US 4,445,207 AGrant
Frequency Independent Acoustic Antenna
Issue Date:1984-04-24
•22 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A frequency independent log periodic acoustic device is utilized for the transmission or reception of underwater sound. The acoustic device when used in conjunction with any substantially plane wave receiving or transmitting transducer produces a directional, substantially constant beamwidth diffraction pattern for radiation or reception of underwater sound signals. A key element of the device is a particularly shaped plate or diaphragm, called a filter plate, made of stainless steel or other material having suitable acoustic properties. The filter plate on being placed in front of any plane wave receiving or transmitting transducer acts automatically to make the beamwidth of the diffraction pattern of the combined device constant, regardless of frequency. This is achieved by automatically making the effective aperture diameter of the filter plate-transducer combination a constant multiple of the acoustic wavelength of the sound in the underwater medium. When used in conjunction with a scannable transducer such as an acoustic lens and retina device the filter plate produces a directional, scannable, substantially constant beamwidth diffraction pattern for radiation or reception of underwater acoustic signals.
Metadata
Assignee
- The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
Inventor
- Robert L. Sternberg
Application Information
Application Number:US 7841868
Filing Date:1977-04-04
Priority Date:1977-04-04
Art Unit:221
Classifications
IPC:
H04B 1300
Field of Search:
3403103678-14335150;153-155;157;163;174;180
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to acoustic systems and more particularly to underwater sound transmitting or receiving systems having the unique property of having a directional constant beamwidth diffraction pattern over a wide band of frequencies either with or without scanning.
Many prior art devices in the underwater field have addressed themselves to the problem of providing wide band frequency response so that maximum sound pressure level remains uniform over a wide range of frequencies. The above recited prior art, however, has not addressed itself to the problem of maintaining a constant beamwidth directional diffraction pattern over a wide range of frequencies.
Summary of the Invention
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to provide an improved acoustic receiving or transmitting mechanism. It is a further object that the acoustic receiving or transmitting mechanism produce a constant beamwidth diffraction pattern over a wide range of frequencies suitable for fixed or scannable directional sound reception or transmission. Another object is that the receiving or transmitting mechanism be suitable for use with underwater sound. Other objects are that the mechanism be suitable for use in oil exploration, ultrasonic medical diagnostics and various other acoustic enterprises. Further objects are that the device be compact, economical, rugged and durable. These and other objects of the invention and the various features and details of construction and operation will become apparent from the specification and drawings.
These several objectives are accomplished in accordance with the present invention by providing an acoustic filter plate functioning as a lens stop for transmitting low frequencies over an effective aperture of a large area and high frequencies over an effective aperture of a small area. For frequencies between the low and high frequency the filter plate will transmit an increasing frequency through an effective aperture of decreasing area. A wide band inphase piezoelectric array or any other substantially plane wave wide band transducer placed in back of the filter plate acts in conjunction with the filter plate to produce a directional transmitting or receiving device whose diffraction pattern has a constant beamwidth independent of frequency. In one configuration, the filter plate together with an array or other low profile plane wave transducer forms a thin, flat acoustic antenna capable of receiving or transmitting plane waves incident on the device with a diffraction pattern beamwidth independent of frequency over the spectrum from the high to the low frequency involved. In another configuration, when the filter plate is placed in front of an acoustic lens or similar wide band scannable transducer, the filter plate acts in conjunction with the transducer to produce a directional, scannable transmitting or receiving device whose diffraction pattern has a beamwidth which is substantially constant independent of frequency over the spectrum from the high to the low frequency involved and is also scannable at wide angles off the axis of the device.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a frequency independent acoustic antenna in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 2a-2c show the axial beam patterns of a typical acoustic antenna of the present invention for various frequencies;
FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of a filter plate, lens and acoustic retina combination for directional frequency independent scanning applications in accordance with the present invention; and
FIGS. 4a-4c show the scanning beam pattern of a typical acoustic filter plate wide band scanning transducer combination for various frequencies and scan angles.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is generally shown an acoustic antenna mechanism 10 having a stainless steel circular filter plate 12. Plate 12 has a top surface 14 that is planar and a bottom surface 16 that is concave. Alternatively, the bottom surface can be planar and the top surface concave. Plate 12 is normally a figure of revolution with a right circular conical void 15 although other shapes can be used. The thickness of the plate increases from the center to a rim 18. The maximum frequency transmitted by plate 12 at any point on it is a function of the thickness of plate 12. In particular, at the center of the plate higher frequencies are transmitted than near the rim 18. Each portion of the plate has a cutoff frequency with all frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency being transmitted. Using a stainless steel plate of varying thickness with the thickness increasing from the center outward, wavelengths of sound in the metal of the plate shorter than about twenty times the thickness of any portion of plate 12 will be inhibited from that portion outward from transmitting through the plate. In other words, the thickness of the plate at each point is approximately 1/20 wavelength of the cutoff frequency of the sound in the metal of the plate at that point. All lower frequencies are conducted and all higher frequencies have their transmission inhibited. It is seen that in the present invention low frequencies are transmitted over a large diameter central area of plate 12 and the higher the frequency the smaller the diameter of the conductive central area. Since beamwidth is a constant multiple of the ratio .lambda./d, where d is the diameter of the central area of the plate 12 which transmits the sound of wavelength .lambda., it can be seen that the square root of the surface area of plate 12 transmitting sound is in direct proportion to the wavelength of the applied signal.
Referring to the remainder of FIG. 1 there is shown a plurality of bolts 20 connecting plate 12 to a yoke 22 through a gasket 21. Housing piece 25 is connected to yoke 22 by bolts 27. Holes 23 and 24, located in yoke 22, are suitable for flooding mechanism 10 when submerged in water during operation. Flooding or other techniques are used to maintain pressure equilibrium and impedance matching on the sensitive components of the device. Yoke 22 has a lip 26 abutting plate 12 through a gasket 21. The inner edge of lip 26 is aligned with the innermost portion of rim 18 with a layer of suitable material to form the gasket 21 so that the portion of the plate 12 containing rim 18 is opaque to transmission of all acoustic frequencies from the plate 12 into the yoke 22. A wide band plane wave transducer 28 has a piezoelectric material 30 and a pair of metallic foils 32 and 34 affixed to either side of material 30. A suitable watertight acoustic material 35 surrounds transducer 28 for maintaining watertight integrity. Transducer 28 is affixed to lip 26 by means of compound 36. A pair of nonhosing conductors 38 and 40 are connected to respective foils 32 and 34 for transmitting electrical signals. A watertight connector 42 passes through housing piece 25 for electrical conductivity purposes. A watertight electrical cable 44 connects the transducer 28 to a conventional signal processing or generating system that is not shown.
In operation as an acoustic receiving or listening device, an acoustic signal exterior to acoustic antenna 10 impinges on filter plate 12. A portion of the filter plate 12 determined by the frequency of the signal and the geometry and material properties of the plate, transmits the acoustic signal to transducer 28. The piezoelectric element 30 converts the acoustic signal to an electrical signal for transmission along conductors 38 and 40.
In operation as an acoustic transmitting device, conductors 38 and 40 carry an electrical signal to piezoelectric element 30. In a known manner the element 30 converts the electrical signal to an acoustic signal. The acoustic signal then impinges on and is transmitted through a portion of plate 12 depending on the frequency of the acoustic signal and the cutoff characteristics of the plate 12.
FIGS. 2a-2c show the frequency independent results achieved with the present invention for axial beams. In FIGS. 2a-2c the respective signals tested were 100 kHz, 175 kHz, and 250 kHz. The similarities in the beams formed and their beamwidths are to be particularly noted.
Referring now to FIG. 3 there is generally shown an acoustic antenna mechanism 10a. Similar components carry the same notation as in FIG. 1. A filter plate 12 is installed in front of a scannable wide bandwidth acoustic lens 50 and retina 52. The retina 52 comprises individual piezoelectric transducer elements 54 acoustically aligned with lens 50. The elements 54 are mounted on a shell 57 having a layer of acoustic absorber 55. Each element 54 has a pair of conductors 38a and 40a. A plurality of bolts 56 hold the retina 52 in place. Apertures 23 and 24 for admitting water are located on the sidewall of yoke 22a. A housing piece 59 is connected to yoke 22a by means of bolts 27a. A watertight connector 42a carrying electrical cable 44a passes through housing piece 59.
While a lens 50 and retina 52 are shown, other suitable wide band scannable transducer devices can be employed. With such a combination of the filter plate 12 with a wide band scannable transducer a directional, scannable, frequency independent beamwidth device for transmitting or receiving substantially plane wave acoustic signals is then realized. Transmission and reception can be by means of a plurality of independent channels.
FIGS. 4a-4c show the frequency independent results with the present invention for scanned beams. In FIGS. 4a-4c the respective signals tested were 50 kHz, 100 kHz and 200 kHz at angles of scan from 35.degree. to 15.degree. as indicated in the figures. The substantial similarity of constancy of the beam shapes and beamwidths are particularly to be noted.
There has therefore been described a uniform beamwidth frequency independent acoustic antenna. The antenna has wide band frequency independent acoustic radiation and receiving properties for unidirectional or multidirectional scannable operation. The filter plate 12 could be made of other metals or of materials of composite structure incorporating provisions for localized phase or aberration correctors. The correctors could be made of polystyrene, plexiglass or other materials in ways obvious to those skilled in the art of acoustic devices. Other obvious variants include curving the plate 12 with or without curving other portions for conformal installation on curved underwater surfaces.
It will be understood that various changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
Claims
I claim:
1. An acoustic antenna comprising: acoustic means for mechanically operating on an acoustic medium to produce a beam with a frequency independent beamwidth, over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency, said acoustic means includes an acoustic filter plate operable in the acoustic medium; and wide band transducer means arranged in signal communication with said acoustic means for converting acoustic signals applied to said wide band transducer means to electrical signals and vice versa.
2. An acoustic antenna according to claim 1 wherein said acoustic filter plate further comprises a lens stop having an automatically variable aperture of a diameter that is a linear function of the reicprocal of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
3. An acoustic antenna according to claim 1 wherein said acoustic filter plate has transmitting means for transmitting acoustic signals as a function of the thickness of said acoustic filter plate in the terms of the wavelength of an acoustic signal propagating within and through said acoustic filter plate over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
4. An acoustic antenna according to claim 1 wherein said acoustic filter plate has variable thickness and is spaced away from said wide band transducer means, said filter plate having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate between said first and second surface at any point varying with the radial distance from the axis to that point in such a way as to keep the beamwidth of a transmitted beam constant independent of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
5. An acoustic transmitter comprising: wide band transducer means for converting electrical signals to acoustic signals over a wide range of frequencies; and acoustic means in signal communication with said transducing means for aperture stopping said acoustic signals to produce a directional transmitting beam with frequency independent beamwidth over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
6. An acoustic transmitter according to claim 5 wherein said acoustic means further comprises a lens stop having an automatically variable aperture of a diameter that is a linear function of the reciprocal of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave.
7. An acoustic transmitter according to claim 5 wherein said acoustic means further comprises a filter plate having transmitting means for transmitting acoustic signals as a function of thickness of the filter plate in terms of the wavelength of an acoustic signal within and propagating through the filter plate over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
8. An acoustic transmitter according to claim 5 wherein said acoustic means further comprises: a stainless steel filter plate of variable thickness spaced away from said wide band transducer means, said filter plate having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate at any given point being substantially one-twentieth of the cutoff wavelength for that point, the thickness varying to provide a continuous range of at least one octave of cutoff frequencies.
9. An acoustic receiver comprising: acoustic means for mechanically operating on an acoustic medium to preform a directional receiving beam with frequency independent beamwidth over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency, said acoustic means including an acoustic filter plate operable in the acoustic medium; and wide band transducer means for signal communication with said acoustic means for converting the acoustic signals in said receiving beam to electrical signals over a wide range of frequencies.
10. An acoustic receiver according to claim 9 wherein said acoustic filter plate further comprises a lens stop having an automatically variable aperture of a diameter that is a linear function of the reciprocal of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
11. An acoustic receiver according to claim 9 wherein said acoustic filter plate has receiving means for receiving acoustic signals as a function of the thickness of the filter plate in terms of the wavelength of an acoustic signal propagating within and through the filter plate over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
12. An acoustic receiver according to claim 9 wherein said acoustic filter plate is a stainless steel filter plate of variable thickness spaced away from said wide band transducer means, said filter plate having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate at any given point being substantially one-twentieth of the cutoff wavelength for that point, the thickness varying to provide a continuous range of at least one octave of cutoff frequencies.
13. An acoustic device adapted for use in an underwater transducer system comprising a filter plate of variable thickness having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate between said first and second surface at any point varying with the radial distance from the axis to that point in such a way as to keep the beamwidth of a transmitted beam constant independent of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
14. A scannable acoustic transmitter comprising: wide band transducing means for converting electrical signals to acoustic signals over a wide range of frequencies, said transducing means including a retina of separate transducing elements each corresponding to a different transmitting direction; wide angle focusing means in signal communication with said transducing means for focusing said acoustic signals into directional scanning transmitting beams projected at various angles to the axis of the transmitter; acoustic means in signal communication with said transducing means and said focusing means for aperture stopping said scanning transmitted beams to form beams with frequency independent beamwidth.
15. A scannable acoustic transmitter according to claim 14 wherein said acoustic means further comprises a lens stop having an automatically variable aperture of a diameter that is a linear function of the reciprocal of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
16. A scannable acoustic transmitter according to claim 14 wherein said acoustic means further comprises a filter plate having transmitting means for transmitting acoustic signals as a function of the thickness of the filter plate in terms of the wavelength of an acoustic signal propagating through the filter plate over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
17. A scannable acoustic transmitter according to claim 14 wherein said acoustic means further comprises: a stainless steel filter plate of variable thickness spaced away from said wide band transducer means, said filter plate having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate at any given point substantially one-twentieth of the cutoff wavelength for that point, the thickness varying to provide a continuous range of at least one octave of cutoff frequencies.
18. A scannable acoustic receiver comprising: acoustic means for mechanically operating on an acoustic medium to preform acoustic signals into frequency independent directional scannable beams over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency and for receiving the acoustic signals, said acoustic means including an acoustic filter plate operable in the acoustic medium; wide angle focusing means in signal communication with said acoustic means for focusing said received acoustic signals arriving at various angles to the axis of the receiver; and wide band transducing means in signal communication with said acoustic means and said focusing means for converting received and focused acoustic signals to electric signals, said transducing means including a retina of separate transducing elements each corresponding to a different receiving direction.
19. A scannable acoustic receiver according to claim 18 wherein said acoustic filter plate further comprises a lens stop having an automatically variable aperture of a diameter that is a linear function of the reciprocal of the frequency over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
20. A scannable acoustic receiver according to claim 18 wherein said acoustic filter plate has receiving means for receiving acoustic signals as a function of thickness of the filter plate in terms of the wavelength of an acoustic signal propagating through the filter plate over a continuous range of at least one octave of frequency.
21. A scannable acoustic receiver according to claim 18 wherein said acoustic filter plate is a stainless steel filter plate of variable thickness spaced away from said wide band transducer means, said filter plate having first and second opposing surfaces, said filter plate having said first surface which is substantially planar and said second surface which is substantially right circular conical, with the axis of said conical surface perpendicular to said first surface, the thickness of the plate at any point being substantially one-twentieth of the cutoff wavelength for that point, the thickness varying to provide a continuous range of at least one octave of cutoff frequencies.
22. A stainless steel acoustic filter plate linearly tapered in thickness with a center thickness less than 1/20 of a wavelength of a predetermined highest frequency and an outer edge thickness of at least 1/20 of a wavelength of a predetermined lowest frequency, said highest frequency being at least an octave higher than said lowest frequency.
Patent Citations (2)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3433461 | 1969-03-01 | Scarpa | |
| US3928839 | 1975-12-01 | Warner et al. |
Non-Patent Literature (1)
- Broadband Constant Beamwidth Acoustical Array, by Hixson et al., Technical emorandum, No. 19, May 1, 1970, Acoustics Research Laboratory Electronics Research Center University of Texas at Austin.