Self-Crimping Multi-Component Polyamide Filament Wherein the Components Contain Differing Amounts of Polyolefin

A. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a novel self-crimping, multi-component filament and to a process for producing the same. More specifically, the invention relates to a self-crimping bicomponent filament in which both components comprise a polyamide of the same chemical structure and one or both of the components also contains a polyolefin admixed with the polyamide. The components are conjugately melt spun to form the filament which is then attenuated while in the molten (or semi-molten) state. The attenuation of the molten filament imparts self-crimping properties and molecular orientation thereto. The term "self-crimping filament" as used herein means a filament which develops crimp when the tension (e.g. spinning or drawing tension) is released and the filament heated.

B. Description of the Prior Art

Processes are known in the art for preparing self-crimping filaments by conjugately spinning two different polyamides in a side-by-side arrangement to provide bicomponent filaments. In such processes, low orientation bicomponent filaments are conjugately spun and collected at relatively low speeds in a first operation. The filaments are then drawn in a separate operation to impart crimp and high molecular orientation to the filaments. The polyamides may be different with respect to chemical structure and/or melt viscosity. Self-crimping filaments produced by such processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,408,277; 3,536,802 and 3,780,149.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a less complicated process for producing self-crimping polyamide filaments.

In accordance with the present invention a melt spun, helically crimped, multi-component filament is provided wherein at least one component comprises a polyamide containing a minor amount of a polyolefin or substituted polyolefin dispersed therein and the other component(s) comprise a polyamide of the same chemical structure containing a lesser amount of the polyolefin or substituted polyolefin dispersed therein. Preferably, the filament is a bicomponent filament and only one of the components contains polyolefin or substituted polyolefin dispersed therein. The process by which the filament is formed comprises co-extruding the two fiber-forming components downwardly through a capillary or capillaries of a spinneret at a given linear speed (extrusion speed) to form a molten multi-component filament, cooling the molten filament in a quenching zone to form a solid filament, attenuating and accelerating the molten filament from its point of formation by withdrawing the solidified filament from the quenching zone at a speed (spinning speed) which is greater than the extrusion speed, wherein the extrusion speed, spinning speed, amount of polyolefin or substituted polyolefin in the components and the denier of the filament are correlated to provide an as-spun filament having a total bulk of at least 10%, when measured as hereinafter defined. The process is characterized in being a single operation; the separate drawing operation characteristice of the prior art processes is eliminated. Moreover, the same polyamide is used for both components of the filament thereby eliminating adhesion problems and the cost of providing polymers of different chemical structure. Although it is not necessary, it is preferred for economical reasons that the polyamide not only be of the same chemical structure but also be the same in all other respects such as molecular weight.

While the filaments of the invention may be composed of more than two components, the two-component or bicomponent filament is preferred since it offers economical advantages over the other multi-component filaments; as the number of components increases, the process for producing the filaments becomes more and more complicated and less and less practical. Accordingly, the invention is described herein with reference to the bicomponent filament. The bicomponent filament of the invention comprises a polyamide and a substituted or unsubstituted polyolefin. The polyamide comprises the major ingredient of both components and the polyolefin is admixed with the polyamide of at least one component. In order that helical crimp be imparted to the filaments during spinning, it is necessary that there be a higher concentration of polyolefin in one of the components than in the other component. Conveniently, this difference in concentration of the polyolefin is achieved simply by adding polyolefin to only one of the components.

Polyamides which may be used in practicing the invention are those which are melt spinnable. Melt spinnable polyamides which are of commercial importance include polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66), polycaprolactam (nylon 6) and the polyamide of cyclohexane bismethylamine and dodecanoic dicarboxylic acid (CBMA-12). The polyamide may be a homopolymer of a copolyamide such as the copolymer prepared by polymerizing nylon 66 salt (hexamethylenediammonium adipate) with nylon 6TA salt (hexamethylenediammonium terephtalate) and/or nylon 6IA salt (hexamethylenediammonium isophthalate).

Polyolefins and substituted polyolefins that may be used in practicing the invention are normally incompatible, i.e., immiscible, with the polyamide and are high molecular weight polymers consisting essentially of recurring units of the general formula:

where R and R' are selected from atoms of radicals which are inert in the sense that they do not render the polyamide incapable of forming fibers. Such atoms and radicals include hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, cyano, --COOCH.sub.3, and --OCOCH.sub.3. The polyolefins are formed by polymerization of monomers (olefins and substituted olefins) of the general formula CH.sub.2 .dbd.CRR'. Polymers of this general description include polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and copolymers thereof. The polyolefin-containing polyamide component may be prepared by admixing (e.g., blending) appropriate amounts of the polyolefin and polyamide. Generally, from about 0.5 to 10% by weight of the polyolefin admixed with the polyamide will provide filaments having a total bulk of at least 10%. Lesser or greater percentages of the polyolefin may be used if desired. However, amounts of the polyolefin large enough to adversely effect the spinning and properties of the filaments should be avoided. The polyolefin may be admixed with the polyamide by conventional techniques, for example, by blending of appropriate amounts of polyamide and polyolefin flake either prior to extrusion or in the melt. If desired, a mixture of polyolefins may be employed.

The filaments of the present invention are produced by co-extruding the polyamide component and the polyolefin-containing polyamide component in a side-by-side (or asymmetric sheath-core) configuration in a conventional manner to form a bicomponent (or conjugate) filament. For example, two components may be combined and then extruded through a common spinneret capillary to form the filament, or each component may be extruded through a separate capillary in such a manner that the components converged above, at, or under the spinneret face to form the filament. While a filament having three or more components may be made by the process of this invention, a filament having two components is preferred. The ratio of the polyamide components of the filament may be varied over a wide range. As a practical matter, the ratio of a two component system should be within the range of 2:1 to 1:2 with a ratio of 1:1 being preferred for simplicity reasons.

The extruded molten filament is quenched, that is, cooled to form a solid filament in a quenching zone. The filament is attenuated and accelerated form its point of formation by being withdrawn from the quenching zone at a given speed which is normally referred to as the "spinning speed". Most of the attenuation of the filament occurs while the filament is in the molten (or semi-molten) state. The filament may then be collected (e.g. wound onto a bobbin or piddled into a suitable container) or further processed, such as being cut into staple length fibers. The filament may be withdrawn from the quenching zone by means of a pneumatic aspirator, a pair of rolls (such as, a pair of nip rolls one of which is driven as a driven roll and its associated separator roll around which the filament makes several wraps to keep it from slipping on om slipping on the roll) or other suitable means.

In accordance with the present invention the spinning speed, the extrusion speed, amount of polyolefin or substituted polyolefin in the components and the denier of the filament are correlated to provide a total bulk of at least 10%. The extrusion speed is the linear speed at which the molten polyamide is theoretically traveling through the spinneret capillary or capillaries and is calculated from the dimensions of the caillary, the extrusion rate and the polymer density. When more than one capillary is used to form the filament, the linear speeds are averaged and the average speed is used as the extrusion speed. The term "jet-stretch" (JS) as used herein represents the quotient obtained by dividing the spinning speed (SS) by the extrusion speed (ES).

In general, changing one or more of the processing variables while holding the others the same has the following effect on bulk:

(1) spinning speed--increasing the spinning speed increases the bulk;

(2) extrusion speed--increasing the extrusion speed reduces the bulk;

(3) denier--increasing the denier per filament (dpf) reduces the bulk.

In terms of jet-stretch, increasing the jet-stretch increases the bulk.

A filament produced by the process of this invention has a total bulk level of at least 10% and an elongation-to-break (E.sub.b) below 120%, for example, between 65% to 100%.

Attenuation of the filament imparts self-crimping properties and molecular orientation to the filament. At high spinning speeds, e.g., >2750 meters per minute (mpm), the filament often crimps spontaneously when the spinning tension is released, for example, when the filament is unwound from the take-up bobbin. Further crimp develops when the filament is subjected to heat (e.g., heated at 120.degree. C. while under no tension, that is, while relaxed). At lower spinning speeds (e.g., 1500 mpm), the filament is less likely to develop significant crimp until subjected to heat while relaxed.

Percent crimp, spontaneous crimp, thermally induced bulk, total bulk and thermal shrinkage are determined from the following measurements made on a sample (filament or bundle of filaments, i.e., yarn):

(1) Determine the denier of the sample.

(2) Calculate the number of revolutions on a denier reel that would be required to make a skein composed of a strand of filaments having a denier of 27060. No. of Revolutions=27060/Denier

(3) Prepare a skein having a denier of 27060 from the sample.

(4) a. Vertically hang the skein from a stationary hook by placing the strand of the skein over the hook.

b. With the skein hanging vertically from the hook, suspend a 50 g weight from the bottom end of the skein by hooking the weight over the strand (the skein now has the appearance of a single 54120 denier strand).

c. After the weight has been suspended for 0.5 minutes, determine the length (D) of the doubled skein.

d. Remove the weight.

(5) Repeat (4) using a 4.54 kg (10 lb) weight instead of a 50 g weight. The length determined in this instance is length (B).

(6) Place the skein, without a weight, in a forced draft oven at 180.degree. C. for 5 minutes.

(7) Remove the skein from the oven and let it cool for 1 minute.

(8) Repeat (4). The length determined in this instance is length (E).

(9) Repeat (5). The length determined in this instance is length (F). ##EQU1## and is the percentage difference in length of a skein of yarn in the crimped and extended state. Original bulk is measured without any heat treatment of the yarn and, therefore, indicates crimp spontaneously developed during spinning. ##EQU2## and is original bulk plus the crimp developed by heating a skein of the yarn for 5 minutes at 180.degree. C. ##EQU3## Thermal bulk is that portion of the total bulk which is developed by heat and is not present in the original spun yarn. ##EQU4## and is the percent difference in length of a skein of yarn in the extended state before and after heating. ##EQU5## and is the percent difference in length of a skein of yarn after having been heated in the extended and the crimped state.

The following examples are given to further illustrate the invention. Unless otherwise specified in the examples, blends are given in weight ratios, for example, a 95/5 blend is a blend consisting of 95 parts by weight of polyamide and 5 parts per weight of polyolefin.

This example illustrates the spinning process of the invention and also shows the effect of spinning speed on bulk.

A high molecular weight nylon 66 (relative viscosity about 50) and a 95/5 blend of the same nylon 66 with polystyrene were co-extruded in a side-by-side configuration and in a 1:1 ratio through a spinneret which allowed the polymer streams to converge before exiting from the spinneret capillary. The spinneret had 6 circularly spaced holes (capillaries) each having a diameter of 25 mils (1.27 mm). The extrusion temperature was 290.degree. C. and the extrusion speed through the capillaries was 1.2 mpm. A convergence guide (metered finish pin) was located 91.44 cm from the face of the spinneret. The yarn after passing through an ambient air quenching zone (5 feet/1.5 m) was wound up at speeds (spinning speeds) ranging from 2000 to 5000 ypm (1828.8 to 4572 mpm) as shown in Table IA while the other spinning conditions were held constant. Measurements (herein before described) were made on the yarn to determine the effect of spinning speed on bulk. The results of the measurement are given in Table IA.

In this example a bicomponent yarn was prepared under the same conditions used to prepare the yarn of Example IA, except in this instance the spinneret used had 6 circularly spaced holes each having a diameter of 50 mils (0.635 mm). Measurements were made on the resulting yarn and are given in Table IB.

Visual inspection of the yarns showed that the total bulk of yarns spun at 2000 to 4000 ypm was fair and that of yarns spun at 4500 and 5000 ypm was good and excellent, respectively.

For purposes of comparison, the same high molecular weight nylon 66 was conjugately spun at 4000 ypm (3657.6 mpm) through a 50-mil (1.27 mm) 6-hole spinneret without polystyrene being added to one side. Bulk levels were considerably lower than in the case of the blend.

In this example a bicomponent yarn was prepared under the same conditions used to prepare the yarn of Example IA, except in this instance a high molecular weight nylon 66 was spun conjugately against a 99/1 blend of the same nylon 66 with polystyrene. Measurements were made on the resulting yarn and are given in Table II.

The results given in Table II show that increasing the spinning speed while holding the other spinning conditions constant increases original bulk.

In this example, a bicomponent yarn was prepared as described in Example IA, except in this instance a nylon 66 having a relative viscosity of about 30 was spun conjugately against a 99/1 blend of the same nylon 66 with polystyrene through a 50-mil (1.27 mm) 6-hole spinneret at 297.degree. C. and at a windup speed (spinning speed) of 3500 ypm (3200.4 mpm). The following results were obtained:

When the above experiment was repeated with the exception that using a 150-mil (3.81 mm) 6-hole spinneret, the yarn had an original bulk of 23.2% and a total bulk of 24.6%.

In this example, a bicomponent yarn was prepared as in Example IA, except in this instance the blend was a 99.5/0.5 blend of the nylon 66 with polystyrene. A 50-mil (1.27 mm) 6-hole spinneret was used. The resulting yarn had an original bulk of 8.6% and a total bulk of 14.3%.

In this example, two bicomponent yarns were prepared as described in Example IA at a spinning speed of 3000 ypm (2743.2 mpm), except in this instance a 97/3 blend was used in preparing one of the yarns and a 99/1 blend, nylon 66/polystyrene, was used in preparing the other yarn. The following results were obtained:

In this example, a bicomponent yarn was prepares similar to the yarn of Example IA, except in this instance the blend was a 99/1, nylon 66/polystyrene, blend and a 40-mil (1 mm) 17-hole spinneret was used with a windup (spinning) speed of 6000 ypm (5486.4 mpm). The resulting yarn had the following properties.

In this example a bicomponent yarn was prepared as in Example IA, except in this instance the blend was a 98/2 blend of nylon 66/copolymer of ethylene and propylene (Vistalon 404) and a 25-mil (9.635 mm) 6-hole spinneret was used with a spinning speed of 3000 ypm (2743.2 mpm). The original bulk (spontaneous crimp) of the resulting yarn was excellent.

In this example a bicomponent yarn was prepared as in Example VII, except in this instance the blend was a 99/1 blend of nylon 66 with a copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile (70% styrene). The original bulk of the resulting yarn was fair.

In this Example a bicomponent yarn was prepared as in Example IB, except in this instance the blend was a 95/5 blend of Vydyne.RTM. polymer (Vydyne.RTM. is a trademark of Monsanto Company for a nylon 66 polymer) with a Surlyn.RTM.-1650 polymer (Surlyn.RTM. is a trademark of E. I. duPont Demours, for a zinc salt of an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer containing 1.41% by weight of zinc). The blend was prepared using a compounding extruder and was coextruded with Vydyne nylon 66 polymer similar to the procedure used in Example I using a 50-mil/6-hole spinneret a spin neret temperature of 259.degree. C. and an extrusion speed of 4.6 fpm (1.4 mpm). The following results were obtained: