US 4,574,208 AGrant
Raised Split Gate EFET and Circuitry
Issue Date:1986-03-04
•7 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Lateral FET structure is disclosed for bi-directional power switching. A raised gate structure enables distal gate electrode portions to be in close proximity to FET channels and the remainder of the gate to be separated from the drift or drain region by a substantially greater distance so as to prevent undesired inducement of potential conduction channels through the drift region in the OFF state. This enables the gate to be referenced to the same potential level as one of the main terminals in the OFF state while still affording high voltage blocking capability. A multicell matrix array is also disclosed.
Metadata
Assignee
- Eaton Corporation
Inventors
- Robert W. Lade
- Herman P. Schutten
- James A. Benjamin
Application Information
Application Number:US 3904830
Filing Date:1982-06-21
Priority Date:1982-06-21
Art Unit:253
Classifications
IPC:
H03K 17687
Field of Search:
35730723 VO;23 HV;23 MG;41;43;39;86;23.4;23.8;23.14577;584
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Tecnical Field
The invention relates to power switching semiconductors, and more particularly to power MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors), and the like.
Background
The present invention evolved from efforts to develop a solid state device for high power switching applications to replace the low current circuit breaker or contactor, though the invention is of course not limited thereto. Performance requirements for such a device are demanding, and even modest specifications might include a 400 volt blocking capability with a corresponding ON state resistance of 0.05 ohms and an AC current rating of 20 amps rms. Further, the system should be capable of interrupting a fault current of 5,000 amps without destroying itself. Additionally, manufacturing cost should be less than or equal to the circuit breaker or contactor cost.
High power switching in solid state devices has evolved over the last 30 years from the early milliwatt devices to the present kilowatt "hockey puck" thyristor devices. Device processing has evolved from the early restrictive alloy/rate grown devices to planar and MOS VLSI structures, bringing the blocking voltages of switches from the 10 volt level of the 1950's to the kilovolt range today. Even with these great strides, however, the problem of developing a semiconductor device to replace the low current circuit breaker or contactor has remained unsolved.
There are three likely candidates for high power switching applications. Two of these are bipolar, i.e. they depend on the flow of two types of carriers, majority and minority. The third is unipolar, i.e. it depends only on majority carrier current flow.
The first two candidates are the thyristor and the bipolar transistor. Although the thyristor is capable of blocking a high reverse voltage, it can be characterized in the forward ON state by a fixed voltage source (one junction drop) and a resistance with a negative temperature coefficient, i.e. resistance decreases with increasing temperature. The bipolar transistor can be characterized in the forward ON state simply as a resistance with a negative temperature coefficient. In each case, it is extremely difficult to accommodate large current ratings through the paralleling of bipolar devices due to the effect of "current hogging". If a number of these devices are paralleled, and if one unit draws slightly more current than the others, it will heat up and its resistance will be reduced. This results in a still larger share of the current, further heating, etc. The result is usually the thermal destruction of that device and the subsequent overloading of the others. In general, current hogging prevents paralleling of these devices unless ballast resistance, a form of stabilizing negative feedback, is introduced. This resistance further adds to the total ON state resistance and is therefore highly undesirable. Other disadvantages are false dv/dt triggering of thyristors, and secondary breakdown problems in bipolar transistors.
The third candidate, the field effect transistor (FET), is exclusively a majority carrier device. Its resistance is related to temperature through the electron mobility. Its resistance has a positive temperature coefficient, namely the resistance is proportional to T.sup.3/2. Since the electron mobility is 2.5 times greater than the hole mobility in silicon, the n channel device leads to lower ON state resistance. Further, since MOS devices give conductivity enhancement in the ON state, these devices are generally more conductive than their junction depletion-mode counterparts (JFET). Additionally, since minimal channel length (for low ON state resistance) and high packing densities are desirable, the vertical power MOS FET presently is leading all others in the power switching field.
Current commercially available MOSFETs have performance specifications approximately one order of magnitude below the minimal requirements noted above. Two current designs are the SIPMOS device and the HEXFET device, discussed more fully hereinafter.
Summary
The present invention provides lateral power FET structure which is bidirectional, i.e. current can flow in either direction when the device is in the ON state, whereby to afford AC application.
Raised gated electrode structure is provided to afford increased OFF state voltage blocking capability, including non-floating gate implementations.
Right and left laterally spaced source regions and channel regions have a drift region current path therebetween. The raised gate electrode structure provides close proximity of gate electrode portions over the FET channels, but increased separation of gate electrode portions from the drift region between the channels. This prevents undesired inducement of conduction channels through the drift region during the OFF state of the FET.
In a desirable aspect, the structure is suited to manufacture in a repetitive multi-cell matrix array, affording plural FET integrated structure.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Prior Art
FIGS. 1 through 11 show prior art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a VMOS FET.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a DMOS FET.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a VMOS FET with a polysilicon gate.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a DMOS FET with a polysilicon gate (HEXFET).
FIG. 5 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 4, illustrating the HEX outline.
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a SIPMOS FET.
FIGS. 7-10 schematically illustrate the process steps yielding the structure of FIG. 6.
FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lateral MOSFET.
Present Invention
FIGS. 12 through 16 illustrate the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a schematic sectional view of raised gate bidirectional lateral power EFET structure constructed in accordance with the invention called Raised Gate EFET.
FIG. 13 is a view like FIG. 12 but shows an alternate embodiment.
FIG. 14 is a top view of a semiconductor chip having a plurality of bidirectional FETs integrated thereon in a matrix array.
FIG. 15 is an enlarged view of the correspondingly outlined section of FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 16--16 in FIG. 15.
Description of Prior Art and Power Mosfet Technology
MOSFETs can generally be classified into two groupings according to the principle orientation of current flow, namely vertical and lateral. For the vertical units, there are two predominant geometries, planar (HEXFET, TMOS, SIPMOS, etc.), and non-planar (VMOS, UMOS, etc.). The advantage that these devices enjoy over their lateral counterparts is that the drain contact is placed on the bottom of the chip. Thus, for a given chip area, higher current ratings (higher packing densities) are possible. As a consequence, almost all power MOSFET design has been concentrated on vertical configurations.
A cross-sectional view of a typical non-planar vertical device is illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a VMOS structure 2. The starting material is an n+ silicon wafer 4 with an n- epitaxial layer 6. Successive p and n+ diffusions are carried out, yielding layers 8 and 10. A groove is anisotropically etched to yield V-groove 12. An insulating oxide layer 14 is formed in the groove, followed by deposition of gate metalization 16. Source metalization 18 is deposited on the top major surface, and drain electrode metalization 20 is deposited on the bottom major surface.
FET channel 22 is through p region 8 along the edge of the V-groove. Upon application of a positive voltage on gate electrode 16 relative to source electrode 18, electrons in p region 8 are attracted into channel 22 to invert the conductivity type of the 30 channel to n type. Electrons may then flow from source region 10 through channel 22 to drain region 4, and hence current may flow from drain electrode 20 through drain region 4 through channel 22 through source region 10 to source electrode 18.
One of the main advantages of the VMOS design is that the active channel length is extremely small and is determined by the difference in depth between the n+ source diffusion 10 and the p body diffusion 8. The technology in diffusion is sufficiently well advanced so that this dimension can be very tightly controlled. Thus the channel resistance can be closely held to a maximum specification.
One type of VMOS or UMOS (truncated VMOS) design is the notched MOSFET structure, for example "A Parametric Study of Power MOSFETs", C. Hu, IEEE Electron Device Conference, paper CH 1461-3/79, 0000-0385. Notched groves as narrow as 1 micron are provided by anisotropic etching, IEEEE Transactions Electron Device, Volume ED-25, #10, October 1978, and "UMOS Transistors on (110) Silicon", Ammar and Rogers, Transactions IEEEE, ED-27, May 1980, pages 907-914.
An alternative configuration is the DMOS (double diffused metal oxide semiconductor) FET 24, FIG. 2. N+ starting material 26 has an n- epilayer 28 into which p and n+ diffusions form regions 30 and 32. FET channel region 34 is formed at the top major surface over which insulating layer 36 is deposited, followed by gate metalization 38. Upon application of a positive voltage on gate electrode 38 relative to source electrode 40, electrons in p type region 30 are attracted towards the gate and congregate at the top major surface to thus invert the conductivity type along channel region 34 to n type. Current thus flows from drain electrode 42 through regions 26 and 28 and then through channel region 34 and then through source region 32 to source electrode 40, as shown by dashed line.
In the VMOS, UMOS and DMOS devices, the p body and the n+ source diffusions are carried out through the same opening in a silicon dioxide covering layer. As a consequence, the active channel region in DMOS FETs is also controlled by the difference in the diffusion depths. Lateral penetration is about 80% that of the vertical depth.
Stability of the operating specifications in MOS devices involves control of their threshold voltages, i.e. the value of the gate voltage required to produce the onset of drain to source conduction. This parameter is strongly influenced by the surface conditions of the silicon just over the channel region and the purity of the silicon dioxide, SiO.sub.2 such as layers 14, FIG. 1, and 36, FIG. 2. During the thermal growth of the oxide, hydrogen chloride is introduced into the system to act as a gettering agent, thus providing fairly pure material.
A particularly troublesome element is sodium because any Na+ ions in the oxide tend to reduce the threshold of n channel devices, and an overabundance of them can prevent turn-off altogether. If aluminum gate metal is placed directly onto the gate oxide, these ions, if present in the aluminum, can drift into the silicon dioxide and degrade the device performance. This is true for VMOS, UMOS (truncated VMOS), and DMOS devices.
If, however, the transistors are fabricated with a phosphorous rich polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon or poly-si) gate, the technology for these materials allows much purer gates to be constructed with much more stable thresholds. Examples of VMOS and DMOS (HEXFET) devices utilizing this technology are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 5 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 4, illustrating the HEX outline. Gate electrode connections are attached along the edge of the wafer. The VMOS structure is classified as a vertical non-planar unit. The HEXFET structure is a vertical planar unit.
Another vertical planar unit is the SIPMOS structure shown in FIG. 6. An n- epitaxial layer 44 is grown on an n+ substrate 46, FIG. 7. The thickness and resistivity of epilayer 44 is determined by the breakover voltage versus ON state resistance compromise. Using standard photolithography techniques, a p+ layer 48 (boron) is driven into the epilayer approximately 2 to 3 microns. The wafer is then stripped of old silicon dioxide and a new extremely clean 50 to 60 nanometer silicon dioxide layer is grown, usually in an environment of hydrogen chloride. Polycrystalline silicon is then deposited on top of the wafer using the LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapor deposition) method. An n+ diffusion into the entire polysilicon layer is then performed to provide for the gettering action of the phosphorous against sodium ions and provide a means to reduce the resistivity of the gate material, although it will still be a factor of 3,000 higher than aluminum. The entire surface of the polysiliconphosphorous (Si/P) layer is bombarded by ion implantation in order to intentionally damage the top surface. Photoresist material is placed on the Si/P, developed and etched. Since the top etches faster than the bottom, due to the damage, the taper shown in FIG. 8 results. By using this tapered gate arrangement, the subsequent implants are more uniform up to the silicon gate oxide surface.
A light, carefully controlled, ion implanted p region 52, FIG. 9, is now added, which will be the channel region. After implantation, a drive-in diffusion moves this layer about one micron below the wafer surface. No oxide masking is needed because the Si/P gate serves that function as mentioned above. An n+ source region 54 is now ion implanted through the same opening in the Si/P gate grid structure. The impurity density is selected such that p+ region 48 is greater than n+ source region 54, and the depth of n+ source region 54 is typically 0.4 microns. A heavy low temperature oxide layer 56, FIG. 6, is applied, followed by a pre-ohmic and ohmic aluminum step yielding drain electrode 58 and source electrode 60.
As noted above, almost all power MOSFET design has been concentrated on vertical configurations. An example of the other general class of MOSFETs, the lateral type, is shown in FIG. 11.
Lateral MOSFET 62 has a substrate including an n- epitaxial layer 64 into which are diffused p region 66, n+ source region 68 and n+ drain region 70. Upon application of a positive voltage on gate electrode 72 relative to source electrode 74, electrons in p region 66 are attracted to the top surface of the substrate to invert the conductivity type along channel region 76 to n type, whereby electrons flow from source 68 through channel 76 through drift region 62 to drain 70, and current thus flows from drain electrode 78 through channel 76 to source electrode 74. The principal advantage of lateral device 62 is ease of implementation in integrated geometries where all leads are accessible.
As with the previously mentioned vertical MOSFETs, the lateral MOSFET 62 of FIG. 11 is unidirectional.
It will be noted that each of the above references is to enhancement mode devices. Since the electron mobility is about 2.5 times greater than the hole mobility in silicon, the most common channel is n type. The ON state channel resistance is determined by the degree to which one can enhance the initial conductivity of the semiconductor. Thus larger gate voltages generally produce lower ON state resistances. If the devices were constructed as depletion mode units, the ON state resistance occurring at zero gate signal would be fixed by the conductivity of the starting material. Little if any reduction in ON state resistance could be effected by application of gate voltage. Since the starting resistivity must be high in order to sustain high blocking voltages in the OFF state, the ON state resistance of depletion mode devices currently being fabricated is considered too large to be a serious contender in power FET development. From this perspective, since all current JFETs are depletion mode devices, JFET configurations have not been seriously considered for power switching applications.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Reviewing FIGS. 1 through 11, it is seen that in each case the transistor will not support a reverse drain to source voltage. Each device is unidirectional in that only one junction drop separates drain and source when (for the n- channel devices shown) the drain is negative with respect to the source. In many applications, these devices can be effectively employed. But if AC line voltage is to be the drain-source driving function, then a bidirectional design becomes mandatory. Again, inspection of the device geometries in FIGS. 1 through 11 shows that the reason for the unidirectional design stems from the use device as a three terminal element, i.e. both the drain and the gate voltages are referenced to the common source point. It is necessary that the source electrode be in contact with the n+ source region and also with the p body region (to provide the gate return contact). Thus, the blocking action of the pn epijunction is negated.
Referring to FIG. 1, for example, if device 2 were supplied with a separate electrode for p region 8, and the source metalization 18 contacted only the n+ source region 10, a bidirectional FET would result. There would be considerable asymmetry due to unequal blocking capabilities of the n region 6 and p region 8. Likewise in FIG. 11, if a separate electrode is provided for p region 66 and if source metalization 74 contacted only source region 68, then a bidirectional FET would result, but there would be considerable asymmetry due to the unequal blocking capabilities of n region 64 and p region 66. Thus a new geometry and perhaps technology would be required.
The present invention evolved from effort to provide bidirectionality in a power FET without having to overcome these immediately above noted difficulties. The present invention provides a simple yet effective power MOSFET structure avoiding these difficulties yet providing bidirectional current flow.
FIG. 12 schematically shows bidirectional FET structure, called EFET, constructed in accordance with the invention. FET 102 includes a substrate 104 of semiconductor material of one conductivity type having a top major surface 106. In preferred form, substrate 104 is an n- epitaxial layer grown on a base of semiconductor material such as p layer 108.
A thick insulating layer of silicon dioxide 110 is grown on top major surface 106 and etched away in one or more steps to yield individual dome shaped segments 112. A polysilicon gate 114 is then deposited on dome shaped insulating segment 112, followed by another silicon dioxide insulating layer 116 grown on top thereof.
A pair of p tub regions 118 and 120 are diffused into substrate 104 from top major surface 106 through holes 122 and 124 between respective domed insulating segments. N+ regions 126 and 128 are diffused into respective p regions 118 and 120 through the same holes 122 and 124, respectively, in oxide layer 110, comparably to the double diffusion process noted above. N+ region 126 is prevented from forming in the central section 130 of p region 118 by a separate masking step, or in accordance with the SIPMOS process noted above, and likewise for central section 132 of p tub 120. Since the p and the n+ diffusions are performed through the same hole, oxide edge 134 provides aligned registry. The diffusion parameters control the lateral penetration of p edge 136 and n+ edge 138, which in turn control the lateral length of channel region 140 formed therebetween, and likewise for channel region 142.
Metalizations 144 and 146 are deposited in openings 122 and 124 to ohmically contact respective source regions 126 and 128 and respective tub regions 118 and 120. Metalizations 144 and 146 provide the main electrodes for current flow through the device as controlled by the electrical potential on gate electrode 114.
Upon application of a positive voltage to gate electrode 114 with respect to source region 138 and main electrode 144, electrons in p region 118 are attracted to top major surface 106 to thus invert the conductivity type in channel region 140 to n type. If main electrode 146 is positive with respect to main electrode 144, current may then flow from p region 120 momentarily across forward biased pn junction 148 into drift region 150, then through channel 140 to source 138 and main electrode 144. As soon as current starts to flow through the FET, the voltage across the main terminals drops, which in turn reduces the potential in the various regions of the FET, including portion 152 of p tub 120 below the other FET channel 142. Portion 152 thus becomes negative relative to gate 114, whereby positive gate 114 attracts electrons toward top major surface 106 to thus invert the conductivity of channel 142 to n type and hence render channel 142 conductive. Forward biased pn junction 148 thus conducts only momentarily until the second channel 142 turns on. The main current path through FET 102 is from main electrode 146, through source 128, through channel 142, through drift or drain region 150, through channel 140, through source 138 to main electrode 144.
The structure is bilateral, and thus current may also flow from main electrode 144 to main electrode 146 when gate 114 is positive with respect to source 128. Electrons in p region 120 are attracted to top major surface 106 by gate electrode 114 thereabove to thus invert channel region 142 to n type, and hence allow electron flow from n+ source 128 through channel 142 into drift region 150. If main electrode 144 is positive with respect to main electrode 146, current then flows from p region 118 momentarily across forward biased pn junction 136 until channel 140 turns on. The main current path is from main electrode 144, through source 138, through channel 140, through drift region 150, through channel 142, through source 128 to main electrode 146.
Gate electrode means 114 is adapted for application of an electrical potential for producing electric fields of sufficient intensity to invert the conductivity type in at least a portion of the first and second channel regions 140 and 142. Upon application of voltage of either polarity to the first and second source regions 138 and 128, electric current can flow in a respective corresponding direction between them, under control of the electrical potential of the gate electrode means 114. This current flow in either direction is controllable by controlling the potential on the gate electrode means which controls the electric fields in the channels 140 and 142.
In the absence of gate potential on gate electrode 114, channel regions 140 and 142 are p type, and the device is in a blocking OFF state. Current from main electrode 144 to main electrode 146 is blocked by junction 148. Current flow in the other direction from main electrode 146 to main electrode 144 is blocked by junction 136. Drift region 150 in substrate 104 acts as a common drain for each side of the FET and withstands high voltage due to its large area, described more fully hereinafter.
Bidirectional FET 102 may be used to control AC power. FIG. 12 schematically shows a load 154 and a source of AC power 156 connected across main electrodes 144 and 146 of the FET. Gate electrode 114 is connected to a source of gate potential 158 through switch means 160 in an on condition of the latter. In the ON state of FET 102, switch 160 is in its upward position such that a given polarity potential is applied from gating voltage source 158 to gate electrode 114. When main electrode 146 is positive with respect to main electrode 144, as driven by AC source 156, gate electrode 114 is positive with respect to source region 138 and electrode 144 connected to p region 118. Hence, channel 140 is inverted to n type and conduction occurs, i.e. current flows from positive main electrode 146 through source region 128, through channel 142, through drift region 150, through channel 140, through source 138 to negative main electrode 144 and through load 154.
In the other half cycle of the AC source 156, main electrode 144 is positive with respect to main electrode 146, whereby gate electrode 114 is positive with respect to source region 128 and p region 120 connected to negative main electrode 146. Conduction is thus enabled through channel 142, and current flows from positive main electrode 144 through source 138, through channel 140, through drift region 150, through channel 142 to source 128 and negative main electrode 146.
In preferred form, the invention enables gate 114 to be tied to the same potential reference level as one of the main electrodes 144 or 146, and still afford high voltage blocking capability in the OFF state. In one embodiment, switch 160 has a leftward off condition connecting gate 114 through reverse blocking diode 162 to the T1 main electrode terminal 144.
In the OFF state, when the voltage on the T2 main electrode terminal 146 starts to rise with respect to main electrode 144, the potential in substrate 104 likewise rises because there is only a single junction voltage drop across junction 148 from p region 120. The potential in drift region 150 thus rises and becomes positive with respect to gate electrode 114 which is tied through switch 160 and diode 162 to the relative negative main electrode 144. Gate electrode 114 is thus negative with respect to drift region 150 and hence the lower segments 164 and 166 of the gate electrode attract holes toward top major surface 106 in distal areas 168 and 170 of the substrate drift region 150.
The greater the positive voltage on main electrode 146 relative to main electrode 144, the more holes are drawn to areas 168 and 170, and the greater the spread towards each other of areas 168 and 170. If these areas 168 and 170 meet, then a conductive p channel is formed through drift region 150 in substrate 104 beneath top major surface 106 to link p regions 120 and 118 and thus conduct current between main electrodes 144 and 146. This is highly undesirable because the FET then loses its OFF state blocking capability.
The dome shaped raised gate electrode 114 and insulation 112 provide substantially increased OFF state voltage blocking capability. That is, a very high threshold breakover voltage must be applied across main electrodes 144 and 146 before FET 102 loses its blocking capability. The central hump or crown portion 172 of gate electrode 114 is spaced substantially higher above top major surface 106 than the gate's distal end portions 174 and 176. This increased separation of raised gate portion 172 from the substrate drift region 150 prevents the formation of a conductive channel between p regions 118 and 120 in the OFF state.
The increased spaced separation between raised gate portion 172 and top major surface 106 substantially diminishes and effectively eliminates the attractive force drawing holes toward top major surface 106 in substrate area 178. The absence of holes in area 178 prevents any hole-concentration areas such as 168 and 170 from meeting, and thus prevents formation of a conductive p channel across drift region 150. Raised gate portion 172 thus prevents unwanted inducement of potential conduction channels through the drift region in the OFF state of the FET.
The raised gate structure is simple yet effective. The outer right and left distal edge portions 174 and 176 of the gate electrode extend in close insulating proximity above and laterally across respective FET channels 140 and 142 to insure inducement of conductivity inversion therein to form conduction channels when desired in response to gate potential from source 158 in the ON state. Gate electrode 114 then extends laterally at 164 and then upwardly and laterally along a slope to raised central portion 172 and then downwardly and laterally along a slope to lateral portion 166.
Another gating arrangement is shown in FIG. 13, where like reference numerals are used where appropriate to facilitate understanding. Gate electrode 114 is split into two separate electrodes 180 and 182. Gate electrode 180 has a left lower edge portion 184 insulatingly spaced above and in close proximity to channel 140. Gate electrode 180 then extends laterally rightwardly as shown at 186 and then upwardly and laterally along a slope to a top terminating edge 188. Gate electrode 182 is comparable. The extension of gate electrode 180 from left lower edge 184 to right upper edge 188 facilitates easier connection of gate terminal 190, and likewise for gate terminal 192.
The laterally spaced separation of gate electrodes 180 and 182 further prevents p channel formation in area 178 in the OFF state. The raised portion of gate electrode 180 between lateral section 186 and upper edge 188 provides increased separation above top major surface 106 which in turn diminishes the attraction of holes toward top major surface 106 in area 168 to thus hinder the rightward spread of any potential conductive p channel in the OFF state. The upward and lateral extension of gate electrode 182 likewise discourages formation of potential conductive p channels and prevents them from spreading leftwardly along area 170.
The G1 and G2 gate terminals 190 and 192 may be connected in common to a single gate terminal such as 194 in FIG. 12, and gated comparably to gate terminal 194. Alternatively, gate terminals 190 and 192 may each be referenced to one of the main electrodes 144 and 146, respectively.
In FIG. 13, gate terminal 190 is connected through switch means 196 which in an upward on condition connects the gate terminal to a gating voltage source 198, and which in a downward off condition connects the gate terminal through a reverse blocking diode 202 to the T1 main terminal electrode 144 to be at the same potential reference level thereof. Gate terminal 192 is likewise connected through a switch 204 in an upward on condition to a source of gating potential 206, and in a downward off condition through a reverse blocking diode 208 to the T2 main terminal electrode 146 to be referenced to the same potential reference level thereof.
Other gating arrangements and techniques are of course feasible, as recognized in the art. For example, the gate or gates may be driven from the AC line power from source 156 through appropriate threshold and protective circuitry, or may be driven through synchronizing circuitry such as a phase lock loop from the AC line to be clocked at a given point in each cycle, or may be driven from an optically or otherwise isolated gate power source. One desirable type of gating arrangement is that shown in copending application Ser. No. 06/390,721, filed June 21, 1982, wherein a current source is connected to a common point between the FET gates, which common gate point is referenced through a resistor and a pair of diodes to the most negative of the main electrodes. The load and AC source may also be connected in a variety of manners, for example the AC source may be coupled to the FET through an isolation transformer.
FIGS. 14-16 show the preferred implementation of the schematic structure of FIG. 12. FIG. 14 is a top view of a semiconductor chip 302 having a plurality of bidirectional FETs integrated thereon in a matrix pattern or array. The main terminals 304 (T1) and 306 (T2), corresponding respectively to electrodes 144 and 146 of FIG. 12, extend in interdigitated fashion by means of long narrow parallel terminal straps 304a and 306a to interconnect the plurality of FETs. A gate terminal 312 is extended to each side and interconnects the various gates, 114 in FIG. 12, by means of a continuous waffle like pattern 312a, FIG. 15. In the case of a split gate structure, such as 180 and 182 in FIG. 13, the gates are interconnected by a dual waffle pattern, with gates 180 connected and brought out to the left gate terminal 312 in FIG. 14, and the gates 182 connected and brought out to the right gate terminal 312 in FIG. 14 which is then ohmically separate from the left gate terminal.
FIG. 15 is an enlarged view of the correspondingly outlined section of FIG. 14. FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken as shown in FIG. 15. A substrate 314, FIG. 16, is provided by an n- epitaxial layer grown on a p type base layer 316. A plurality of p diffusions form p tub regions 318, 320, 322, and so on as defined by a waffle like matrix oxide pattern 324. The boundaries of these p tubs define a plurality of cells in the substrate such as shown in FIG. 15 at 318a, 320a, 322a, and so on. These cells are arranged in a plurality of rows and columns.
An n+ diffusion is carried out in the cells formed by the p tub regions to yield n+ source regions 326, 328, 330, and so on. The areas in FIG. 15 designated 332, 334, 336, and so on are masked or otherwise processed (for example in accordance with the above noted SIPMOS process) to prevent n+ diffusion thereunder and/or a p+ diffusion is then carried out thereunder to yield p+ regions 338, 340, 342, and so on, FIG. 16, which are continuously crystalline with the corresponding p tub sections and extend upwardly to top major surface 344.
Polysilicon gate matrix 312a, deposited on oxide pattern 324, is covered by insulating silicon dioxide layer 346 extending as shown in FIG. 16. Apertures 348, 350, 352, and so on, through which the diffusions are performed, also receive deposited main terminal strap metallizations to yield main terminal 304a ohmically contacting n+ source region 326 and p tub region 318, and main terminal 306a ohmically contacting n+ source region 328 and p tub region 320.
Upon application of a positive voltage at gate terminal 312a with respect to source region 326, electrons in p tub region 318 are attracted to the top major surface 344 beneath gate terminal 312a and invert the conductivity type along channel region 354 to n type. Electrons may flow from source 326 through channel 354 into drain or drift region 356 which is a section of substrate 314 extending upwardly to top major surface 344 between p tubs 318 and 320. If main terminal 306a is positive with respect to main terminal 304a, current can flow from p region 320 momentarily across forward biased pn junction 358 into drift drift region 356 and through channel region 354 to source 326 and terminal 304a. As before, as soon as current starts to flow through the FET, the voltage across the main terminals drops, which in turn reduces the potential in the various regions of the FET including the portion 361 of p tub 320 below channel 360. Portion 361 thus becomes negative relative to gate 312a whereby positive gate 312a attracts electrons toward top major surface 344 to thus invert the conductivity of channel 360 to n type and hence render channel 360 conductive. Forward biased pn junction 358 thus conducts only momentarily until the second channel 360 turns ON. The main current path through the FET is from main terminal 306a, through source 328, through channel 360, through drift region 356, through channel 354, through source 326 to main terminal 304a. Current flows in the reverse direction along the same path when main terminal 304a is positive with respect to main terminal 306a.
Each of the cells 318a, 320a, 322a, and so on, in the matrix array have a right portion forming a lateral FET in combination with a left portion of the next adjacent cell to the right in the same row. Correspondingly, each cell has a left portion forming a lateral FET in combination with the right portion of the next adjacent cell to the left in the same row. For example, cell 320a has a right portion 321, FIG. 16, forming a lateral FET 362 with a left portion 323 of cell 322a. Also, cell 320a has a left portion 325 forming a lateral FET 364 with a right portion 327 of cell 318a. Each of the FETs 362 and 364 is bidirectional.
As seen in FIG. 16, each cell, e.g. cell 320a, has a p tub region in substrate 314 extending laterally and then upwardly to top major surface 344 to form right and left boundaries defining right and left junctions, e.g. 358 and 366, with substrate 314. Source region 328 has right and left portions extending laterally and then upwardly to top major surface 344 to define right and left junctions 368 and 370 with the right and left upward extensions of tub regions 320. The right and left upward extensions of tub regions 320 form right and left FET channels 360 and 372 immediately below top major surface 344. The right and left portions of source region 328 also extend laterally towards each other and then upwardly to top major surface 344 such that intermediate portion 340 of tub region 320 extends upwardly to top major surface 344 between the right and left portions of source region 328. As seen in FIG. 15, the channel regions are part of respective tub regions extending laterally at least partially around respective source regions.
Main terminal 306a ohmically interconnects upwardly extending intermediate tub region portion 340 with the intermediate tub region portion of alternate cells. The other main terminal 304a ohmically interconnects upwardly extending intermediate tub region portion 338 with the remaining staggered set of alternate cells, as seen in FIG. 15.
Gate terminal 312a is insulated above top major surface 344 by oxide 324 in a waffle like or matrix pattern. Each respective gate terminal portion 312a overlies and extends across the right FET channel, such as 354, of a left cell, then upwardly and laterally to a raised central portion in a dome shaped configuration to overlie the upwardly extending drift region portion, such as 356, of the substrate 314 between the cells and thus be spaced therefrom by a greater separation distance to prevent unwanted inducement of conduction channels in the OFF state. The gate terminal 312a then extends over and across the left FET channel, such as 360, of a right cell. The upwardly extending portions, such as 356, of the substrate beneath the gate terminal array likewise form a waffle like pattern separating the rows and columns of the cells in the matrix array.
The intermediate tub region portions, such as 340, are offset to the right or the left of center in their respective cells such that the main terminal connection point is likewise offset to the right or left in each cell. In a first row of cells, for example row 374, FIG. 15, each cell has a main terminal connection point to the left of center to thus have a left-hand orientation. In a second row of cells, for example row 376, each cell has a main terminal connection point to the right of center to thus have a right-hand orientation.
The main terminals 304a and 306a extend in column form perpendicular to the rows, FIG. 15. As above noted and as seen in FIG. 14, the main terminal straps extend parallel to each other in interdigitated manner. Each strap is wide enough to straddle portions of adjacent cells as shown in FIG. 15 by T1 strap 304a straddling cells 318a and 320a. Each strap is insulated above the gate terminal by silicon dioxide layer 346, FIG. 16. As seen in FIG. 15, main terminal strap 304a ohmically contacts left-hand oriented cell 378 therebeneath at area 380 in first row 374, and then ohmically contacts right-hand oriented cell 318a at area 348 therebeneath in second row 376, and so on.
The plurality of bidirectional FETs formed by the cell pairs are thus connected in parallel between the main terminals 304 and 306, FIG. 14. In one implementation, chip 302 is 125 mils by 125 mils and contains 2,580 cell pairs. Each cell is 55 microns long by 20 microns wide and the lateral width of each gate segment 312a is 10 microns. The p tub regions, such as 320, FIG. 16, are diffused to a depth of approximately 3 microns, and the n+ source regions, such as 328, are diffused to a depth of about 1 micron. The resistance of the device in the ON state is extremely low due to the high packing density affording a large number of FETs per unit area.
It is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
1. A bidirectional FET, comprising in a semiconductor substrate: a first source region of one conductively type semiconductor material; a first channel region of opposite conductivity type semiconductor material forming a junction with said first source region; a single drift region of said one conductivity type semiconductor material forming another junction with said first channel region; a second region of said opposite conductivity type semiconductor material forming a junction with said drift region; a second source region of said one conductivity type semiconductor material forming a junction with said second channel region; and raise gate electrode means disposed proximate said first and second channel regions and including at least a portion spaced a greater distance from said drift region, said rasied gate electrode means adapted for application of an electrical potential for producing an electric field of sufficient intensity to invert the conductivity type in at least a portion of said first and second channel regions, said raised gate electrode means comprising split gate electrodes comprising a first gate electrode spaced above said first channel region and extending upwardly and laterally over said drift region, and a second gate electrode spaced above said second channel region and extending upwardly and laterally over said drift region and laterally spaced apart from said first gate electrode; said single drift region forming first and second PN junctions with respective said first and second channel regions, said first and second source regions forming third and fourth PN junctions with respective said first and second channel regions; a first main electrode contacting said first source region and said first channel region; a second main electrode contacting said second source region and said second channel region; a source of alternating voltage impressed across said first and second main electrodes such that during the first half cycle of said alternating voltage said first PN junction is a forward biased junction and said second PN junction is a reverse biased junction, and such that during the second half cycle of said alternating voltage said second PN junction is a forward biased junction and said first PN junction is a reverse biased junction; a first gating voltage source connected to said first gate electrode in said second half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a first inversion channel region between said single region and said first source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said first PN junction during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage such that current flows through said FET from said second main electrode to said first main electrode during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage; a second gating voltage source connected to said second gate electrode in said first half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a second inversion channel region between said single drift region and said second source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said second PN junction during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage such that current flows through said FET from said first main electrode to said second main electrode during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage; said FET having on OFF state in the absence of said gating electrical potential from said first and second gating voltage sources, said single drift region supporting OFF state blocking voltage in both directions, and wherein said first and second gate electrodes are at non-common potentials in said OFF state.
2. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said channel regions are laterally spaced by said drift region extending upwardly between said channel regions to a top major surface of said FET.
3. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said first and second gate electrodes are spaced above said top major surface by a common dome shaped layer of insulation having its minimum thickness at its outer edges over said channel regions and its maximum thickness centrally disposed over said drift region.
4. A bidirectional laterally integrated power switching plural FET structure, comprising: a substrate of semiconductor material of one conductively type having a top major surface; a first tub region of the other conductivity type in said substrate along said top major surface; first and second source region portions of said one conductivity type in said first tub region laterally spaced along said top major surface; a second tub region of said other conductivity type in said substrate laterally spaced from said first tub region along said top major surface; third and fourth source region portions of said one conductivity type in said second tub region laterally spaced along said top major surface; a first singular drift region of said one conductivity type formed by said substrate between said first and second tub regions and forming a junction with said first tub region and forming a junction with said second tub region, said first singular drift region supporting OFF state blocking voltage in both directions to substantially reduce total drift region depletion path length otherwise required for two back-to-back drift regions each supporting blocking voltage respectively in one direction only, whereby to afford substantially increased lateral packing density and in turn more FETs and even higher power capability per unit lateral area; third, fourth and so on, tub regions in said substrate, having fifth and sixth, seventh and eight, and so on, source region portions, and second and so on singular drift regions therebetween; a first gate electrode insulatingly spaced above said top major surface and extending across the section of said first tub region between said second source region portion and said substrate and then extending laterally and upwardly over said substrate and raised thereabove; a second gate electrode insulatingly spaced above said top major surface and extending across the section of said second tub region between said third source region portion and said substrate and extending laterally and upwardly over said substrate and raised thereabove and laterally spaced apart from said first gate electrode; a third gate electrode insulatingly spaced above said top major surface and extending across the section of said second tub region between said fourth source region portion and said substrate and extending laterally and upwardly over said substrate and raised thereabove; a fourth gate electrode insulatingly spaced above said top major surface and extending across the section of said third tub region between said fifth source region portion and said substrate and extending laterally and upwardly over said substrate and raised thereabove and laterally spaced apart from said third gate electrode; fifth, sixth, and so on, gate electrodes; a first main electrode ohmically connected to said first and second source region portions and the section of said first tub region therebetween; a second main electrode ohmically connected to said third and fourth source region portions and the section of said second tub region therebetween; third, fourth, and so on main electrodes; said section of said first tub region between said second source region portion and said substrate comprising a first channel region along said top major surface, and said section of said second tub region between said substrate and said third source region portion comprising a second channel region along said top major surface; said section of said second tub region between said fourth source region portion and said substrate comprising a third channel region, and said section of said third tub region between said substrate and said fifth source region portion comprising a fourth channel region; said first singular drift region forming first and second PN junctions with respective said first and second channel regions, said second and third source regions forming third and fourth PN junctions with respective said first and second channel regions; said second singular drift region forming fifth and sixth PN junctions with respective said third and fourth channel regions, said fourth and fifth source regions forming seventh and eighth PN junctions with respective said third and fourth channel regions; first gate terminal means ohmically interconnecting said first, third, fifth and so on gate electrodes; second gate terminal means ohmically interconnecting said second, fourth, and so on gate electrodes; first main terminal means ohmically interconnecting said first, third, fifth, and so on main electrodes; second main terminal means ohmically interconnecting said second, fourth, and so on main electrodes; a source of alternating voltage impressed across said first and second main terminal means such that during the first half cycle of said alternating voltage said first and fifth PN junctions are forward biased junctions and said second and sixth PN junctions are reverse biased junctions, and such that during the second half cycle of said alternating voltage said second and sixth PN junctions are forward biased junctions and said first and fifth PN junctions are reverse biased junctions; a first gating voltage source connected to said first gate terminal means in said second half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a first inversion channel region between said first singular drift region and said second source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said first PN junction during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage, and to create a second inversion channel region between said second singular drift region and said fourth source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said fifth PN junction during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage, such that current flows from said second main terminal means and the even numbered said main electrodes through said FET to the odd numbered said main electrodes and said first main terminal means during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage; a second gating voltage source connected to said second gate terminal means in said first half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a third inversion channel region between said first singular drift region and said third source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said second PN junction during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage, and to create a fourth inversion channel region between said second singular drift region and said fifth source region to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said sixth PN junction during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage such that current flows from said first main terminal means and the odd numbered said main electrode through said FET to the even numbered said main electrode and said second main terminal means during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage; said FET having an OFF state in the absence of said gating electrical potential from said first and second gating voltage sources, each of said singular drift regions supporting OFF state blocking voltage in both directions, and wherein said first and second gate terminals are at non-common potentials in said OFF state.
5. An integrated plural lateral FET structure for bidirectional power switching, comprising: a semiconductor chip comprising a substrate of one conductivity type; a plurality of laterally spaced cells forming a matrix array on said substrate along a top major surface thereof; each said cell having a right portion forming a lateral FET in combination with the left portion of the next adjacent cell to the right; each said cell having a left portion forming a lateral FET in combination with the right portion of the next adjacent cell to the left; a plurality of singular drift regions of said one conductivity type each formed by said substrate between respective said cells; each cell comprising: a tub region of opposite conductivity type in said substrate and extending laterally and then upwardly to said top major surface to form right and left boundaries defining right and left junctions with said substrate; source region means of said one conductivity type in said tub region and having right and left portions extending laterally and then upwardly to said top major surface to define right and left junctions with said right and left upward extensions of said tub regions; said right and left upward extensions of said tub region forming right and left FET channels immediately below said top major surface; and said right and left source region portions also extending laterally toward each other and then upwardly to said top major surface such that an intermediate portion of said tub region extends upwardly to said top major surface between said right and left source region portions; first main electrode means ohimcally interconnecting said upwardly extending intermediate tub region portion and said right and left source region portions at said top major surface with the intermediate tub region portion and said right and left source region portions of alternate cells; second main electrode means ohmically interconnecting said upwardly extending intermediate tub region portion and right and left source region portions of the remaining alternate cells; and raised gate electrode means insulated above said top major surface of said substrate in a matrix pattern, comprising split gate electrode means comprising a first gate electrode overlying and extending across said FET channel of said left cell and then extending laterally and upwardly over said upwardly extending portion of said substrate between said right and left cells and raised thereabove, and a second gate electrode overlying and extending across said left FET channel of said right cell and then extending laterally and upwardly over said upwardly extending portion of said substrate between said left and right cells and raised thereabove and laterally spaced apart from said first gate electrode, said upwardly extending portion of said substrate between said left and right cells and beneath said gate electrode means likewise forming a matrix pattern separating the rows and columns of said cells and said matrix array; each of said singular drift regions forming a first PN junction with said right FET channel of the cell to the left and forming a second PN junction with the left FET channel of the cell to the right, said right source region of said left cell forming a third PN junction with said right FET channel of said left cell, and said left source region of said right cell forming a fourth PN junction with said left FET channel of said right cell; a source of alternating voltage impressed across said first and second main electrode means such that during the first half cycle of said alternating voltage said first PN junction is a forward biased junction and said second PN junction is a reverse biased junction, and such that during the second half cycle of said alternating voltage said second PN junction is a forward biased junction and said first PN junction is a reverse biased junction; a first gating voltage source connected to said first gate electrode in said second half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a first inversion channel region between said singular drift region and said right source region of said left cell to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said first PN junction during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage such that current flows from said second main electrode means through said left portion of said right cell then through said singular drift region then through said right portion of said left cell to said first main electrode means during said second half cycle of said alternating voltage; a second gating voltage source connected to said second gate electrode in said first half cycle of said alternating voltage to create a second inversion channel region between said singular drift region and said left source region of said right cell to short the otherwise blocking reverse biased said second PN junction during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage such that current flows from said first main electrode means through said right portion of said left cell then through said singular drift region then through said left portion of said right cell to said second main electrode means during said first half cycle of said alternating voltage; said FET having an OFF state in the absence of gating electrical potential from said first and second gating voltage sources, each said singular drift region supporting OFF state blocking voltage in both directions to substantially reduce total drift region depletion path length otherwise required for two back-to-back drift regions each supporting blocking voltage respectively in one direction only, and wherein said first and second gate electrodes are at non-common potentials in said OFF state.
6. The invention according to claim 5 wherein said upwardly extending intermediate tub region portion is offset to the right or left of center in said cells such that said main electrode connection point is likewise offset to the right or left in each cell; in a first row of cells, each cell having said main electrode connection point to the left of center to thus have a left-hand orientation; in the second row of cells, each cell having said main electrode connection point to the right of center to thus have a right-hand orientation.
7. The invention according to claim 6 wherein said first and second main electrode means extend in column form perpendicular to said rows, said first and second main electrode means extending parallel to each other in interdigitated manner by means of a plurality of terminal straps, each strap extending perpendicularly across said rows and being wide enough to straddle portions of adjacent cells in each row, each strap insulated above said gate electrode means, a given strap ohmically contacting a left-hand oriented cell therebeneath in a first row and then ohmically contacting a right-hand oriented cell therebeneath in the second row, and so on.
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