US 4,477,092 AGrant
Fire Resistant Connections and Dovetail-Like Sealing Means Therefor
Issue Date:1984-10-16
•6 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A fire resistant connection (14) that embodies a sealing means (44) and that is operable for purposes of effectuating the establishment of a fire resistant seal between mating surfaces (52, 54), and in particular mating surfaces (52, 54) of the type that commonly are found to be present in wellhead and valve equipment (10). The subject fire resistant connection (14) includes mating seal surfaces (52, 54) and the aforementioned sealing means (44). The sealing means (44) comprises a seal ring (44), which includes a plurality of seal lips (46, 48) and a dovetail-shaped rib (50), the latter (50) being formed on the seal ring (44) so as to be located in interposed relation between the pair of adjacent seal lips (46, 48). Each of the plurality of seal lips (46, 48) is suitably configured so as to be positionable in sealing engagement with a corresponding one of the mating seal surfaces (52, 54), the latter (52, 54) embodying a configuration that is complementary in nature to that of the seal lip (46, 48) engaged thereby. Likewise, the rib (50) is suitably configured such that when the seal lips (46, 48) are in sealing engagement with the mating seal surfaces (52, 54), the rib (50) is also engaged by the mating seal surfaces (52, 54) and is locked in position thereby.
Metadata
Assignee
- Gray Tool Company
Inventor
- Robert E. Bush
Application Information
Application Number:US 4693574
Filing Date:1983-02-24
Priority Date:1983-02-24
Art Unit:246
Classifications
IPC:
F16J 1508
Field of Search:
27722;26;123-125;152;188 R;188 A;192;193;199;205;206 R;206 A;211;207 R;235 R ;207 A;235 B;236;227;228;208;198;165;167.5
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Cross Reference to Related Applications
This application is hereby cross referenced to the following four patent applications which were commonly filed herewith and which are commonly assigned: U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 469,358 filed Feb. 24, 1983 entitled "Fire Resistant Connections And T-Like Sealing Means Therefor", filed in the name of Frank C. Adamek; U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 469,356 filed Feb. 24, 1983 entitled "Fire Resistant Connections And U-Like Sealing Means Therefor", filed in the name of Frank C. Adamek; U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 469,354 filed Feb. 24, 1983 entitled "Fire Resistant Connections And Double Ribbed Sealing Means Therefor", filed in the name of Robert E. Bush; and U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 469,355 filed Feb. 24, 1983 entitled "Fire Resistant Connections Embodying Heat Transfer Means", filed in the names of Charles D. Bridges, et al.
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to means for effecting connections between surfaces, and more particularly to means for establishing a fire resistant connection and seal between surfaces of the type that are known to exist in wellhead and valve equipment.
The fact that extreme service conditions are encountered in wellhead applications has long been recognized. Moreover, it has long been known that the nature of such extreme service conditions encompasses, by way of example and not limitation, conditions such as the presence of high and low temperature, sour gas, high fluid velocity, pressure cycling, thermal shock, and/or the existence of forces of vibration, bending, compression, tension or any combination of these forces. In an effort to provide equipment that would be suitable for employment in such wellhead applications, i.e., that would successfully withstand being subjected to extreme service conditions of this type, metal-to-metal seals have heretofore been employed for purposes of effectuating connections and seals in equipment designed to be used in wellhead applications of the aforedescribed type. This selection of metal-to-metal seals for use in this manner has been influenced to some extent by environmental and economic considerations. Moreover, the metal-to-metal seals that have actually been selected for use for this purpose have been of various designs. By way of illustration, reference may be had, among others, to U.S. Pat. No. 2,766,999, which issued on Oct. 16, 1956 to J. D. Watts et al., and/or to U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,763, which issued on July 29, 1980 to R. E. Latham for a showing of a metal-to-metal seal that is disclosed to be suitable for use in equipment, which is designed for employment in wellhead applications.
Although these earlier types of metal-to-metal seals when employed in equipment designed for use in wellhead applications have proven generally to be capable of withstanding the extreme service conditions associated with such applications, i.e., conditions of the sort that have been enumerated hereinbefore, these metal-to-metal seals were never intended to be fire resistant. That is, no requirement existed insofar as the design of these metal-to-metal seals was concerned that they embody the capability of maintaining sealability during periods of thermal expansion and contraction occasioned by the occurrence of wellhead fires. It is only more recently that the matter of fire resistance has come to be viewed as a consideration in the design of connections and seals of the type found in equipment that is intended for use in wellhead applications. Moreover, to some in the industry this matter of fire resistance has gone beyond the state of being simply a consideration, but rather has now risen to the level of being a requirement that future designs of metal-to-metal seals must satisfy.
For purposes of exemplifying what constitutes fire resistant wellhead equipment as this term is being employed herein, reference can be had at least insofar as 5,000 psig and 10,000 psig working pressure equipment is concerned to the statement of requirements that is embodied in American Petroleum Institutes's RP6F "Modified". As set forth therein, 5,000 psig working pressure equipment must satisfy the following test criteria: flame temperature one inch from the wall--1100.degree. C. (2000.degree. F.); stabilization temperature within 31/2 hours--650.degree. C. (1200.degree. F.); high test pressure throughout the test--3750 psi; low test pressure throughout the charging test--500 psi; test media-water; hold period at stabilization temperature--one hour; valve backseat test pressure for oil service--100 psi; valve backseat test pressure for gas service--500 psi; allowable leakage-zero external leakage; and functional valve test after burn-replace stem assembly, open one time, zero external leakage allowed. With respect to 10,000 psig working pressure equipment, the test criteria that must be satisfied are as follows: flame temperature one inch from the wall--1100.degree. C. (2000.degree. F.); stabilization temperature within 31/2 hours--650.degree. C. (1200.degree. F.); high test pressure throughout the charging test--7500 psi; low test pressure throughout the test--500 psi; test media--water; hold period at stabilization temperature--one hour; valve backseat test pressure for oil service--100 psi; valve backseat test pressure for gas service--500 psi; allowable leakage--zero external leakage; and functional valve test after burn--replace stem assembly; open one time, zero external leakage allowed.
The high temperatures which are encountered during wellhead fires give rise to a variety of problems. Included among these are problems that can be linked to the rapid thermal heatup and cooldown of the material which is exposed to the wellhead fire, the expansion and/or contraction of the exposed material, and/or a loss in the properties which the exposed material exhibits. For ease of classification, however, the aforereferenced problems fall basically into two categories. Namely, there are those problems which relate to the structural characteristics exhibited by the wellhead equipment material upon being exposed to a wellhead fire, and there are those problems that relate to the capability of connections and seals in wellhead equipment to maintain their sealability when the wellhead equipment is subjected to a wellhead fire.
Addressing first the matter of the structural characteristics of wellhead equipment material, for purposes of rendering such material fire resistant, i.e., capable of satisfying the test criteria enumerated above for 5000 psig and 10,000 psig working pressure equipment, the loss of tensile strength exhibited thereby when exposed to a wellhead fire can be compensated for in several ways. First, advantage can be taken of the fact that API's RP6F "Modified" permits a twenty-five percent downrating to be had in the pressure limits which 5000 psig working pressure equipment must be capable of withstanding. Secondly, the pressure vessel walls of the equipment in question can be oversized. Accordingly, it has been found that this twenty-five percent downrating permitted by API's RP6F "Modified" coupled with the oversizing of the pressure vessel walls of the wellhead equipment is sufficient to compensate for the loss of the tensile strength that occurs when the wellhead equipment is exposed to elevated temperatures.
Although wellhead housings and valve housings become large when the walls thereof are oversized, i.e., when API type materials are employed therefor, such housings nevertheless remain within practical limits. Therefore, there is no necessity to make use of exotic steels, etc. for this type of equipment. This is not to say, though, that future developments in the area of materials research may not produce new cost effective, high strength alloys, which will enable a reduction to be had in the sizing of wellheads and valves of the type that fall within the category of 5000 psig working pressure equipment.
Turning now to the matter of the sealability of the connections and seals that are embodied in wellhead equipment, it is essential for the reasons that have been discussed previously herein that such connections and seals be effectuated through the use of metal-to-metal seals. On the other hand, however, if such metal-to-metal seals are to be capable of exhibiting adequate tensile strength at elevated temperatures the view has been taken that there must be utilized therein high strength materials as overlays or seal ring materials. Elastomers, as they are known today, are known to perform unsatisfactorily when employed under the sort of conditions to which wellhead equipment is subjected when a wellhead fire occurs. The one nonmetallic material which may have some merit for use in such applications is that which is referred to by those in this industry as "graphoil".
By and large, therefore, it can thus be seen that in order to develop wellhead and valve equipment that is fire resistant, i.e., satisfies insofar as the principal requirements for fire resistance are concerned the statement of requirements that is embodied in API's RP6F "Modified", a need has existed to develop improved sealing techniques that would be suitable for use to effect seals that would maintain their sealability at elevated temperatures. More specifically, there has existed a need to develop improved high temperature sealing techniques that would be applicable for use in connection with both the tubular and annular seals that are to be found in wellhead equipment, and which would enable the latter equipment to withstand in terms of sealability the range of temperatures to which such equipment would commonly be exposed in the course of a wellhead fire. In this context, in order to develop such an improved high temperature sealing technique there would exist a need to address the following areas: the thermal and metallurgical characteristics of the materials involved, the relative movement that occurs between the mating parts, and the sliding action that the seal must endure.
Attempts at the development of such high temperature sealing techniques have been undertaken. Further, the focus thereof at the outset was predicated on the following notions. Foremost was the notion that a clamp connection because of its mass would prove to be beneficial insofar as a fire resistant connection is concerned. Moreover, it was felt that such a clamp connection would probably prove to be the only suitable connection for use in wellhead and valve equipment that was designed to be fire resistant. Accordingly, considerable time and effort was devoted to the development of a suitable clamp connection that would maintain its sealability at elevated temperatures. However, not only did the mass of a large enhanced clamp prove to be detrimental to heat exchange properties of the wellhead and valve equipment, per se, but indeed proved to be uncontrollable in terms of torsional deflection and permanent set. In turn, the latter prevented retention of any seal that was dependent upon the clamp connection as a holding device.
As a result of the realization of the above, the development of a studded clamp connection was undertaken. However, the unfavorable heat transfer properties of the added mass of the large clamp soon led to the abandonment of the clamp itself. This was done principally so that a more favorable heat transfer could be realized in a less irregular surface surrounding the wellhead housing. It was then concluded that in the context of attempting to render wellhead and valve equipment fire resistant large clamp connections should not be utilized.
Enhanced flange connections have since been developed which are capable of maintaining the required seal contact force and connection stability. Furthermore, it is practical to prepare such an enhanced flange connection with a hub profile that may be utilized during the drilling operation. Notwithstanding this though it is still strongly recommended that large clamps not be utilized in wellhead and valve equipment that is intended to be designated as being fire resistant.
Thus, to summarize, it has been concluded from analytical and test results that API type materials are suitable for use in forming pressure containing members of wellhead housings, valve bodies, and bonnets. Further, it is viewed as being practical to construct valve bodies and wellhead housings of such materials. That is, the use of such materials for this purpose does not lead to enormous enlargement of the equipment to the point of being impractical. On the other hand, however, it must be recognized that API type materials are not suitable for use in performing a sealing function. Accordingly, it is essential that within any wellhead and valve equipment housings that overlays and seal rings of high strength materials be inserted. Furthermore, these overlays and seal rings of high strength material must be of sufficient size and integrity to withstand the loading forces necessary to effect the sealing function. In addition, the materials utilized in this connection in the overlays and in the seal rings must of necessity be selected for compatibility, for their elevated temperature strength, and of great importance, their thermal conductivity. Namely, it is very important that the material selected for use in these sealing areas be compatible from the standpoint of thermal expansion and contraction, corrosivity, weldability and gall resistance. However, even when the above criteria have been satisfied, there still remains a need to provide a high temperature seal, which in terms of its design as contrasted to the matter of the materials from which it is formed, is suitable for use in wellhead and valve equipment that may be subjected to elevated temperatures of the type that are experienced during the course of a wellhead fire. That is, a need has been evidenced for a seal design wherein a seal constructed in accordance therewith would when employed in wellhead and valve equipment be characterized by the fact that it possessed the capability of maintaining its sealability even when the wellhead and valve equipment in which it was embodied was involved in a wellhead fire.
In particular, a need has been evidenced for a seal embodying a design wherein a characteristic thereof is the fact that a positive locking action exists between the seal ring of the seal and the mating sealing surfaces that engage the seal ring. More specifically, it is desired to provide such a seal wherein by virtue of the fact that the seal ring of the seal is locked in place relative to the mating sealing surfaces, the seal is capable of responding to thermal movement such that both the seal ring and the mating sealing surfaces which are in engagement therewith remain in contact even though thermal distortion may occur during thermal cycles, and in particular thermal cycles of the type that are encountered when a wellhead fire occurs.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved connection, i.e., seal, suitable for employment in wellhead and valve equipment.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a connection, i.e., a seal, which when employed in wellhead and valve equipment is capable of withstanding the conditions imposed thereupon during the occurrence of a wellhead fire.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a connection, i.e., a seal, which is characterized in that it exhibits adequate tensile strength even at the elevated temperatures that exist when a wellhead fire occurs.
A further object of the present invention is to provide such a connection, i.e., a seal, which is characterized in that it exhibits the capability of being able to maintain its sealability even at the elevated temperatures that exist when a wellhead fire occurs.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide sealing means of unique design which is particularly suited for use in a connection, i.e., a seal, of the sort that is intended for employment in wellhead and valve equipment of the type that is designed to be denoted as being fire resistant.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide sealing means in the form of a seal ring having a dovetail-shaped portion which when employed as a component of a connection, i.e., a seal, in wellhead and valve equipment is operative to enable the connection, i.e., the seal, to maintain its sealability when the equipment in which the connection, i.e., the seal, is embodied is subjected to the conditions that are associated with the occurrence of a wellhead fire.
Yet still another object of the present invention is to provide such a connection, i.e., a seal, embodying such a seal ring having a dovetail-shaped portion which is relatively inexpensive to provide and easy to employ, while yet being capable of providing reliable and effective service even when exposed to the conditions that exist when a wellhead fire occurs.
Summary of the Invention
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a new and improved fire resistant connection, i.e., seal, that embodies a dovetail-like sealing means and which is operative for purposes of effectuating the establishment of a fire resistant connection and seal between mating surfaces, particularly mating surfaces of the type that are commonly encountered in wellhead and valve equipment. The subject connection, i.e., seal, encompases the complementary tapered surfaces of mating seal surfaces, and the aforereferenced dovetail-like sealing means. The latter dovetail-like sealing means comprises a seal ring which includes a pair of substantially planar seal lips that are suitably spaced one from another and which lie within a common plane. Additionally, the subject seal ring includes a rib which is suitably tapered so as to embody the configuration substantially that of a dovetail. This rib extends outwardly from the seal ring from a position located substantially equidistant from the pair of planar seal lips and such that the rib, generally speaking, lies in a plane that extends substantially perpendicular to the plane in which the seal lips lie. When the subject connection, i.e., seal, is in its assembled, i.e., sealing, condition, the planar seal lips of the seal ring are positioned in sealing engagement with substantially straight sided portions of the wall surfaces of the mating sealing surfaces. Mechanical loading is provided by the interference fit that exists between the planar seal lips and the complementary configured planar surfaces of the mating sealing surfaces. The dovetail-shaped rib, on the other hand, is firmly locked in position within the cavity defined by the complementary tapered shaped portions of the surfaces of the mating sealing surfaces. Preferably, the seal lips are coated with a suitable anti-galling material in order to minimize the extent to which the seal lips suffer galling, the latter being attributable to the high contact forces to which the seal lips are subjected in order to maintain the sealability of the connection, i.e., seal, throughout the thermal cycle occasioned, for example, by the occurrence of a wellhead fire.
Brief Description of the Drawing
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a test fixture depicting emplaced therewithin in its operative, i.e., sealing, state a fire resistant connection, i.e., seal, constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of portions of the component parts of a connection, i.e., seal, constructed in accordance with the present invention, illustrated occupying their nonsealing positions;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of portions of the component parts of a connection, i.e., seal, constructed in accordance with the present invention, illustrated at the point of initial contact therebetween;
FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of portions of the component parts of a connection, i.e., seal, constructed in accordance with the present invention, illustrated occupying their sealing positions; and
FIG. 5 is a perspective view on an enlarged scale and with a portion cutaway of the seal ring of a fire resistant connection, i.e., seal, constructed in accordance with the present invention.
Description of a Preferred Embodiment
Referring now to the drawing, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, there is to be found depicted therein a test fixture, generally designated by the reference numeral 10. The test fixture 10 is operative for purposes of testing under simulated conditions the various components of a wellhead assembly that would be utilized during the course of a drilling and completion operation for oil and/or gas. Moreover, the test fixture 10 is designed to be operative for purposes of qualifying the connections and seals that are utilized in wellhead and valve equipment as being fire resistant, i.e., as satisfying the statement of requirements that have been promulgated by the American Petroleum Institute in API RP6F "Modified".
The test fixture 10 when constructed as shown in FIG. 1 is capable of being employed to simultaneously effect the testing of three connections, i.e., seals, the latter being denoted generally in FIG. 1 by the reference numerals 12, 14 and 16. To this end, the test fixture 10 can be utilized for purposes of simulating a tubing head component test. The objective in such a test is to utilize the test fixture 10 for purposes of checking out the following components: a studded flange assembly with the connection, i.e., seal, 14 being cooperatively associated therewith; a tubing hanger with the connection, i.e., seal, 12 being cooperatively associated therewith; and a tubing hanger with the connection, i.e., seal, 16 being cooperatively associated therewith.
The tubing hanger assembly used in the test fixture 10, must, of necessity, be capable of simulating the conditions that would occur when tubing weight and holddown screws combine to lock a tubing hanger into position. Accordingly, for purposes of the test fixture 10, a tubing hanger is depicted at 18 in FIG. 1. The tubing hanger 18 is provided with a threaded connection at the bottom thereof seen at 20 in FIG. 1. This threaded connection 20 is designed to function as a substitute for the condition described above wherein the tubing weight and holddown screws combine to lock a tubing hanger into position. In addition, the threaded connection 20 serves to stabilize the tubing hanger section 18 within the tubing head housing identified in FIG. 1 by the reference numeral 22.
With further reference to FIG. 1, as depicted therein the center of the mandrel tubing hanger 18 is also the means of porting for one, or more, of the several monitoring/pressure or thermal observation ports necessary in the test assembly, i.e., fixture 10. By way of exemplification in this regard, pressure ports are denoted by the reference numeral 24 in FIG. 1. The upper flange 26 of the test assembly 10 is intended to simulate the bottom of a block valve assembly, which would normally be prepared as the tubing bonnet. As such, from the annular seal cavity on, the test fixture 10 is a true representation of an actual tubing wellhead assembly.
In accordance with the test criteria of API RP6F "Modified", pressure is held on all of the seals 12, 14 and 16 that are emplaced within test fixture 10 when the test cycle is being conducted thereon. For purposes of applying pressure to the seals 12, 14 and 16 and ensuring that the latter pressure is held throughout the test cycle, the aforereferenced pressure ports 24 are suitably located within the test fixture 10. Leakage, should it occur is monitored through ports, such as those identified by the reference numeral 28 in FIG. 1. To this end, as seen with reference to FIG. 1 the monitoring ports are suitably placed in the test fixture 10 so as to be located adjacent to each of the seal areas 12, 14 and 16. Thermally, the behavior of the seals 12, 14 and 16 in the test fixture 10 is monitored by placing thermocouples, such as those identified by the reference numeral 30 in FIG. 1, adjacent to each of the seals 12, 14 and 16. Preferably, all pressure and thermal measurements are recorded on strip chart recorders during the entire duration of the test cycle. Further, the volumetric leakage from any monitored area is preferably also collected and recorded.
With further reference to FIG. 1, studs 32 and nuts 34 retain the housing bonnet, i.e., flange, 26 of the test fixture 10 in contact with the connection, i.e., seal, 14. In addition, the same studs 32 and nuts 34 provide the restraining force for the connection, i.e., seal, 12 at the top of the seal area of the tubing hanger 18. Accordingly, any thermally active growth occurring in the wall of the housing 26 adjacent to either of the seals 12 and 14 must be accommodated by one or both of these two seals 12 and 14. Similarly, the seal 16 interacts to the movement of the tubing hanger mandrel 18. It should also be noted here that the seal 16 also interacts with the tubing hanger seal 12 located thereabove. Thus, it can be seen that the interaction resulting from thermal activity can and does occur between all three of the seal areas 12, 14 and 16. This interaction is a principal design concern in the development of wellhead and valve equipment that is intended to be fire resistant, i.e., be capable of satisfying the requirements set forth in API RP6F "Modified". Furthermore, this interaction becomes of even greater concern when a primary flanged seal is to be inserted into the system as has been done, for example, in the case of the test fixture 10.
Completing the description of the test fixture 10 as shown in FIG. 1, a retaining ring 36 is interposed between the tubing hanger 18 and the modified flange 22. Also, hardfaced seal surfaces overlays are cooperatively associated respectively with each of the seals 12, 14 and 16. In accord with the best mode embodiment of the test fixture 10, the material from which the tubing hanger 18, the flange 26 and nuts 34 are each formed is as an example preferably AISI-4140. Further, the hardseal surfaces overlays 38, 40 and 42 are as an example preferably each formed from Inconel 625, the latter being a trademark of International Nickel. Lastly, the material from which the studs 32 are formed is as an example preferably Inconel X-750, the latter being a trademark of International Nickel.
A description will now be had in more detail of the connection, i.e., seal, which is denoted by the reference numeral 14 in FIG. 1, and which forms the subject matter of the present invention. For this purpose, reference will be had to each of FIGS. 1 through 5, inclusive, of the drawing. As best understood with reference to FIG. 1, the connection, i.e., seal, 14 encompasses a pair of mating seal surfaces, the latter constituting the tubing head housing, i.e., modified flange, 22 and the housing bonnet, i.e., upper flange, 26 in the case of the structure which is illustrated in FIG. 1, and a dovetail-like sealing means, the latter being identified by the reference numeral 44 in FIG. 1.
The dovetail-like sealing means 44, as best understood with reference to FIG. 5 of the drawing, takes the form of a seal ring that embodies a unique configuration. To this end, the seal ring 44 as shown in FIG. 5 is substantially cylindrical in nature. Further, the seal ring 44 is provided with a pair of planar seal lips 46 and 48 that are each formed on the outer surface thereof so as to project slightly therefrom. Moreover, the seal lips 46 and 48 are each suitably dimensioned so as to be substantially identical one to another in size. As such, the seal lips 46 and 48 function to define a common plane, i.e., lie within the same plane.
Continuing with the description of the seal ring 44, the latter as shown in FIG. 5 is provided with a tapered rib 50. More specifically, the rib 50 is shaped so as to embody the configuration of a dovetail. That is, the rib 50 has tapered sides 50a and 50b whereby the rib 50 is of narrowest dimensions adjacent to the body portion of the seal ring 44. Further, the rib 50 terminates in a planar surface 50c. Also, the rib 50 is suitably formed on the seal ring 44 so as to project outwardly thereof on the same side as the planar seal lips 46 and 48, and such that the rib 50 lies in a plane that extends substantially perpendicular to the plane that the planar seal lips 46 and 48 together serve to define. Moreover, the rib 50 is suitably positioned on the seal ring 44 so as to be located substantially equidistant between the pair of planar seal lips 46 and 48.
As best understood with reference to FIGS. 2 through 4, inclusive, of the drawing, the mating sealing surfaces, identified by means of the reference numerals 52 and 54 in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, with which the seal ring 44 is intended to cooperate are suitably configured such that the rib 50 may be positioned in sealing engagement therewith. That is, the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 together cooperate to provide a cavity suitably shaped so as to be capable of receiving therewithin the dovetail-shaped rib 50. To this end, in accord with the illustration thereof in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the mating sealing surface 52 has formed therein an opening, seen at 56 in FIG. 2, that embodies a configuration which is complementary to the tapering side 50a of the rib 50 as well as being complementary to substantially all of the planar surface 50c of the rib 50. The mating sealing surface 54, on the other hand, has formed therein an opening, seen at 58 in FIG. 2, that embodies a configuration which is complementary to the tapering side 50b of the rib 50 as well as being complementary to the remaining portion of the planar surface 50c of the rib 50. Accordingly, when the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 are joined in the manner depicted in FIG. 4 of the drawing, the openings 56 and 58 combine to form a cavity that is complementary in configuration to the configuration of the dovetail-shaped rib 50.
With further reference in particular to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 of the drawing, when the connection, i.e., seal, 14 occupies its sealing position, i.e., the position depicted in FIG. 4, the seal lips 46 and 48 contact the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54, and more particularly planar portions with which the latter are suitably provided. That is, the seal lips 46 and 48 contact portions of the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 which like the seal lips 46 and 48 themselves are substantially planar in nature as well as being substantially cylindrical. Namely, the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 which the planar seal lips 46 and 48 are designed to contact each embody a configuration which is complementary in nature to the configuration of the planar seal lips 46 and 48. Further, when the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 are engaged in the final seal lock position thereof, i.e., the position depicted in FIG. 4, the seal lips 52 and 54 are placed in a position of effecting an interference fit with the planar portions of the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54. In addition, under this condition, the tapered rib 50 is firmly locked into position within the cavity that is defined by the openings 56 and 58 when the latter are considered collectively. Irregular radial distortion contributes to the separation of conventional metal-to-metal seals from mating seal surfaces. However, the seal 14 by virtue of its being locked to the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 through its tapered locking rib 50 responds to the thermal movement of the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 causing both the seal ring 44 and the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 to remain in contact even though thermal distortion may occur throughout thermal cycles. As such the seal lips 46 and 48 perform a sealing function.
Continuing, the large mass of the dovetail-shaped rib 50, i.e., the height times the width thereof, as compared to that of seal lips 46 and 48 enables two essential functions to be performed by the rib 50. Namely, the rib 50 functions to stabilize the seal lips 46 and 48 such that the latter may function separately, i.e., independent of each other, as the need therefor may arise when the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54 that are in contact therewith are subjected to thermal distortion. Secondly, the large mass of the rib 50 enables the latter to function to provide effective heat transfer to the seal area. From the above, it should be readily apparent that the maintenance of rib stability, i.e., stiffness, is very important.
It has been found to be necessary to coat the seal lips 46 and 48 with an anti-galling material because of the high contact forces which the seal 14 is required to maintain throughout a thermal cycle. To this end, any malleable coating material which possesses good heat transfer properties as well as high gall resistance at 1200.degree. F. is suitable for use for this purpose, such as silver.
In summary, it has been found that a connection, i.e., seal, constructed in the manner of the seal 14 will maintain its sealability at elevated temperatures of the type encountered during the occurrence of a wellhead fire notwithstanding the fact that the members which the seal 14 serves to connect may undergo axial movement. This is in contrast to prior art forms of metal-to-metal seals wherein due to the angular inclination of the surfaces thereof, relative axial movement tends to cause the mating sealing surfaces to separate and thereby renders the sealing action of the metal-to-metal seal ineffective.
Radial movement of the members which the connection, i.e., seal, 14 serves to connect is not a problem because of the fact that the coefficients of expansion of the material from which these members are formed are chosen so as to be very similar. Accordingly, the amount of radial movement that occurs is so slight as to be insufficient to overcome the spring forces being exerted by the seal lips 46 and 48 of the seal 14 against the mating sealing surfaces 52 and 54.
Thus, in accordance with the present invention there has been provided a new and improved form of connection, i.e., seal, that is suitable for employment in wellhead and valve equipment. Moreover, the subject connection, i.e., seal, of the present invention when employed in wellhead and valve equipment is capable of withstanding the conditions imposed thereupon during the occurrence of a wellhead fire. In addition, in accord with the present invention a connection, i.e., seal, is provided which is characterized in that it exhibits adequate tensile strength even at the elevated temperatures that exist when a wellhead fire occurs. Further, the connection, i.e., seal, of the present invention is characterized in that it exhibits the capability of being able to maintain its sealability even at the elevated temperatures that exist when a wellhead fire occurs. Additionally, in accordance with the present invention a sealing means of unique design is provided which is particularly suited for use in a connection, i.e., seal, of the sort that is intended for employment in wellhead and valve equipment of the type that is designed to be denoted as being fire resistant. Also, the sealing means of the present invention takes the form of a seal ring having a dovetail-shaped portion which when employed as a component of a connection, i.e., a seal, in wellhead and valve equipment is operative to enable the connection, i.e., the seal, to maintain its sealability when the equipment in which the connection, i.e., the seal, is embodied is subjected to the conditions that are associated with the occurrence of a wellhead fire. Furthermore, in accord with the present invention a connection, i.e., seal, embodying such a seal ring having a dovetail-shaped portion is provided which is relatively inexpensive to provide and easy to employ, while yet being capable of providing reliable and effective service even when exposed to the conditions that exist when a wellhead fire occurs.
While only one embodiment of my invention has been shown, it will be appreciated that modifications thereof, some of which have been alluded to hereinabove, may still be readily made thereto by those skilled in the art. I, therefore, intend by the appended claims to cover the modifications alluded to herein as well as all other modifications, which fall within the true spirit and scope of my invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A connection for effectuating the establishment of a fire resistant connection and seal between mating sealing surfaces comprising: (a) a continuous seal ring including a base having a first face and a second face, a first seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to one end of said base, said first seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, a second seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to the other end of said base, said second seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip each lying in the same plane, a rib formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly from said first face of said base at a location therealong substantially equidistant from said first seal lip and said second seal lip said rib terminating in a planar surface at the free end thereof, said rib having a first tapered side narrowing towards said base, said rib further having a second tapered side narrowing towards said base, said first tapered side and said second tapered side of said rib being operative to provide said rib with a dovetail-like configuration; (b) a first mating sealing surface having a first portion embodying a configuration complementary to the configuration of said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip, said first mating sealing surface further having a second portion embodying a configuration complementary to the configuration of said first tapered side of said rib; (c) a second mating sealing surface having a first portion embodying a configuration complementary to the configuration of said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip, said second mating sealing surface further having a second portion embodying a configuration complementary to the configuration of said second tapered side of said rib; and (d) said continuous seal ring when positioned relative to said first and second mating sealing surfaces for purposes of effectuating the establishment of a fire resistant connection and seal therewith having said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip positioned in sealing engagement with said first portion of said first mating sealing surface, said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip positioned in sealing engagement with said first portion of said second mating sealing surface, said rib clamped in interposed relation with said first and second mating sealing surfaces and with said first tapered side of said rib engaging said second portion of said first mating sealing surface and said second tapered side of said rib engaging said second portion of said second mating sealing surface.
2. The connection as set forth in claim 1 wherein said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip are each coated with anti-galling material.
3. A continuous seal ring for use in effecting a fire resistant connection between mating sealing surfaces comprising: a member including a base having a first face and a second face, a first seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to one end of said base, said first seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, a second seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to the outer end of said base, said second seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip each lying in the same plane, a rib formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly from said first face of said base at a location therealong substantially equidistant from said first seal lip and said second seal lip, said rib terminating in a planar surface at the free end thereof, said rib having a first tapered side narrowing towards said base, said rib further having a second tapered side narrowing towards said base, said first tapered side and said second tapered side of said rib being operative to provide said rib with a dovetail-like configuration such that when employed to effect a fire resistant connection between mating sealing surfaces said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip is positioned in sealing engagement with one of the mating sealing surfaces and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip is positioned in sealing engagement with the other of the mating sealing surfaces and said rib is clamped between the mating sealing surfaces in interposed relation therewith such that said first tapered side of said rib engages one of the mating sealing surfaces and said second tapered side of said rib engages the other of the mating sealing surfaces.
4. The continuous seal ring as set forth in claim 3 wherein said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip are each coated with anti-galling material.
5. In wellhead equipment including first and second members, the improvement comprising fire resistant connection means operative for connecting together the first and second members, said fire resistant connection means comprising: (a) a continuous seal ring including a base having a first face and a second face, a first seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to one end of said base, said first seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, a second seal lip formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly to a slight extent from said first face of said base adjacent to the other end of said base, said second seal lip terminating in a planar sealing surface, said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip each lying in the same plane, a rib formed integrally with said base so as to project outwardly from said first face of said base at a location therealong substantially equidistant from said first seal lip and said second seal lip, said rib terminating in a planar surface at the free end thereof, said rib having a first tapered side narrowing towards said base, said rib further having a second tapered side narrowing towards said base, said first tapered side and said second tapered side of said rib being operative to provide said rib with a dovetail-like configuration; (b) a first portion formed in the first member having a configuration complementary to the configuration of said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and a second portion formed in the first member having a configuration complementary to the configuration of said first tapered side of said rib; (c) a first portion formed in the second member having a configuration complementary to the configuration of said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip and a second portion formed in the second member having a configuration complementary to the configuration of said second tapered side of said rib; and (d) said continuous seal ring when positioned relative to the first and second members for purposes of effectuating the establishment of a fire resistant connection therewith having said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip positioned in sealing engagement with said first portion of the first member, said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip positioned in sealing engagement with said first portion of the second member, said rib clamped in interposed relation with the first and second members and with said first tapered side of said rib engaging said second portion of the first member and said second tapered side of said rib engaging said second portion of the second member.
6. In wellhead equipment the improvement of fire resistant connection means as set forth in claim 5 wherein said planar sealing surface of said first seal lip and said planar sealing surface of said second seal lip are each coated with anti-galling material.
Patent Citations (5)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US368189 | 1887-08-01 | Carter | |
| US2309446 | 1943-01-01 | Ekkebus | |
| US3208758 | 1965-09-01 | Carlson et al. | |
| US3355181 | 1967-11-01 | Olson | |
| GBX712786 | 1954-07-01 |