US 4,500,281 AGrant
Burning of Fuels
Issue Date:1985-02-19
•18 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
NO.sub.x emissions are reduced in the combustion of a fuel, containing significant amounts of NO.sub.x precursors, by carrying out the combustion in at least three, serially connected combustion zones in open communication with one another, including at least two fuel-rich zones and a last fuel-lean zone and in the presence of a combustion catalyst added to the fuel adjacent the upstream end of the first of the fuel-rich zones. SO.sub.x emissions are also reduced when burning a fuel, containing significant amounts of SO.sub.x precursors, by additionally adding a sulfur scavenger to the fuel adjacent the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone.
Metadata
Assignee
- Phillips Petroleum Company
Inventor
- David H. Beardmore
Application Information
Application Number:US 4039793
Filing Date:1982-08-02
Priority Date:1982-08-02
Art Unit:345
Classifications
IPC:
F23J 700
Field of Search:
431603;4;10;351;35239.02;732;733
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
The present invention relates to the combustion of fuels. In a more specific aspect, the present invention relates to the combustion of fuels containing significant amounts of NO.sub.x or both NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x precursors to significantly reduce the volume of NO.sub.x or NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x pollutants.
Background of the Invention
Nitrogen oxides, primarily NO and NO.sub.2 are one of the major classes of air pollutants which are created during combustion processes. It is known that a two-stage, rich-lean combustion process will reduce NO.sub.x pollutants when fuels containing bound or fuel nitrogen (NO.sub.x precursors) are burned. In this process, the first stage is fuel-rich and in this stage, NO.sub.x pollutants normally formed from fuel nitrogen and atmospheric nitrogen are reduced to N.sub.2. Thereafter, the remainder of the air needed for completion of the combustion of unburned and partially burned fuel is added and the combustion is completed. The fuel-rich equivalence ratio (the ratio of actual fuel to actual air over the ratio of fuel-to-air necessary for stoichiometric combustion of .PHI.) is optimum between about 1.0-1.7 in order to obtain minimum NO.sub.x pollutants. The second volume of air is then added to the effluent from the fuel-rich stage to produce an overall equivalence ratio less than 1.0, usually about 3 to 15% excess oxygen. While such two-stage, rich-lean combustion substantially reduces the NO.sub.x pollutant emissions from the burning of solid fuels, the amounts of NO.sub.x pollutants are still comparatively high, particularly with solid fuels. It has also been suggested that further NO.sub.x reductions can be attained by operating a staged combustor with two fuel-rich stages followed by the fuel-lean stage, thus operating in a three-stage mode. While further reductions in NO.sub.x pollutant production are attained in this fashion, the NO.sub.x emissions are still comparatively high. Obviously, once an initial substantial reduction in NO.sub.x pollutants is attained by any form of NO.sub.x reduction, it is most difficult and in many cases, impossible, to obtain the last increments of reduction necessary to meet pollution control standards or provide a margin of safety between attainable results and pollution control standards.
Considerable work has also been done in an attempt to lower NO.sub.x pollutants by the addition of combustion catalysts, usually organo-metallic compounds, to the fuel during combustion. However the results of such attempts have been less successful than staged combustion.
Unfortunately, many fuels, particularly normally solid fuels, such as coal, lignite, etc., also contain substantial amounts of bound or fuel sulfur and the result is that conventional combustion produces substantial amounts of SO.sub.x pollutants which are also subject to pollution control. It has generally been the opinion of workers in the art that those conditions employed in staged combustion, particularly two-stage, rich-lean combustion, for NO.sub.x reduction will likewise lower the level of SO.sub.x emissions. However, it has been found in parallel work that little or no reduction in SO.sub.x emissions can be attained in a two-stage, rich-lean combustion process. As a matter of fact, it has been found that the presence of substantial amounts of sulfur in a fuel also has a detrimental effect on NO.sub.x reduction in a two-stage, rich-lean process.
A substantial amount of work has been carried out in the removal of sulfur from normally solid fuels, such as coal, lignite, etc. Such processes include wet scrubbing of stack gases from coal fired burners.
However, such systems are capital intensive and often unreliable. In addition, the disposal of wet sulfite sludge, which is produced as a result of such scrubbing techniques, is also a problem. Finally, the flue gases must be reheated after scrubbing in order to send them up the stack, thus reducing the efficiency of the system.
In accordance with other techniques, sulfur scavengers are utilized, usually in fluidized bed burners, to act as scavangers for the sulfur and convert the same to solid compounds which are removed with the ash. The usual scavengers in this type of operation include; limestone (calcium carbonate) and dolomite (magnesium-calcium carbonate) because of availability and cost. However, the burning techniques are complex and expensive to operate and control and the burner equipment is comparatively expensive.
Summary of the Invention
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved process for the burning of fuels which overcomes the above-mentioned and other problems of the prior art. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved process for burning of fuels in which NO.sub.x emissions are reduced. Another and further object of the present invention is to provide and improved process for the burning of normally solid fuels in which NO.sub.x emissions are reduced. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved process for the burning of fuels in which both NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x emissions are reduced. A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved process for burning normally solid carbonaceous fuels in which both NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x emissions are reduced. These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.
In accordance with the present invention, NO.sub.x emissions are reduced, during the burning of fuels containing significant amounts of NO.sub.x precursors, by passing the fuel through at least three serially connected combustion zones in open communication with one another, including at least two fuel-rich zones and a last fuel-lean zone, adding a first volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the first of the fuel-rich zones and mixing the thus added first volume of combustion-supporting material with the fuel, adding additional volumes of combustion supporting materials adjacent the upstream ends of the remaining fuel-rich zones and mixing the thus added additional volumes of combustion supporting material with effluent from the immediately preceding fuel-rich zones, the total combustion supporting material thus added adjacent the upstream ends of all of the fuel-rich zones forming, with the fuel, a fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio greater than 1, adding yet another volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the fuel-lean zone and mixing the thus added combustion supporting material with effluent from the last of the fuel-rich zones, the total combustion supporting material thus added adjacent the upstream end of all of the fuel-rich zones plus the fuel-lean zone forming, with the fuel, a fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio less than 1, whereby at least three clearly defined combustion zones are formed, at least in part, by the addition of the combustion-supporting material to the effluent of each combustion zone, adding a catalytic amount of a combustion catalyst to the fuel and first volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone and burning the fuel in the presence of the combustion catalyst in a serial manner in the at least three combustion zones. When the fuel additionally contains SO.sub.x precursors, the production of SO.sub.x emissions can also be significantly reduced by adding a sulfur scavenger to the fuel and first volume of air adjacent the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 of the drawings is a schematic illustration of a multi-stage combustor suitable for use in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows, in greater detail, an upstream end for a combustor for burning solid fuels and a means for abruptly terminating each combustion zone and initiating combustion in the succeeding combustion zone.
FIGS. 3 and 4 of the drawings are plots of SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x concentration in flue gas when burning a fuel, in accordance with the prior art and in accordance with the present invention, while varying the fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
The present invention basically involves burning a fuel containing significant amounts of NO.sub.x precursors in a combustor having at least three, serially connected combustion zones, including at least two fuel-rich zones and a last fuel-zone, in the presence of a combustion catalyst.
All of the fuel is mixed with a first volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the first of the fuel-rich zones. Fuels which can be burned in accordance with the present invention include normally gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, normally liquid fuels, such as petroleum derived fuels, shale oils, coal liquids, etc., as well as normally solid carbonaceous materials, such as coal, lignite, etc. The advantages of the present application are pointed out hereinafter in the burning of normally solid fuels, since the reduction of NO.sub.x pollutants in burning such normally solid fuels is most difficult and the results obtained are generally at least as good when burning of other fuels. Suitable combustion-supporting materials include any material which will support combustion, including oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, air, etc. Combustion catalysts suitable for use in accordance with the present invention are known in the art and include organo-metallic compounds containing iron, vanadium, berium, manganese, etc., particularly Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (found in nature as hematite) and Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4. The amount of combustion catalyst may range from about 1.0 and about 10% by wt. of the fuel.
One critical factor in carrying out the present invention is the obtention of an intimate mixture of the fuel and the combustion-supporting material. Suitable methods and apparatus have been developed for intimately mixing fuel and combustion supporting materials. FIG. 2 of the drawings illustrates a means for mixing a normally solid carbonaceous material and air adjacent the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone and mixing additional air adjacent the upstream ends of the remaining combustion zones.
Additional volumes of combustion-supporting material are added to the upstream end of each of the remaining fuel-rich zones and mixed with the effluent from the immediately preceeding fuel-rich zones. The total combustion support and material thus added adjacent the upstream end of all of the fuel-rich zones, including the first, forms, with the fuel, a fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio, which is fuel-rich or greater than 1.0.
Finally, yet another volume of combustion-supporting material is added adjacent the upstream end of the last or fuel lean combustion zone and mixed with the effluent from the last of the fuel-rich zones. The total combustion supporting material thus added adjacent the upstream end of all of the fuel-rich zones plus that added at the upstream end of the fuel-lean zone forms, with the fuel, a fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio less than 1.0.
Another significant factor in operating, in accordance with the present invention, provides clearly defined combustion zones, preferably where the combustion in a combustion zone is abruptly terminated and combustion in the next succeeding zone is initiated. This can be accomplished, to some extent, by the manner in which the combustion supporting material is introduced adjacent the downstream end of each combustion zone. Specifically, if the combustion supporting material is introduced as a plurality of radial jets toward the center of the combustor, good mixing can be attained and abrupt termination of one zone and initiation in the following zone initiated. However, even better termination of combustion in one zone and initiation of combustion in the following zone can be obtained if the air is introduced as radial jets and the flame front or effluent from one zone is then expanded abruptly into the succeeding zone. In this case, the air or combustion supporting material is preferably injected as radial jets immediately preceding the abrupt expansion. This technique not only improves mixing but also, to a certain extent, prevents back flow of combustion supporting material into the first-mentioned zone with the resultant dilution and unstabilizing effects which such back flow will produce. However, substantially better termination of each combustion zone and initiation of combustion in the following combustion zone can be obtained by reducing the peripheral dimension of the effluent or flame front at the downstream end of a given combustion zone and thereafter abruptly expanding the effluent or flame front into the next succeeding zone, while injecting the combustion-supporting material as a plurality of radial jets immediately adjacent the point of reduction and expansion. In a preferred technique, the reduction in peripheral dimensions can be obtained by an annular baffle or baffles, or still more preferably by a nozzle means. In this case, the combustion supporting material is preferably injected as a plurality of radial jets in the vena contracta or reduced dimension portion of the effluent or flame front. This technique is illustrated in FIG. 2 of the drawings.
It has also been discovered in parallel work of the present inventor that where a fuel, particularly normally solid carbonaceous materials, such as coals, lignites, etc., is burned the production of SO.sub.x emissions can be substantially reduced by carrying out combustion in at least three serially connected combustion zones as previously described and adding at the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone a sulfur scavenger.
As pointed out in the introductory portion hereof, such sulfur scavengers are known in the art and have been utilized, to a great extent, in work dealing with the combustion of normally solid fuels in fluidized bed combustors. Such sulfur scavengers include calcium compounds, such as calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium hydroxide, calcium, magnesium carbonate (dolomite) as well as other metal carbonates, such as magnesium carbonate (magnesite), etc. The most usual sulfur scavengers are limestone and dolomite, because of availability and relative cost. In any event, the sulfur scavengers will generally form a metal sulfate which can be removed from the flue gas of the process, for example, where limestone is utilized in the burning of normally solid carbonaceous fuels, calcium sulfate is formed, which is a solid and thus can be collected with the ash from the combustion process. Obviously, the amount of sulfur scavenger employed should be near the metal/sulfur stoichiometric ratio.
Consequently, by operating in accordance with this latter technique, both NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x pollutants can be removed in the burning of fuels containing both NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x precursors.
The present invention will be apparent further described by the following description when read in conjunction with the drawings.
FIG. 1 of the drawings is a schematic illustration of a burner, which can be utilized in accordance with the present invention, and, specifically a four-stage burner adapted to operate with three fuel-rich stages followed by a fuel-lean stage. In accordance with FIG. 1, a feed line 12 introduces pulverized coal and air to an annular space formed by a housing 14 and an inner core 16. The coal-air feed enters the burner as a spiral or rotating stream as shown by the spiral line 18. A propane torch or pilot 20 passes through the center of the core for lighting the burner. The rotating stream of coal and air pass into the burner body 22. Burner body 22 comprises three fuel-rich stages 24, 26 and 28, respectively, followed by a fuel-lean stage 30. Additional air is introduced through radial ports 32 to the fuel-rich second stage 26, through ports 34 to the fuel-rich third stage 28 and through the ports 36 to the fuel-lean fourth stage 30. Sight glass 38 is provided to observe the flame in the burner body 22. A blanket of insulation 40 is formed around the outside of burner body 22. The burner can also be operated as a single stage, two-stage or three-stage burner by closing selected air ports.
FIG. 2 of the drawings illustrates in greater detail an arrangement for the upstream end or feed end of a burner, such as that of FIG. 1, utilizable in accordance with the present invention and means for feeding air and abruptly terminating the first fuel-rich section 24 or any of the remaining combustion zones of the burner of FIG. 1. Duplicate numbers corresponding to those utilized in FIG. 1 have been utilized in FIG. 2, where possible.
In accordance with FIG. 2, coal and the first portion of air are fed to the burner through line 42, which is simply a straight, open-ended pipe. In some cases, there is a tendency for fuel to become sticky and agglomerate in feed line 42. Accordingly, this feed line 42 is preferably cooled, for example, by water, introduced through line 44, thence circulated through channel 46, annular passage 48, annular passage 50, thence through channel 52 and back to water line 44. If necessary appropriate one-way check valves 54 and 56 are provided in water channels 46 and 52, respectively. A second position of air enters through a plurality of tangential ports 58 which introduce the air in a swirling manner into annular plennum 60. The means of swirling the air may also be an annular ring, represented schematically as 62, having blades at an appropriate angle to cause the air to enter in a swirling manner. The feed and air introduced through line 42 and the swirling air introduced through ports 58 then begin mixing in the mixing chamber 64. Mixing chamber 64 is provided with a necked-down portion which aids in the mixing of the fuel and air. The propane torch lighter 20, FIG. 1, includes a propane introduction line 66 and a spark plug or electrical igniting means 68. The pilot flame then passes into mixing chamber 64. Downstream from necked-down portion of chamber 64 is an air line 68 which feeds air tangentially into annular plennum 70 to thereby introduce the air in a swirling manner. Preferably, the air from plennum chamber 60 and that from plennum chamber 70 rotate in opposite directions. The cooling water passes through annular channel 72 to cool the burner. As previously indicated in connection with FIG. 1, this space may be filled with insulation or cooled in some other manner. The mixture of fuel and the three portions of air then enter the first fuel-rich combustion zone 24 and constitute the first volume of air to the upstream end of the first fuel-rich combustion zone.
Another significant feature of a burner suitable for use in accordance with the present invention is the means for terminating each combustion zone and abruptly changing from one equivalence ratio to the next equivalence ratio. Specifically, a nozzle 74, which forms a necked-down portion to reduce the diameter of the flame front and then abruptly expand the same, is provided at the downstream end of each combustion zone. The air, for example, introduced through ports 32 (FIG. 1) is then introduced as a plurality of radial jets in the vena contracta of nozzle 74. This arrangement serves a number of functions, but basically provides a technique for abruptly terminating combustion in one zone and initiating combustion in the next successive zone. The manner of introducing the air and the contraction and expansion of the flame front aids in the mixing of the air introduced through ports 32 with the flame front at the downstream end of combustion zone 24 and also prevents back flow of air introduced through ports 32 into combustion zone 24. Obviously, also, initiation of combustion at the next lower equivalence ratio in combustion zone 26 is also initiated abruptly and thereby more effective combustion is attained while maintaining the integrity of each combustion zone. A channel 76 may also be provided for inserting a thermocouple to measure temperature at any particular desired point or points along the length of the combustor.
The burner schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 was utilized to carry out a series of comparative tests in accordance with the present invention. In this series of tests, lignite, containing about 1.3 wt. percent N.sub.2, was ground to a fineness such that 70-80% thereof passed a 200 mesh screen. The coal was fed to the burner at a rate of about five pounds per hour and at a velocity of fifty feet per second. The fuel-air equivalence ratio for all fuel-rich stages was varied over a range from about 0.85 (stiochiometric ratio) up to about 1.75 and it was found generally that an equivalence ratio between about 1.4 and 1.75 was optimum. The air to the fuel-rich zones should be equally split for best results.
In a first series of tests, lignite was burned in two-stage and three-stage combustors with 5.5 wt. percent of Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 added at the upstream end of the first combustion zone while varying the fuel-air equivalence ratio of the first combustion zone (in a two-stage operation) or the total air to the first two stages (in a three-stage operation). Accordingly, the primary zone, .PHI., or equivalence ratio therefore represents the air to the first or fuel-rich zone of a two-stage combustor or the first two fuel-rich stages of a three-stage combustor. The point labeled "late-stage air" is a run utilizing a two-stage burner with the air introduced into the uppermost port of the burner of FIG. 1. The point labeled "split-stage air" was a run carried out in a three-stage burner with air introduced into the middle and uppermost ports of the burner of FIG. 1. The results of this first series of tests are plotted in FIG. 3 of the drawings. It is obvious from this figure that the burning of a fuel in the presence of a combustion catalyst in at least three stages reduces NO.sub.x pollutant concentration in the flue gas in a significant amount.
Another series of runs was made utilizing the same lignite and the same procedures previously described, except that 6.2 wt. percent Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 was added to the fuel and air adjacent the upstream end of the first combustion zone. Again, it is apparent from the results of this test plotted in FIG. 4 that a significant reduction in NO.sub.x concentration in the flue gas is obtained by utilizing three-stage combustion with a combustion catalyst added.
While specific materials, modes of operation and equipment have been described herein, it is to be understood that these specific recitals are by way of illustration and to set forth the best mode of operating the present invention and are not to be considered limiting.
Claims
That which is claimed:
1. A method of burning a fuel, containing significant amounts of NO.sub.x precursors, comprising: (a) passing said fuel through at least three serially connected combustion zones in open communication with one another, including; at least two fuel-rich zones and a last fuel-lean zone; (b) adding a first volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the first of said fuel-rich zones and intimately mixing the thus added first volume of combustion-supporting material with all of said fuel adjacent said upstream end of said first of said fuel-rich zones; (c) adding an additional volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of each of the remaining fuel-rich zones and intimately mixing the thus added additional volume of combustion-supporting material with effluent from the immediately preceeding fuel-rich zone adjacent said upstream end of each of said remaining fuel-rich zones; (d) the total combustion-supporting material thus added to the upstream end of said first fuel-rich zone and said remaining fuel-rich zones, together with said fuel, resulting in a fuel/combustion-supporting material equivalence ratio greater than 1.0; (e) adding a still further volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent the upstream end of said fuel-lean zone and intimately mixing the thus added still further volume of combustion-supporting material with effluent from the last of said fuel-rich zones adjacent said upstream end of said fuel-lean zone; (f) the total combustion-supporting material thus added to the upstream ends of said first fuel-rich zone, said remaining fuel-rich zones and said fuel-lean zone, together with said fuel, resulting in a fuel/combustion-supporting material equivalence ratio less than 1.0; (g) providing an outlet from each combustion zone of substantially less cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area of the beginning of the next succeeding combustion zone and abruptly terminating more fuel-rich combustion adjacent the downstream end of each of a preceeding one of said combustion zones and initiating less fuel-rich combustion adjacent the upstream end of each of an immediately succeeding one of said combustion zones, at least in part, by thus adding combustion-supporting material to the effluent of said preceding one of said combustion zones as a plurality of radial jets toward the center of said combustion zone, whereby at least three clearly defined combustion zones are formed; (h) adding a catalytic amount of a combustion catalyst to the thus formed mixture of said fuel and said first volume of combustion-supporting material adjacent said upstream end of said first of said fuel-rich zones; and (i) burning said fuel in the presence of said combustion-supporting material and said combustion catalyst in a serial manner in said at least three combustion zones.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein abrupt termination of more fuel-rich combustion adjacent the downstream end of each preceding combustion zone is attained by abruptly expanding the effluent from the downstream end of said each preceding combustion zone into the upstream end of each immediately succeeding combustion zone and adding the combustion-supporting material to the effluent from said each preceding combustion zone immediately adjacent the location of such abrupt expansion.
3. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein abrupt termination of more fuel-rich combustion adjacent the downstream end of each preceding combustion zone is attained by reducing the peripheral dimension of the effluent from the downstream end of said each preceding combustion zone, immediately thereafter abruptly expanding the effluent of reduced peripheral dimension from said downstream end of said each preceding combustion zone into the upstream end of each immediately succeeding combustion zone and adding the combustion-supporting material to the effluent from said each preceding combustion zone immediately adjacent the location of such abrupt expansion.
4. A method in accordance with claim 2 or 3 wherein the combustion-supporting material is added immediately preceding the expansion of the effluent.
5. A method in accordance with claim 3 wherein the combustion-supporting material is introduced into the reduced diameter portion of the effluent.
6. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fuel is a normally liquid organic fuel.
7. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fuel is a normally solid carbonaceous material.
8. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the combustion catalyst is an organo-metallic compound.
9. A method in accordance with claim 8 wherein the organo-metallic compound is an iron containing compound.
10. A method in accordance with claim 9 wherein the iron containing organo-metallic compound is selected from the group consisting of Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 and mixtures thereof.
11. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the combustion catalyst is added in amounts between about 1 and about 10 wt. percent of the fuel.
12. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the total combustion-supporting material added adjacent the upstream ends of all of the fuel-rich zones forms, with the fuel, a fuel-combustion supporting material equivalence ratio between about 1 and about 1.7.
13. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fuel additionally contains significant amounts of SO.sub.x precursors and a sulfur scavanger which forms solid sulfur compounds is added to the fuel and the first volume of combustion supporting material adjacent the upstream end of the first fuel-rich zone.
14. A method in accordance with claim 13 wherein the sulfur scavenger is a calcium compound.
15. A method in accordance with claim 14 wherein the calcium compound is a compound selected from the group consisting of Ca(OH).sub.2, CaCO.sub.3, CaMg(CO.sub.3).sub.2 and mixtures thereof.
16. A method in accordance with claim 13 wherein the sulfur scavenger is a metal carbonate.
17. A method in accordance with claim 16 wherein the metal carbonate is selected from the group consisting of CaCO.sub.3, CaMg(CO.sub.3).sub.2, MgCO.sub.3 and mixtures thereof.
18. A method in accordance with claim 13 wherein the sulfur scavenger is a metal compound and the metal compound is present in an amount near the metal/sulfur stoichiometric ratio.
Patent Citations (8)
Non-Patent Literature (1)
- Pulverized Coal Combustion: NO.sub.x Formation Mechanisms Under Fuel Rich and Staged Combustion Conditions--J. O. Wendt et al., Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 17th Symposium on Combustion, 1978, pp. 77-87.