Method of Reconstructing a Computed Tomographic Image From a Single X-Ray Projection

1. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection comprising: (a) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k is a natural number) of X-ray density on a single X-ray projectional distribution produced by projecting X-rays from a desired direction toward X-ray tested tissue of a body at a plurality of positions spaced apart from each other from one end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said plurality of positions spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected according to the following two criteria (i) that the tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body to be reconstructed is expressed by a pseudo-tomographic plane which is constituted collectively by mn pieces of picture elements, with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n in a column (both m and n are natural numbers), which are formed by dividing said tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body into small sections and each of which has a single piece of X-ray density information, and that said pseudo-tomographic plane is placed between an X-ray source and said single X-ray projectional distribution, (ii) that n rows, each of which is constituted by m pieces of picture elements are numbered in order 1,2,. . . ,n from the left and that said m pieces of picture elements in each row are numbered respectively 1,2, . . . ,m; m+1,m+2, . . . ,2m; . . . ; (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+2, . . . ,mn from the side of said X-ray source toward the side of said single X-ray projectional distribution in order and that a plurality of X-ray beams passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane include X-ray beams numbering mn, each of which passes through a left lower corner of a corresponding picture element of said mn picture elements, said plurality of positions spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained by said X-ray beams' passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on criteria (i) and (ii); (b) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.t (t=1,2,3, . . . ,mn, and t is natural number) of each of the mn pieces of picture elements based on the values d.sub.k of X-ray density measured in step (a) and the length of the X-ray beams passing through each picture element; (c) reconstructing the computed tomographic image of said X-ray tested tissue of a body, where the picture elements having respectively X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . .mu..sub.mn calculated in step (b) are positioned at the locations of said picture elements numbered 1,2, . . . , mn of the pseudo-tomographic plane and wherein the complete collection of picture elements located in the m.times.n array constitute the reconstructed computed tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body.

2. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection according to claim 1, wherein neighboring measuring positions on said X-ray projectional distribution are equally spaced apart.

3. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection according to claim 1, wherein said pseudo-tomographic plane is constituted collectively by mn pieces of square picture elements with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n pieces of picture elements in a column, and each said X-ray beam crosses with the base of each picture element at an angle .theta., where .theta.=tan.sup.-1 m.

4. A reconstructions method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection comprising: (a) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=1,2,3, . . . , mn, and both of m and n are natural numbers) of X-ray density on a single X-ray projectional distribution produced by projecting X-rays from a desired direction toward X-ray tested tissue of a body at positions numbering mn spaced apart from each other from one end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions numbering mn spaced apart from each other for measurement of the valued d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected according to the following two criteria: (i) that the tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body to be reconstructed is expressed by a pseudo-tomographic plane which is constituted collectively by mn pieces of picture elements, with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n in a column (both m and n are natural numbers), which are formed by dividing said tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body into small sections and each of which has a single piece of X-ray density information, and that said pseudo-tomographic plane is placed between an X-ray source and said single X-ray projectional distribution, (ii) that n rows, each of which is constituted by m pieces of picture elements are numbered in order 1,2, . . . , n from the left and that said m pieces of picture elements in each row are numbered respectively 1, 2, . . . , m; m+1, m+2, . . . , 2m; . . . ; (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+2, . . . , mn from the side of said X-ray source toward the side of said single X-ray projectional distribution in order and that each of the X-ray beams numbering mn passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane passes through a left lower corner of a corresponding picture element of said mn picture elements, said positions numbering mn spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the valued d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained by said X-ray beams' passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on criteria (i) and (ii); (b) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.t (t=1,2, . . . , mn, and t is natural number) of each of the mn pieces of picture elements based on the values d.sub.k of X-ray density measured in step (a) and the length of the X-ray beams passing through each picture element in accordance with following equations: where, ##EQU24## and where, L is a square matrix of mn.times.mn, T indicates a matrix transpose and .alpha. is a length of X-ray beam passing through each picture element; (c) reconstructing the computed tomographic image of said X-ray tested tissue of a body where the picture elements having respectively X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . , .mu..sub.mn calculated in step (b) are positioned at the locations of said picture elements numbered 1,2,. . . , mn of the pseudo-tomographic plane and wherein the complete collection of picture elements located in the m.times.n array constitute the reconstructed computed tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body.

5. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection comprising: (a) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=1,2, . . . , u, 7<mn, and u, m and n are natural numbers) of X-ray density on a single X-ray projectional distribution produced by projecting X-rays from a desired direction toward X-ray tested tissue of a body at positions numbering u spaced apart from each other from one end of said X-ray projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions numbering u spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected according to the following two criteria: (i) that the tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body to be reconstructed is expressed by a pseudo-tomographic plane which is constituted collectively by mn pieces of picture elements, with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n in a column (both m and n are natural numbers), which are formed by dividing said tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body into small sections and each of which has a single piece of X-ray density information, and that said pseudo-tomographic plane is placed between an X-ray source and said single X-ray projectional distribution, (ii) that n rows, each of which is constituted by m pieces of picture elements are numbered in order 1,2, . . . , n from the left and that said m pieces of picture elements in each row are numbered respectively 1,2, . . . , m; m+1, m+2, . . . , 2m, . . . ; (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+2, . . . , mn from the side of said X-ray source toward the side of said single X-ray projectional distribution in order and that each of X-ray beams numbering mn passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane passes through a left lower corner of a corresponding picture element of said mn picture elements, said positions numbering u spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained by the first u X-ray beams' passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on criteria (i) and (ii); (b) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficient (t=1,2, . . . , u, t is natural number) of each of u pieces of picture elements based on the values d.sub.k of X-ray density measured in step (a) and the length of the X-ray beams passing through each picture element in accordance with the following equations: where ##EQU25## and where L is a square matrix of u.times.u, T indicates a matrix transpose and .alpha. is a length of X-ray beam passing through each picture element; (c) memorizing the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . , .mu..sub.u calculated in Step (b); (d) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=u+1, u+2, . . . , 2u, k is natural number) of X-ray density on said single X-ray projectional distribution at the positions numbering u spaced apart from each other from the (u+1) position from the one end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions numbering u spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected such that said positions numbering u spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained as a result of the u X-ray beams passing through the left lower corner of each of the respective (u+1) to 2u picture elements passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on the two criteria in step (a); (e) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.t (t=u+1, u+2, . . . , 2u) based on the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u calculated in step (b), the values d.sub.k (k=u+1, u+2, . . . , 2u) of X-ray density measured in step (d), and length of X-ray beams passing through the (u+1) to 2u picture elements, where the method of calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u is the same as the step (b) and the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u calculated in step (b) are selectively used; (f) memorizing the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.u+1, .mu..sub.u+2, . . . , .mu..sub.2u calculated in step (e); (g) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.2u+1 .about..mu..sub.3u, .mu..sub.3u+1 .about..mu..sub.4u . . . , .mu..sub.(n-1)u+1 .about..mu..sub.mn repeating substantially the same steps as steps (d), (e) and memorizing them, where the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u calculated in steps (d), (e) and (f) are replaced by .mu..sub.xu+1 .about..mu..sub.(x+1)u (x is natural number .gtoreq.2); (h) reconstructing the computed tomographic image of X-ray tested tissue of a body based on the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u, .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u, .mu..sub.2u+1 .about..mu..sub.mn memorized respectively in steps (c), (f) and (g), where the picture elements having respective X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . .mu..sub.mn are positioned at the locations of said picture elements number 1, 2, . . . , mn of the pseudo-tomographic plane and wherein the complete collection of picture elements located in the m+n array constitute the reconstructed computed tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body.

6. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection comprising: (a) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=1, 2, . . . , mn+m-1) of X-ray density on a single X-ray projectional distribution produced by projecting X-rays from a desired direction toward X-ray tested tissue of a body at positions numbering (mn+m-1) spaced apart from each other from one end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions number (mn+m-1) spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected according to the following two criteria: (i) that the tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body to be reconstructed is expressed by a pseudo-tomographic plane which is constituted collectively by mn pieces of picture elements, with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n in a column (both m and n are natural numbers), which are formed by dividing said tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body into small sections and each of which has a single piece of X-ray density information, and that said pseudo-tomographic plane is placed between an X-ray source and said single X-ray projectional distribution, (ii) that n rows, each of which is constituted by m pieces of picture elements are numbered in order 1, 2, . . . , n from the left and that said m pieces of picture elements in each row are numbered respectively 1, 2, . . . , m; m+1, m+2, . . . , 2m: . . . ; (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+2, . . . , mn from the side of said X-ray source toward the side of said single X-ray projectional distribution in order and that a plurality of X-ray beams passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane are constituted by X-ray beams numbering mn, each of which passes through a left lower corner of a corresponding picture element of said mn picture elements and X-ray beams numbering (m+1), each of which passes through the picture elements in the n-th row, said positions numbering (mn+m-1) spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the valued d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single projectional distribution of X-ray which have X-ray density information to be obtained by said X-ray beams' passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on criteria (i) and (ii); (b) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.t (t=1,2,3, . . . , mn, and t is natural number) of each of the mn pieces of picture elements based on the values d.sub.k of X-ray density measured in step (a) and the length of the X-ray beams passing through each picture element in accordance with the following equations: where ##EQU26## and where L is a band matrix of (mn+m-1).times.mn, T indicates a matrix transpose and .alpha. is a length of X-ray beam passing through each picture element; (c) reconstructing the computed tomographic image of said X-ray tested tissue of a body, where the picture elements having respectively X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . , .mu..sub.mn calculated in step (b) are positioned at the locations of said picture elements numbered 1,2,. . . , mn of the pseudo-tomographic plane and wherein the complete collection of picture elements located in the m.times.n array constitute the reconstructed computed tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body.

7. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection comprising: (a) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=1,2,. . . ,v.sub.1,v.sub.1 is natural number) of X-ray density on a single X-ray projectional distribution produced by projecting X-rays from a desired direction toward X-ray tested tissue of a body at positions numbering v.sub.1 spaced apart from each other from end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions numbering v.sub.1 spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected according to the following two criteria: (i) that the tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body to be reconstructed is expressed by a pseudo-tomographic plane which is constituted collectively by mn pieces of picture elements, with m pieces of picture elements in a row and n in a column (both of m and n are natural numbers), which are formed by dividing said tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body into small sections and each of which has a single pieces of X-ray density information and that said pseudo-tomographic plane is placed between an X-ray source and said single X-ray projectional distribution, (ii) that n rows, each of which is constituted by m pieces of picture elements are number in order 1,2, . . . , n from the left and that said m pieces of picture elements in each row are numbered respectively 1,2, . . . , m; m+1, m+2, . . . , 2m; . . . ; (n-1)m+1, (n-1)m+2, . . . , mn from the side of said X-ray source toward the side of said single X-ray projectional distribution in order and that a plurality of X-ray beams passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane are constituted by X-ray beams numbering mn, each of which passes through a left lower corner of a corresponding picture element of said mn picture elements and X-ray beams numbering (m-1), each of which passes through the picture elements in the n-th row, said positions numbering v.sub.1 spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained by the first v.sub.1 X-ray beams' passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on criteria (i) and (ii); (b) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.t (t=1,2,3, . . . , u, u<v.sub.1, u is natural number) of each of the u pieces of picture elements based on the values d.sub.k of X-ray density measured in step (a) and the length of the X-ray beams passing through each picture element in accordance with the following equations: where ##EQU27## L is a band matrix of u.times.v, T indicates a matrix transpose and .alpha. is a length of the X-ray beam passing through each picture element; (c) memorizing the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . , .mu..sub.u calculated in step (b); (d) measuring each of the values d.sub.k (k=u+1, u+2, . . . , u+1+v.sub.2, k is natural number) at the positions numbering v.sub.2 (v.sub.2 is natural number, and v.sub.2 >u) spaced apart from each other from the (u+1) position from the one end of said projectional distribution toward the other end thereof, where said positions number v.sub.2 spaced apart from each other for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density are selected such that said positions number v.sub.2 spaced apart from each other on the single X-ray projectional distribution for measurement of the values d.sub.k of X-ray density correspond to the positions on said single X-ray projectional distribution which have X-ray density information to be obtained as a result of the v.sub.2 X-ray beams passing through the left lower corner of each of the respective (u+1) to (u+1+v.sub.2) picture elements passing through said pseudo-tomographic plane based on the above-mentioned criteria in step (a); (e) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.t (t=u+1, u+2, . . . 2u) based on the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u calculated in step (b), the values d.sub.k (k=u+1, u+2, . . . , u+1+v.sub.2) of X-ray density measured in step (d), and the length of the X-ray beams passing through the (u+1) to (u+1+v.sub.2) picture elements, where the method of calculating the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u is the same as in step (b) and the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u calculated in step (b) are selectively used; (f) memorizing the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.u+1, .mu..sub.u+2, . . . , .mu..sub.2u calculated in step (e); (g) calculating the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.2u+1 .about..mu..sub.3u, .mu..sub.3u+1 .about..mu..sub.4u, . . . , .mu..sub.(n-1)u+1 .about..mu..sub.mn repeating substantially the same steps as steps (d), (e) and (f) and memorizing them, where .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u in steps (d), (e) and (f) are replaced by .mu..sub.xu+1 .about..mu..sub.(x+1)u (x is natural number .gtoreq.2); (h) reconstructing the computed tomographic image of said X-ray tested tissue of a body based on the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u, .mu..sub.n+1 .about..mu..sub.2u, . . . , .mu..sub.(n-1)u+1 .about..mu..sub.mn memorized respectively in steps (c), (f) and (g), where the picture elements having respective X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1, .mu..sub.2, . . . , .mu..sub.mn are positioned at the locations of said picture elements numbered 1,2, . . . , mn of the pseudo-tomographic plane and wherein the complete collection of picture elements located in the m.times.n array constitute the reconstructed computed tomographic plane of the X-ray tested tissue of a body.

8. A reconstruction method of a computed tomographic image from a single X-ray projection according to claim 7, wherein the number v.sub.1 of said measurement values to be used when the X-ray absorption coefficients .mu..sub.1 .about..mu..sub.u of each of the picture elements is calculated, the number v.sub.2 of said measurement values to be used when the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.u+1 .about..mu..sub.2u of each of the picture elements is calculated, and the numbers of measurement values to be used respectively when the X-ray absorption coefficient .mu..sub.2u+1 .about..mu..sub.3u, .mu..sub.3u+1 .about..mu..sub.4u, . . . , .mu..sub.(n-1)u+1 .about..mu..sub.mn of each of the picture elements is calculated, are equal to each other.