Integrated Single Balanced Mixer/Oscillator With Slot and Hybrid Coupler

The present invention relates generally to an RF receiver and is particularly directed to an integrated mixer/oscillator for use in a low cost microwave receiver circuit.

The front end of a radio frequency (RF) receiver generally includes an element responsive to the incident RF energy, a preamplifier for amplifying the thus recovered received signal and a frequency downconverter for translating the received signal to a more convenient, lower frequency. The downconverter portion of the receiver generally includes a mixer to which is provided the received RF signal and which is coupled to a source of a reference frequency such as a local oscillator. It is in the mixer that the received signal is heterodyned with the reference signal in generating an intermediate frequency (IF) signal for processing in the remainder of the receiver.

At higher frequencies in the RF spectrum expensive hybrid microcircuits are frequently used in the receiver's front end and downconverter. These circuits typically include discrete components sometimes in combination with integrated circuit (IC) construction generally utilized at the lower IF frequencies or in other auxiliary functions. The discrete component are typically connected by means of microstrip conductors used also as interstage impedance transformation circuits frequently in combination with conductive strips referred to as "stubs" within the various stages of the receiver. DC decoupling for RF signal processing is provided by discrete "chip" capacitors coupled to respective stages in the receiver to permit only the transmission of the received RF information between the stages. In addition, most prior art mixer/oscillator circuits include complex filter circuitry for rejection of the local oscillator and image frequencies and recovery of the intermediate frequency signal. These filter networks may include various filters in the IF output port, in the RF signal input port and in the local oscillator input port. This approach requires the incorporation of many discrete devices and transmission line elements into the circuit which must then be tuned to a predetermined frequency range of operation. This has usually resulted in excessive fabrication costs for these systems.

The present invention overcomes the aforementioned limitations of the prior art by providing an integrated mixer/oscillator circuit for use in the front end of an RF receiver which is particularly adapted for low cost printed circuit implementation. The integrated mixer/oscillator circuit of the present invention eliminates the need for complex interstage impedance matching, DC decoupling and signal filtering circuitry without loss of performance.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a low cost, compact integrated mixer/oscillator for use in an RF receiver particularly adapted for operation in the SHF band and suitable for mass production.

It is another object of the present invention to provide simplified interstage impedance transformation, RF coupling and DC decoupling in a mixer/oscillator circuit without the usual passive devices and other associated circuitry.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide reduced mixer conversion loss and improved noise figure in an RF receiver by providing the RF input to the mixer with the proper impedance at both the RF and image frequencies.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide an improved approach for generating an oscillator signal and coupling it directly to the mixer stage of an RF receiver.

The appended claims set forth those novel features believed characteristic of the invention. However, the invention itself, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an integrated mixer/oscillator with a slot and hybrid coupler in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the diode and terminal arrangement of the mixer circuit utilized in a preferred embodiment of the integrated mixer/oscillator of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an upper perspective view of an integrated mixer/oscillator 10 in accordance with the present invention.

An RF carrier signal is received by antenna 12 and provided to an input microstrip conductor 14 on the circuit board 16. The microstrip conductor 14 is comprised of a metallic-strip conductor bonded to the circuit board 16, which is a dielectric sheet comprised of a teflon-fiberglass substrate with a low dielectric constant in a preferred embodiment. To the other side of the circuit board 16 is bonded a metallic ground plate, or plane, 56 which is maintained with regard to the RF and IF signals at a reference voltage level termed circuit board ground. The input microstrip 14 is connected to the input pin 15 of a packaged RF preamplifier device 18 and provides the received RF carrier signal thereto. The common electrode of the preamplifier device 18 is connected to the other side of the substrate, i.e., to circuit board ground, in the shortest possible way such as by two plated holes through the circuit board 16 or by two jumper wires 20, 22 inserted therethrough. In another embodiment (not depicted in FIG. 1) of the present invention, the preamplifier circuit may include two gallium arsenide (GaAs) field-effect transistors (FET), in an inverted position inserted through a square hole (not shown) in the circuit board with the source electrode of each transistor directly soldered to the circuit board ground plane 56. High characteristic impedance transmission lines 106, 108 and capacitive pads 107, 109 respectively coupled thereto provide proper biasing for the preamplifier device 18. The electrical length on the substrate of transmission lines 106, 108 is 1/4 the wavelength of the RF frequency.

The amplified RF output from the preamplifier device 18 is provided via the output pin 24 thereof to a first microstrip conductor 26. Coupled to the first microstrip conductor 26 and positioned on the upper side of circuit board 16 is a second microstrip conductor 28 which, in turn, is connected to the RF input pin 30 of a mixer device 40. Microstrips 26, 28 thus form an adjustable hybrid coupler (adjustment is possible by varying the length of the uncoupled conductors) wherein the respective microstrips are mutually capacitively and inductively coupled such that the output of preamplifier device 18 is conjugately matched at the RF frequency and properly mismatched at the image frequency to the mixer device 40. This is done in order to improve the conversion loss and noise figure of the mixer. The capacitive and inductive coupling of the hybrid coupler formed of first and second microstrips 26, 28 is determined by the respective dimensions of these conductors, by the dielectric constant of the substrate and the spacing between these microstrips, and marginally also by other physical factors. These characteristics of such hybrid couplers are typically determined empirically, but microwave circuit analyzing computer programs are increasingly being utilized to determine circuit parameters for optimum performance. These physical dimensions are not provided herein as they do not form a part of the present invention since the determination of optimum coupler dimensions and spacing involves conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

The preamplifier 18 and mixer stage 40 may thus be optimally coupled by proper selection of both the coupled and uncoupled sections of the first and second microstrip conductors 26, 28. Furthermore, the gap between the first and second microstrip conductors 26, 28 provides for DC decoupling between the preamplifier and mixer stages 18, 40 while permitting the AC RF signal to the be transmitted. Thus, first and second microstrips 26, 28 provide interstage impedance matching as well as DC decoupling between the preamplifier and mixer stages 18, 40. This substantially simplifies and reduces the cost of the integrated mixer/oscillator 10 of the present invention by eliminating the need for complicated impedance matching circuitry as well as the incorporation of discrete capacitor chips for interstage DC decoupling. Finally, the impedance matching circuitry based on coupled microstrips 26, 28 also functions as an image filter by reflecting the image frequency back into the RF preamplifier device 18.

The second and symmetric input to the mixer device 40 is implemented by means of very short jumper wires or conductive strips 36, 38 connecting diodes 60, 62 to respective lateral edges of a slot 54 in the ground plane 56 located on a second, opposite side of circuit board 16 from that on which the preamplifier and mixer circuits are positioned. A schematic diagram of the mixer circuit 40 is shown in FIG. 2. The RF input is provided from the second microstrip conductor 28 to the junction between diodes 60, 62. An oscillator frequency signal is provided from the slot 54 via jumper wires 36, 38 to the diodes 60, 62 which are thus rendered conductive for one half period of the oscillator frequency signal. The manner in which the lower frequency, oscillator signal is generated in slot 54 is explained below. The lower frequency, oscillator signal is thus mixed with the RF input signal in the mixer device 40 and transmitted via inductive transmission line 64 and capacitive pad 105 as an intermediate frequency (IF) output signal to IF signal processing circuitry (not shown). Transmission line 64 and capacitive pad 105 provide an output path from the mixer device 40 for the IF signal with respect to which the combination of these elements is virtually transparent. Transmission line 64 thus has a low impedance at the IF frequency and is essentially transparent to the transmission of the IF output signal from the mixer device 40 for subsequent processing. The electrical length of transmission line 64 on the substrate is 1/4 the wavelength of the RF frequency and its characteristic impedance is greater than 100 ohms. Thus, the mixer device 40 functions as a single balanced mixer in which the RF input signal is decoupled from the reference frequency signal by means of symmetrically connected diodes 60, 62.

The mixer device 40 is coupled to respective edges of the slot 54 by means of jumper wires 36, 38 or by means of plated through holes in the circuit board 16. An oscillator device 58 is located on the first side of the circuit board 16 while dielectric resonator 72 is positioned on the second side of the circuit board. Also positioned on the second side of the circuit board 16 is a cavity 74 comprised of a plurality of walls made of conductive material, with one of the walls being formed by the ground plane 56 positioned on the second side of circuit board 16. The cavity 74 thus formed on the second, lower side of circuit board 16 is positioned thereon so as to enclose the combination of slot 54 and dielectric resonator 72. Oscillator device 58 and dielectric resonator 72 are both coupled to the same end, or mutually opposite end portions, of slot 54 so as to form an oscillator which is coupled to an input of the mixer device 40 by jumper wires 36, 38, as previously explained. In this manner, the energy of the high-Q resonator 72 is prevented from being lost by radiation into space and is directed into the area of the slot 54 where it may be efficiently coupled to the aforementioned mixer device 40. The reference frequency is determined primarily by the ceramic resonator 72 and to a lesser extent by other factors such as cavity dimensions, feedback network, etc. In addition, the resonator 72 provides for the thermal stability of the frequency of the oscillator 58.

In a preferred embodiment, oscillator device 58 is a field-effect transistor (FET) device with the high-Q dielectric resonator 72 coupled to either end of the slot 54. Also, in a preferred embodiment the RF carrier frequency is about 12 GHz while the oscillator reference frequency is approximately 11 GHz. Transmission lines 66, 68 together with short conductor 110, which are respectively connected to the gate 67, drain 69 and source 70 of oscillator FET 58, form a part of the oscillator feedback circuit. Transmission lines 66, 68 and conductor 110 may be dimensioned, or sized, so as to minimize the tendency of the oscillator 58 to oscillate at spurious frequencies. The combination of transmission lines 100, 102 and capacitive pads 101, 103 respectively coupled thereto provide for the proper biasing of oscillator device 58, with the electrical length on the substrate of transmission lines 100, 102 equal to 1/4 the wavelength of the oscillator frequency.

Slot 54 acts essentially as a three port impedance transformer between the combination of oscillator device 58, resonator 72 and the mixer device 40. Adjacent points along the facing edges of slot 54 behave as the ports of a symmetric transmission line terminated with a short on both ends. In addition, the impedance transformations between the oscillator device 58 and resonator 72 and the mixer device 40 are determined by the position along the slot 54 where the oscillator device 58 and transmission lines 66, 68 are located and the position at which jumper wires 36, 38 are coupled to the edges of slot 54 along the length thereof. Thus, by selectively positioning mixer device 40 along the length of slot 54, the mixer device 40 may be optimally coupled to the reference frequency signal source. This eliminates the need for discrete chip capacitors, microstrip filters and directional couplers for coupling and impedance transformation between the mixer and oscillator of the present invention.

The mixer device 40 may also be mounted on the opposite, lower side of the circuit board 16 with its tabs directly soldered to the edges of slot 54 and with tab 30 connected to transmission line 28 by means of a plated through hole (not shown in FIG. 1). A preferred mounting for the mixer device 40 involves connecting the center conductor 61 between diodes 60, 62 to a plated top of a package in which diodes 60, 62 are packaged, which conductor is connected such as by soldering to microstrip conductor 28 without the use of jumper wires or plated through holes. Without resonator 72, the electrical length of slot 54 would be about 1/2 wavelength of the oscillator frequency. Also without resonator 73, the length of slot 54 may be established to minimize any tendency of the oscillator device 58 to oscillate at spurious frequencies.

There has thus been shown an integrated low conversion loss mixer/oscillator combination which is of simplified design and low cost while also providing image frequency rejection in a compact circuit design. The present invention is particularly adapted for downconverting an SHF received signal to an intermediate frequency signal of approximately 1 GHz as required in the front end of a satellite television receiver.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.