US 4,463,920 AGrant
Thrust Deflector and Force Augmentor
Issue Date:1984-08-07
•4 Claims
•10 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A non-moving fluid thrust deflector and force augmentor is disclosed for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic vehicles and devices. When the deflector is utilized in an aerodynamic application and in conjunction with a thrust producer and a plenum, upon pressure initiation within the plenum, a jet sheet issues and remains attached to a specially designed wing having a rounded trailing edge by balancing reduced static pressure with centrifugal force, and thus provides a controlled resultant force or thrust in some direction other than that corresponding to the original flow. Upon application to hydrodynamic vehicles, the deflector is placed in the propulsor stream and provides turning or pitching forces to the vehicle without any deflection of itself. These applications require no mechanical moving components to deflect or augment the thrust or force, and thus yield considerable reductions in weight and complexity.
Metadata
Assignee
- The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
Inventors
- James H. Nichols, Jr.
- Roger J. Furey
- Robert J. Englar
- David G. Lee
Application Information
Application Number:US 4453255
Filing Date:1982-11-29
Priority Date:1981-02-25
Art Unit:315
Classifications
IPC:
B64C 2104
Field of Search:
24441623960114440207;12.5;23 D;110 B20 R;90 A265.23;DIG. 7231162;27867
Patent Drawings (10 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to non-mechanical means for deflection of aerodynamic or hydrodynamic propulsive flows. More specifically, this invention relates to a non-mechanical means for deflection of aerodynamic or hydrodynamic propulsive flows that provides a resultant force or thrust in some direction other than that corresponding to the original flow. This non-mechanical means, as applied to aircraft with wing-mounted engines, deflects engine thrust while augmenting lift, thus providing short takeoff and landing of STOL type aircraft; and, as applied to vertical takeoff and landing of VTOL type aircraft, provides thrust deflecting and reversing capabilities for the aircraft, which requires no moving mechanical flow deflection devices. Moreover, the non-mechanical means as applied to water-borne vehicles may be placed in the propulsor stream and provide turning or pitching forces to the vehicle without any deflection of itself.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Existing mechanical high lift devices, such as flaps and slats, are not able to generate sufficient lift to produce good STOL capabilities for heavier aircraft. A recently developed powered high lift system, known as Upper Surface Blowing (USB), uses a mechanical wing flap to deflect engine thrust of an engine mounted on the wing upper surface above and ahead of the flaps. The downward deflected jet sheet augments lift by entraining flow around the wing, and adds the vertical component of deflected thrust to the lift generated aerodynamically by the wing alone. Such flap required is mechanically complex, large, and heavy, and must be retracted for cruise flight and mechanically deployed for takeoff or landing, and produces maximum thrust deflections of only 60.degree.-70.degree.. The USB utilized alone does not provide vertical flight, that is, thrust deflection near 90.degree. from the horizontal, or thrust reverser capability without the impractical addition of considerably more complex mechanical devices. Similarly, a hydrodynamic device in a propulsor slipstream is also limited by the angle at which the flow separates from it, and mechanical deflection of the device up to that angle is required.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-mechanical (no moving parts) thrust deflector and force augmentor for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic vehicles and devices.
An object of this invention is to provide a simple and effective aerodynamic/hydrodynamic force deflector/generator which eliminates the complexity, weight and inefficiency of mechanical devices currently used for these purposes, by eliminating all moving components.
Another object of this invention is to provide a circulation control wing (CCW) round trailing edge that is immensely effective in entraining flow that provides additional lift augmentation by freestream flow field turning, above and beyond the force generated by deflected engine thrust.
Still another object of this invention is to provide varied deflection by varying the flow rate through the CCW slot by use of an internal valve.
A further object of this invention is to provide a CCW/USB deflector and augmentor device that requires no retraction to return to a cruise configuration, and thus provides STOL, V/STOL and thrust reverser capability all in one configuration.
Another object of this invention is to provide similar advantages when this invention is used in a hydrodynamic propulsor slipstream, where augmented, instantly available control forces are provided and the need for reversible propellers or variable blade pitch is eliminated.
Other objects and many advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a circulation control wing/upper surface blowing and circulation control wing integrated configuration;
FIG. 2 shows an application of CCW/USB and CCW to a STOL aircraft configuration;
FIG. 3 shows an application of CCW/USB thrust reverser;
FIG. 4 shows an application of CCW/USB vertical takeoff and landing configuration;
FIG. 5 shows in detail the shape of the trailing edge according to a first embodiment of the trailing edge;
FIG. 6 shows in detail the shape of the trailing edge according to a second embodiment of the trailing edge;
FIG. 7 shows in detail the shape of the trailing edge according to a third embodiment of the trailing edge;
FIG. 8 shows a simplified thrust deflecting nozzle;
FIG. 9 shows a propulsor slipstream thrust deflector;
FIG. 10 shows a channel flow turning device;
FIG. 11 shows the geometric and operating paramater ranges;
FIGS. 12 and 13 confirm experimental thrust turning results; and
FIG. 14 confirms effective high lift generation.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 1 shows the present invention applied to an aircraft wing 16 on the upper surface of which is mounted the aircraft's thrust engine 11. The previously used complex mechanical flap at the wing trailing edge is replaced by air-supply plenum 17, rounded trailing edge 19 and slot 18 from which issues a circulation control (CC) jet sheet 21 produced by pressurized air from plenum 17. The CC jet sheet 21 remains attached to rounded trailing edge 19 by balancing reduced static pressure with centrifugal force. Thus, turning angles of 180.degree. are theoretically possible and angles of over 165.degree. have been accomplished in initial testing. The jet sheet 21 produces very high negative pressures (suction) along rounded trailing edge 19. And, when jet engine exhaust 13 passes over the upper surface of rounded trailing edge 19, it is entrained into low pressure jet sheet 21 and is significantly deflected 15. Thrust deflection angle 14 is dependent on plenum 17 pressure, jet sheet 21 thickness and momentum (and thus the static pressure over rounded trailing edge 19), as well as the characteristics of engine exhaust 13 itself.
For STOL type aircraft operation, engine thrust deflection angles 14 range from 0 to 70-75 degrees and are obtained by increasing plenum 17 pressure until appropriate deflection angle 14 is achieved. Air supplied to plenum 17 can move at the speed of sound when initially activated, thus deflected thrust 15 can be varied from 0 degrees to a desired angle almost instantaneously. During takeoff, the aircraft can accelerate at maximum horizontal thrust, that is, no thrust deflection, and instantaneously achieve thrust deflection 15 and lift required for lift-off by initiating plenum 17 blowing after a very short ground run. Once flight is obtained, the aircraft achieves its cruise configuration by halting air supplied to plenum 17. Such combined circulation controlled wing (CCW) and engine thrust deflection 15 from upper surface engines is hereby called CCW/USB.
FIG. 2 illustrates a typical CCW/USB STOL configuration where the CCW/USB is supplemented on the outboard wing panels by an independent CCW high lift wing. The outboard section is critical to the application of CCW/USB as it provides additional high lift for take-off and landing with a very low air supply requirement, as well as, provides additional induced drag to offset engine thrust allowing equilibrium flight when flying down steep approach glide slopes. Moreover, the CCW section provides instantaneous modulated lift for smooth, controllable transition flight.
FIG. 3 shows wherein additional short landing capability can be achieved by use of this invention. That is, thrust deflection angles 14, significantly greater than 90-95 degrees are achieved by higher plenum 17 pressure. The invention thus becomes a no-moving part instantaneous thrust deflection 15 reverser and significantly shortens landing ground roll. Further, if plenum 17 pressure is provided by engine bleed, the resulting thrust loss due to bleed produces even greater deceleration and thus shorter stopping distance while maintaining a relatively high power setting on the engine.
FIG. 4 shows the CCW/USB used to provide vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capability, where no airspeed over the wing is required. This capability is achieved by increasing plenum 17 pressure to slightly more than in the STOL mode, and deflecting thrust 15 to the near vertical position, approximately 85.degree. to 95.degree., thus lifting the aircraft weight by thrust alone. Transition to forward flight is achieved by reducing plenum 17 pressure and inclining the thrust vector aft while increasing the aerodynamic wing loading as speed increases. For VTOL application, engines larger than those required for a STOL aircraft are required since VTOL aircraft thrust/weight must be greater than 1.0 in this mode of operation.
The shape of the trailing edge 19 may be varied somewhat in any of the applications shown in FIGS. 1-4 and 8-10, as long as jet sheet 21 stays attached to the edge as it follows the curve. A first embodiment of trailing edge shape is shown in FIG. 5 where the trailing edge assumes the shape of a circle having a constant radius indicated by line 40. Near the bottom of the circle, the curve resumes the normal airfoil shape.
In FIG. 6, a second embodiment of the trailing edge shape is shown as constituting an elliptical shape. The major axis 44 of the ellipse is essentially parallel to the axis of the wing, with minor axis 42 being perpendicular thereto. As in the first embodiment, the curve follows a normal airfoil shape near the bottom of the ellipse. The relative size of the major and minor axes is limited by the sharpness of the curve it produces. Thus, if the ellipse becomes too long and narrow, the jet sheet will not stay attached to the curve. When the two axes are equal, the circular situation is reached. It is also possible to have the major axis extend in the vertical direction as long as the difference in the axes is not too great. In addition, it is also possible to move the major axis so that it is not parallel to the axis of the airfoil.
A third embodiment is shown in FIG. 7 as utilizing a spiral shape. This is similar to the circular shape, but with a radius 46 that decreases in length as it rotates around the trailing edge. Because of the reduction in the length of the radius, the curve becomes sharper than a regular circle. The rate of decrease must be limited so that the jet does not become detached from the trailing edge. The spiral curve ends and the airfoil shape begins near the bottom part of the spiral. Other spiral shapes may also be used, such as a spiral which decreases at a non-linear rate one with an increasing radius, or more complex spirals.
In all three embodiments, the curved shape is shown as extending inside the plenum 17. However, the curve may also be somewhat modified or truncated when it is inside the plenum. Fqr example, since the spiral radius increases inside the plenum, it may be more convenient to use a constant circular radius for this portion for ease in construction.
Other curves may also be employed for this purpose such as partially round shapes. The design criteria is to keep the jet sheet attached to this trailing edge shape which is operation in an adverse pressure gradient and thus prevent its separation. The only limitation is that the curve is not so sharp as to cause detachment of the jet sheet. Forced separation locations may also be added when desired, to reduce cruise drag and for high speed flight.
The slot size may also be made adjustable so as to vary the flow of air through the slot. This may be accomplished by hinging part of the top portion of the wing and using a jack screw, hydraulic ram or other device to raise up the top portion of the wing. An example of this type of apparatus is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,008.
FIG. 8 shows an alternative in the VTOL application where the thrust deflector, that is, non-moving deflector vane 23 is not located at wing trailing edge, but rather is located within engine nozzle 12 itself. Thus, it provides deflected engine thrust 15 when plenum 17 is pressurized, and the thrust returns to undeflected when plenum 17 pressure is terminated. This invention alternative requires no location near any wing and thus replaces tilting engines, tilting nacelles, or thrust deflecting mechanical nozzles, all of which are complex devices currently proposed and/or used for various VTOL aircraft configurations.
FIG. 9 illustrates a hydrodynamic application of this invention. This application shows a non-moving thrust deflector 23 with dual plenums and slots 18, thus producing a control surface placed in the slipstream 24 of a propeller or another freestream-energizing device. The propeller slipstream 24 is then deflected in either direction depending on which of the two plenums 18 is pressurized. Thrust deflector 23 is fixed in place and requires no actuator to rotate it, only an internally located flow control valve. Advantages in this application are similar to the ones from use in the CCW/USB application, namely, rapid deflection of control forces, augmentation of control force, and system simplicity through elimination of moving parts. Thrust reversal without changing the propeller's rotation direction or blade pitch is readily available for use in this application.
FIG. 10 shows an application wherein the flow 28 for any fluid is deflected within a restraining channel 29, such as, a pipe, tube, wind tunnel, etc., where effective flow turning is necessary or desired to minimize losses due to flow separation, turbulence, etc. FIG. 10 shows a specific application of applicants' invention illustrating an arrangement where the cascade of turning vanes in a wind tunnel corner has been replaced by single CC airfoil sections which effectively become the 90 degree turning vanes. Similar arrangements are useful in pipes, tubes, and channels.
FIG. 11 shows the geometric and operating parameter ranges, which will produce effective operation of the device in FIGS. 1 through 4.
FIGS. 12 and 13 contain experimental thrust turning results of this device. FIG. 12 illustrates the CCW/USB static thrust turning in pressure required to achieve desired deflection angle. FIG. 13 shows the CCW/USB turning angle and thrust recovery efficiency.
FIG. 14 confirms effective high lift generation and illustrates the high lift capability of the CCW/USB STOL aircraft.
The advantages of this invention are in its simplicity and effectiveness as an aerodynamic/hydrodynamic force deflector/generator which eliminates the complexity, weight and inefficiency of mechanical devices currently used for these purposes. Other advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the above teachings.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A thrust deflection, thrust reversal and force augmentation device for an aircraft capable of short takeoff and landing, and vertical takeoff and landing, comprising; an aircraft wing; a thrust engine mounted on said wing with the exhaust from said engine traveling over the upper surface of said wing; a plenum inside said wing having an inlet connected to a source of gas pressure and an outlet in the trailing edge of said wing; said outlet being formed as a slot means between an upper portion and a lower portion; said upper portion being a part of the upper surface of said wing and having a reduced thickness near the rear edge; said lower portion forming the rear wall of the plenum, the lower edge of the slot and the rear edge of said wing, said lower portion being eliptical in cross section and having an axis at the slot of between 0.5% and 20% of the chord length of said wing; said slot means having a smoothly converging nozzle with the portion of said nozzle having the minimum height being at the rear edge of said upper portion, said slot means having a height of between 0.8% and 10% of said axis at the slot; wherein gas from said source of gas pressure is controlled to travel through said plenum, escape through said converging nozzle and slot means and travel along the rear edge of said wing so as to cause said exhaust to be selectively deflected downwardly at an angle between 90.degree. and 165.degree. with the deflected exhaust retaining a substantial portion of the orignal thrust at angles of between 0.degree. and 165.degree., so that the deflected exhaust acts substantially to slow down and lift the aircraft, allowing a short takeoff and landing capability for deflections less than 90.degree. vertical takeoff and landing capability for deflections near 90.degree. and thrust reversing capability to increase braking force at deflections greater than 90.degree..
2. The thrust deflector, thrust reverser and force augmentor of claim 1 further comprising an internal valve to control the flow rate through said slot means and thus control the exhaust deflection angle.
3. A thrust deflection, thrust reversal, and force augmentation device for an aircraft capable of short takeoff and landing and vertical takeoff and landing, comprising: an aircraft wing; a thrust engine mounted on said wing with the exhaust from said engine traveling over the upper surface of said wing; a plenum inside said wing having an inlet connected to a source of gas pressure and an outlet in the trailing edge of said wing; said outlet being formed as a slot means between an upper portion and a lower portion; said upper portion being a part of the upper surface of said wing and having a reduced thickness near the rear edge; said lower portion forming the rear wall of the plenum, the lower edge of the slot and the rear edge of said wing, said lower portion being spiral shaped in cross-section with a constantly changing radius of between 0.5% and 20% of the chord length of said wing; said slot means having a smoothly converging nozzle with the portion of said nozzle having the minimum height being at the rear edge of said upper portion, said slot means having a height of between 0.8% and 10% of said redius at the slot; wherein gas from said source of gas pressure is controlled to travel through said plenum, escape through said converging nozzle and slot means and travel along the rear edge of said wing so as to cause said exhaust to be selectively deflected downwardly at an angle between 0.degree. and 165.degree. with the deflected exhaust retaining a substantial portion of the original thrust at angles of between 90.degree. and 165.degree., so that the deflected exhaust acts substantially to slow down and lift the aircraft, allowing a short takeoff and landing capability for deflections less than 90.degree. vertical takeoff and landing capability for deflections near 90.degree. and thrust reversing capability to increase braking force at deflections greater than 90.degree..
4. The thrust deflector, thrust reverser and force augmentor of claim 3 further comprising an internal valve to control the flow rate through said slot means and thus control the exhaust deflection angle.
Patent Citations (9)
Non-Patent Literature (1)
- AIAA-80-1825; Advanced Circulation Control Wing System for Navy STOL Airct; J. H. Nichols et al., Aug. 4-6, 1980.