Thermoplastic Elastomer Compositions

Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers in which the polyester is modified with long rubbery segments have long been known in the art and are used in the preparation of molded and extruded articles. Such resins can be used alone or in conjunction with fillers or other resins to provide materials having a variety of properties. It is well known, however, that materials of this general type are subject to thermal degradation. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,023,192, 3,651,014, 3,766,146, 3,784,520 and 3,763,109 are among prior patents describing elastomers of this type.

Unstabilized elastomers of the type described above exhibit poor processing behavior and unacceptable performance, especially at elevated temperatures. While a number of antioxidant stabilizers are available for use in polymers, many are unsuitable for use in copolyester elastomers of the type mentioned above because of the severe time-temperature conditions involved in the manufacture and use of such elastomers. When used in elastomers of this type, most available stabilizers either inhibit polymer formation or result in production of a non-white colored product. It has not previously been known how to produce white elastomer of the type described above without resorting to additional compounding steps at substantial additional cost.

It is an object of the present invention to provide white thermoplastic copolyester elastomers of the general type described above. In accordance with the invention, a white thermoplastic elastomer composition is provided which consists essentially of:

(a) segmented thermoplastic copolyester elastomer consisting essentially of a multiplicity of recurring long chain ester units and short chain ester units joined head to tail through ester linkages, said long chain units being represented by the formula: ##STR1## and said short chain units being represented by the formula: ##STR2## where G is a divalent radical remaining after the removal of the terminal hydroxyl groups from a difunctional polyether glycol having a molecular weight in the range from about 400 to about 6,000, R is a hydrocarbon radical remaining after removal of the carboxyl groups from terephthalatic acid or isophthalic acid, and D is a divalent radical remaining after removal of hydroxyl groups from 1,4-butanediol or 1,4-butenediol; provided,

(i) said short chain segments amount to between about 30% and about 85% by weight of the copolyester, and

(ii) between about 10% and about 40% of the D groups represent divalent radicals remaining after removal of hydroxyl groups from 1,4-butenediol; and

(b) between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight of said copolyester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid triester with 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2,4-6-(1H, 3H, 5H) trione.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, R is a hydrocarbon radical remaining after removal of carboxyl groups from terephthalic acid or from a mixture of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid containing between about 1 and about 20% isophthalic acid based on the total of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid and between about 20 and about 30% of the D groups of formula II represent divalent radicals remaining after removal of hydroxyl groups from 1,4 butenediol.

The long chain ester units of the product of the invention are the reaction product of a long chain glycol with terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid. The long chain glycols are polymeric glycols having terminal (or as nearly terminal as possible) hydroxyl groups and a molecular weight between about 400 and about 6,000. Long chain glycols used in preparing copolyesters of the invention are poly(alkylene oxide) glycols and preferably have a carbon to oxygen ratio of between about 2.0 to 1 and about 4.3 to 1. Representative long chain glycols available for use in making product of the invention include poly(ethylene oxide) glycol, poly(1,2- and 1,3-propylene oxide) glycol, and poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol. Poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol is a particularly preferred glycol for long chain ester units of the invention.

Short chain segments of product of the invention may be made by reacting a mixture of 1,4 butanediol and 1,4 butenediol with terephthalic acid, or isophthalic acid. In making both the long chain and short chain segments of product of the invention, the use of terephthalic acid is generally preferred with the use of between about 1 and about 20% isophthalic acid based on the total of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid used being preferred when product of lower flexural modulus is desired.

The terms "terephthalic acid" and "isophthalic acid" as used herein are intended to include the condensation polymerization equivalent of such acids, i.e. their esters or ester-forming derivatives such as acid chlorides and anhydrides, or other derivatives which behave substantially like such acids in a polymerization reaction with a glycol. Dimethyl terephthalate and dimethyl isophthalate are for instance suitable starting materials for elastomers of the invention.

Copolyester product of the invention can be made by conventional ester interchange reaction. A preferred procedure involves heating the dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid or of a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acids with a long chain glycol and a molar excess of a mixture of butanediol and butenediol in the presence of a catalyst at 150.degree.-260.degree. C. followed by distilling off of methanol formed by the interchange. Heating is continued until methanol evolution is complete. Depending upon temperature, catalyst and glycol excess, the polymerization is complete within a few minutes to a few hours. This procedure results in the preparation of a low molecular weight pre-polymer which can be carried to a high molecular weight copolyester by distillation of the excess of short chain diol in a conventional polycondensation reaction. Additional ester interchange occurs during this distillation to increase the molecular weight and to randomize the arrangement of the copolyester units. Best results are usually obtained if this final distillation or polycondensation is run at less than 1 mm. pressure and 220.degree.-255.degree. C. for less than 2 hours in the presence of antioxidants. Most practical polymerization techniques rely upon ester interchange to complete the polymerization reaction. In order to avoid excessive hold time at high temperatures with possible irreversible thermal degradation, it is advantageous to employ a catalyst for ester interchange reactions. While a wide variety of catalysts can be used, organic titanates such as tetrabutyl or tetraisoproply titanate used alone or in combination with magnesium or calcium acetates are preferred. Complex titanates, such as derived from alkali or alkaline earth metal alkoxides and titanate esters are also very effective. In organic titanates, such as lanthanum titanate, calcium acetate/antimony trioxide mixtures and lithium and magnesium alkoxides are representative of other catalysts which can be used.

Prepolymers for product of the invention can also be prepared by a number of alternate esterification or ester interchange processes. For example, the long chain glycol can be reacted with a high or low molecular weight short chain ester homopolymer or copolymer in the presence of catalyst until randomization occurs. The short chain ester homopolymer or copolymer can be prepared by ester interchange from either the dimethyl esters and low molecular weight diols, as above, or from the free acids with the diol acetates. Alternatively, the short chain ester copolymer can be prepared by direct esterification from appropriate acids, anhydrides or acid chlorides, for example, with diols or by other processes such as reaction of the acids with cyclic ethers or carbonates. Obviously the prepolymer might also be prepared by running these processes in the presence of the long chain glycol.

Ester interchange polymerizations are generally run in the melt without added solvent, but inert solvents can be used to facilitate removal of volatile components from the mass at low temperatures. This technique is especially valuable during prepolymer preparation, for example, by direct esterification. However, certain low molecular weight diols, for example, butanediol in terphenyl, are conveniently removed during high polymerization by azeotropic distillation. Other special polymerization techniques, for example, interfacial polymerization of bisphenol with bisacylhalides and bisacylhalide capped linear diols, may prove useful for preparation of specific polymers. Both batch and continuous methods can be used for any stage of copolyester polymer preparation. Polycondensation of prepolymer can also be accomplished in the solid phase by heating finely divided solid prepolymer in a vacuum or in a stream of inert gas to remove liberated low molecular weight diol. This method has the advantage of reducing degradation because it must be used at temperatures below the softening point of the prepolymer. The major disadvantage is the long time required to reach a given degree of polymerization.

As mentioned above, compositions of the invention include between about 0.1 and about 5 weight percent (wt %) based on copolyester of stabilizer consisting of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid triester with 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxy ethyl-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H, 3H, 5H) trione. This material is commercially available antioxidant sold for use in polyproylene. It has not previously been recognized as suitable for use in high performance polymer such as the elastomers described herein. Additional stabilization to ultraviolet light can be obtained by compounding with various UV absorbers such as substituted benzophenones or benzotriazoles. The properties of these copolyesters can also be modified by incorporation of various conventional inorganic fillers such as carbon black, silica gel, alumina, clays and chopped fiberglass. In general, these additives have the effect of increasing the modulus of the material at various elongations. Compounds having a range of hardness values can be obtained by blending hard and soft polyesters of this invention. The polyesters can be compounded with other resins such as polyvinyl chloride or polybutylene terephthalate.

Elastomers of the invention have superior thermal stability and oxygen index and are especially suited for use in molding various articles such as tires, hoses, drive belts, gears, etc. Such elastomers also crystallize faster than competitive materials and can be made in grades of higher molecular weight. This permits faster molding cycle times and allows the manufacture of blow molding grades of elastomers of the invention.

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention without limiting the scope thereof.

In the examples presented herein, the following terms have the meanings given below.

DMT--dimethyl terephthalate

B.sub.1 D--1,4 butanediol

B.sub.2 D--1,4 butanediol

DMI--dimethyl isophthalate

Poly(THF)--poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol molecular weight 1,000

PPD--1,3 propanediol

DMH--dimethylcyclohexene dicarboxylate

TPT--tetra isopropyl titanate

Goodrite 3125--trade name for 3,5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid triester with 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-(1H, 3H, 5H) trione

Goodrite 3114--trade name for 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-trione

Naugard 445--trade name for &,&-dimethylbenzyl diphenyl amine

Ethyl 330--trade name for 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxylbenzyl) benzene

Winystay L--trade name for butylated reaction product of p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene

Santowhite--trade name for 4,4'-thio bis (6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)

Ethyl 702--trade name for 4,4'-methylene bis-(2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol)

Cyanox 1790--trade name for 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H, 3H, 5H) trione

Irfanox 1010--trade name for tetrakis (methylene-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl propionate) methane

Topanol CA--trade name for 3:1 condensate of 3-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol with crotonaldehyde

Vanox 100--trade name for an alkylated hindered phenol

Nonox WSP--trade name for 2,2'-methylene bis (4-methyl-6-methylcyclohexyl phenol)

GT--weight percent of short chain ester units of formula II in the elastomer of the invention.

Thermal Stability--"extrapolated onset temperature" (.degree. C.) measured as described in "Guide to Modern Methods of Instrumental Analysis" (Wiley-Interscience, 1972), p. 472.

Melt Stability--percent change in viscosity per minute as measured on a Monsanto rheometer at 225.degree. C.

All elastomers referred to in the following examples were made by placing the indicated ingredients in a one gallon autoclave fitted for distillation and equipped with a mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet. A surplus of diol was used. The system was flushed with nitrogen and 17 inches of vacuum was applied during initial heating in which the mass was transesterfied at 200.degree. C. for 30 minutes, by which time methanol distillation had slowed considerably. The temperature of the melt was then raised to the 220.degree.-245.degree. C. range where butenediol was included in the starting materials and to the 245.degree.-255.degree. C. range where butenediol was not included in the original starting materials. The melt was held at this temperature under high vacuum (less than 2mm of Hg) until the desired molecular weight as determined by amperage ratings of about 2.5 was obtained. For examples 3, 4 and 24-27 the desired final amperage could not be obtained because the material "lined out" and would not build up to a high enough molecular weight.

In order to evaluate the effect of using a mixture of butenediol and butanediol rather than butanediol only in making elastomers of the type contemplated by the invention, five different elastomers were prepared according to the procedure described above using ingredients and with results as shown in Table I.

From Table I it can be seen that replacing a portion of the butanediol used in Example 1 with butenediol in Example 2, resulted in a noticeable improvement, i.e. from 322.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the decomposition temperature of the elastomer and also an order of magnitude improvement from -0.855 min.sup.-1 to -0.085 min.sup.-1) in melt stability. Similar improvements were not noted in Example 3 in which a portion of the butanediol was replaced by propanediol rather than butenediol or in Example 4 in which a portion of the dimethyl terephthalate was replaced with the dimethyl ester of cyclohexendicarboxylic acid. Likewise, significant improvement was not noted in Example 5 wherein a portion of the dimethyl terephthalate was replaced with dimethyl isophthalate but in which only butanediol was used as the diol.

These examples illustrate the preparation of materials using varying proportions of butanediol and butenediol as set forth in Table II so that the GT of the resulting elastomers varies from the 58 GT of the elastomers of Examples 1-5. Again it can be seen that in all cases the decomposition temperature and melt stability is significantly better than for the elastomer of Example 1 which does not contain butenediol.

These examples illustrate the use of mixtures of dimethyl terephthalate and dimethyl isophthalate in elastomers of the invention. From Table III it can be seen that these elastomers also exhibit the improved thermal stability and melt stability characteristic of elastomers of the invention.

In order to evaluate the use of various antioxidants in thermoplastic elastomers of the invention, a series of elastomers containing different antioxidants was prepared as described above. In all instances where injection moldable white product was obtained, ASTM D638 tensile bar specimens were injection molded and evaluated for color by reference to National Bureau of Standards Circular 563 and the supplement thereto entitled "lSCC-NBS Color Name Charts Illustrated with Centroid Colors". Color evaluations were also performed for samples which were moldable but which were not molded into test specimens because of their non-white color.

The basic ingredients for the elastomers evaluated in examples 15-28 were as follows

Antoxidants used and results obtained are shown in Table V.

Additional elastomers were made in the same manner as examples 15-27 except that the basic ingredients for examples 28-31 were as follows:

Wt. % antioxidant based on calculated polymer yield 1.0%.

Antioxidants used and color as determined by visual inspection were as follows:

From the examples given above, it can be seen that of the various antioxidants tested in elastomers of the type described herein, only the antioxidant identified as Goodrite 3125 yielded white injection moldable elastomer with satisfactory heat aging characteristics.

While the invention has been described above with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.