Catalysis Over Activated Zeolites

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a process for conducting organic compound conversion over a catalyst comprising a crystalline zeolite, including a high silica-containing crystalline material, which has been treated by reacting said zeolite with a compound having a complex fluoroanion. The reaction product zeolite may, if desired, be further treated by hydrolysis and/or conversion to the hydrogen form, such as, for example, by contact with a hydrogen ion precursor, e.g. ammonium salt solution, and calcination.

2. Description of Prior Art

Zeolitic materials, both natural and synthetic, have been demonstrated in the past to have catalytic properties for various types of hydrocarbon conversions. Certain zeolitic materials are ordered, porous crystalline aluminosilicates having a definite crystalline structure within which there are a large number of smaller cavities which may be interconnected by a number of still smaller channels. Since the dimensions of these pores are such as to accept for adsorption molecules of certain dimensions while rejecting those of larger dimensions, these materials have come to be known as "molecuar sieves" and are utilized in a variety of ways to take advantage of these properties.

Such molecular sieves, both natural and synthetic, include a wide variety of positive ion-containing crystalline aluminosilicates. These aluminosilicates can be described as a rigid three-dimensional framework of SiO.sub.4 and AlO.sub.4 in which the tetrahedra are cross-linked by the sharing of oxygen atoms whereby the ratio of the total aluminum and silicon atoms to oxygen is 1:2. The electrovalence of the tetrahedra containing aluminum is balanced by the inclusion in the crystal of a cation, for example, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal cation. This can be expessed wherein the ratio of aluminum to the number of various cations, such as Ca/2, Sr/2, Na, K or Li is equal to unity. One type of cation may be exchanged either entirely or partially by another type of cation utilizing ion exchange techniques in a conventional manner. By means of such cation exchange, it has been possible to vary the properties of a given aluminosilicate by suitable selection of the cation. The spaces between the tetrahedra are occupied by molecules of water prior to dehydration.

Prior art techniques have resulted in the formation of a great variety of synthetic aluminosilicates. These aluminosilicates have come to be designated by convenient symbols, as illustrated by zeolite ZSM-5 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886).

High silica-containing zeolites are well known in the art and it is generally accepted that the ion exchange capacity of the crystalline zeolite is directly dependent on its aluminum content. Thus, for example the more aluminum there is in a crystalline structure, the more cations are required to balance the electronegativity thereof, and when such cations are of the acidic type such as hydrogen, they impart tremendous catalytic activity to the crystalline material. On the other hand, high silica-containing zeolites having little or substantially no aluminum, have many important properties and characteristics and a high degree of structural stability such that they have become candidates for use in various processes including catalytic processes. Materials of this type are known in the art and include high silica-containing aluminosilicates such as ZSM-5, ZSM-11 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,979), and ZSM-12 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,449) to mention a few.

The silica-to-alumina ratio of a given zeolite is often variable; for example, zeolite X (U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244) can be synthesized with a silica-to-alumina ratio of from 2 to 3; zeolite Y (U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007) from 3 to about 6. In some zeolites, the upper limit of silica-to-alumina ratio is virtually unbounded. Zeolite ZSM-5 is one such material wherein the silica-to-alumina ratio is at least 5. U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,871 discloses a crystalline metal organo silicate essentially free of aluminum and exhibiting an X-ray diffraction pattern characteristic of ZSM-5 type aluminosilicate. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,724, 4,073,865 and 4,104,294 describe microporous crystalline silicas or organo silicates wherein the aluminum content present is at impurity levels.

Because of the extremely low aluminum content of these high silica-containing zeolites, their ion exchange capacity is not as great as materials with a higher aluminum content. Therefore, when these materials are contacted with an acidic solution and thereafter are processed in a conventional manner, they are not as catalytically active as their higher aluminum-containing counterparts.

The novel process of this invention permits the preparation of certain high silica-containing materials which have all the desirable properties inherently possessed by such high silica materials and, yet, have an acid activity which heretofore has only been possible to be achieved by materials having a higher aluminum content in their "as synthesized" form. It further permits valuable activation of crystalline zeolites having much lower silica-to-alumina mole ratios.

It is noted that U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,354,078 and 3,644,220 relate to treating crystalline aluminosilicates with volatile metal halides. Neither of these latter patents is, however, concerned with treatment of crystalline materials having a high silica-to-alumina mole ratio or with treatment of any crystalline zeolite with compounds having a complex fluoroanion.

The present invention relates to a novel process for converting organic compounds over a catalyst comprising a zeolite of altered activity resulting from reacting the zeolite either "as synthesized" or initially ion-exchanged, with a compound having a complex fluoroanion. The resulting reaction product zeolite may, if desired, then be contacted with water for hydrolysis, and/or be converted to the hydrogen ion-containing form by, for example, contact with an ammonium salt solution followed by calcination. The final product zeolite may, if desired, be calcined. The resulting zeolite material exhibits enhanced activity toward catalysis of numerous chemical reactions, such as, for example cracking of organic, e.g. hydrocarbon, compounds.

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 355,417, filed Mar. 8, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,790, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The expression "high silica-containing crystalline material" is intended to define a crystalline structure which has a silica-to-alumina ratio greater than 100 and more preferably greater than 500, up to and including those highly siliceous materials where the silica-to-alumina ratio is infinity or as reasonably close to infinity as practically possible. This latter group of highly siliceous materials is exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,941,871; 4,061,724; 4,073,865 and 4,104,294 wherein the materials are prepared from reaction solutions which involve no deliberate addition of aluminum. However, trace quantities of aluminum are usually present due to the impurity of the reaction solutions. It is to be understood that the expression "high silica-containing crystalline material" also specifically includes those materials which have other metals besides silica and/or alumina associated therewith, such as boron, iron, chromium, etc.

The zeolite starting materials utilized herein, including those having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio greater than about 100, may be prepared from reaction mixtures containing sources of various cations. The present process provides noted improvement regardless of which cation sources are present in said reaction mixtures. Non-limiting examples of cation sources to be used in the manufacture of the zeolite starting materials include amines, diamines, pyrrolidine, onium compounds and compounds containing multiple cationic centers. Examples of onium compounds are those having the following formula:

wherein R is alkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, heteroalkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloheteroalkyl of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or combinations thereof; M is a quadricoordinate element (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth) or a heteroatom (e.g. N, O, S, Se, P, As, etc.) in an alicyclic, heteroalicyclic or heteroaromatic structure; and X is an anion (e.g. fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxide, acetate, sulfate, carboxylate, etc.). When M is a heteroatom in an alicyclic, heteroalicyclic or heteroaromatic structure, such structure may be, as non-limiting examples, ##STR1## wherein R' is alkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, heteroalkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms or cycloheteroalkyl of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

The compounds containing multiple cationic centers include those having the formula:

wherein R, M and X are as above defined, Z is a bridging member selected from the group consisting of alkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, heteroalkyl of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, heteroalkenyl of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and heteroaryl, and n is a number of from 1 to about 50. Non-limiting examples of such multiple cationic center containing compounds include:

The process of treating the zeolite for use herein is simple and easy to carry out although the results therefrom are dramatic. The process involves reacting a porous crystalline zeolite or highly siliceous porous crystalline material with a compound having the formula:

wherein L is an organic or inorganic ionic moiety such as, for example, (CH.sub.3).sub.4 N.sup.+, Pt pyr.sub.2 (NH.sub.4).sub.2.sup.-2, NH.sub.4.sup.+ or Pt(NH.sub.4).sub.4.sup.-2 ; [MF.sub.n ] is a fluoroanion moiety comprising the element M; M is an element selected from the group consisting of elements from Groups VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IIIA, IVA and VA of the Periodic Table of the Elements (Sargent-Welch Scientific Company) and Rare Earth elements, such as, for example, boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, phosphorous, antimony, bismuth, palladium, platinum, iridium, iron, rhenium, molybdenum and tantalum; n is the coordination number of M; m is the valence of M and e is the valence or charge associated with L. Non-limiting examples of the fluoroanion moiety include

BF.sub.4.sup.-, AlF.sub.4.sup.-, PF.sub.6.sup.-, BiF.sub.4.sup.-, AlF.sub.5.sup.-2, SiF.sub.6.sup.-2, SbF.sub.5.sup.-2, FeF.sub.4.sup.-2, PtF.sub.6.sup.-2, AlF.sub.6.sup.-3, TaF.sub.8.sup.-3 and PdF.sub.7.sup.-3.

Non-limiting examples of the compounds having a complex fluoroanion of the above formula L.sub.(n-m) [MF.sub.n ].sub.e include: ammonium tetrafluoroaluminate, ammonium hexafluorophosphate, ammonium tetrafluorobismuthate, ammonium pentafluoroaluminates, ammonium hexafluorosilicate, ammonium pentafluoroantimonate, ammonium tetrafluoroferrite, ammonium hexafluoroplatinate, ammonium hexafluoroaluminate, ammonium octafluorotantalate, ammonium heptafluoropallidate, tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and ammonium tetrafluoroborate.

The reaction step of the present method may be conducted in a solvent medium, i.e., solution, or as a solid-solid contact reaction and should be conducted at a temperature of from about -70.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C. and a pressure of from about -0.8 psig to about 50 psig.

The reaction product zeolite material of the present method may, if desired, be hydrolyzed by contact with water at a temperature of from about 20.degree. C. to about 550.degree. C. and/or contacted with an ammonium salt solution and calcined. If hydrolyzed and the hydrolyzing temperature is below 100.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure, liquid water may be used. When the boiling point of water is exceeded, such as when the hydrolyzing temperature exceeds 100.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure, the zeolite may be purged with water saturated gas, e.g. helium.

The hydrogen-ion precursor, e.g. ammonium salt, solution contacting step may be conducted, if desired, to convert the product zeolite to hydrogen form if followed by calcination, by contact with an aqueous or non-aqueous solution of an ammonium salt, e.g NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, for a period of time of from about 1 hour to about 20 hours at a temperature of from ambient to about 100.degree. C. The ammonium salt used is not narrowly critical and will normally be an inorganic salt such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, etc. The hydrolysis and ammonium salt solution contacting steps, if conducted, may be conducted simultaneously when the ammonium salt solution is aqueous.

The zeolite treated in accordance with the present method may, thereafter, be calcined at a temperature of from about 200.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C. in an inert atmosphere of air, nitrogen, etc. for from about 1 minute to about 48 hours.

Of the zeolite materials advantageously treated in accordance herewith, zeolites ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-5/ZSM-11 intermediate, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48 are particularly noted. ZSM-5 is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,702,886 and Re 29,948, the entire contents of each being hereby incorporated by reference herein. ZSM-11 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,979, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. ZSM-5/ZSM-11 intermediate is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,424, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. ZSM-12 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,449, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. ZSM-23 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,842, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. The entire contents of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,016,245 and 4,046,859, describing ZSM-35 and ZSM-38, respectively, are incorporated herein by reference. ZSM-48 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,397,827, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In general, organic compounds such as, for example, those selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, alcohols and ethers, are converted to conversion products such as, for example, aromatics and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, over the activity enhanced crystalline zeolite prepared as above by contact under oganic compound conversion conditions including a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere (bar) to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.08 hr.sup.-1 to about 2000 hr.sup.-1 and a hydrogen/feedstock organic compound mole ratio of from 0 (no added hydrogen) to about 100.

Such conversion processes include, as non-limiting examples, cracking hydrocarbons to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 300.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere (bar) to about 35 atmospheres and a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.1 to about 20; dehydrogenating hydrocarbon compounds with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 300.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere to about 10 atmospheres and a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.1 to about 20; converting paraffins to aromatics with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere to about 60 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.5 to about 400 and a hydrogen/hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 0 to about 20; converting olefins to aromatics, e.g. benzene, toluene and xylenes, with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere to about 60 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.5 to about 400 and a hydrogen/hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 0 to about 20; converting alcohols, e.g. methanol, or ethers, e.g. dimethylether, or mixtures thereof to hydrocarbons including aromatics with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 275.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0.5 atmosphere to about 50 atmospheres and a liquid hourly space velocity of from about 0.5 to about 100; isomerizing xylene feedstock components to product enriched in p-xylene with reaction conditions including a temperature from about 230.degree. C. to about 510.degree. C., a pressure of from about 3 atmospheres to about 35 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.1 to about 200 and a hydrogen/hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 0 to about 100; disproportionating toluene to product comprising benzene and xylenes with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 200.degree. C. to about 760.degree. C., a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 60 atmospheres and a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.08 to about 20; alkylating aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene and alkylbenzenes, in the presence of an alkylating agent, e.g. olefins, formaldehyde, alkyl halides and alcohols, with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 340.degree. C. to about 500.degree. C., a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 2 to about 2000 and an aromatic hydrocarbon/alkylating agent mole ratio of from about 1/1 to about 20/1; and transalkylating aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of polyalkylaromatic hydrocarbons with reaction conditions including a temperature of from about 340.degree. C. to about 500.degree. C., a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 10 to about 1000 and an aromatic hydrocarbon/polyalkylaromatic hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 1/1 to about 16/1.

In practicing a particularly desired chemical conversion process, it may be useful to incorporate the above-described activity enhanced crystalline zeolite with matrix comprising material resistant to the temperature and other conditions employed in the process. Such matrix material is useful as a binder and imparts additional resitance to the catalyst for the severe temperature, pressure and reactant feed stream velocity conditions encountered in many cracking processes.

Useful matrix materials include both synthetic and naturally occurring substances, as well as inorganic materials such as clay, silica and/or metal oxides. The latter may be either naturally occurring or in the form of gelatinous precipitates or gels including mixtures of silica and metal oxides. Naturally occurring clays which can be composited with the zeolite include those of the montmorillonite and kaolin families which include the sub-bentonites and the kaolins commonly known as Dixie, McNamee, Georgia and Florida clays or others in which the main mineral constituent is halloysite, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite or anauxite. Such clays can be used in the raw state as originally mined or initially subjected to calcination, acid treatment or chemical modification.

In addition to the foregoing matrix materials, the catalyst employed herein may be composited with a porous matrix material such as alumina, silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-thoria, silica-beryllia, and silica-titania, as well as ternary compositions, such as silica-alumina-thoria, silica-alumina-zirconia, silica-alumina-magnesia and silica-magnesia-zirconia. The matrix may be in the form of a cogel. The relative proportions of activity enhanced zeolite component and matrix, on an anhydrous basis, may vary widely with the zeolite content of the dry composite ranging from about 1 to about 99 percent by weight and more usually in the range of about 5 to about 80 percent by weight.

The following examples will illustrate the novel method of the present invention.

Zeolite ZSM-5 having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio of about 26,000:1 (65 ppm framework alumina, 110 ppm bulk alumina and 0.23 percent sodium) was prepared from a reaction mixture containing tetraalkylammonium ions. The ZSM-5 was converted to NH.sub.4 -ZSM-5 by treating with 1.0N NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 at ambient temperature. A 2 gram sample of extrudate comprising 65 parts of the NH.sub.4 -ZSM-5 and 35 parts of Kaiser gamma-alumina monohydrate was prepared by slurrying and extruding the components. The extrudate was then impregnated under vacuum (20 mm psia, -0.85 psig) and at a temperature of 25.degree. C. with a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH.sub.4 BF.sub.4). After 30 minutes contact, the extrudate was dried at 130.degree. C. and treated twice with cold NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3. It was then dried again, calcined at 538.degree. C., refluxed for one hour with NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 and then washed with boiling water. The calcination and refluxing was repeated once more.

The 2 gram sample of extrudate reacted with a compound having a complex fluoroanion, i.e. ammonium tetrafluoroborate, prepared in Example 1 was subjected to the Alpha Test to measure catalytic activity. A sample of extrudate prepared as in Example 1, except that it was not contacted with the complex fluoroanion containing compound, was also tested for comparison purposes. The Constraint Index of the final product of Example 1 was also measured. The results of these tests are listed below:

A 12 gram sample of extrudate composed of 65% zeolite ZSM-5 having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio of 26,000:1 and 35% alumina binder was impregnated with a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH.sub.4 BF.sub.4) over a one hour period. Excess liquid was drained away and the extrudate was then dried at 130.degree. C. The sample was exchanged three times for one hour each at room temperature and three times at reflux temperature with 1N NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3. The sample was water washed and calcined in air at 538.degree. C. for 30 minutes between exchanges and water washed after the final exchange. The sample was then dried at 130.degree. C. and an aliquot was calcined at 538.degree. C.

The calcined aliquot from Example 3 was subjeted to Alpha and Constraint Index testing, with results being an Alpha Value of 102 and a Constraint Index of 2.2 at 400.degree. C.

The calcined aliquot from Example 3 was used as catalyst for conversion of methanol feedstock. The methanol feedstock was passed over the catalyst at 370.degree. C., 1 atmosphere pressure and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1 hr.sup.-1. Conversion was 99.5% with the product exhibiting the following hydrocarbon composition:

As is known in the art, the Alpha value is an approximate indication of the catalytic cracking activity of the catalyst compared to a standard catalyst and it gives the relative rate constant (rate of normal hexane conversion per volume of catalyst per unit time). It is based on the activity of the highly active silica-alumina cracking catalyst taken as an Alpha of 1. The Alpha Test is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,354,078 and in The Journal of Catalysis, Vol. IV, pp. 522-529 (August 1965). The Constraint Index is a measure of the selectivity of the particular catalyst and it involves conversion of normal hexane and 3-methylpentane. This test is described in many U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,899 and 4,288,647, and in the Journal of Catalysis, Volume 67, pp. 218-222 (1981).