US 4,516,269 AGrant
Automatic Equalization for a Simulcast Communication System
Issue Date:1985-05-07
•21 Claims
•16 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A simulcast communication system for permitting the same audio signal to be simultaneously broadcasted from a plurality of base stations located remotely from a dispatch station used to transmit this audio signal to each of the base stations over conventional telephone lines is described. The simulcast communication system generally comprises first circuit means for equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station to each of the base stations in response to at least one test signal broadcasted from each of the base stations, and second circuit means for generating a synchronized squelch signal at each of the base stations in response to a pilot signal transmitted to each of the base stations with the audio signal and a phasing signal transmitted to each of the base stations at the beginning of the audio signal.
Metadata
Assignee
- Michigan Consolidated Gas Company
Inventor
- Jerome V. Krinock
Application Information
Application Number:US 448830&
Filing Date:1982-12-10
Priority Date:1982-12-10
Art Unit:263
Classifications
IPC:
H04B 350H04B 162H04B 304H04B 1702
Field of Search:
45537517931;35;50;51;52;53;56;63;69-71;67;33132 EB;2 E
Patent Drawings (16 sheets)
Description
Background and Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to communication systems, and particularly to communication systems where the same audio signal is to be simultaneously broadcasted from a plurality of remotely located transmitter stations or sites.
Simulcasting is used herein refers to the simultaneous broadcasting of the same audio signal from a plurality of radio transmitter or base stations. While simulcasting itself is not a new technique, previous simulcast communication systems have usually employed privately-owned microwave radio links between each of the base stations and a dispatcher station from which the audio signal is transmitted to the base stations for broadcasting over the air by radio waves. This is because the use of privately-owned microwave links readily allow for stable audio signal time delay and amplitude transmission characteristics without which the radio broadcast of the audio signal from the base stations would be distorted and unintelligible.
With several base stations located remotely from the dispatch station and from each other, the audio signal must necessarily be sent from the dispatch center to the base stations along separate transmission lines or links. If these transmission lines or links have different audio signal transmission characteristics, then the audio signal broadcasted from at least one of the base stations will be distorted with respect to the audio signals broadcasted from the other base stations. For example, one of the transmission lines or links employed may attenuate or otherwise distort portions of the audio signal at certain frequencies, while another of the transmission lines or links employed may attenuate or otherwise distort other portions of the audio signal at different frequencies. Thus, the "amplitude" transmission characteristics of one transmission line or link may not necessarily be the same as the "amplitude" transmission characteristics of another transmission line or link, even if the same type of transmission line or link is employed, and these may change with time.
Additionally, in the typical communication system the base stations will not be located equidistantly from the dispatch center, thereby causing transmission lines or links of different lengths or distances to be employed. These different distances over which the audio signal is transmitted necessarily causes the base stations to receive the audio signal at slightly different times. These time differences will in general cause the base stations to broadcast the audio signal out of time or phase with respect to each other. Accordingly, due to the various distances involved, the "time delay" transmission characteristics of one transmission line or link may be different from the "time delay" transmission characteristics of another transmission line or link, even if the same type of transmission line or link is employed, and these may also change with time.
While it may be possible to have the base stations located sufficiently far apart from each other or the power of their transmitters adjusted such that the audio signal can only be received from one base station at a time, in practice there is generally no well-defined boundary beyond which the audio signal cannot be received from a particular base station. Accordingly, there will be overlapping areas of reception which will depend at least in part upon the local terrain and atmospheric conditions, thereby making these overlapping areas unpredictable from a design standpoint.
Particularly with respect to FM communication systems, where the audio signal is frequency modulated before being broadcasted from the base stations, it is essential that the transmission lines or links employed have equalized transmission characteristics, because the demodulated sum of the two frequency modulated audio signals will not be a linear sum of their audio modulations. Accordingly, in the overlapping areas of reception the output of a receiver tuned to the carrier frequency may be severely distored or unintelligible when transmission lines or links with different amplitude and/or time delay transmission characteristics are employed.
This situation is further exacerbated in mobile radio communication systems which employ a continuous tone-encoded subaudible squelch (CTCSS) signal to enable the receiver contained in one or more of the mobile stations to demodulate the frequency modulated audio signal. If these squelch signals are not synchronized such that they are broadcasted from each of the base stations with the same amplitude, frequency and phase, then in the overlapping areas of reception the receive in a mobile station will demodulate the distortion products of the CTCSS, thereby interfering with desired audio signal.
While microwave links may be employed to obviate the above-identified problems, the high cost and long lead time associated with the microwave system installations necessary to satisfy the technical requirement of simulcasting have inhibited their widespread use. Accordingly, a common solution to these problems is to place the dispatcher behind a radio console from which base stations are selected one at a time to broadcast the frequency modulated audio signal. However, this solution is unnecessarily time consuming and also inhibits mobile stations in one area from monitoring the communications of the mobile stations in another area. A further discussion of the problems involved with simulcasting may be found in a paper entitled "Automatic Equalization for Simulcasting" presented at the May 23, 1982 meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Professional Society's Vehicular Technology Group by the applicant of the present invention. This paper is hereby incorporated by reference.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a simulcast communication system in which an audio signal may be simultaneously broadcasted from a plurality of base stations which are located remotely from a dispatch station used to transmit the audio signal to the base stations along conventional voice grade telephone lines.
It is a more specific object of the present invention to provide a simulcast communication system which automatically equalizes the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station to each of the base stations.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simulcast communication system which automatically synchronizes the continuous tone-coded subaudible squelch signal generated at each of the base stations.
It is another object of the present invention to provide the automatic equalization circuitry required to convert a conventional FM communication system into a simulcast communication system.
To achive the foregoing objects, the present invention provides first circuit means for equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station to each of the base stations in response to at least one test signal broadcasted from each of the base stations, and second circuit means for generating a synchronized squelch signal at each of the base stations in response to a pilot signal transmitted to each of the base stations with the audio signal and a phasing signal transmitted to each of the base stations at the beginning of the audio signal. The first circuit means includes test signal means for generating the test signals. These test signals are transmitted from the dispatch station to the base stations in a predetermined sequence, such that one or more of these test signals are broadcasted from only one base station at a time. The first circuit means also includes digital processing means for determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize each of the base stations from test response signals which each represent a test signal that has been broadcasted from one of the base stations. The first circuit means further includes programmable equalization means for equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station to each of the base stations in response to the digital processing means.
The second circuit means generally includes pilot signal means for generating the pilot signal, phasing signal means for generating the phasing signal, and detection means associated with each of the base stations for detecting the pilot signal and the occurrence of the phasing signal. The second circuit means also includes synchronization means associated with each of the base stations and responsive to the detected pilot and phasing signals, for generating the synchronized squelch signal at each of the base stations. Specifically, this synchronized squelch signal is phase locked to the occurrence of the phasing signal.
The present invention also provides a method of equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station to each of the base stations in a communication system where the audio signal is transmitted from the dispatch station to each of the base stations along telephone lines. The present invention further provides a method of generating synchronized squelch signal to be simultaneously broadcasted from a plurality of base stations in a communication system where the audio signal is transmitted from the dispatch station to each of the base stations along telephone lines.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment which makes reference to the following set of drawings in which:
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a simulcast communication system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a simulcast communication system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a dispatch station retrofitted with the automatic equalization circuitry according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the analog to digital converter shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an interface circuit to the equalizer computer shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of another interface circuit to the equalizer computer shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the phasing pulse generator, the impulse generator, and bandpass filter shown in FIG. 2.
FIGS. 8a and b are schematic diagrams of the programmable equalizers shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of two impulse responses before and after equalization.
FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of two amplitude responses before and after equalization.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of the pilot oscillator shown in FIG. 2.
FIGS. 12a-e are schematic diagrams of the base station circuitry shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 13 is a graphical representation of the squelch signal synchronization technique according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a flow chart of the computer software employed in the equalizer computer shown in FIG. 2 for achieving the automatic equalization according to the presention.
FIG. 15 is a simplified operational diagram of a transversal filter of the type shown in FIG. 8a.
FIG. 16 is a simplified block diagram of another embodiment of a programmable equalizer according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment
Referring to FIG. 1, a diagrammatic representation of a simulcast commuication system 10 according to the present invention is shown. The simulcast communication system 10 generally comprises a dispatch center or station 12, and three base stations 14-18. Each of the base stations 14-18 include an antenna for transmitting and receiving radio wave broadcasted audio signals, such as antennaes 20-24. The base stations 14-18 may receive these audio signals from one or more mobile stations such as vehicles 26 and 28, or from the dispatch center 12. While the base stations 14-18 receive audio signals from the mobile stations 26-28 over the air, the base stations receive audio signals from the dispatch center 12 via conventional private telephone lines 30-34. The dispatch center 12 also includes an antenna 36 for receiving radio wave broadcasted audio signals from each of the base stations 14-18. However, it should be noted that the antenna 36 may be located remotely from the dispatch station 12 as long as the broadcasted audio signals from all of the base stations 14-18 are capable of being received.
In accordance with the present invention, an audio signal transmitted from the dispatch center 12 along telephone lines 30-34 to the base stations 34 to the base stations 14-18 is simultaneously broadcasted from these base stations. This will permit all of the mobile stations within the areas of reception from the base stations 14-18 to receive this radio wave broadcasted audio signal at the same time. Thus, there is no need for the dispatcher to know where a particular mobile station is in order to communicate with that mobile station, as in prior systems where the dispatcher had to select a particular base station from which the audio signal would be broadcasted. An additional advantage of this simulcast technique is that the performance and reliability of the communication system are improved. For example, when a mobile station is located such that it will receive the radio wave broadcasted audio signal from two or more base stations, such as mobile station 26, there is a combined probability of reception. Thus, if the mobile station 26 is located behind a building which will inhibit or block the reception of radio waves from the base station 14, it may nevertheless still receive the radio wave broadcasted audio signal from the base station 16.
While in the preferred embodiment each of the base stations 14-18 comprise transmitter/receivers capable of transmitting and receiving frequency modulated (FM) audio signals, it should be appreciated that the principals of the present invention are applicable to other modulation schemes, or stations which are only capable of broadcasting radio wave signals. Thus, for example, in an amplitude modulation (AM) communication system, it is only necessary to equalize the time delay transmission characteristics from the dispatch station 12 to the base stations 14-18. Additionally, the principals of the present invention also apply to communication systems where the audio signals from the dispatch station 12 are only partially transmitted via telephone lines, such as when the communication link between the dispatch center and a base station includes a hop over the telephone company's microwave system. Furthermore, the principals of the present invention also apply to a variety of audio signal types, including but not limited to voice signals, data signals, signaling tones, or any other audio-coded signal.
Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram of the simulcast communication system 10 is shown. In order to equalize the audio signal transmission characteristics from dispatch station 12 to the base stations 14-18 in accordance with the present invention, at least one test signal is transmitted from the dispatch station to each of the base stations such that only one of the base stations broadcast this test signal at a time. This may be achieved by transmitting the test signal to only one base station at a time, or transmitting the test signal to all of the base stations simultaneously where only one base station is turned on or enabled to receive/transmit the test signal. This test signal is produced by an impulse generator 38 and may be any suitable test signal, such as a pulse signal.
When the test signals are broadcasted from the base stations 14-18, they are received at the dispatch station 12 via antenna 36. The dispatch station 12 includes a receiver 40 which demodulates the radio wave broadcasted test signals, and produces test response signals on conductor 42. Each of these test response signals represent a test signal which has been broadcasted from one of the base stations 14-18.
Before the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station 12 to each of the base stations 14-18 are equalized, each test respose signal from its respective base station will generally exhibit different characteristics. For example, assume that a first test signal is transmitted to base station 14, then a second test signal is transmitted to a base station 16, and a third test signal is subsequently transmitted to the base station 18. If the base station 14 is located a farther distance from the dispatch station 12 than is the base station 16, then the time from the transmission of the first test signal to its reception at the antenna 36 will be longer than the time from the transmission of the second test signal to its reception at the antenna 36. This time difference represents the difference in the "time delay" transmission characteristics of telephone line 30 with respect to the "time delay" transmission characteristics of the telephone line 32.
Additionally, if the "amplitude" transmission characteristics of the telephone line 30 are different than the "amplitude" transmission characteristics of the telephone line 32, then the first test response signal will exhibit a different waveform than the second test response signal. These differences in the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch 12 to the base stations 14-18 may be best illustrated with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of two test response signals before the transmission characteristics have been equalized, and two test response signals after the transmission characteristics have been equalized. It should be noted that the first test response signal 44, the reference signal, is displaced in time from the second test response signal 46, and also has a different waveform than the second test response signal. However, after equalization the waveform 48 indicates that the second test response signal now closely follows the first test response signal 44 in both time and shape.
FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of the "amplitude" transmission characteristics of two transmission lines before and after equalization, as determined from the test response signals. The waveform 50 indicates the first or reference amplitude response with respect to frequency, and the waveform 52 indicates the second amplitude response with respect to frequency. It should be appreciated from the waveforms 50 and 52 that the two transmission lines tested will attenuate or otherwise modify the audio signal being transmitted at different frequencies. However, after equalization the waveform 54 indicates that the amplitude response of the second transmission line closely follows that of the reference transmission line.
In accordance with the present invention, one of the base stations 14-18 is preferably designated as a reference base station. This base station is typically the base station with the worst audio signal transmission characteristics or the base station which is located the farthest away from the dispatch station 12. Once this base station is designated as the reference base station, then the transmission characteristics to the other stations will be equalized or matched to the transmission characteristics of the reference base station.
Continuing with the description of FIG. 2, the test response signals on conductor 42 are transmitted to a digital processing means for determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize each of the base stations to the reference base station. This digital processing means generally comprises an analog to digital converter 56 and an equalizer computer 58. The analog to digital (A/D) converter 56 samples each of the test response signals present on conductor 42 at predetermined times in response to sample command signals from the equalizer computer 58 (via conductor 59), and produces a set of sequential digital sample signals for each of the test response signals. Each set of sequential digital sample signals is representative of the amplitudes of the test response signal at different times. In one embodiment according to the present invention, each set of sequential digital sample signals comprises sixty four sample signals which are taken at intervals of one hundred and twenty eight microseconds. This provides for a total sample length of 8.192 milliseconds. This sample length has been found sufficient to adequately characterize the test response signals when the test signal employed is a pulse of one hundred microseconds in duration, as the response to a test signal of this type has generally been found to decay after several milliseconds.
The equalizer computer 58 includes sufficient random-access memory (RAM) for storing at least one set of the sample signals from the reference base station and at least one set of sample signals from one of the other base stations. Of course, the equalizer computer may contain additional memory for storing at least one set of sample signals from each of the base stations in the communication system, or it may include sufficient memory to store a plurality of sample signal sets from one or more of the base stations. Generally speaking, the equalizer computer 58 needs only have sufficient memory for storing one set of sample signals from the two base stations of which the audio signal transmission characteristics are to be equalized. Accordingly, the equalizer computer 58 need only have a sufficient memory capacity to first equalize the audio signal transmission characteristics for base stations 14 and 16 and then to equalize the audio signal transmission characteristics for stations 14 and 18.
However, due to noise and other transient conditions, it has been found advantageous to obtain a number of sample signal sets from each of the base stations, so that the sample signal sets from each of the base stations may be averaged to increase the accuracy of the equalization process. For example, in one embodiment according to the present invention the equalizer computer 58 causes one hundred and twenty eight trigger command signals to be sent to the impulse generator 38 along conductor 60. Each of these trigger command signals causes the impulse generator 38 to produce a test signal on conductor 62. These one hundred and twenty eight test signals are then transmitted from the dispatch station 12 to one of the base stations where they will be broadcasted. A corresponding set of one hundred and twenty eight test response signals will be received by the antenna 36, sampled by the A/D converter 56, and stored in the equalizer computer 58. The equalizer computer 58 is programmed to store thirty two sets of sample signals and then to obtain an average of these signals. Since one hundred and twenty eight sets of sample signals will be transmitted to the equalizer computer 58, the equalizer computer will obtain four different average or sub-averages of these sample signal sets. These four subaverages are then averaged again to produce one set of averaged sample signals which will be used to define the audio signal transmission characteristics of the transmission line between the dispatch station 12 and the base station being tested.
With a set of averaged sample signals stored for the reference base station (such as base station 14) and a set of averaged sample signals stored for one of the other base stations (such as base stations 16), the equalizer computer determines the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize the base station 16 to the reference base station 14 by a two-step process. First, the stored sets of averaged sample signals are cross-correlated to minimize the time delay differences. This is done mathematically by shifting the set of averaged sample signals for the base station 16 in time with respect to the set of averaged sample signals for the reference base station 14 by a predetermined amount, such as in one hundred and twenty eight microsecond increments, until the maximum amplitudes of these signals correspond in time. Secondly, the equalizer computer 58 minimizes the squared error between these two sets of averaged sample signals in order to equalize the "amplitude" transmission characteristics and fine tune the "time delay" transmission characteristics.
As a result of the above identified equalization steps, the equalizer computer 58 causes certain command signals to be directed to individual programmable equalizers 64-68 via the computer data buss 30. These programmable equalizers 64-68 are used for controlling or adjusting the audio signal transmission characteristics from the dispatch station 12 to each of the base stations 14-18 in response to the command signals from the equalizer computer 58. As will be more fully described below, each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 include a programmable filter circuit for adjusting the amplitude transmission characteristics (and finely adjusting the time delay transmission characteristics) for their respective transmission lines, and a programmable delay circuit for coarsely adjusting the time delay transmission characteristics for their respective transmission lines.
The programmable filter circuits in the programmable equalizers 64-68 are responsive to amplitude command signals from the equalizer computer 58 for causing the programmable filter circuits to equalize the amplitude transmission characteristics and fine tune the time delay transmission characteristics of the base stations 14-18. The programmable delay circuits in the programmable equalizer 64-68 are responsive to delay command signals from the equalizer computer 58 for causing the programmable equalizers to coarsely adjust the time delay transmission characteristics of the base stations 14-18. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the equalizer computer 58 is programmed to automatically repeat this equalization process at predetermined intervals, such as once every six hours of operation. However, this repetition rate will be dependent upon the particular implementation of the communication system, as well as the length and type of telephone lines employed.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the simulcast transmission system 10 also includes an audio console 72 from which audio signals may be originated and transmitted along conductor 74. This audio signal is then passed through a mixer 76 (as are the test signals from conductor 62). The audio signal is also passed through a bandpass filter 78 which is adapted to transmit signals having frequencies between 300 Hz and 3 KHz. The audio signal is then transmitted to each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 which will individually control the timing and filtering of the audio signal before being transmitted along the telephone lines 30-34.
The audio console 72 is also adapted to produce control tones via conductor(s) 80. These control tones are used for example to selectively turn on or off the transmitter contained in the base staions 14-18, and to turn on or off a CTCSS squelch signal to be broadcasted from the base stations. The conductors 80 are coupled to the outputs of the programmable equalizers 64-68 via audio switches 82-86. The audio console 72 is also adapted to transmit control signals to the equalizer computer 58 along conductors 88 and receive request signals from the equalizer computer. These control signals are used for example to prevent the equalizer computer 58 from causing the impulse generator 38 to produce test signals whenever traffic is on the air, such as when the dispatcher depresses the request to call button at the audio console 72. Additionally, the request signals are used by the equalizer computer to inquire whether there is any traffic on the air.
In order to generate a synchronized CTCSS or other type of synchronized squelch signal at each of the base stations 14-18, the simulcast communication system 10 provides for a phasing pulse generator 90 and pilot oscillator 92 at the dispatch station 12. The phasing pulse generator 90 is used to generate a phasing signal to be transmitted to each of the base stations 14-18 at the beginning of the audio signal. The phasing pulse generator 90 operates in response to a transmit signal from the audio console 72 on conductor 93. This transmit signal will be generated by the audio console 72 whenever an audio signal is to be transmitted to the base stations 14-18, such as when the dispatcher depresses the request-to-call button at the audio console. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the phasing pulse generator 90 is comprised in part by a scheduling computer contained in the audio console 72 which is programmed to produce a pulse of a predetermined duration.
The pilot oscillator 92 is used to generate a pilot signal to be transmitted to each of the base stations 14-18 concommitantly with the audio signal. At each of the base stations 14-18 detection means is provided for detecting the occurrence of the pilot and phasing signals. Additionally each of the base stations 14-18 include synchronizing means which is responsive to the detected pilot and phasing signals for generating the synchronized squelch signal. FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of the standard base station transmitter circuitry 94 and the detection and synchronizing means for one of the base stations, specifically base station 14. The circuitry illustrated for the base station 14 in FIG. 2 is identical to the circuitry contained in the other base stations 16 and 18, and therefore have not been shown.
The standard base station transmitter circuitry 94 generally includes an amplifier 96, modulation limiter circuits 98-102, and a phase modulator circuit 104. The output of the phase modulator circuit 104 is directed to a radio frequency power amplifier circuit which is connected to a suitable antenna for broadcasting the frequency modulated audio signal.
The detection means at the base station 14 includes first detector circuit means for producing reset signal in response to the pilot signal. The pilot signal is preferrably a continuous tone having a predetermined frequency, such as 3 KHz. The first detector circuit includes a 3 KHz notch and bandpass filter 106 which is adapted to filter out the 3 KHz pilot signal. The output of the filter 106 is connected to a high "Q" mechanical filter 108, which in one embodiment is a reed filter which vibrates at 3 KHz. The output from the filter 108 is then amplified by amplifier 110 and rectified by diode 112, and subsequently sent to a divide-by-thirty circuit 114. The divide-by-thirty circuit 114 is adapted to generate a waveform which is substantially a square wave at a frequency of one hundred Hz whenever the pilot signal is transmitted to the base station 14. The output from the divide-by-thirty circuit 114 is connected to the reset input of a twelve bit counter circuit 116, and therefore provides a reset signal to this counter.
The detection means also includes a second detector circuit for producing a strobe signal in response to the phasing signal. The second detector circuit includes a phasing pulse detector circuit 118 which will detect any pulse signal having an amplitude at least one-half the amplitude of the typical phasing pulse signal. The second detector circuit also includes a phasing window generator circuit 120 which is used to distinguish the phasing signal from other possible pulse signals. When the dispatcher depresses the request to call button at the dispatch center 12, a control tone (1950 Hz) is transmitted to the base station 14 for a predetermined period of time (80 milliseconds). The phasing window generator circuit 120 is responsive to this control tone and operates to generate a pulse of a predetermined duration (22 milliseconds) after the occurrence of the control tone. This pulse is transmitted to an AND gate 122 which will generate the strobe signal on conductor 124 whenever the phasing pulse detector circuit 118 detects a pulse during the window in time defined by the phasing window generator circuit 120.
The synchronization means at the base station 14 includes the counter circuit 116, a twelve bit latch circuit 126 and a twelve bit comparator circuit 128. The operation of this synchronization means may best be described with reference to FIG. 13 which graphically illustrates the output from the counter circuit 116 for each of the base stations 14-18. It should be understood that this graphical representation is simplified for illustrative purposes.
Each of the counter circuits 116 in the base stations 14-18 operate under a high frequency oscillator, such as the one hundred and fifty KHz oscillator 130 shown in FIG. 2. When the pilot signal is transmitted to the base stations 14-18 the divide-by-thirty circuits 114 will generate a reset signal every ten milliseconds. Thus, as shown in FIG. 13, the output from each of the counter circuits 116 in the base stations 14-18 increase in steps at the one hundred and fifty KHz rate for a total of ten milliseconds, at which time another reset signal is generated and the counter circuits 116 begin counting again from zero.
Since the pilot signal does not undergo the equalization process, FIG. 3 illustrates that the outputs of each of the counter circuits 116 in the base stations 14-18 are each displaced in time due to the time delay transmission characteristics of the transmission lines employed. However, when the phasing signal is detected, such as at the time indicated by line 132, the strobe signal on conductor 124 causes the latch circuits 126 in each of the base stations 14-18 to store the present output values of the counter circuits 116. Thereafter, the count signal outputs of the counter circuits 116 in each of the base stations 14-18 are compared with the count signals stored in the latch circuits 126 in the respective base stations by the comparator circuits 128. In this way, the comparator circuit 128 in each of the base stations 14-18 will generate a sync signal on conductor 134 at the same time.
The synchronization means in the base station 14 also includes a phase locked loop oscillator circuit for generating the synchronized squelch signal on conductor 136 in response to the sync signal on conductor 134. This oscillator circuit includes a phase detect circuit 138, a filter 140, and voltage controlled oscillator 142. This oscillator circuit is adapted to generate a synchronized squelch signal which in one embodiment comprises a one hundred Hz sine wave. Before this synchronized squelch signal is broadcasted by the base station 14, it is passed through a filter circuit 144, which is adapted to reverse the phase of the synchronized squelch signal momentarily at the end of the audio signal to stop a mechanical reed from vibrating in the mobile stations receiving the audio signal.
Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram of a dispatch station, such as dispatch station 12, which has been retrofitted with the automatic equalization circuitry according to the present invention is shown. This block diagram identifies the various circuit boards or "cards" previously contained in the dispatch station and six boards which have been added to the dispatch station corresponding to the automatic equalization circuitry. The first three of these circuit boards are contained in block 146 which is entitled "Equalizer Computer and Interface Cards". This block represents one circuit board for the equalizer computer 58 and the two interface cards which will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 6. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the equalizer computer 58 comprises and RCA CDP 18S601 "Microboard" microcomputer which provides for an eight bit data bus. However, it should be appreciated that other suitable computers may be employed in the appropriate application.
The dispatch station 12 also includes a main audio card 148 which includes the phasing pulse generator 90, the impulse generator 38, the mixer 76, and the bandpass filter 76 illustrated in FIG. 2. Additionally, the pilot oscillator 92, is contained in the pilot and test tone oscillator card 150. Finally, the programmable equalizers 64-68 are contained in the programmable equalizer cards 152-156.
Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram of the A/D converter 56 is shown. Interposed between the output of the receiver 40 at port 158 is a coupling transformer 160 and an op-amp amplifier 162 for adjusting the gain of the receiver. The output of the amplifier 162 is connected to the conductor 42 which transmits the test response signals to a low pass "alias" filter 164. The output of the alias filter 164 is connected to an op-amp 166 which operates to clip the test response signals to a maximum of 5 volts. A capacitor C1 may also be connected across the op amp 166 if it is desired to interject a weighting function in the equalization process as described in the "Automatic Equalization For Simulcasting" paper identified above. Such a weighting function may be advantageous when it is desired to emphasize an equalization correction at certain frequencies rather than at the other frequencies.
The output of the op-amp 166 is connected to a sample-and-hold circuit 168 which operates to sample the test response signals at a rate of one hundred and twenty eight microseconds. The sample-and-hold circuit 168 operates in response to a pulse signal output from a flip flop 170 which has as its input a 7.8125 KHz clock signal. The output of the sample and hold circuit 168 is connected to an A/D converter circuit 170. The converter circuit 170 operates to convert each of the samples of the test response signal into an eight bit digital code at output lines d0-d7. As will be seen with reference to FIG. 5, these output lines are connected to the data bus of the equalizer computer 58.
Referring to FIG. 5, a schematic diagram of an interface circuit 172 is shown which forms part of the equalizer computer 58. It should be noted that the interface circuit 172 and the A/D converter 56 are contained on the same interface card to the equalizer computer 58, and the circuitry shown in FIG. 5 represents a continuation of the circuitry shown in FIG. 4. Thus, for example, the output lines d0-d7 from the A/D converter circuit 170 continue on FIG. 5 and are connected to the data bus of the equalizer computer 58 which is represented by the ports labelled DB0-DB7. The interface circuit 172 includes a multiply/divide circuit 174 which is also connected to the data bus of the equalizer computer 58. This multiply/divide circuit 174 is used to increase the speed at which multiplication and division calculations are processed by the equalizer computer 58.
The interface circuitry 172 also includes an impulse delay generator circuit which is generally designated by reference numeral 176. The impulse delay generator circuit 176 operates to control the time at which the trigger command signal is sent to the impulse generator 38 on conductor 60. The impulse delay generator circuit 176 is addressed from the input/output (I/O) address bus of the equalizer computer 58, and accordingly includes the necessary address decoders 178. The impulse delay generator circuit 176 includes a pair of four bit pre-settable down counters 180 and 182 which are pre-set by an appropriate eight bit digitally coded value placed upon the data bus of the equalizer computer 58. The output of the down counters 180 and 182 is directed to a NOR gate, which together with NAND gates 186-188 and flip flop 190 form a "one shot" multivibrator. This multivibrator is adapted to generate the trigger command signal on conductor 60 when the down counters 180 and 182 have reached their zero value.
The impulse delay generator 176 serves an important function according to the present invention, in that it is used to compensate for the differences in the distances between the receiver antenna 36 and each of the base stations 14-18. It should be appreciated that if the receiver antenna 36 is not located equidistantly from each of the base stations 14-18, then the time it takes for a broadcasted test signal to reach the receiver antenna 36 will be different for at least one of the base stations with respect to the other two base stations. However, since radio wave transmissions travel at a rate of 5.4 microseconds per mile, all that is needed to be known is the distance between each of the base stations and the receiver antenna 36. With those distance values stored in the equalizer computer 58, the computer can simulate an equalization of these distances by delaying the trigger command signal for the two closest base stations.
Referring to FIG. 6, a schematic diagram of another interface circuit 192 is shown which forms part of the equalizer computer 58. The interface circuit 192 includes an address circuit 194 and a clock divider circuit 196. The address circuit 194 is used to address each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 from the memory address bus of the equalizer computer 58. For example, the output port labelled "STA0" provides the necessary strobe signal to address one of the the programmable equalizers 64-68, while the output port labelled "STA1" provides the strobe signal necessary to address one of the other programmable equalizer, and so forth. The clock divider circuit 196 is used to divide the two MHz clock signal from the equalizer computer 58 into the various clock frequencies needed by the automatic equalization circuit according to the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 7, several circuits are shown, including the impulse generator 38, a portion of the phasing pulse generator 90, the mixer 76, and the bandpass filter 78. The impulse generator 38 generally comprises a "one shot" multivibrator circuit 198, which is adapted to generate a pulse signal on conductor 62 having a duration of one hundred microseconds. The conductor 62 is connected to the mixer 76, which comprises an op-amp mixer circuit 200. Also connected to this mixer circuit 200 is conductor 74 from the audio console 72 and conductor 202, which is used to designate other possible audio inputs to be transmitted. In the particular embodiment of FIG. 7, a scheduling computer contained in the audio console 72 forms part of the phasing pulse generator 90, and this computer is programmed to generate a phasing pulse of six hundred and seventy eight microseconds in duration on conductor 204. This pulse is amplified by an op-amp amplifier 206 to the amplitude required for the phasing signal. The output of the amplifier 206 is also connected to the mixer 200.
A diode circuit 208 is connected to the output of the mixer circuit 200 in order to clip the maximum voltage excursions of the output from the the mixer to a level below the amplitude level at which the audio signal will be clipped by the telephone line. This is to prevent the loss of any part of the pilot signal which is subsequently added to the audio signal before being transmitted to the base stations 14-18. The output of the mixer circuit 200 is also connected to the bandpass filter 78, which includes a low pass (3 KHz.) filter circuit 210, and high pass (300 Hz.) filter circuits 212 and 214. The output of the filter circuit 214 is connected to a brightener RC circuit 216, which is adapted to give a ten dB boost to the high frequency components (1 KHz. to 3 KHz.). The output of the RC circuit 216 is connected to a notch filter circuit 218, which is adapted to remove any components of the audio signal at a frequency of 3 KHz. This notch filter is used to insure that the pilot signal from the pilot oscillator 92 is the only signal transmitted at a frequency of 3 KHz. The output from the notch filter circuit 218 is then amplified by the op-amp amplifier 220 and subsequently sent to each of the programmable equalizers 64-68.
Referring to FIGS. 8a and b, a schematic diagram of one of the programmable equalizers is shown, specifically the programmable equalizer 64. The programmable equalizer circuit 64 is generally comprised of a programmable digital filter circuit 222 and a programmable delay circuit 224. The audio input signal input to the programmable equalizer 64 is received at input port 227. The input port 227 is connected to the output of the amplifier 220 shown in FIG. 7. However, before the programmable equalizer 64 can modify the audio signal to compensate for the transmission characteristics of the telephone line 30 with respect to the telephone lines 32 and 34, the programmable equalizer must first receive the proper address signal.
As described with reference to FIG. 6, the output of the address circuit 194 includes a "STA" strobe signal for each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 in order to address these programmable equalizers. The "STA" strobe signal input to programmable equalizer 64 is indicated at input port 228. This strobe signal is used in combination with several different signals from the memory address bus of the equalizer computer 58 to control various portions of the programmable equalizer 64. For example, the strobe signal from input port 228 is used in combination with an appropriate signal on the "MA7" line of the memory address bus at input port 230 to permit the programmable equalizer 64 to receive the control tones input from port 226. This achieved through AND gate 232 and flip flop 234, which are used to generate an enabling signal on conductor 236. This enabling signal will turn on FET transistor Q1 and permit the control tones to be amplified by op-amp 238 and be transmitted to the output side of the programmable equalizer 64 via conductor 239, as will be more fully described below.
The programmable delay circuit 224 generally comprises a latch circuit 240, a programmable divider circuit 242, and a "bucket brigade" type audio delay circuit 244. The audio delay circuit 244 is capable of delaying the audio signal for a total of four thousand and ninety six microseconds in sixteen increments each comprising two hundred and fifty six microseconds. The number of these increments and hence the delay provided by the audio delay circuit 244 is controlled by a frequency signal input on conductor 246. This frequency signal is provided from the data bus of the equalizer computer 58 via latch circuit 240, which will capture and store the appropriate four bit data word whenever both the "STA" strobe signal and a memory address signal on the "MA6" line are both received. The output of the latch circuit 240 is connected to the programmable divider circuit 242 which operates to generate the frequency signal on conductor 246.
The programmable delay circuit 224 also includes two amplifier circuits 248 and 250 which are connected to the output of the audio delay circuit 244. The output of these amplifier circuits on conductor 252 is then sent to the input of the programmable filter circuit 222 which is shown in FIG. 8a. The programmable filter circuit 222 generally comprises a transversal filter circuit 254, a low pass filter circuit 256, and a line leveler circuit 258. The operation of the transversal filter circuit 254 may best be described with reference to FIG. 15.
FIG. 15 is a simplified operational diagram of a transversal filter circuit 260. The transversal filter circuit 260 includes three delay circuits 262-266, three amplifier circuits 268-272, and an adding circuit 274. Each of the amplifier circuits 268-272 represent a "tap" to the transversal circuit 260 whose gain can be controlled over a range in values from +1 to -1. For example, if the gain of the amplifier 268 is "+1" and the gain of the other two amplifier 270-272 are both set to zero, then the input signal to the transversal circuit 260 will simply be delayed by an incremental amount determined by the delay circuit 262. However, if the gain of the amplifier circuit 270 is then adjusted to the "+0.5", then the adding circuit 272 will add the input signal which has been delayed in time by the delay circuit 262 with the input signal again after it has been delayed in time by both the delay circuits 262 and 264 and after it has been attenuated by a factor of "+ 0.5". From the above, it should be understood that the transversal filter circuit 260 is capable of both delaying the input signal in time and controlling its waveform.
Referring again to FIG. 8a, the transversal filter circuit 254 is a sixteen tap transversal filter which is capable of delaying the audio signal on conductor 252 for a total of two thousand and forty eight microseconds in increments of one hundred and twenty eight microseconds and controlling or modifying the waveform of the audio signal. The individual gain values for each of the taps on the transversal filter circuit 254 are provided from the data bus of the equalizer computer 58, and the sixteen taps are addressed from the memory address bus of the equalizer computer. However, it should be noted that in order to set the gain for each tap, two sets of address signals must be sent to the transversal filter circuit, the first being used to program the magnitude of the gain and the second being used to program the sign (positive or negative) of the gain.
The output from the transversal filter circuit 254 on conductor 276 is connected to the low pass filter circuit 256. The low pass filter circuit 256 operates to remove any frequency components above 5000 Hz. from the audio signal. Thus, the filter circuit 256 operates to reconstruct the audio signal after it has been processed through the signal adjustments programmed into the transversal filter circuit 254. The output of the low pass filter circuit 256 is connected to the line leveler circuit 258. The line leveler circuit 258 operates under the control of the equalizer computer 58 to selectively adjust the gain applied to the audio signal before it is transmitted over the telephone line. This line leveler circuit 258 is used for example to correct for weak telephone lines which require a gain to be applied to the audio signal beyond the dynamic range of the transversal filter circuit 254. The line leveler circuit 258 receives three gain control signals from the I/O port of the equalizer computer 58 along conductors 278-282. These gain control signals are used to turn on or off three bilateral switches 284-288. The bilateral switches 284-288 effectively control the resistance value of a resistor R1 by combining one or more resistors R2-R4 in parallel with it. It should also be noted that coupled between the low pass filter circuit 256 and the line leveler circuit 258 is a conductor 290 which is used to carry the pilot signal from the pilot oscillator 92, and the conductor 239 which is used to carry the control tones.
It should also be noted that suitable modifications may be made to the specific embodiment of the programmable equalizer 64 shown in FIGS. 8a and 8b without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, for example, the programmable delay circuit 224 may be replaced by one or more additional transversal filter circuits. The particular type of the transversal filter circuit 254 is a "R5404" integrated circuit manufactured by EG&G Reticon, Inc., Sunneyvale, Calif. With a plurality of these transversal filter circuits connected in series, it should be appreciated that the separate steps of first coarsely adjusting the time delay transmission characteristics by adding a flat delay, and subsequently adjusting the amplitude transmission characteristics and finely adjusting the time delay transmission characteristics, may be combined in one process step.
Additionally, it should be appreciated that since the transversal filter circuit 254 and the programmable delay circuit 224 have a finite resolution, it is not possible for the programmable equalizers 64-68 to compensate for the audio signal transmission characteristics of the telephone lines 30-34 such that the audio signals will be identically equalized. Nevertheless, it should be understood that the programmable equalizers 64-68 are capable of substantially equalizing the audio signals so as to prevent any significant distortion in the demodulated audio signal received by a mobile station in an overlapping area of reception.
Additionally, each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 may also be implemented by the programmable equalizer circuit 292 shown in FIG. 16. In this simplified block diagram, the programmable equalizer circuit 292 includes an A/D converter 294, a computer 296, and a D/A converter 298. The A/D converter 294 receives the audio signal and converts it to a sixteen bit digital code which will be accepted by the computer 296. The computer 296 is preferably a fast signal-processor type computer which has sufficient memory to store the audio signal for the greatest time delay required. For example, in order for the programmable equalizer circuit 292 to provide a time delay equivalent to the time delay provided by the programmable equalizer 64, the computer 296 must include sufficient random access memory to delay the audio signal for a total of six thousand one hundred and forty four microseconds.
As with the programmable equalizer 64-68, the programmable equalizer circuit 292 would receive the appropriate amplitude and delay commands from the equalizer computer 58. Specifically, the computer 296 would receive these command signals and cause the audio signal to be digitally delayed and filtered in response thereto. The output of the computer 296 is directed to the D/A converter 298 which will operate to convert the digital output from the computer back to an analog audio signal for transmission along a telephone line. Thus, it should be appreciated from the above that the programmable equalizers 64-68 may be implemented by various types of digital filters which may be appropriately programmed to effectuate the necessary adjustments to the audio signal transmission characteristics.
Referring to FIG. 14, an overall flow chart 300 of the computer software used in the equalization process is shown, as are the impulse subroutine 302 and adjust subroutine 304 to this flow chart. It should be noted that a listing of this software is included at the end of this detailed description and is hereby incorporated into this specification. The block 306 that indicates the equalizer computer 58 initially causes each of the programmable equalizers 64-68 to be set to their nominal values.
In one embodiment according to the present invention, these nominal values comprise a 2048 microsecond time delay for the programmable delay circuit 224 and a "+1" gain value set for the first tap on the transversal filter circuit 254 (the other taps all being set to zero). However, it should be appreciated that other nominal values may initially be selected, such as a one thousand and twenty four microsecond delay for the programmable delay circuit 224, and a "+1" gain value set for one of the central taps to the transversal filter circuit 254 (the other gain values all being set to zero).
Block 308 to the flow chart 300 indicates that the reference base station is first selected, and then a jump is made to the impulse subroutine 302 (see block 310). As indicated by block 312 and diamond 314, the impulse subroutine 302 first determines whether there is any traffic on the air. If the traffic is clear, the block 316 indicates that a set of one hundred and twenty eight test pulses are caused to be broadcasted from the reference base station and the resulting test response signals to be sampled. This set of sampled test response signals is then averaged (block 318), and then a check of this set of averaged signals is obtained. Diamond 320 indicates that the final set of averaged signals is correllated with the four sets of sub-averaged signals. A low correllation is indicative of an inconsistent measurement, as might occur if lightening struck during the test period, and therefore another set of test pulses should be broadcasted.
Additionally, the amplitude of the set of averaged test response signals is examined to determine if the full dynamic range of the A/D converter 56 is being utilized. If not, then an appropriate adjustment will be made to the line leveler circuit 258 and/or an adjustment will be made to the gain value of the transversal filter circuit 254. Block 322 indicates that the time delay caused by the transmission line from the dispatch station to the reference base station is then determined. Block 324 indicates that the data obtained during the impulse subroutine 302 is then stored in a specific location of the equalizer computer 58.
The equalizer computer 58 then selects the next base station to be tested (block 326) and calls the adjust subroutine 304. Block 328 in the adjust subroutine 304 indicates that the first task to be completed is to obtain the necessary test response data for this base station. The equalizer computer 58 then calculates the difference between the time delays of the reference base station and base station being equalized (block 330). The equalizer computer 58 then determines whether or not this difference is small enough to be corrected by the transversal filter circuit 254 (block 332). If a coarse adjustment to the time delay transmission characteristics of this base station is required, block 334 indicates that the appropriate delay value is computed and a delay command signal is sent to the programmable equalizer for this base station. This delay command signal is used to set the flat delay for this base station via the programmable delay circuit 224, so that if no further delay adjustment was made the bulk of the energy of the reference station test response would occur eight taps of the transversal filter circuit 254 after the bulk of the energy in the test response of the base station being equalized.
The equalizer computer 58 then checks the mean squared error between the two sets of averaged test response signals for the referenced base station and the base station being equalized (diamond 336). If the mean squared error is within an acceptable level, then program control is returned to the overall flow chart 300, where the next base station will be selected and the adjust sub-routine 304 repeated (diamond 338). If the mean squared error is outside of this acceptable value, then the adjust subroutine 304 causes the equalizer computer 58 to determine the gain values to be programmed into the transversal filter circuit 254 which will minimize this mean squared error. However, in order for this procedure to be more fully understood the equations identified in the adjust sub-routine 304 will now be briefly described.
Mathematically, the equalization should minimize the squared difference between the channel complex transfer functions, ##EQU1## Where R(.omega.) is the test signal frequency response of the reference channel or base station, W(.omega.) is that of one of the other equalized base stations and Q(.omega.) is a weight function if one is desired.
Assuming that the transversal filter 254 performs the convolution of its 16 tap coefficients with the test signal response, the resulting equalized response may be computed as a function of the equalizer coefficients h(k). ##EQU2## The MSE to be minimized is identically the norm of w(i)-r(i). Differentiating this with respect to the tap coefficients and setting equal to zero, the following is obtained. ##EQU3## Even though these 16 equations are linear in the 16 unknowns h(k), it is not numerically efficient to solve them exactly. The iterative technique of steepest descent is used. Using suprscripts to denote the results of successive iterations, and writing the variables (k) as a vector h, the resulting algorithm is
where c is the scalar ##EQU4## and (. , .) denotes the inter product defined by ##EQU5## The vector z is computed for each iteration by
and A is the linear operator defined by ##EQU6## The steepest descent algorithm is known to always converge, and computer simulations of the above algorithm using hypothetically-real test signal responses approached the minimum MSE=the inner product (w-r,w-r) after only a few iterations.
Provided that the measurement of y(k) was accurate, and that the filter taps will physically realize the convolution ideally (zero nonlinearly and offset), the converged solution is the vector of optimal tap coefficients. They may be programmed into the transversal filter 254 to realize an equalized channel response which is optimally close, for this equalizer structure, to that of the desired response. The two assumptions above, however, will be not quite true in practice. Additionally, the adjustment is based on only one measurement, totally discarding the previous tap coefficient settings which will generally still be close to optimal.
Both the convergence and the robustness of the the design can be improved by arranging the measurement to be repeated after each computational iteration of the algorithm, and the resulting response sampled and stored as w(k). Instead of solving for the tap coefficient vector h, we solve for p, defined as the perturbation or update; that is,
The new response w(k) is now measured instead of computed by equation (2). The problem turns out to the be the same as the previous one with h replaced by p and r replaced by (r-w). The remainder of the algorithm is
where c is the same as in equation (3) but the term involving only y and r is removed from the operator A because it will be the same for each iteration and need not be recomputed; ##EQU7## where ##EQU8## and ##EQU9## Although y(k) is still explicitly involved, any error in its measurement is visible to the algorithm via subsequent measurements of w(k), so that the effects are reduced at each iteration. The software for calculation of equations (3)-(10) may be structured very straightforwardly as a series of calls to subroutines CORRELATE (eqs. 6, 9 and 10), CONVOLVE (eq. 7) and INNER PRODUCT (eq. 3). With the help of the multiply/divide circuit 174, the whole iteration takes generally less than two seconds of CPU time.
Finally, with respect to FIG. 14, it should be noted that block 340 indicates that the equalizer computer 58 will wait a total of six hours before repeating the procedure outlined in the flow chart 300. However, it should be noted that this repetition rate will be dependent upon the stability of the particular telephone lines employed and may be modified accordingly. The audio console 72 may also include a suitable provision for manually causing the equalization process to be instituted by the equalizer computer 58.
Referring to FIG. 11, a schematic diagram of the pilot oscillator 92 is shown. The pilot oscillator 92 includes two Schmitt trigger circuits 342 and 344 which together with a crystal oscillator 346 generate a 300 KHz. clock signal on conductor 348. The clock signal is then processed through two divide-by-ten circuits 350 and 352 to produce a 3 KHz. square wave signal on conductor 354. This square wave signal is then passed through a mechanical filter 356 which is used to convert this 3 KHz. square wave signal into a 3 KHz. sine wave signal. This sine wave signal is then amplified by op-amp amplifier 358 to produce the 3 KHz. pilot signal.
Referring to FIGS. 12a-e, several schematic diagrams are shown for the circuitry contained at each of the base stations 14-18, which is used to generate the synchronized squelch signals. FIG. 12a illustrates the notch and bandpass filter 106, which generally comprises two op-amps that are turned to the 3 KHz. frequency of the pilot signal. The output from the filter circuit 106 on conductor 364 continues onto FIG. 12b, where it is shown to be connected to the high "Q" mechanical filter 108. The mechanical filter 108 is connected to the amplifier circuit 110, which is shown to be comprised of two op-amps 366 and 368. The output from the amplifier circuit 110 is then rectified by diode 112 and sent to the divide-by-thirty circuit 114. The divide-by-thirty circuit 114 is shown to be comprised of a programmable divider circuit 370 and flip flops 372 and 374. The programmable divider circuit 370 is adapted to provide a division by ten, while the flip flops 372-374 are adapted to provide a subsequent division by three, thereby totaling a division by thirty. The output of the flip flop 374 on conductor 376 provides a reset signal in a twelve bit counter circuit 116. In the specific embodiment described herein, this reset signal has a frequency of 100 Hz. However, it should be appreciated that if a squelch signal is to be generated at a different frequency, the divide-by-thirty circuit 114 may be suitably modified to produce a reset signal of the necessary frequency.
FIG. 12b also illustrates the phasing pulse detector circuit 118 and the phasing window generator circuit 120. The phasing pulse detector circuit 118 includes an op-amp 378 which is coupled to filter out any RF frequency components of the audio signal. The phasing pulse detector circuit 118 also includes an op-amp 380 for amplifying the audio signal and a comparator 382 for comparing the amplified audio signal with a 5.6 volt reference signal. The output from the comparator 382 is connected to a "one shot" multivibrator circuit 384 which includes the AND gate 122 internally. The multivibrator circuit 384 is adapted to produce the strobe signal output to conductor 124 whenever the phasing pulse is detected.
The phasing window generator 120 is shown in FIG. 12b to be comprised of two "one shot" multivibrator circuits 386 and 388 connected in series. When the 1950 Hz. control tone signal is received by the base station transmitter circuitry 94, an indicator signal will be sent to the phasing window generator 120 via conductor 390. Upon receipt of this signal, the multivibrator circuit 386 will produce a 100 millisecond pulse, and after this pulse the multivibrator circuit 388 will produce a 22 millisecond pulse on conductor 392, which is connected to the internal AND gate of the multivibrator circuit 384.
Referring to FIG. 12c, the 150 KHz. oscillator 130, as well a portion of the counter circuit 116 are shown. This portion of the counter circuit 116 is used to synchronize the oscillator 130 so that a reset signal will not be sent at the same time as a clock signal to the counter 394 shown in FIG. 12d. This achieved by the series combination of a "one shot" multivibrator 396 connected in series with a flip flop 398. Additionally, another multivibrator 400 and flip flop 402 are provided to insure that the strobe signal will not be sent to the latch circuit 126 simultaneously with a clock pulse to the counter 394.
Referring to 12d, the twelve bit output from the counter 394 is shown to be connected to the latch circuit 126 and the comparator circuit 128. The latch circuit 126 is comprised of two six bit latches 404 and 406, while the comparator circuit 128 is comprised of three four bit comparators 408-412. The output of the comparator circuit 128 on conductor 134 is connected to the polarity detect circuit 138 of the phase lock loop oscillator circuit. The output from the polarity detect circuit 138 is connected to the filter 140, which is turn connected to the voltage controlled oscillator 142 shown in FIG. 12e. The voltage controlled oscillator 142 is adapted to generate the synchronized squelch signal on conductor 136, which in this embodiment comprises a 100 Hz. sine wave.
Referring to FIG. 12e, the filter circuit 144 is shown. It should be noted that coupled between the output from the voltage controlled oscillator 142 and the filter circuit 144 is a potentiometer labeled "R19" which is used to adjust the amplitude of the synchronized squelch signal. The filter circuit 144 includes two op-amps 414 and 416 which together with FET transistors Q1 and Q2 are used to control the phase of the synchronized squelch signal. As described above, the phase of the synchronized squelch signal is reversed momentarily at the end of the audio signal to stop a mechanical reed from vibrating in the mobile stations receiving the audio signal. In order to keep the RF power amplifier and the transmitter circuitry 94 on during this reverse burst a "one shot" multivibrator circuit 418 is provided to generate a one hundred and fifty millisecond pulse signal to be sent to the transmitter circuitry 94. Before the synchronized squelch signal is transmitted to the phase modulator 104 of the transmitter circuitry 94, is again amplified via op-amp 420 and filtered by op-amp 422. Finally, the filter circuit 144 includes a flip flop circuit 424 which is adapted to inhibit the broadcasting of the synchronized squelch signal whenever paging or signaling tones are to be broadcasted.
While the above description constitutes the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the accompanying claims. ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## ##SPC4## ##SPC5## ##SPC6## ##SPC7##
Claims
I claim:
1. A simulcast communication system, comprising: a plurality of base stations for simultaneously broadcasting an audio signal; a dispatch station for transmitting said audio signal to said base stations along telephone lines; test signal means for generating test signals to be transmitted from said dispatch station to said base stations in a predetermined sequence; receiver means for receiving test response signals, each of said test response signals representing a test signal broadcasted from one of said base stations; digital processing means for determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize each of said base stations from said test response signals; and programmable equalization means for substantially equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to each of said base stations in response to said digital processing means; said programmable equalization means including programmable filter means for substantially equalizing the amplitude and time delay transmission characteristics of said audio signal transmitted from said dispatch station to each of said base stations.
2. The simulcast communication system according to claim 1, wherein said programmable filter means includes programmable delay circuit means for providing a coarse adjustment to the time delay transmission characteristics of said audio signal transmitted from said dispatch station to at least one of said base stations.
3. The simulcast communication system according to claim 2, wherein said programmable filter means further includes programmable digital filter circuit means adjusting the amplitude transmission characteristics and for providing a fine adjustment to the time delay transmission characteristics of said audio signal transmited from said dispatch station to at least one of said base stations.
4. The simulcast communication system according to claim 3, wherein one of said base stations is designated as a reference base station, and said digital processing means operates to equalize the other of base stations to said reference base station.
5. The simulcast communication system according to claim 4, wherein said digital processing means includes converter means for sampling each of said test response signals at predetermined times and for producing a set of sequential digital sample signals for each of said test response signals which is representative of the amplitudes of said test response signals at said predetermined times.
6. The simulcast communication system according to claim 5, wherein said digital processing means further includes microcomputer means for storing at least one set of said sample signals from said reference base station and at least one set of sample signals from one other of said base stations, for cross-correlating said stored sets of sample signals and generating a delay command signal for causing said programmable delay circuit means to coarsely adjust the time delay transmission characteristics of said other base station to the time delay transmission characteristics of said reference base station, and for generating a plurality of amplitude command signals for causing said programmable digital filter circuit means to substantially equalize the amplitude transmission characteristics of said other base station to the amplitude transmission characteristics of said reference base station and to finely adjust the time delay transmission characteristics of said other base station to the time delay transmission characteristics of said reference base station by minimizing the squared error between said stored sets of sample signals.
7. The simulcast communication system according to claim 6, wherein said microcomputer means includes memory means for storing a predetermined number of said sets of sample signals, and programming means for causing a plurality of said test signals to be generated and broadcasted from each of said base stations, and for causing a corresponding plurality of said sets of sample signals from each of said base stations to be averaged.
8. The simulcast communication system according to claim 1, wherein said test signal is a pulse signal.
9. The simulcast communication system according to claim 1, wherein said programmable filter circuit means comprises a transversal filter for each of said base stations.
10. A simulcast communication system, comprising: a plurality of base stations for simultaneously broadcasting an audio signal; a dispatch station for transmitting said audio signal to said base stations along telephone lines; pilot signal means associated with said dispatch station for generating a pilot signal to be transmitted to each of said base stations with said audio signal; phasing signal means associated with said dispatch station for generating a phasing signal to be transmitted to each of said base stations prior to said audio signal; detection means associated with each of said base stations for detecting said pilot signal, and for detecting the occurrence of said pushing signal; and synchronizing means associated with each of said base stations and responsive to said detected pilot and phasing signals, for generating a substantially synchronized squelch signal at each of said base stations.
11. The simulcast communication system according to claim 10, wherein said pilot signal means comprises an oscillator circuit which generates said pilot signal at a predetermined frequency.
12. The simulcast communication system according to claim 11, wherein each of said detection means includes first detector circuit means for producing a reset signal in response to said pilot signal, the frequency of said reset signal being proportionally related to the frequency of said pilot signal.
13. The simulcast communication system according to claim 12, wherein each of said detection means also includes second detector circuit means for producing a strobe signal in response to said phasing signal.
14. The simulcast communication system according to claim 13, wherein each of said synchronization means includes counter circuit means for producing a count signal at a predetermined rate in response to said reset signal, latching circuit means for storing said count signal in response to said strobe signal, comparator circuit means for producing a sync signal in response to a comparison between said count signal produced by said counter circuit means and said count signal stored in said latching circuit means, and oscillator circuit means for generating said synchronized squelch signal in response to said sync signal.
15. In a communication system having a plurality of base stations, a dispatch station, and a receiver associated with said dispatch station, automatic equalization means for enabling an audio signal transmitted from said dispatch station to each of said base stations along telephone lines to be simultaneously broadcasted from said base stations, comprising: first circuit means associated with said dispatch station for substantially equalizing the audio transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to each of said base stations in response to at least one test signal which is sequentially transmitted from said dispatch station to each of said base stations, broadcasted from each of said base stations, and received at said dispatch station by said receiver; and second circuit means for generating a substantially synchronized squelch signal at each of said base stations in response to a pilot signal and a phasing signal; said dispatch station transmitting said pilot signal to each of said base stations with said equalized audio signal and said phasing signal to each of said base stations prior to said equalized audio signal.
16. The invention according to claim 15, wherein said first circuit means comprises: test signal means for generating said at least one test signal, said at least one test signal being transmitted from said dispatch station to said base stations in a predetermined sequence; digital processing means for determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize such between said dispatch station and each of said base stations from test response signals received by said receiver, each of said test response signals representing a test signal broadcasted from one of said base stations; and programmable equalization means for substantially equalizing the audio signal transmission characterics from said dispatch station to each of said base stations in response to said digital processing means.
17. The invention according to claim 16, wherein said dispatch station includes: pilot signal means for generating said pilot signal; phasing signal means for generating said phasing signal; and said second circuit means includes: detection means associated with each of said base stations for detecting said pilot signal, and for detecting the occurrence of said phasing signal; and synchronization means associated with each of said base stations and responsive to said detected pilot and phasing signals, for generating said synchronized squelch signal at each of said base stations.
18. The invention according to claim 17 wherein said communication system provides for audio communication between said dispatch station and a plurality of mobile stations through said base stations.
19. A method of equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from a dispatch station to a plurality of base stations in a communication system where said audio signal is transmitted from said dispatch station to each of said base stations along telephone lines, comprising the steps of: generating test signals and transmitting said test signals from said dispatch station to said base stations in a predetermined sequence; broadcasting said transmitted test signals from said base stations in said predetermined sequence; receiving test response signals, each of which represents a test signal broadcasted from one of said base stations; determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to each of said base stations from said test response signals; and adjusting the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to at least one of said base stations in order to equalize the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station.
20. A method of generating a synchronized squelch signal to be simultaneously broadcasted from a plurality of base stations in a communication system where an audio signal is transmitted from a dispatch station to each of said base stations along telephone lines, comprising the steps of: generating a pilot signal and transmitting said pilot signal to each of said base stations with said audio signal; generating a phasing signal and transmitting said phasing signal to each of said base stations at the beginning of said audio signal; and generating a substantially synchronized squelch signal at each of said base stations in response to said pilot and phasing signals.
21. A simulcast communication system, comprising: a plurality of base stations for simultaneously broadcasting an audio signal; a dispatch station for transmitting said audio signal to said base stations along telephone lines; test signal means for generating at least one test signal to be transmitted from said dispatch station to each of said base stations in a predetermined sequence; receiver means for receiving test response signals, each of said test response signals representing a test signal broadcasted from one of said base stations; digital processing means for determining the audio signal transmission characteristics required to equalize each of said base stations from said test response signals; and programmable equalization means for substantially equalizing the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to each of said base stations in response to said digital processing means, wherein one of said base stations is designated as a reference base station and the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to the other of said base stations are equalized to the audio signal transmission characteristics from said dispatch station to said reference base station.
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