Pin Tumbler Lock

This invention relates generally to a key operated tumbler lock and, more particularly, to a high secruity lock highly resistant to the picking techniques normally employed to violate tumbler locks.

As is well known in the lock industry, most tumbler locks are quite susceptible to violation by persons skilled in picking techniques. In most instances, a picker employs the sense of feel to sequentially move individual tumblers to their shear positions while maintaining tension on a movable portion on a lock. Because of efforts to complicate the steps required to breach security, locks of varying configuration and with diverse operational characteristics have been developed. One of the best known and most inviolate commercially available lock is the so-called Medeco cylinder lock disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,302. That lock employs a key specially bitted with V-shaped cuts that both elevate and rotate pin tumblers into shear positions that entail a predetermined positioning of pin tumblers both longitudinally and angularly within their pinways. Although providing a high degree of security, the Medeco lock does suffer from one disadvantage. Because the individual pins possess ridges that mate with the V-shaped notches in the key and establish pin elevation, they are far more susceptible to wear than are the relatively smooth surfaced pins employed in conventional cylinder locks. Such wear can ultimately degrade or even prevent normal use of the lock with a properly bitted key.

The object of this invention, therefore, is to provide an improved key operated tumbler lock that is highly resistant to picking and is less susceptible to wear than prior high security locks.

The invention comprises a tumbler lock including a housing that defines a keyway and a plurality of tumblerways communicating therewith. Disposed for both reciprocating and rotational movement in each of the tumblerways is a pin tumbler movable from locked positions into at least one shear position comprising predetermined longitudinal and angular positions. Biasing each of said tumblers into other than the predetermined shear angular positions are spring members each extending between the housing and one of the tumblers. A release mechanism is movable from a closed position into an open position with all the tumblers in their shear positions and is restrained in its closed position with any of the tumblers in one of its locked positions. Cooperating with the lock is a key having a plurality of alignment portions, each one adapted to engage an alignment surface on one of the pins and to move the pin into its shear position. The spring members exert a constant angular torque that deters picking operations.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the alignment portions comprise either grooves or ridges on the key, the alignment surfaces comprise corresponding grooves or ridges on the tumblers, and the apices of the grooves and ridges on both the tumblers and the key are all flattened. The use of flat portions on these critical contact areas also serves to reduce wear that would ultimately degrade lock performance.

One feature of the invention is the provision of individual stops that limit rotational movement of each pin tumbler to substantially less than 180 degrees. The stops prevent alignment of the pin tumbler grooves with the keyway. Such an orientation could prevent proper aligning engagement between the pin grooves and the transverse key ridges.

Another feature of the invention is the provision of a release mechanism composed of a plurality of selectors that are rectilinearly movable in the housing between open and closed positions in directions transverse to the pinways. The selectors are provided with fin portions that are accommodated by slots in the surfaces of the pins during movement of the selectors to their open positions. The pins are provided also with spiral grooves of lesser depth that do not accommodate movement of the selectors to their open positions but tend to engage the selector fins during picking attempts and thereby complicate such activities.

Still another feature of the invention is the provision of a coupling mechanism that establishes sympathetic movement of the selectors but allows a limited relative movement therebetween. This feature also encourages engagement between the selector fins and the false spiral grooves during picking attempts.

These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon a perusal of the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of a tumbler lock according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view of a pin tumbler utilized in the lock of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of the pin tumbler shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a schematic bottom view of the pin tumbler shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of an annular stop utilized in the lock of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of the annular stop shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a schematic top view illustrating the operational relationship between the pin of FIG. 2 and the stop of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is a schematic elevational view of a modified pin tumbler;

FIG. 9 is a schematic bottom view of a pin tumbler shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a schematic plan view of another pin tumbler embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along lines ll--11 of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along lines 12--12 of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a key shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a selector release mechanism shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a modified selector release mechanism;

FIGS. 16-18 are schematic views of keyway openings suitable for use in the lock of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 19-24 are schematic partial views of sequential engagement positions between a portion of a pin tumbler; and

FIGS. 25-30 are schematic views illustrating a modified embodiment.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a lock 21 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The lock 21 includes a housing 22 that defines a keyway 23 and a plurality of tumblerways or pinways 24 communicating therewith. Mounted for both reciprocating and rotational movement in each of the pinways 24 is a pin tumbler 25. Each of the pins 25 includes a flange portion 26 that is accommodated by an internal shoulder in its pinway 24 so as to limit its downward movement. Biasing each pin in a downward direction is a spring member 27.

Also accommodated by the housing 22 is a release assembly composed of a plurality of cylindrical selector rod members 31 each having fin portions 32 extending therefrom. With the pins 25 in shear positions, the selector rods 31 are rectilinearly movable within the housing 22 between closed and open positions in a direction transverse to the pinways 24. Associated with the selector rods 31 and operationally dependent thereon is a latch mechanism (not shown) for controlling access to an enclosure. A more detailed description of certain structural features of the lock 21 appears in U.S. Pat. No. 4,164,857.

Referring now to FIGS. 2-4, there is shown in greater detail a pin tumbler 25. An upper end of the pin 25 is terminated with a rectangularly shaped stem portion 30 and a lower end thereof defines a grooves 32' defined by a pair of parallel ridges 33. A valley portion 34 of the groove 32'is flattened as are the apices 35 of the ridges 33. Defined along substantially the entire length of the cylindrical pin tumbler 25 is a spiral groove 36. Also formed in the surface of the pin 25 on opposite sides thereof are a pair of horizontal slots 37 and 38 of greater depth than the spiral groove 36 oriented substantially parallel to the groove 32'. As shown more clearly in FIGS. 5-7, an annular stop washer 41 is fitted over the rectangularly shaped stem 30 of each pin tumbler 25. Each of the stop members 41 includes an ear portion 42 that is retained by a recess 43 in the housing 22 so as to prevent rotational movement thereof. As illustrated in FIG. 7, an aperture 44 in the stop member 41 is shaped so as to limit rotational movement of the stem 30 to substantially less than 180 degrees.

Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, there is shown a modified pin tumbler for which portions identical to those illustrated in FIG. 2 have been given the same reference numerals. Again the surface of the pin 25 is interrupted by a spiral groove 36 of one depth and a pair of deeper horizontal slots 37 and 38. This pin is provided additionally however with a second pair of horizontal slots 46 and 47 longitudinally spaced from the grooves 37 and 38. Also, a lower end of the pin 25 defines a groove 49 identical to the groove 32' shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. However, the groove 49 is not parallel to the slots 37, 38, 46 and 47 but rather is oriented at an angle thereto.

Referring now to FIGS. 10-12, there is shown another type of tumbler 25 for which portions identical to those shown in FIG. 2 have been given the same reference numerals. The surface of the pin tumbler 25 is again interrupted by a spiral groove 36 of shallow depth and has a lower end that defines a groove 51. Also defined by the surface of the pin tumbler 25 is a first pair of deeper, horizontally oriented slots 52 and 53 that are parallel to the groove 51 and a second pair of deeper, horizontally oriented slots 54 and 55 that are oriented at an angle to the groove 51.

During use of the lock 21, a specially bitted key 61 is inserted into the keyway 23 and engages the pin tumblers 25 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 13, the key 61 is cut so as to possess a plurality of V-shaped ridges 62-65 each of which has a flattened apex 66. The ridges 62-65 are longitudinally spaced so as to engage each of the grooves formed at the lower ends of the pin tumblers 25. Engagement between the pin grooves and the key ridges produces a predetermined angular orientation of the pins 25 while engagement between the valley portions 34 and the apices 66 establishes a predetermined elevation for each of the pins. In order to move the pins 25 from locked positions into shear positions, the deeper slots therein must be positioned at the elevation of the selector fins 32 and oriented parallel to the direction of movement thereof. It will be obvious that this function is accomplished by establishing suitable heights for the apices 66 on the key 61 and by predetermined orientations of the key ridges 62-65. For example, the ridge 62 which is oriented transversely to the longitudinal axis of the key 61 would interact with the groove 32' to produce proper alignment of the slots 37 and 38 while the ridge 63 which is oriented at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the key 61 would engage the pin groove 49 to produce proper alignment of the deep pin slots 37 and 38. It will be obvious that the additional slots 46 and 47 shown in FIG. 8 can be used for master keying. An operator's key would possess a ridge 63 with an elevation suitable to bring the pin slots 37 and 38 into alignment with the selector fins 32 while a master key would possess a ridge of greater elevation so as to bring the pin slots 46 and 47 into alignment therewith. Similarly, the multiple pairs of deep slots 52, 53, 54 and 55 of the pin 25 in FIG. 10 could be used for master keying. In this case, however, the ridges on an operator and master key associated with the groove 51 would differ both in elevation and in orientation with respect to the longitudinal axis of the key 61.

The stop washers 41 limit maximum rotational movement of the pins so as to prevent alignment of the alignment grooves with the longitudinal axis of the keyway 23. This is an important feature in that such alignment could prevent engagement between the pin grooves 32' and the key ridges 62 on a properly bitted key thereby preventing desired operation of the lock. In addition, by providing bearing surfaces for the spring members 27 the washers 41 insure the desired rotatability of the pins 25. Direct contact between the spring members 27 and the pins 25 could create a frictional bonding that would obstruct desired rotation thereof.

FIG. 14 is a plan view of the release assembly illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown, the ends of the selector rods 31 are secured between a pair of end plates 71 and 72 so as to be movable as a single unit in a direction transverse the axes of the pins 25. As noted above, such movement is required to operate a suitable latch mechanism (not shown) and is possible only after the pins 25 are in shear positions with their deep slots aligned with the fins 32. During attempts to pick the lock 21, the fins 32 tend to engage the spiral grooves 36 which are not deep enough to permit release movement of the rods 31. However, engagement between the fins 32 and the grooves 36 prevents further movement of the pins 25 into shear positions and subverts a picking attempt. A further description of this operation is presented in the above-identified U.S. Pat. No. 4,164,857.

FIG. 15 partially illustrates another embodiment of a release assembly for use in the lock 21. As shown in FIG. 15, the selector rods 31 are coupled to the end piece 71 by a leaf spring 73 that allows a limited degree of relative movement between the individual rods 31. The limited ability of the outer rods 31 to move independently enhances the possibility that one of the fins 32 will move into engagement with one of the shallow pin grooves 36 during a picking attempt. Such engagement will prevent further movement of the engaged fin into a shear position.

FIG. 16-18 illustrate keyway geometries that could be used when the lock 21 is provided with a double bitted key adapted for insertion from opposite sides of the lock. The asymmetrical configuration of the keyways would be accommodated by mated structure on a key and insure insertion thereof with the proper orientation.

FIGS. 19-24 partially illustrate sequential relative positions between an alignment ridge 62 and a pin 25 during insertion of a key 61. As shown, the critical valley portion of the pin groove engages the ridge 62, only during a very limited period of the indicated key travel. For this reason the valley portion is subjected to a minimum of wear that would influence lock operation. Furthermore, a valley is less subject to wear than a ridge and the elevations of the ridges on the pins 25 are not critical to lock operation. Wear is further reduced the provision of flat surfaces for the pin groove valleys 34, the apices 35 of the ridges defining those valleys and the apices 66 of the key ridges. Although the elevation of the key ridges 62 are critical to lock operation, it will be noted that these ridges are subjected to wear only during contact with a pin 25 and thus occurs only intermittently during key travel. Furthermore, wear of a key is less serious than wear of pins since replacement can be more readily accomplished.

Referring now to FIGS. 25-30, there are illustrated components of another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment includes pin tumblers 80 that are received by the housing 22 in the same manner as the pins 25 described above. Each of the pins 80 comprise spiral grooves 36 and horizontal slots 37, 38 that function in the same manner as the identically numbered portions of the pins 25. However, in this embodiment each of the pins 80 is biased by a coiled spring member 81 toward an angular position other than the predetermined angular shear position. One end 82 of each spring member 81 is retained in a slot 83 formed by a bifurcated stem 84 extending from a flange portion 85 of a pin 80. The opposite end 86 of each spring member 81 is retained in a groove 87 defined by the housing 22 and communicating with one of the pinways 24. Covering the grooves 87 and the pinways 24 is a dove-tailed cover 90 retained by the housing 22. Extending from each flange 85 is a tab 88 that engages the extremeties of a groove 89 in the housing 22 so as to limit rotation of each pin 80 in the same manner as that function is provided by the wafers 41 described above. An additional difference of the pins 80 is that ends opposite the stems 84 define alignment ridge surfaces 91 that are accommodated by alignment groove portions 92 of a proper key 94.

As shown in FIGS. 27, 28 and 30, each pin 80 is normally retained in a biased angular position other than the predetermined shear position required to operate the lock 21. However, upon insertion of a proper key 94, engagement between the compatible alignment ridges 91 and alignment grooves 92 torque the pin 80 into its predetermined shear positions as illustrated in FIGS. 25, 26 and 29. The grooves 92 also are bitted to establish the proper elevational shear positions for the pins 80 thereby facilitating operations of the lock 21.

Although providing the operational advantages described above in connection with the first embodiment, this embodiment offers the further advantage of a continuously applied torque that biases the pins 80 out of their angular shear positions. This factor further complicates any attempt to violate the lock 21 with a picking operation. Normally, a picker attempts to violate a lock by successively positioning each pin of a lock in its shear position. In this case, however, even a successfully positioned pin 80 is automatically rotated into a non-shear position by a spring member 81 when a picker fails to maintain a torque while proceeding to an adjacent pin. Although randomly oriented alignment grooves could be used, this embodiment also permits the use of uniformly oriented parallel alignment grooves 92 on a key 94. Obviously, the relationship between alignment grooves and ridges could be reversed to provide pin grooves and key ridges as in the first embodiment. It will be further noted that the rotation limiting tabs 88 prevent the exertion of excessive torque that might distort the angular relationship established by the spring members 81.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.