-mercaptobenzimidazole.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is an alkylated diphenylamine.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamamide).
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamide.
15. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is 1,6-hexamethylene bis-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamide).
16. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is tetrakis(methylene 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate)methane.
17. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is tetrakis(methylene-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane.
18. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antioxidant is nickel dithiocarbamate.
19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said resin is polycaprolactam.
20. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises from about 170 to about 450 ppm of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, and provides an active level of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least about 100 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
21. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises from about 85 to about 220 ppm of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, and provides an active level of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least 50 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
22. The composition of claim 20, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises about 170 ppm thereof.
23. The composition of claim 20, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises about 200 ppm thereof.
24. The composition of claim 1, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: distearyldithiopropionate; N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamamide); N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamide); 1,6-hexamethylene bis-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4hydroxyhydrocinnamide); tris-(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate))methane; and nickel dithiocarbamate; and said resin is polycaprolactam.
25. The composition of claim 24, wherein said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine comprises from about 170 to about 450 ppm thereof, and provides an active level of said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least about 100 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
26. The composition of claim 24, wherein said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine comprises from about 85 to about 220 ppm thereof and provides an active level of said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least 50 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
27. The composition of claim 24, wherein said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine comprises about 170 ppm thereof.
28. The composition of claim 24, wherein said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine comprises about 200 ppm thereof.
29. An article selected from the group consisting of fibers and films, said article having resistance to microbial attack, said article comprising a homogeneous mixture of: A. a polyamide resin; B. an antimicrobial agent; and C. an antioxidant; wherein said ingredients A, B, and C are combined to form a composition before said composition is melt-processed to form said article.
30. The article of claiim 29, wherein said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: monophenols; bisphenols; thiobisphenols; polyphenols; hydroquinones; phosphites; thioesters; naphthylamines; diarylamines; p-phenylenediamines; quinolines; blended amines; O,O-di-n-octadecyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate; 1. 6-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate; 1,6-hexamethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy)hydrocinnamate; thiodiethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate; 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid triester with 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione; N-butyryl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butyramide; N-pelargonoyl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pelargonamide; N-lauroyl-p-aminophenol; N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)dodecanamide; 2,6-di-t-butyl-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol; 1,3,5-tris(4-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H, 5H)trione; nickel bis(0-ethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate); 2. 2'-oxamidobisethyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; tris(2-t-butyl-4-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenylthio)-5-methyl)-phenylp hosphite; bis(3,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-t-butylphenyl)butanoic acid glycolester; tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)-4,4'-biphenylylenediphosphonite; n-propyl gallate; n-propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate; calcium bis(0-ethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate); 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole; zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; zinc-2-mercaptotoluimidazole; dioctadecyl disulfide; metal aromatic sulfonates; nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate; nickel diisobutyldithiocarbamate; nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate; 3,9-bis(3-cyclohexenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane; and tris(5-norbornene-2-methyl)phosphite.
31. The article of claim 30, wherein said resin is polycaprolactam.
32. The article of claim 29, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: distearyldithiopropionate; N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamamide); N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl 4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamide); 1,6-hexamethylene bis-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamide); tris-2(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane; and nickel dithiocarbamate; and said resin is polycaprolactam.
33. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of said antimicrobial agent to said stabilizer is from about 1:1 to about 1:5.
34. The composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of said antimicrobial agent to said stabilizer is from about 1:1 to about 1:5.
35. A thermoplastic composition which will be resistant to microbial attack after being processed at an elevated temperature, comprising a homogeneous mixture of: A. a resin selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride; B. an antimicrobial agent; and C. an amount of an antioxidant effective to reduce degradation of said antimicrobial agent while said composition is being melt processed, wherein said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: hydroquinones; thioesters; naphthylamines; diarylamines; p-phenylenediamines; quinolines; blended amines; tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)-4,4'-biphenylylenediphosphonite; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole; zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; zinc 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; dioctadecyl disulfide; metal aromatic sulfonates; nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate; nickel diisobutyldithiocarbamate; nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate; and 3,9-bis(3-cyclohexenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane.
36. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antioxidant is distearyl thiodipropionate.
37. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antioxidant is zinc 2-mercaptobenzimidazole.
38. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antioxidant is N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
39. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antioxidant is an alkylated diphenylamine.
40. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antioxidant is nickel dithiocarbamate.
41. The composition of claim 35, wherein said resin is a polyamide.
42. The composition of claim 35, wherein said resin is polycaprolactam.
43. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises from about 170 to about 450 ppm of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, and provides an active level of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least about 100 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
44. The composition of claim 43, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises about 170 ppm thereof.
45. The composition of claim 43, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises about 200 ppm thereof.
46. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antimicrobial agent comprises from about 85 to about 220 ppm of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, and provides an active level of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine of at least 50 ppm after said processing at an elevated temperature.
47. The composition of claim 35, wherein the weight ratio of said antimicrobial agent to said stabilizer is from about 1:1 to about 1:5.
48. The composition of claim 35, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: distearyldithiopropionate; and nickel dithiocarbamate; and said resin is polycaprolactam.
49. The composition of claim 48, wherein the weight ratio of said antimicrobial agent to said stabilizer is from about 1:1 to about 1:5.
50. An article selected from the group consisting of fibers and films, said article having resistance to microbial attack, said article comprising a homogeneous mixture of: A. a polymeric resin selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyvinyl chlorides and polypropylene; B. an antimicrobial agent; and C. an antioxidant; wherein said ingredients A, B, and C are combined to form a composition before said composition is meltprocessed to form said article, and wherein said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: hydroquinones; thioesters; naphthylamines; diarylamines; p-phenylenediamines; quinolines; blended amines; tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)-4,4'-biphenylylenediphosphonite; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole; zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercapto-4-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, zinc salt; 2-mercaptotoluimidazole; zinc-2-mercaptotoluimidazole; dioctadecyl disulfide metal aromatic sulfonates; nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate; nickel diisobutyldithiocarbamate; nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate; and 3,9-bis(3-cyclohexenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane.
51. The article of claim 50, wherein said resin is a polyamide.
52. The article of claim 51, wherein said resin is polycaprolactam.
53. The article of claim 50, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, said antioxidant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: distearyldithiopropionate; and nickel dithiocarbamate; and said resin is polycaprolactam.
54. A method for melt processing a composition comprising a thermoplastic resin and an antimicrobial agent while maintaining the efficacy of said agent, comprising the following steps performed in the order stated: A. combining said thermoplastic resin, said antimicrobial agent, and an antioxidant to form a protected antimicrobial resin composition; and B. melt processing said protected antimicrobial resin composition.
55. A method for providing a desired final active level of at least 1 part by weight of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine in a composition following heat processing thereof, comprising the steps of: A. providing a thermoplastic composition comprising a major proportion of a resin selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride; about 1.7 parts by weight of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine; and from about 1.7 to about 8.5 parts by weight of an antioxidant; and B. processing said composition at a temperature of at lest about 275 degrees Celsius; thereby providing a heat-processed composition containing at least about 1.0 parts by weight of said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine in active form.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein said resin is a polyamide resin.
57. The method of claim 55, wherein said processing step is carried out by melt processing said thermoplastic composition to form an article selected from the group consisting of fibers and films.
58. The method of claim 57, comprising the subsequent step of vat dyeing said article.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein said article is a carpet fiber.
60. A method for melt-processing a composition comprising a thermoplastic polyamide resin and an antimicrobial agent while maintaining the efficacy of said agent, comprising the following steps performed in the order stated: A. combining said thermoplastic polyamide resin, said antimicrobial agent, and an antioxidant homogeneously to form a protected antimicrobial resin composition; and B. melt-processing said protected antimicrobial resin composition.
61. A method for providing a desired final active level of at least 1 part by weight of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine in a composition following heat processing thereof, comprising the steps of: A. providing a thermoplastic composition comprising about 1.7 parts by weight of 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, from about 1.7 to about 8.5 parts by weight of an antioxidant, and a major proportion of a polyamide resin; and B. processing said thermoplastic composition at a temperature of at least about 275 degreess Celsius; thereby providing a heat-processed composition containing about 1.0 parts by weight of said 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine in active form.
62. The method of claim 61, wherein said processing step is carried out by melt processing said thermoplastic composition to form an article selected from the group consisting of fibers and films.
63. The method of claim 62, comprising the subsequent step of vat dyeing said article.
64. The method of claim 63, wherein said article is a carpet fiber.
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