US 4,607,639 AGrant
Method and System for Controlling Bladder Evacuation
Issue Date:1986-08-26
•33 Claims
•14 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method for controlling the function of a bladder, includes identification of the anatomical location of at least one nerve controlling the muscles for the bladder and/or its sphincter and positioning of an electrode on the nerve to selectively stimulate the nerve for continence and evacuation purposes. The electrode can be implanted in a patient either surgically or percutaneously and may be either removed after proper stimulation has achieved the desired result (neurostimulation) or may be left intact on the nerve for selective stimulation thereof. An electronic control system is disclosed for electrically energizing two or more implanted electrodes in a preselected timed relationship.
Metadata
Assignee
- Regents of the University of California
Inventors
- Emil A. Tanagho
- Richard A. Schmidt
- Curtis A. Gleason
- Tom F. Lue
Application Information
Application Number:US 6118364
Filing Date:1984-05-18
Priority Date:1984-05-18
Art Unit:335
Classifications
IPC:
A61N 136
Field of Search:
128419 E;784;785
Patent Drawings (14 sheets)
Description
Technical Field
This invention relates generally to a method and system for closely controlling the function of an organ and, more particularly, to the placement of one or more electrodes at strategical anatomical locations on critical nerves of a patient to control one or more functions of a bladder.
Background Art
Various medical patients, such as quadriplegics, exhibit involuntary control over their bladder and related functions, such as bowel evacuation. Although vesicostomy or artificial sphincter implanted around the urethra are commonly used to provide partial control over the evacuation function of the bladder and continence, these solutions have drawbacks well known to those skilled in the medical profession and arts. Other patients who achieve a modicum of control over their bladder functions are equally in need of a system to rehabilitate their nerve and muscle dysfunctions.
Applicants are unaware of any prior art that suggests a method and system wherein electrodes are precisely positioned on critical nerves and in various combinations on a particular patient for physiologically stimulating the nerves in a preselected manner for the purpose of controlling the continence and evacuation of a bladder, or for stimulating such nerves to correct a dysfunction by neurostimulation. Applicants are also unaware of any successful operative procedure that further includes the identification of various levels and components of such critical nerve fibers and their selective separation and/or isolation for the purpose of controlling muscle contractions and pain impulses.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,288 discloses a system that purportedly conditions pelvic floor musculature by means of neurostimulation for the purpose of controlling urinary loss. Such system includes excitation apparatus for applying electrical pulses to electrodes implanted in the abdominal region or to a plug positioned in an anus. The plug contacts the sphincter muscle of the anus for the alleged purpose of inhibiting bladder contraction in response to excitation of the plug. U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,136 discloses a similar system.
Disclosure of Invention
This invention overcomes the above, briefly described prior art problems by providing a method and system for controlling the continence and evacuation of a bladder and other organs innervated by the pelvic nerves. The term "controlling" as used herein not only includes the selective control of the bladder's evacuation and related functions on a continuous basis, but further includes isolated or periodic control of the bladder's function for diagnostic or rehabilitation purposes, e.g., neuromodulation of muscular behavior to rehabilitate muscular dysfunction. The term "organ" as used herein broadly means an independent part of the human body that performs a special function or functions, including visceral organs such as the bladder, bowel and colon and associated sphincters and cuffs.
In its broadest aspect, the method of this invention comprises the steps of identifying the anatomical location of at least one nerve controlling at least one function of the bladder, positioning an electrode in at least close proximity to the nerve, and electrically energizing the electrode to simultaneously stimulate the nerve. As described hereinafter, such method contemplates either surgical or percutaneous implantation of the electrode, either on a permanent or temporary basis.
In another aspect of this invention, an electronic control system, basically including control, transmitter and receiver components, is utilized for electrically energizing two or more electrodes in a predetermined timed relationship for neurostimulation purposes. The system includes first means for generating first signal pulses and second means for receiving such pulses and for converting them into separate first and second sets of pulse trains. The second means further functions to transmit the first and second pulse trains as electrical pulses (RF) to first and second receivers, respectively. The receivers are adapted to be subcutaneously implanted on a patient and suitably connected to the electrodes.
In another aspect of the control system, first and second sets of such receivers are adapted to sequentially control separate sets of electrodes. For example, the above-described first set of receivers could be utilized to control the bladder's sphincter and thus on-going continence with the second set of receivers functioning to selectively initiate and control bladder evacuation by controlling contraction of the bladder's detrusor muscle. The control system includes additional means for interrupting the above electrical pulses, controlling continence, and to simultaneously initiate bladder contraction via the second set of receivers.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Other advantages and objects of this invention will become apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the pelvic plexus region in a human, including the nervous system for controlling bladder evacuation and related functions, and further illustrates a first operative procedure for controlling such functions;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a stimulation-response curve of bladder contraction in response to stimulation of the S2, S3 and S4 sacral nerves;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are views similar to FIG. 1, but illustrate additional operative procedures for controlling bladder evacuation and related functions;
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the percutaneous implanation of an electrode adjacent to the S3 sacral nerve through the dorsum for the purpose of selectively stimulating such nerve;
FIGS. 6-11 are views similar to FIG. 1, but illustrate additional operative procedures for controlling bladder evacuation and related functions;
FIG. 12 illustrates a micturition control system adapted for use in conjunction with an operative procedure for controlling bladder evacuation and related functions;
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a typical electronic circuit for use in an implantable receiver of the FIG. 12 micturition control system;
FIG. 14 diagramatically illustrates electronic signals and their time relationship for the FIG. 12 micturition control system;
FIG. 15 illustrates an electrode arrangement including pairs of electrodes attached to separate nerve fibers and adapted for use with the FIG. 12 control system;
FIG. 16 is a view similar to FIG. 15, but illustrates a multiplicity of active electrode contacts on single electrodes; and
FIG. 17 diagramatically illustrates electrical impulses in their timed relationship for the electrode arrangements illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 16 .
Best Mode of Carrying Out the Invention General Description
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the pelvic plexus region of a human, including the nervous system for controlling bladder evacuation and related functions. The nervous system includes a somatic nerve system of fibers S and an autonomic nerve system of fibers A, finding their immediate origin at sacral segments S2, S3 and S4 of the spinal cord and sacrum, i.e., the triangular bone positioned below the lumbar vertebrae and comprising five fused sacral vertebrae that are wedged dorsally between the two hip bones. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the main nerve supply to the detrusor muscle of a bladder B emanates primarily from sacral segment S3, a lesser amount from sacral segment S2, and a still lesser amount from sacral segment S4, i.e., "response" refers to bladder response.
One aspect of this invention is directed to a method for controlling the evacuation of bladder B by first identifying the anatomical location of at least one nerve or component thereof that controls at least one function of the bladder, e.g., continence and/or contraction of the bladder. An electrode is then positioned, either surgically or percutaneously, at least in close proximity to the nerve and selectively energized to stimulate the nerve. Although the operative procedures, methods and systems hereinafter described are particularly applicable to controlling bladder and related functions, it should be understood that such procedures, methods and systems will also concurrently effect control of other organs, such as the bowel, colon and associated sphincters, (e.g., anus) and cuffs. In particular, when a specific operative procedure is followed to control bladder contraction and continence, the affected nerve or nerves will concurrently control other associated functions, such as bowel evacuation. Further, this invention contemplates either permanent surgical implantation or temporary percutaneous implantation for nerve stimulation purposes.
As further illustrated in FIG. 1, the main nerve supply emanating from each sacral segment S2, S3 and S4 comprises two components or roots, namely, a dorsal root D and a ventral root V. The dorsal root is primarily sensory to transmit sensation to the spinal cord whereas the ventral root is primarily motor to transmit motor impulses from the spinal cord to bladder B and associated sphincter. Although illustrated as being separated, the dorsal and ventral roots for each nerve are, in fact, normally joined together and their fibers mixed to progress as a single trunk.
Fibers of the nerve trunk are divided into somatic fibers S which connect to voluntary muscles and autonomic fibers A that connect to visceral organs, such as bladder B. One of the novel aspects of this invention constitutes the separation or isolation of various components of these nerve fibers at various levels in the nervous system. For example, dorsal root D is desirably separated from ventral root V since this aspect of the invention primarily contemplates stimulating only the motor fibers of a particular ventral root. In this manner, the motor fibers can be stimulated without inducing pain and without generating impulses along the sensory passage way.
Somatic nerves S and autonomic nerves A can also be separated from each other. For example, in a particular application wherein it is desirable to only drive muscles controlled by the somatic nerve, the somatic nerve can be solely stimulated. Should it prove desirable to control the muscles of only a visceral organ, such as the detrusor muscle of bladder B, the autonomic nerve fibers could be stimulated. Stimulation of the entire nerve trunk would function to stimulate each of the dorsal, ventral, somatic and autonomic fibers.
However, such stimulation would prove undesirable in most applications since uncoordinated action would ensue, e.g., bladder B and external sphincter E would each contract and no effective response to stimulation would be realized. Thus, the ability to isolate the dorsal and ventral roots from each other and to further isolate the autonomic nerves from the somatic nerves enables a practitioner to alleviate pain and to simultaneously achieve specific responses of the controlled organ or organs.
For example, responses obtained with pre-operative evaluation of responses to stimulation recorded urodynamically could indicate that the S2 sacral nerve constitutes the main motor supply to external sphincter E, whereas the S3 sacral nerve constitues the main motor supply to bladder B. Thus, the S3 sacral nerve would be utilized to control the detrusor muscle and thus the contracting function of bladder B alone, whereas the S2 sacral nerve would be utilized to control the muscles controlling the continence function of external sphincter E. Studies have shown that in certain patients, only the nerves on one side of the sacrum provide the main motor control over a particular organ, i.e., unilateral control rather than bilateral control. Pre-operative testing of a particular patient will determine which variation will provide the best choice for a subsequent operative procedure. The ability of this invention to isolate various components of the various nerves, with the combined ability to test a patient intraoperatively and record responses has enabled the applicants herein to isolate and selectively stimulate the particular nerve fibers that will effect the specific function or functions required.
FIGS. 1 and 3-11 hereinafter describe various combinations of operative procedures for effecting the desired neurostimulation for specific case studies (male or female). For example, a quadriplegic who has suffered a neck injury that damages the spinal cord will normally require an operative procedure wherein control of bladder B and external sphincter E are of utmost importance. In addition, the quadriplegic will suffer uncontrolled bowel evacuation, for example, which is concurrently controlled when bladder control is effected by such operative procdure. In addition, it may prove desirable to modulate other voiding dysfunctions that may occur as a result of one or more of a multitude of other neurological reasons.
Thus, it is emphasized that the specific operative procedures herein described can be combined with one or more of the other procedures described herein, as dictated by pre-operative evaluation of responses to stimulation recorded urodynamically. For example, when a particlar procedure (e.g., electrode implant, nerve separation, sectioning, etc.) is described as being performed bilaterally, clincal testing may indicate that in certain other patients, a unilateral procedure is necessary (and vice versa). Likewise, the specific steps or procedures utilized in one operative procedure (FIGS. 1 and 3-11) may be utilized in combination with one or more steps utilized in other operative procedures, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the arts relating hereto.
As suggested above, although the operative procedures herein described are primarily useful and applicable to control of bladder functions, such procedures are concurrently applicable to the control of other organs, including the bowel and colon, associated sphincters (e.g., anus) and cuffs. In all of the following operative procedures, it is assumed that pre-operative evaluation of response to stimulation has been recorded urodynamically to precisely locate the nerves requiring separation, neurostimulation and/or isolation, such as by sectioning.
Operative Procedure for Controlling Bladder Evacuation (Fig. 1)
FIG. 1 illustrates an operative procedure whereby continence and evacuation of bladder B is closely controlled in a particular patient, such as a quadriplegic. It should be again understood that the particular operative procedure utilized will depend upon a particular patient's ability to respond to electrical stimuli at strategic locations on his or her nervous system in the pelvic plexus region. For example, it is assumed in the FIG. 1 operative procedure that the patient is unable to self-control his or her bladder functions and that such locations have been evaluated pre-operatively.
As shown in FIG. 1, after the anatomical location of the S3 sacral nerve is identified, such as by the percutaneous insertion and electrical energization of an electrode placed at least in close proximity to such nerve, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the dorsal (sensory) root D and ventral (motor) root V are surgically separated bilaterally on each side of sacral segment S3. An electrode 2 is then attached by sutures and implanted on each ventral root V for purposes of external excitation and stimulation, as hereinafter described with reference to the type of micturition control system illustrated in FIG. 12.
After bilateral implantation of electrodes 2 on ventral components or roots V, each superior somatic nerve S.sub.s is sectioned at 3 bilaterally to eliminate any increase in the resistance normally provided by the levator ani muscles at least partially surrounding external sphincter E and controlled by superior somatic nerve S.sub.s. Supeior somatic innervation (S.sub.s) is commonly described in anatomy books (e.g., CIBA or Gray's) as part of the innervation to the levator ani muscles, whereas inferior somatic innervation (S.sub.I) is classically described as the pudendal nerve in Alcock's Canal. It should be noted that an internal sphincter I will normally open automatically when the bladder contracts and thus requires no artificial control.
Applicants are unaware of any prior art teachings suggesting the above operative procedure, including identification and separation of dorsal root D from ventral root V, the use of electrode 2 on at least one ventral root for the purpose of selectively controlling the motor functions of the bladder or the identification and isolation of superior somatic nerve S.sub.s and its role in increasing the resistance to the flow of urine from the bladder at external sphincter E when the bladder is contracting for evacuation purposes.
As suggested above, the operative procedure in FIG. 1 was preceded by identification of the S3 sacral nerve and confirmation that it controlled bladder and related functions by use of intraoperative stimulation and urodynamic recordings. Minimum requirements to effect bladder evacuation without sacrificing continence, i.e., the ability to retain contents of the bladder until conditions are proper for urination, where assumed to be confirmed. The subsequent bilateral separation of ventral root V from drosal root D and the bilateral implantation of electrode 2 on the ventral root was found to minimize risk of pain or other undesirable reflexogenic response. As described above, outlet resistance through urethra U was insured by sectioning superior somatic nerve S.sub.s at 3 whereby the various nerves controlling outlet resistance at external sphincter E were totally isolated, i.e., isolation of motor supply to levator ani.
Pre-operative electrostimulation was achieved by the use of a bipolar probe for stimulating the various nerve bundles. A nerve stimulator was then used to deliver a DC square wave for stimulation purposes. The nerve stimulator may be of the type manufactured by Grass medical instruments of Quincy, Mass., under Model No. S-44. The electrodes may be of the type disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 597,502 for "Method and Pacemaker for Stimulating Penile Erection," filed on Apr. 6, 1984 and assigned to the assignee of this application. For example, each electrode may constitute a bipolar cuff electrode having an inside diameter approximating 3-5 mm. and provided with 1 mm. by 2 mm. platinum contacts having a 3 mm. separation placed opposite each other about the periphery of ventral nerve root V. This type of electrode is manufactured by Avery Laboratories, Inc. under Model No. 390.
As described more fully hereinafter in reference to FIGS. 12-17, suitable receivers in the form of implantable silastic-coated units containing an antenna coil, adapted to receive RF (radio frequency) pulses from an external transmitter, are implanted subcutaneously in the patient to transmit pulses to the electrodes to control bladder evacuation in a controlled manner.
Optional Operative Procedure for Controlling Bladder Evacuation (Fig. 3)
FIG. 3 illustrates optional variations to the FIG. 1 operative procedure which will potentially enhance bladder evacuation. After the various critical nerves for controlling bladder evacuation have been identified by intraoperative stimulation and urodynamic recordings, each of the S2, S3 and S4 sacral nerves are separated to isolate the respective ventral and dorsal roots thereof. Pudendal or inferior somatic nerve S.sub.1 is then sectioned unilaterally to isolate external sphincter E on one side. Dorsal root D of the S3 sacral nerve is then sectioned at 2a to thus isolate the sensory function thereof. Although illustrated as being performed unilaterally, and as stated above, in certain applications it may prove desirable to perform such sectioning bilaterally.
An electrode 3a is then implanted on the entire S3 sacral nerve unilaterally, with or without dorsal rhizotomies at other sacral levels. The S3 sacral nerve is then sectioned at 4a unilaterally (or bilaterally), downstream of pelvic nerve P to isolate this nerve's contribution to inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I. It should be noted that electrode 3a is thus positioned on the S3 sacral nerve to stimulate the detrusor muscles of bladder B, via pelvic nerve P.
After appropriate separation of the dorsal and ventral roots of the S2 sacral nerve, the dorsal root is sectioned at 5a unilaterally (or bilaterally) and an electrode 6a is suitably implanted on the ventral root V of the S2 sacral nerve. It should be noted that superior somatic nerve S.sub.s is preferably sectioned bilaterally, as described above in reference to the FIG. 1 operative procedure, to eliminate any additional increase in resistance from contraction of the levator ani muscle when the bladder is contracting for evacuation purposes.
The above options will also tend to eliminate or minimize a response in the pelvic floor sphincter which would otherwise prevent low resistance voiding of the bladder synchronous with stimulation. These optional variations address the possibility that excessive residual sphincter activity remains with stimulation after the FIG. 1 operative procedure has been attempted. Sphincter response may be reflexly produced which suggests the need for dorsal sectioning at 2a and 5a in FIG. 3, or directly produced to suggest sectionng 1a of inferior somatic S.sub.I, unilaterally or bilaterally. The above steps must, of course, be carefully evaluated prior to the selected operative procedure so as not to compromise continence or the contraction of the bladder or bowel or nerves controlling the erection process.
Additional optional procedures may include percutaneous implantation of an electrode 7a' on sacral nerve S3 and/or S4, upstream of the point whereat the autonomic nerve roots forming pelvic nerve P separate from the respective sacral nerve proper, to aid in bladder contraction through the pelvic nerve. A further option contemplates implantation of a cuff electrode 8a' around sacral nerve S4, either unilaterally as shown or bilaterally, to assist in the control of bladder evacuation. It should be understood that above sectioning steps 2a and 5a, as well as the implantation of electrodes 3a, 6a and 8a', require laminectomy, i.e., incision of the posterior arch of the vertebrae.
Non-Laminectomy Procedure for Controlling Visceral Organs (Figs. 4 and 5)
FIG. 4 illustrates an operative procedure wherein an electrode 1b is implanted onto the S3 sacral nerve through a sacral foramen without excising the posterior arch of the vertebrae. A second electrode 2b may be implanted in a like manner on the S4 sacral nerve, either in addition to or in lieu of electrode 1b. These electrode implants may be effected unilaterally, as illustrated, or bilaterally, depending on the pre-operative test results. Optionally, superior somatic nerve S.sub.s is sectioned at 3', either unilaterally or bilaterally as illustrated in FIG. 4.
The system thus effected by the FIG. 4 operative procedure will normally provide means for selectively eliminating or suppressing spastic detrusor activity, spastic urethral and pelvic floor activity and spastic anal sphincter. Such system may further suppress or enhance erection.
FIG. 5 illustrates the percutaneous implantation of electrode 1b through the dorsum and the sacral foramen of sacral segment S3 for the purpose of selectively stimulating the S3 sacral nerve. As described in above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 597,502, after the appropriate depth and location of the S3 nerve has been verified by electrostimulation and recorded urodynamically, electrode 1b can be inserted through the hollow spinal needle used for such stimulation with the wire lead connected to the electrode being suitably sutured in place, as shown, for attachment to a receiver (not shown), as will be described more fully hereinafter. This percutaneous method can also be used to temporarily implant an electrode on any one or more of the sacral nerves for testing purposes, i.e., to record activity in the bladder in response to stimulation of one or more of the nerves by the electrodes to thus determine which nerve or nerves are controlling the bladder functions. This procedure can be conducted unilaterally or bilaterally.
For example, electrode 1b could be percutaneously placed on the S3 sacral nerve with the external extremity of the wire attached to the electrode then being taped to the skin, along with a receiver connected thereto. The patient could then resume his day-to-day lifestyle and be allowed to stimulate the nerve or nerves artificially via a transmitter compatible with the receiver. If the response is positive and complete relief is achieved, the electrode or electrodes could be permanently implanted or temporarily implanted for the purpose of correcting any dysfunction by "retraining" the nerve and associated muscles. Should little or no improvement result, the same procedure could be followed to accurately ascertain which nerve or nerves require stimulation. Thus, this invention contemplates not only the implantation of one or more electrodes in the sacral nervous system for controlling evacuation of a visceral organ or the like, but also contemplates use of such electrodes and procedures to rehabilitate muscle dysfunction by neuromodulation of muscular behavior.
Additional Optional Operative Procedures (Figs. 6-11)
FIG. 6 illustrates an optional variation for controlling evacuation of bladder B. In particular, superior somatic nerve Ss is sectioned at 3, either unilaterally or bilaterally, as shown. In addition, electrodes 1c are implanted on inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I, also unilaterally or bilaterally, depending on the response obtained from preoperative evaluation of responses to stimulation recorded urodynamically.
In FIG. 7, electrodes 1d are implanted bilaterally on inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I and electrodes 2d are implanted bilaterally on the S3 sacral nerve percutaneously. In FIG. 8, electrodes 1e are implanted bilaterally on superior somatic nerve S.sub.s and electrodes 2e are implanated bilaterally on inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I.
FIG. 9 illustrates another operative procedure for controlling continence and bladder contraction. In the illustrated operative procedure, electrodes 1.sub.f are implanted bilaterally on inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I. Superior somatic S.sub.s is sectioned bilaterally, as illustrated, and a pair of second electrodes 2.sub.f are implanted bilaterally on the separated ventral root V of the S3 sacral nerve.
FIG. 10 illustrates an operative procedure particularly adapted for achieving continence due to muscle weakness of the bladder or bowel. Electrodes 1g and 2g are implanted bilaterally on inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I and on the S3 sacral nerve, as illustrated. As an option to implantation of the electrode unilaterally on the S3 sacral nerve, an electrode 2g' could be implanted on the ventral root thereof. In addition, an electrode 3g is implanted unilaterally on the S3 sacral nerve percutaneously. Alternatively, an electrode 3g' could be implanted on the S4 sacral nerve, also percutaneously.
As another option, illustrated in FIG. 10, another electrode 2g could be implanted on superior somatic nerve S.sub.s, either unilaterally or bilaterally, as illustrated. The FIG. 10 operative procedure illustrates the two components of sphincter contraction with the number of implants and their locations being dependent on recruitability of muscle activity in individual patients and/or the ability of percutaneous technique to adequately couple the electrodes with the appropriate nerve fibers.
FIG. 11 illustrates an operative procedure particularly adapted for controlling autonomic dysreflexia and bladder storage. Superior somatic nerve S.sub.s is sectioned bilaterally at 1h and electrodes 2h are implanted on the inferior somatic nerve bilaterally. Alternatively to the latter step, electrode 2h could be implanted unilaterally with the opposite side of the inferior somatic nerve being sectioned at 2h'.
As suggested above, the operative procedures illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3-11 are suggestive of specific procedures applicable to particular patients. Thus, the various steps described above in connection with one particular procedure could be included with or substituted in lieu of steps included in one or more of the other procedures to meet a particular case study. For example, many of the above steps could be performed bilaterally where disclosed unilaterally, and vice versa.
It follows that the claims appended hereto, when reciting the method steps of "implanting" or "attaching" an electrode to a particular nerve or "sectioning" a particular nerve, etc., intend to cover both unilateral and bilateral procedures.
Selection of the various options described above would be based upon evaluation of responses obtained from preoperative stimulation recorded urodynamically. The ability of a particular procedure to be conducted percutaneously or surgically, or a combination thereof, further expands application of this invention. Those skilled in the medical arts relating hereto will also appreciate that the above operative procedures may be utilized to control not only bladder functions but also concurrently central functions of other organs, such as the colon, bowel, anal sphincter, etc.
Description of Micturition Control System (Figs. 12-14)
FIG. 12 illustrates a micturition control system adapted to transmit electrical current (radio frequency) pulses to electrodes implanted on selected nerves of the above-described systems, such as the implantations illustrated in FIG. 9, i.e., leads 26 and 27 connected to electrodes 1f and leads 47 and 48 connected to electrodes 2f. The control system comprises an external control-transmitter system 10, and a receiver system 11 implanted on a patient for transmitting electrical current pulses to the electrodes. The two-fold purpose of this sytem is to efficiently (1) maintain urethral tone and hence continence of urine until baldder voiding is desired; and (2) provide bladder contraction and voiding on demand by a patient or his attendant, for patients having bladder or pelvic problems or paralysis.
FIG. 12 illustrates the electronic control, transmitter and receiver components of the system whereas FIG. 14 illustrates the types of signals and their time relationship in the electronic control component of the system. The symbol SR as used herein depicts a component of the control system connected to an electrode implanted on a particular sacral nerve or root, whereas IS depicts connection to inferior somatic nerve S.sub.I, controlling continence.
The ongoing control of continence (retainng the contents of bladder B) is provided by stimulation of a selected nerve or nerves as described above. This control function is accomplished by the ongoing stimulation produced by a stimulus pulse oscillator 12 (OSC) and associated circuits. The oscillator, preferably operating at a rate within the range of from 5 to 40 pulses per second, emits a square wave output signal that drives an IS stimulus pulse width one-shot (O.S.) 13 which produces signal pulses with widths within the range of from 50 to 500 microseconds, as illustrated in FIG. 14. These pulses are controlled by AND gates 14 and 15 to produce separate trains of pulses, also shown in FIG. 14. Gating is produced by an IS pulse train duration oscillator 16. It should be noted in FIG. 12 that the two phases of the square wave output of oscillator 16 can be obtained by the illustrated inverter circuit.
The frequency of the square wave output of oscillator 16 is preferably selected from within the range of from 0.1 to 0.5 Hertz (cycles per second). This oscillator is controlled by an IS stimulus control fip-flop 17. When the flip-flop is set, it allows oscillator 16 to run to enable gates 14 and 15 to transmit signal pulses (FIG. 14) to turn on and off radio frequence (RF) generators or oscillators 18 and 19. Radio frequency amplifiers 20 and 21, whose output amplitudes are adjustable by variable resistors 20' and 21', respectively, receive the separate pulses to drive antennas 22 and 23.
The antennas are inductively coupled to receivers 24 and 25 which detect the separate sets of RF pulses and transmit such detected pulses to a particular nerve-implanted electrodes via electrical leads 26 and 27, respectively. Receivers 24 and 25, as well as hereinafter described receivers 45 and 46, are each subcutaneously implanted on a particular patient in the manner described in above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 597,502.
When it is desired to evacuate bladder B, and assuming that the four energized electrodes are properly implanted for a particular patient in the manner described above, the patient or his attendant will momentarily close a switch 28. Transmitter 10 and attendant antennas 22 and 23 are, of course, suitably housed as an external unit, readily accessible to the patient. The closing of switch 28 will activate an SR stimulus timer 29 for a selected length of time, preferably within the range of from 10 to 40 seconds.
During this time interval, the output Q of timer 29 goes high to activate an SR delay oscillator 30 and resets IS stimulus control flip-flop 17 so that it turns off the IS pulse train duration oscillator 16. As a consequence, stimulation of the urethral sphincter closure, for example, is disabled. Simultaneously therewith, the Q otuput of timer 29 goes low to allow flip-flop 31 to be set on a signal from SR delay 30. After a predetermined and selected time delay of from 2 to 20 seconds (FIG. 14), for example, the output signal from SR delay 30 sets a flip-flop 31 which then starts an SR stimulus pulse oscillator 32 and SR pulse train duration oscillator 33.
Oscillator 32 will generate a square wave signal that is preferably selected from the range of from 15 to 50 Hertz, as diagramatically illustrated in FIG. 14. The output from oscillator 15 then drives an SR stimulus pulse width O.S. 34 which produces signal pulses at a selected width of from 50 to 500 microseconds. These pulses are ANDED by gates 35 and 36 with the output of oscillator 33 to produce trains of pulses, as illustrated in FIG. 14. It should be noted in FIG. 12 that the opposite phases of the square wave output of oscillator 33 may also be obtained by the use of the illustrated inverter circuit. Gate control originates at oscillator 33 which has a selected frequency within the range of from 0.1 to 0.5 Hertz.
The pulse trains from AND gates 35 an 36 control RF oscillators 37 and 38, respectively. These are turned on when the pulses are high. The RF signals are amplified in RF amplifiers 39 and 40 wherein the output amplitudes are controlled by variable resistors 39' and 40', respectively. The outputs of the amplifiers drive antennas 43 and 44 which inductively couple the signal through the patient's skin and to implanted receivers 45 and 46. The receivers detect the RF pulses and transmit the stimulus pulses to the particular implanted electrodes, via electrical leads 47 and 48.
At the end of the selected time period, e.g., 10 to 40 seconds, of timer 29, the output reverses, as illustrated in FIG. 14. The Q output goes low and enables flip-flop 17 to activate oscillator 16 when the "set" signal is transmitted from IS delay O.S. 49. The Q output of timer 29 goes high and activates 49. At the end of the preselected time delay of from 2 to 20 seconds, the output (FIG. 14) sets IS stimulus control flip-flop 17 which then restarts the continence stimulus circuitry until bladder evacuation is again required. The Q output from timer 29 also resets flip-flop 31 and thus disables oscillators 32 and 33 to end the bladder voiding stimulation.
The above oscillators (OSC) may be of the astable multivibrator type, manufactured by Intersil Corp., under Model No. 1CM7556. The one-shot (O.S.) monstable multivibrators may also be of the common type manufactured by Intersil Corp. The flip-flops (F.F.) may constitute the type manufactured by RCA Corporation under Model No. CD4027B, whereas the gates may be of the type manufactured by the same company under Model No. DC4081B.
Receivers 24, 25, 45 and 46 may constitute a standard implantable silastic-coated unit containing an antenna coil adapted to receive the "rf" pulses transmitted from their respective transmitter antennas 22, 23, 43 and 44. For example, each receiver may be similar to the type manufactured by Avery Laboratories, Inc. under Model No. I-110 (bipolar). FIG. 13 illustrates a typical circuit 55 for the receiver.
In particular, a coil 56 functions as an antenna that receives the inductive signal transmitted thereto by a respective transmitter antenna which is placed externally of the patient, adjacent to the location of the implanted receivers. A capacitor 57, in conjunction with coil 56, provides a tuned circuit that is tuned to one of the four different frequencies of the transmitter. The other three receivers are tuned to their respective transmitting frequencies when the system uses four separate radio frequencies. Alternatively, the frequencies may be the same for all four transmitters with the four receivers being tuned to the same transmitting frequency. In the latter application, the four transmitting antennas and the four implanted receivers must be separted so that the signal in any one transmitting antenna will not provide false signals in the other three receivers.
Still referring to FIG. 13, a diode 58 detects, by half-wave rectification, the pulsed stimulus current from the RF bursts. Resistors 59 and 60 and capacitors 61 and 62 function to filter the RF out of the stimulus signal which is lead to the nerve electrodes via electrical leads, described above. Maximum stimulation of the nerves is achieved when the negative pole is attached to the distal electrode contact on the nerve and the corresponding positive pole is the proximal contact of the nerve electrode assembly.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the FIG. 12 control system can be suitably modified to control the energization of the electrodes used in the above-described procedures and variations thereof. For example, only the portion of the system for controlling pulse inputs to antennas 24 and 25 could be utilized to energize electrodes 2 in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate typical electrode implantations for stimulation purposes. FIG. 17 diagramatically illustrates the timing of stimulus pulse trains to electrode pairs with each electrode contact being activated essentially 100/n % of the time for n active (cathodol) contacts.
One of the primary problems encountered with prolonged and continuous electrical stimulation of a nerve and muscle system to achieve chronic on-going muscle contractions is fatigue of the nerve and associated muscles. One way to prevent or prolong the onset of fatigue (the muscle being more susceptible to fatigue than the nerve) is to stimulate the system in a non-continuous and time-modulated format. Otherwise stated, alternate stimulation of different groups of fibers in a nerve system with short bursts of stimulus pulses provides such desiderata. This method of stimulation allows the muscles and nerves to recover between trains of stimuli while other nerves and muscles are being activated to continue the desired physiological effect.
Time-modulation of stimuli to nerves to achieve muscle contraction, for example, can be accomplished in at least two ways. FIG. 15 illustrates a fist approach wherein a multiplicity of electrode pairs 63, 64 and 65, 66 are attached to separate nerve bundles. Each pair of electrodes are activated so that each electrode is "on" for only a portion of a particular stimulation cycle, e.g., with four electrode pairs, each would be stimulating its nerve bundle approximately one-quarter of the time (in general, 100/n % of the time for n electrode pairs). It should be noted in FIG. 17, although shown in coincidence, that an overlap or dead time can be effected between the stimuli trains.
FIG. 16 illustrates a second approach to accomplish time modulation of nerve stimulation wherein a multiplicity of active electrode contacts are employed on a single electrode. However, in order to achieve this alternating stimulation on a single nerve bundle, the intensity of the stimulus pulses must be sufficiently low so that all nerve fibers are not stimulated by a single active electrode contact. Nonetheless, the amplitude of the stimulus pulses must be sufficiently high so that the desired physiological function can be achieved.
The active electrodes (cathodes) must be located on the nerve bundle so that they stimulate different nerve fibers. Thus, a single electrode is not activating all of the fibers in associate muscles, as illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17. Ideally, each electrode contact would function to activate the proper proportional number of fibers, e.g., in the case of two contacts, each contact would activate one-half of the fibers and in the case of four contacts, each contact would activate one-quarter of the fibers, etc. However, the desired physiological function must be achieved when a single contact is used on that particular nerve bundle. An exception, of course, would be in applications wherein other nerve bundles are similarly connected to a similar time-modulated system. In the latter application, partial nerve stimulation from the combined group of stimulated nerve bundles would accomplish the desired physiological results.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method for simultaneously controlling the coordinated and synchronized functions of a bladder and associated external sphincter in an anatomical system of a selected human, said system including S2, S3 and S4 sacral segments of a spinal cord and a sacral nerve originating at each of said sacral segments and each of said sacral nerves including a dorsal root and a ventral root in a sacral canal, said sacral nerves forming a pelvic nerve when they leave the sacral canal connected to said bladder to control contractions of a detrusor muscle thereof, a superior somatic nerve and an inferior somatic nerve connected to muscles controlling the external sphincter of said bladder, said method comprising the steps of identifying the anatomical location and functional characteristics of those nerve fibers controlling the separate functions of said bladder and external sphincter, separating motor, sensory and autonomic and somatic nerve fibres controlling the separate functions of the bladder and associated external sphincter from other nerve fibers, positioning electrode means on selected ones of said nerve fibers for electrically stimulating such fibers while simultaneously isolating adjacent nerve fibers therefrom, and applying coordinated and synchronized pulse trains sequentially or simultaneously to said electrode means to simultaneously and/or separately control the functions of said bladder and external sphincter.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises the step of percutaneously inserting a nerve stimulator in at least close proximity to said nerve and recording said response to stimulation of said nerve urodynamically.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said inserting step comprises inserting said nerve stimulator through the dorum and sacral foramen of at least one of said S2, S3 and S4 sacral segments of a spinal cord and sacrum.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying said S3 sacral nerve and further comprising separating the dorsal and ventral roots of said S3 sacral nerve, said positioning step comprising attaching at least one electrode on said ventral root in the sacral canal.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of sectioning said superior somatic nerve to isolate levator ani muscles at least partially surrounding said external sphincter.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said attaching step comprises attaching a pair of electrodes bilaterally on said S3 sacral nerve and said sectioning step comprises bilaterally sectioning said superior somatic nerve.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of sectioning said superior somatic nerve to at least unilaterally isolate said external sphincter, identifying and separating the dorsal and ventral roots of said S3 sacral nerve, and sectioning said dorsal root, said positioning step comprising attaching an electrode on said S3 sacral nerve.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the steps of sectioning said S3 sacral nerve, between said pelvic and inferior somatic nerves, sectioning said superior somatic nerve, identifying and separating said S2 sacral nerve into dorsal and ventral roots, sectioning said S2 dorsal root and attaching an electrode to said S2 ventral root.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of attaching an electrode to the opposite side of said S3 sacral nerve, opposite to the side whereat said previously mentioned electrode is attached thereto, upstream of the point whereat said pelvic nerve is formed.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of attaching an electrode to said S4 sacral nerve.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying each of said S3 and S4 sacral nerves and said positioning and confining step comprises percutaneously implanting an electrode on at least one of said S3 and S4 sacral nerves.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising percutaneously implanting an electrode on each of said S3 and S4 sacral nerves.
13. The method of claim 11 further comprising at least unilaterally sectioning said superior somatic nerve.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises electrostimulating at least one of said S2, S3 and S4 sacral nerves and recording results therefrom urodynamically.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said positioning step comprises percutaneously implanting at least one electrode on at least one of said S2, S3 and S4 sacral nerves in accordance with said recording step.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying each of said superior and inferior somatic nerves and said positioning step comprises attaching at least one electrode to said inferior somatic nerve and further comprising the step of sectioning said superior somatic nerve.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said attaching step comprises attaching a pair of said electrodes bilaterally on said inferior somatic nerve and said sectioning step comprises sectioning said superior somatic nerve bilaterally.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying said S3 sacral nerve and said inferior somatic nerve and said positioning step comprises attaching at least one electrode on said inferior somatic nerve and attaching at least one electrode on said S3 sacral nerve, between said sacral segment S3 and said pelvic nerve.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein said attaching steps comprise attaching a pair of electrodes to said inferior somatic nerve bilaterally and attaching a pair of electrodes to said S3 sacral nerve bilaterally.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying each of said superior and inferior somatic nerves and said positioning step comprises attaching at least one electrode to each of said superior and inferior somatic nerves.
21. The method of claim 20 further comprising the step of bilaterally attaching a pair of electrodes on each of said superior and inferior somatic nerves.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying each of said S3 sacral nerve and said inferior somatic nerve and further comprising separating the dorsal and ventral roots of said S3 sacral nerve at least unilaterally and said positioning step comprises attaching at least one electrode to each of said inferior somatic nerve and said S3 ventral root.
23. The method of claim 22 comprising bilaterally attaching a pair of electrodes to each of said inferior somatic nerve and to said S3 ventral roots.
24. The method of claim 22 further comprising sectioning said superior somatic nerve.
25. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying said S3 sacral nerve and each of said superior and inferior somatic nerves and wherein said positioning step comprises attaching an electrode to each of said inferior somatic and S3 sacral nerves.
26. The method of claim 25 further comprising separating the dorsal and ventral roots of said S3 sacral nerve and attaching said electrode to said S3 ventral root.
27. The method of claim 25 further comprising percutaneously attaching a second electrode to said S3 sacral nerve on an opposite side from said first-mentioned electrode attached thereto.
28. The method of claim 25 further comprising attaching an electrode on said S4 sacral nerve.
29. The method of claim 25 further comprising attaching an electrode on said superior somatic nerve.
30. The method of claim 1 wherein said identifying step comprises identifying each of said superior somatic nerve and said inferior somatic nerve and further comprising sectioning said superior somatic nerve and wherein said positioning step comprises attaching at least one electrode to said inferior somatic nerve.
31. The method of claim 30 further comprising sectioning said inferior somatic nerve.
32. The method of claim 1 wherein said positioning step comprises attaching at least one first electrode means to a first one of said nerve fibers and attaching at least one second electrode means to a second one of said nerve fibers and further comprising implanting at least one pair of subcutaneous first and second receivers on said human, electrically connecting said first and second electrode means to said first and second receivers, respectively, and said applying step comprises energizing said receivers with electrical pulse trains in timed relationship relative to each other.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein said first electrode means comprise a first pair of electrodes and said second electrode means comprises a second pair of electrodes and further comprising continuously controlling transmission of electrical pulses to said first pair of electrodes, interrupting transmission of electrical pulses to said first pair of electrodes and simultaneously transmitting electrical pulses to said second pair of electrodes.
Patent Citations (5)
Non-Patent Literature (2)
- Richard A. Schmidt et al., "Feasibility of Inducing Micturition Through Chronic Stimulation of Sacral Roots", Oct. 1978, Urology, vol. XII, No. 4.
- Habib, "British Journal of Urology", vol. 39, 1967, pp. 73-83.