Coated Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools

This application contains subject matter related to matter disclosed and claimed in copending patent application Ser. No. 128,070 filed Mar. 7, 1980, now abandoned, entitled "Abrasion Resistant Silicon Nitride Based Articles" and in the following copending U.S. applications filed concurrently herewith, all assigned to the assignee of the present application:

application Ser. No. 380,364, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,141, entitled "Composite Ceramic Cutting Tool";

application Ser. No. 380,361, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,528, entitled "Process for Making a Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Based Composite Cutting Tool";

application Ser. No. 380,384, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,431, entitled "Carbide Coated Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,363 entitled Alumina Coated Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,381, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,003, entitled "Carbonitride Coated Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,383, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,668, entitled "Nitride Coated Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,362, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,670, entitled "Carbide Coated Composite Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,379 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,525, entitled "Alumina Coated Composite Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,382 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,004, entitled "Carbonitride Coated Composite Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,380, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,667, entitled "Nitride Coated Composite Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,387, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,209, entitled "Carbide Coated Composite Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,388, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,066, entitled "Alumina Coated Composite Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,389, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,669, entitled "Carbonitride Coated Composite Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 380,452, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,670, entitled "Nitride Coated Composite Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 536,111, filed Sept. 26, 1983, entitled "Carbide Coated Composite Modified Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride Cutting Tools";

application Ser. No. 536,110, filed Sept. 26, 1983, entitled "Coated Composite Silicon Nitride Cutting Tools".

This invention relates to ceramic cutting tools and cutting tool inserts. More particularly, it is concerned with densified silicon nitride cutting tools and cutting tool inserts having refractory material coatings.

Cemented carbide materials are well known for their unique combination of properties of hardness, strength, and wear resistance and have accordingly found extensive use in mining tool bits, metal cutting and boring tools, metal drawing dies, wear resistant machine parts and the like. It is known that the wear resistance of cemented carbide materials may be enhanced by the application of thin coatings of a highly wear resistant material such as titanium carbide or aluminum oxide. These coated carbide materials are finding increased commercial utility for certain cutting tool and machining applications.

Economic pressures for higher productivity in machining applications are placing increasing demands upon the performance of cutting tool materials. To achieve high productivity in machining, a tool must be able to cut at high speeds. At cutting speeds, exceed 1500 surface feet per minute (sfpm), the high temperature strength and chemical inertness of a cutting tool material become more and more important. The usefulness of cemented carbide cutting tool materials (the predominant material used in cutting tools today) has been extended to applications requiring cutting speeds of about 1500 sfpm by coating such tools with aluminum oxide. For cutting speeds in excess of 1500 sfpm, cemented carbide tools encounter problems associated with loss of strength and tool nose deformation, which affect dimensional tolerance in the workpiece and contribute to shorter tool life.

Conventional ceramic cutting tools overcome many of these disadvantages but have some limitations relating to their lower impact strength and fracture toughness. This is especially true of many alumina-based conventional ceramic cutting tools. Silicon nitride-based ceramic cutting tools have significantly higher impact strength and fracture toughness, but can exhibit lower than desired chemical inertness when employed in cutting long-chipping metals such as steel.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved cutting tools and cutting tool inserts.

It is another object of this invention to provide improved cutting tool inserts useful in the machining of metals under demanding conditions of machining speed, temperature, or workpiece hardness.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved wear resistant ceramic cutting tool with improved performance in cutting long-chipping workpiece materials.

These and other objects and advantages are achieved in accordance with the present invention wherein there is provided a coated ceramic cutting tool or cutting tool insert comprising a densified silicon nitride substrate body having at least one intermediate adherent coating layer consisting essentially of a refractory material and an outer adherent coating layer of a refractory material. The intermediate adherent coating layer has a different chemical composition than the outer adherent coating layer. The substrate body consists essentially of a first phase of silicon nitride and a second refractory phase comprising silicon nitride and an effective amount of a densification additive selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, the lanthanide rare earth oxides, and mixtures thereof. The intermediate adherent coating layers and the outer adherent coating layer are selected from the group consisting of carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W and combinations thereof and alumina.

The substrate body of coated silicon nitride cutting tools and tool inserts in accordance with this invention possesses a microstructure consisting essentially of a first phase of silicon nitride and a refractory second phase comprising silicon nitride and an effective amount of a densification aid selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, the lanthanide rare earth oxides, and mixtures thereof.

Because the refractory intergranular phase is essentially continuous, and because impurities and additives present in the overall substrate body tend to concentrate in the intergranular phase during the densifying process, the composition of the intergranular phase profoundly affects the high temperature properties of the densified body.

It is considered important to incorporate into this intergranular phase of the substrate body a densification aid which permits densification to densities approaching theoretical, and at the same time does not deleteriously affect the high temperature strength and creep resistance of the overall body. Typical densification aids useful for this purpose are metal oxides selected from silicon dioxide aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, the lanthanide rare earth oxides, and mixtures thereof. Yttrium oxide and hafnium oxide are preferred.

The metal oxide densification aid is employed in amounts from a lower effective amount which permits full densification to an upper amount which does not unduly affect the high temperature properties of the body. Preferably the metal oxide densification aid comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the substrate body. More preferably, the metal oxide comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the body.

Silicon dioxide may be added to the initial powder mixture employed in the formation of the substrate body or alternatively, may be present as a surface oxide coating on the silicon nitride employed. During subsequent processing of the powder mixture to form the densified composite silicon nitride substrate body, the silicon dioxide and other metal oxide densification aid tend to concentrate in the refractory intergranular phase. It is preferred that the amount of silicon dioxide present in the final densified body comprise less than about 5 weight percent of the substrate body.

The intergranular phase of the substrate may contain further additional materials in the form of additives or impurities in addition to the above-mentioned silicon dioxide and metal oxide densification aids. Such further additional materials are preferably present in amounts less than about 5 weight percent of the host matrix.

The starting silicon nitride powder employed in the preparation of the ceramic substrate bodies of tools in accordance with this invention may be partly crystallized amorphous material, a mixture of substantially amorphous and substantially crystalline material, or substantially completely crystalline material. The starting material may be processed to a powder compact of adequate green strength by thoroughly mixing with any binders or pressing aids which may be employed, for example by ball milling in a non-reactive medium such as toluene or methanol, and subsequently consolidating the mixture by pressing, extruding, or slip casting. Processing may also optionally include a pre-sintering or prereacting step in which either the uncompacted powder or the powder compact is heated at moderate temperatures such as from about 500.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C. in order to remove any binders and volatile solvents and to partially react the starting materials.

The substrate bodies of cutting tools of this invention are made by compacting the above-mentioned components to a highly dense article by conventional techniques such as sintering, hot pressing, or hot isostatic pressing. Since the strength of the resulting cutting tools decreases with increasing porosity of the compact, it is important that the compact be densified to a density as closely approaching theoretical density as possible.

It has been found that mechanical mixing of the powdered components of the cutting tools of this invention results in smaller or larger inhomogeneities in the distribution of the modifying phase. These inhomogeneities may be of the order of 5 to 300 microns in size, resulting in undesired localized variation in properties of the matrix.

Homogeneity of the cutting tool material is an extremely important factor for tool performance. During cutting, only a small portion of the cutting tool is exposed to high stress and elevated temperatures. The temperature induced changes in mechanical properties, which are also compositionally dependent, contribute to fracture and chipping at the tool edge, in turn contributing to the rate of tool wear.

The powder blends employed as starting mixtures for tool substrates of this invention are densified to a density of at least 98% of theoretical by pressing followed by sintering, hot-pressing, gas over-pressure sintering, or hot isostatic pressing in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. Temperatures employed for pressing followed by sintering range from about 1600.degree. C. to about 1800.degree. C., preferably from about 1700.degree. C. to about 1800.degree. C. Hot-pressing is carried out at pressures greater than about 2000 psig (13,790 kN/M.sup.2) at temperatures ranging from about 1600.degree. C. to about 1900.degree. C., preferably from about 1700.degree. C. to about 1900.degree. C. Gas over-pressure sintering is carried out at pressures from about 150 to about 200 psig (about 1030 to about 1380 kN/M.sup.2) and at temperatures ranging from about 1600.degree. C. to about 1950.degree. C., preferably from about 1700.degree. C. to about 1950.degree. C. Hot isostatic pressing is carried out at pressures ranging above 10,000 psig (68,947 kN/M.sup.2) and at temperatures ranging from 1600.degree. C. to about 1900.degree. C., preferably from about 1700.degree. C. to about 1800.degree. C. Sintering is carried out without pressure at temperatures ranging between about 1400.degree. C. and about 1700.degree. C. for at least one hour, and preferably at temperatures between about 1600.degree. C. and 1600.degree. C. for about 1.5 to about 5 hours. Sintering is preferably carried out in a non-reactive atmosphere to prevent formation of undesirable oxide or oxynitride phases.

The following examples are provided to enable one skilled in the art to practice the present invention and should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

A 68 gram batch of silicon nitride powder containing 5 weight percent magnesium oxide sintering additive was mixed with 159.8 grams of toluene, 5.44 grams of methanol and 2.04 grams of magnesium stearate. The batch was thoroughly mixed by milling in a two quart polyethylene jar with about 2000 grams of milling medium for 1/2 hour. The resulting slurry was dried at about 105.degree. C. and the dry batch was dry ball milled in a polyethylene jar for 24 hours. To this dry ball milled batch were added 2.04 grams of Carbowax, 68 grams of toluene, and 2.04 grams of methanol. The resulting mixture was milled for fifteen minutes and the resulting slurry was dried at about 105.degree. C. The dried powder mixture was screened through a 60 mesh screen and the -60 mesh fraction was pressed at about 25,000 psig to obtain a green powder compact.

The magnesium stearate and Carbowax binders were removed by heating the green compact at a rate of about 50.degree. C. per hour to a temperature of about 600.degree. C. and maintaining the final temperature for about 4 hours in air. The compact was sintered at 1700.degree. C. for about 5 hours to produce a densified silicon nitride body having substantially full density.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the substrate body or the intermediate adherent coating layers are coated with at least one adherent coating layer comprising a refractory material. Typical refractory materials include alumina, the nitrides, carbides and carbonitrides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Preferred coatings in accordance with this invention are alumina, titanium carbide, titanium carbonitride, titanium nitride and hafnium carbide, hafnium carbonitride and hafnium nitride. The coating layers are of a thickness ranging between about 0.1 microns to about 20 microns, preferably between about 1.0 and about 10 microns. The intermediate adherent coating layers must have a different chemical composition than the outer adherent coating layer.

The substrate body produced by the methods detailed or the intermediate adherent coating layers are coated with a refractory material by chemical vapor deposition techniques or physical vapor deposition techniques. For example, the preferred coatings of alumina, titanium carbide, titanium carbonitride, titanium nitride or hafnium carbide, hafnium carbonitride or hafnium nitride are applied by chemical vapor deposition. Other refractory materials are applied by chemical vapor deposition techniques where such techniques are applicable, or by physical vapor deposition techniques such as direct evaporation, sputtering, etc. Alternatively, the refractory material itself may be deposited by chemical or physical deposition techniques and subsequently nitrided to produce a refractory metal nitride coating.

Useful characteristics of the chemical vapor deposition method are the purity of the deposited layer and the tendency for some diffusional interaction between the layer being deposited and the substrate or intermediate adherent coating layer during early stages of the deposition process which leads to good layer adherency.

As an example, titanium nitride intermediate or outer adherent layers are formed on the silicon nitride substrates of cutting tools of this invention by passing a gaseous mixture of titanium tetrachloride, a gaseous nitrogen source such as nitrogen or ammonia, and hydrogen over the substrate at a temperature of between about 800.degree. C. and 1500.degree. C., preferably at temperatures above about 1000.degree. C. The reaction is described by the following equation; hydrogen is added to insure that the reaction takes place in a reducing environment:

The mixture is passed over the heated substrate or coated substrate until the desired coating thickness is achieved. Routine experimentation is used to determine the rate of coating thickness growth at a particular gaseous flow rate and temperature.

As another example, titanium carbide layers are formed on the silicon nitride substrate bodies or the intermediate coating layers of the cutting tools of this invention by passing a gaseous mixture of titanium tetrachloride, a gaseous carbon source such as methane, and hydrogen over the substrate or coated substrate at a temperature of between about 800.degree. C. and 1500.degree. C., preferably at temperatures above about 1000.degree. C. The reaction is described by the following equation, although hydrogen is often added to insure that the reaction takes place in a reducing environment:

The mixture is passed over the heated substrate or intermediate coating until the desired coating thickness is achieved. Routine experimentation is used to determine the rate of coating thickness growth at a particular gaseous flow rate and temperature.

As another example, titanium carbonitride intermediate layers or outer adherent layers are formed on the silicon nitride substrates or intermediate layers of the cutting tools of this invention in the chemical vapor deposition technique by passing a gaseous mixture of titanium tetrachloride, a gaseous carbon source such as methane, a gaseous nitrogen source such as nitrogen or ammonia, and hydrogen over the substrate at a temperature of between about 800.degree. C. and 1500.degree. C., preferably at temperatures above about 1200.degree. C. Dissociated ammonia may be substituted for a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases. The reaction is described by the following equation, although hydrogen is often added to insure that the reaction takes place in a reducing environment:

The mixture is passed over the heated substrate or coated substrate until the desired coating thickness is achieved. Routine experimentation is used to determine the rate of coating thickness growth at a particular gaseous flow rate and temperature.

Control of the amounts of methane and nitrogen in the gas mixture permit the formation of layers in which the ratio of x to y in the formula Ti(C.sub.x N.sub.y) are varied. The preferred values of x and y range between about 0.5 to about 0.6 for x and from about 0.4 to about 0.5 for y resulting in a preferred range of x/y ratio of from about 1.0 to about 1.5. The most preferred ratio of x to y is about 1.22, corresponding to values for x and y of about 0.55 and about 0.45, respectively.

The substrate bodies or coated substrate bodies produced by the methods detailed above are then coated with aluminum oxide by chemical vapor deposition techniques or physical vapor deposition techniques known in the art. In one chemical vapor deposition technique, more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,473, vaporized aluminum chloride or other halide of aluminum is passed over the heated substrate together with water vapor and hydrogen gas. Alternatively, the aluminum oxide is deposited by physical vapor deposition techniques such as direct evaporation or sputtering. The reaction for the chemical vapor deposition technique is described by the following equation, although hydrogen gas is often added to insure that the reaction takes place in a reducing atmosphere:

The substrate or coated substrate piece or pieces are heated to a temperature between about 800.degree. C. to about 1500.degree. C. and the gaseous mixture is passed over the heated substrate or coated substrate until the desired coating thickness is achieved. Routine experimentation is used to determine the rate of coating thickness growth at a particular gaseous flow rate and temperature.

In another, preferred method of coating the substrate or coated substrate bodies with adherent alumina coating layers, aluminum chloride is reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of hydrogen gas according to the following equation:

carbon monoxide is optionally added to the gas mixture passed over the heated substrate or coated substrate bodies in order to establish the desired equilibrium gas composition.

Depending on the machining application and the work piece material, the combination of various coatings as described above can be tailored to enhance the overall tool performance. This is achieved through the combinations which lead to improved adherence of the coatings to substrate, and the coatings to coatings, and achieved by the improved structure/property of the coatings such as hardness, fracture toughness, impact resistance, chemical inertness, etc.

While there have been shown and described what are at present believed to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.