Method and Apparatus for Oxidizing Dried Low Rank Coal

This invention relates to methods for producing a dried particulate coal fuel having a reduced tendency to spontaneously ignite from a particulate low rank coal.

This invention also relates to an apparatus for oxidizing a dried particulate low rank coal to reduce the tendency of the dried particulate low rank coal to spontaneously ignite.

This invention also relates to a method for oxidizing dried particulate low rank coal.

In many instances, coal as mined contains undesirably high quantities of water for transportation and use as a fuel. This problem is common to all coals, although in higher grade coals, such as anthracite and bituminous coals, the problem is less severe because the water content of the coal is normally lower and the heating value of such coals is higher. The situation is different with respect to lower grade coals such as sub-bituminous, lignite and brown coals. Such coals, as produced, typically contain from about 25 to about 65 weight percent water. While such coals are desirable as fuels because of their relatively low mining cost and since many such coals have a relatively low sulfur content, the use of such lower grade coals as fuel has been greatly inhibited by the fact that as produced, they typically contain a relatively high percentage of water. Attempts to dry such coals for use as a fuel have been inhibited by the tendency of such coals after drying to undergo spontaneous ignition and combustion in storage, transit or the like.

The drying required with such low rank coals is a deep drying process for the removal of surface water plus the large quantities of interstitial water present in such low rank coals. By contrast, when higher grade coals are dried, the drying is commonly for the purpose of drying the surface water from the coal particle surfaces but not interstitial water, since the interstitial water content of the higher rank coals is relatively low. As a result, short residence times in the drying zone are normally used, and the interior portions of the coal particles are not heated, since such is not necessary for surface drying. Typically, the coal leaving the dryer in such surface water drying processes is at a temperature below about 110.degree. F. (45.degree. C.). By contrast, processes for the removal of interstitial water require longer residence times and result in heating the interior portions of the coal particles. The coal leaving a drying process for the removal of interstitial water will typically be at a temperature from about 130.degree. to about 250.degree. F. (54.degree. to 121.degree. C.). When such processes for the removal of interstitial water are applied to low rank coals, the resulting dried coal has a strong tendency to spontaneously ignite, especially at the high discharge temperatures, upon storage, during transportation and the like.

As a result, a continuing effort has been directed to the development of improved methods whereby such lower grade coals can be dried and thereafter safely transported, stored and used as fuels. It has now been found that such coals are readily dried to produce a stable, storable dried coal product by a method comprising:

a. charging particulate low rank coal to a coal drying zone;

b. drying the particulate low rank coal in the coal drying zone to produce a dried coal;

c. recovering the dried coal from the coal drying zone;

d. charging the dried coal to a coal cooling zone; and,

e. cooling the dried coal in the coal cooling zone to a temperature below about 100.degree. F. (38.degree. C.) to produce a cooled, dried coal.

In some instances, such cooled, dried coals may still have a tendency to spontaneously ignite, even though the tendency to spontaneously ignite has been reduced by cooling the dried coal. In such instances, the tendency of the dried coal to spontaneously ignite can be further reduced by a controlled oxidation step. In such instances, it is desirable to adjust the water content of the dried coal to a value somewhat greater than that desired in the dried oxidized coal product so that a portion of the drying may be accomplished in the oxidation zone. The controlled oxidation is readily accomplished in an apparatus and method as set forth more particularly hereinafter.

The dried coal product, either with or without oxidization, can be further deactivated by contacting the particulate coal product with a suitable deactivating fluid to further reduce the tendency of the dried coal to spontaneously ignite.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process including an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an oxidizer vessel suitable for use in the method of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus suitable for use in intimately contacting particulate coal and a deactivating fluid; and,

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a further embodiment of an apparatus suitable for use in contacting particulate coal and a deactivating fluid.

In the description of the Figures, the same numbers will be used to refer to the same or similar components throughout. Further, it should be noted that in the description of the Figures, reference will be made to lines generally rather than attempting to distinguish between lines as conduits, conveyors or the like as required for the handling of particulate solid materials.

In FIG. 1, a run of mine coal stream is charged through a line 12 to a coal cleaning or preparation plant 10 from which a coal stream is recovered through a line 14 with a waste stream comprising gangues and the like being recovered and passed to discharge through a line 11. In some instances, it may not be necessary to pass the run of mine coal to a coal cleaning or processing plant prior to charging it to the process, although in many instances, such may be desirable. The coal stream recovered from preparation plant 10 through line 14 is passed to a crusher 16 where it is crushed to a suitable size and passed through a line 18 to a hopper 20. While a size consist less than about two inches, i.e. two inches by zero may be suitable in some instances, typically a size consist of about one inch by zero or about three-quarters inch by zero will be found more suitable. The particulate coal in hopper 20 is fed through a line 22 into a dryer 24. In dryer 24, the coal moves across dryer 24 above a grate 26 at a rate determined by the desired residence time in dryer 24. A hot gas is passed upwardly through the coal moving across grate 26 to dry the coal. The hot gas is produced in FIG. 1 by injecting air through a line 30 to combust a stream of coal fines injected through a line 34. The combustion of the coal fines generates a hot gas at a temperature suitable for drying the coal. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the temperature can be varied by diluting the air with a noncombustible gas, by the use of alternate fuels or the like. Clearly, alternate fuels, i.e. liquid or gaseous fuels could be used instead of or in addition to the finely divided coal, although it is contemplated that in most instances, a stream of finely divided coal will be found most suitable for use as a fuel to produce the heated gas. Ash is recovered from dryer 24 through a line 26. In FIG. 1, a combustion zone 28 is provided beneath grate 26 to permit the production of the hot gas in dryer 24, although it will be readily understood that the hot gas could be produced outside dryer 24 or the like. The exhaust gas from dryer 24 is passed to a cyclone 40 where finely divided solids, typically larger than about 100 Tyler mesh, are separated from the exhaust gas and recovered through a line 44. The exhaust gas, which may still contain solids smaller than about 100 Tyler mesh, is passed through a line 42 to a fine solids recovery section 46 where finely divided solids, which will typically consist primarily of finely divided coal are recovered through a line 34 with all or a portion of the finely divided coal being recycled back to combustion zone 28. The purified exhaust gas from fine solids recovery section 46 is passed through a line 48 to a gas cleanup section 50 where sulfur compounds, light hydrocarbon compounds, and the like are removed from the exhaust gas in line 48, as necessary to produce a flue gas which can be discharged to the atmosphere. The purified gas is discharged via a line 51 with the contaminates recovered from the exhaust gas being recovered through a line 76 and optionally passed to a flare, a wet scrubber, or the like. The handling of the process gas discharge is not considered to constitute a part of the present invention, and the cleanup of this gaseous stream will not be discussed further. The fine coal stream recovered through line 34 may in some instances constitute more coal fines than are usable in combustion zone 28. In such instances, a fine coal product can be recovered through a line 54. In other instances, the amount of coal fines recovered may not be sufficient to provide the desired temperature in the hot gas used in dryer 24. In such instances, additional coal fines may be added through a line 52.

The dried coal product recovered from dryer 24 is recovered via a line 38 and combined with the solids recovered from cyclone 40 through line 44 and passed to a coal oxidizer vessel 60. The coal is charged to oxidizer 60 and passes downwardly through oxidizer 60 from its upper end 62 to its lower end 64 at a rate controlled to obtain the desired residence time. The flow of dried coal downwardly through oxidizer 60 is controlled by a grate 66 which supports the coal in oxidizer 60 and accomplishes the removal of controlled amounts of dried oxidized coal through a line 78. Air is injected into oxidizer 60 through a line 68 and an air distribution system 70 as shown more fully in FIG. 2. Air distribution system 70 comprises a plurality of lines 122 having openings positioned along their length for the discharge of a free oxygen-containing gas such as air into oxidizer 60 with lines 122 being positioned beneath shields 120. Shields 120 serve to prevent clogging of the air discharge ports in lines 122 and to prevent damage to lines 122 by the downcoming coal. Spaces 124 between shields 120 are provided for the passage of coal, and spaces 124 typically are sized to be at least three times the diameter of the largest coal particles expected in width. Oxidizer 60 also includes a coal distribution system 112 which may be of a variety of configurations known to those skilled in the art for the uniform distribution of particulate solids. Exhaust gases are recovered from oxidizer 60 through a line 72 and, as shown in FIG. 2, passed to gas cleanup section 50 for processing prior to discharge. Grate 66 may also be of a variety of configurations known to those skilled in the art for supporting and removing controlled amounts of a particulate solids stream passing downwardly through a reaction zone to result in uniform downward movement of particulate solids through the reaction zone. One such suitable grate is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,922 issued Sept. 17, 1968 to J. B. Jones, Jr. which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The grate shown in FIG. 2 is of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,922 and comprises retarder plates 121 positioned across the bottom of oxidizer 60 and pusher bars 123 to remove desired quantities of dried oxidized coal while supporting dried coal in oxidizer 60. Diverter plates are shown as shields 120 for air injection lines 122. A star feeder or the like 125 is included in line 78 to prevent the flow of air through line 78 as the dried oxidized coal is withdrawn. The operation of the grate shown is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,922 which has been incorporated by reference. Air could be injected at a higher point in oxidizer 60 or at a plurality of points, but it is presently preferred that substantially all the air be injected near the bottom of oxidizer 60. The dried oxidized coal recovered from oxidizer 60 via line 78 is passed to a cooler 80. In cooler 80, the dried oxidized coal moves across cooler 80 above a grate 82. A cool gas is introduced through line 86 into a distribution chamber 84 beneath grate 82 and passed upwardly through the dried oxidized coal to cool the coal. The exhaust gas from cooler 80 is passed to a cyclone 90 where solids generally larger than about 100 Tyler mesh are separated and recovered through a line 94 with the exhaust gas being passed through a line 92 to fine solids recovery section 46. Optionally, the gas recovered through line 92 could be passed to combustion chamber 28 for use in producing the hot gas required in dryer 24. The cooled dried oxidized coal is recovered through a line 96 and combined with the solids recovered from cyclone 90 to produce a dried oxidized coal product. The tendency of such dried low rank coals to spontaneously ignite is inhibited greatly by controlled oxidation as set forth herein and by cooling such coals after drying. In some instances, no further treatment may be necessary to produce a dried oxidized coal product which does not undergo spontaneous ignition upon transportation and storage. In other instances, it will be necessary to treat the dried oxidized coal product further. In such instances, the dried oxidized coal product may be coated with a suitable deactivating fluid in a mixing zone 100. The deactivating fluid is introduced through a line 102 and intimately mixed with the cooled oxidized dried coal in mixing zone 100 to produce a coal product recovered through a line 104 which is not subject to spontaneous ignition under normal storage and transportation conditions.

While the dried oxidized coal is mixed with deactivating fluid after cooling in FIG. 1, it should be understood that the dried oxidized coal can be mixed with the deactivating fluid before cooling although it is believed that normally the mixing is preferably at temperatures no higher than about 200.degree. F. (93.degree. C.).

While cool gas alone may be used in cooler 80, improved cooling is accomplished in cooler 80 by the use of water injection as set forth in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 333,145 entitled "Improved Process For Cooling Particulate Coal" by Bernard F. Bonnecaze filed of even date herewith. The water is added through a line 106 and a spray system 108 immediately prior to passing the dried coal into cooler 80 or through a spray system 110 which adds the water to the dried coal immediately after injecting the coal into cooler 80. Either or both types of systems may be used. An important limitation, however, is that the amount of water added is only that amount required to achieve the desired cooling of the dried coal by evaporation. The water is very finely sprayed onto the coal, and is controlled to an amount such that the added water is substantially completely evaporated from the coal prior to discharge of the cooled coal via line 96. In many areas of the country, relatively dry air is available for use in such cooling applications. For instance, in Wyoming, a typical summer air condition is about 90.degree. F. (32.degree. C.) dry bulb with about 65.degree. F. (18.degree. C.) wet bulb temperature. Such air is very suitable for use in the cooler as described. While substantially any cooling gas could be used, the gas used will normally be air. Air is injected in an amount sufficient to fluidize or semi-fluidize the dried coal moving along grate 82 and in an amount sufficient to prevent the leaking of water through grate 82. The flow is further controlled to a level such that the velocity above the coal on grate 82 is insufficient to entrain any liquid water in the exhaust stream flowing to cyclone 90. Such determinations are readily within the skill of those in the art and need not be discussed in detail since the flow rates will vary depending upon the amount of cooling required.

In a further variation, the water may in some instances be introduced as a fine mist beneath grate 82 via a spray system 109 and carried into the coal moving along grate 82 with the cooling gas. In such instances, similar considerations apply, and only that amount of water is added which is required to accomplish the desired temperature reduction in the coal on grate 82.

When relatively dry air is available, it may be desirable in some instances to use evaporative cooling outside cooler 80 to produce a cooled air stream for use in cooling the dried coal in cooler 80.

In the operation of dryer 24, the discharge temperature of the product coal is typically from about 130.degree. to about 250.degree. F. (54.degree. to 121.degree. C.) and is preferably from about 190.degree. to about 220.degree. F. (88.degree. to 104.degree. C.). The hot gas is passed upwardly through the coal on grate 26 at a suitable rate to maintain the coal in a fluidized or semi-fluidized condition above grate 26. The residence time is chosen to accomplish the desired amount of drying and is readily determined experimentally by those skilled in the art based upon the particular type of coal used and the like. For instance, when drying sub-bituminous coal, an initial water content of about 30 weight percent is common. Desirably, such coals are dried to a water content of less than about 15 weight percent and preferably from about 5 to about 10 weight percent. Lignite coals often contain in the vicinity of about 40 weight percent water and are desirably dried to less than about 20 weight percent water with a range from about 5 to about 20 weight percent water being preferred. Brown coals may contain as much as, or in some instances even more than about 65 weight percent water. In many instances, it may be necessary to treat such brown coals by other physical separation processes to remove portions of the water before drying is attempted. In any event, these coals are desirably dried to a water content of less than about 30 weight percent and preferably to about 5 to about 20 weight percent. The determination of the residence time for such coals in dryer 24 may be determined experimentally by those skilled in the art for each particular coal. The determination of a suitable residence time is dependent upon many variables and will not be discussed in detail.

The water contents referred to herein are determined by ASTM D3173-73 entitled "Standard Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke," published in the 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 26.

The discharge temperature of the dried coal from dryer 24 is readily controlled by varying the amount of coal fines and air injected into dryer 24 so that the resulting hot gaseous mixture after combustion is at the desired temperature. Temperatures beneath grate 26 should be controlled to avoid initiating spontaneous combustion of the coal on grate 26. Suitable temperatures for many coals are from 250.degree. to about 905.degree. F. (104.degree. to 510.degree. C.).

In the operation of cooler 80, the temperature of the dried coal charged to cooler 80 in the the process shown in FIG. 1 is typically that of the dried coal discharged from oxidizer 60 less process heat losses. The temperature of the dried coal is desirably reduced in cooler 80 to a temperature below about 100.degree. F. (38.degree. C.) and preferably below about 80.degree. F. (27.degree. C.). The cool gas is passed upwardly through the coal on grate 82 at a suitable rate to maintain the coal in a fluidized or semi-fluidized condition above grate 82. The residence time, amount of cooling air, cooling water and the like may be determined experimentally by those skilled in the art. Such determinations are dependent upon the amount of cooling required and the like. As well known to those skilled in the art, upon drying, lower rank coals are very susceptible to spontaneous ignition and combustion upon storage, in transit or the like. While such is the case, it is highly desirable that such coals be available for use more widely than is possible at the present. The high moisture content of these fuels results in excessive shipping costs, due at least in large measure to the excessive amount of water which is subject to freight charges and similarly results in lower heating values for the coals since a substantial portion of the coal is water rather than combustible carbonaceous material. The lower heating value results in a limited use for the coals since many furnaces are not adapted to burn such lower heating value coals. By contrast, when the water content is reduced, the heating value is raised since a much larger portion of the coal then comprises combustible carbonaceous material. As a result, it is highly desirable that such coals be dried prior to shipment.

In many instances, it has been found that cooling such dried coals to a temperature below about 100.degree. F. (38.degree. C.), and preferably below about 80.degree. F. (27.degree. C.), is sufficient to inhibit spontaneous ignition of the dried coal. Not all dried low rank coals will be found to be sufficiently non-reactive to permit storage and transportation without further treatment after cooling, but in many instances, such dried low rank coals are sufficiently non-reactive after cooling that spontaneous ignition is avoided. It has been observed that spontaneous ignition of such dried low rank coals is further inhibited by the use of a suitable deactivating fluid to further reduce the tendency of the dried coal to spontaneously ignite as discussed more fully hereinafter. The deactivating fluid is desirably applied by intimately mixing it with the dried coal to produce a dried coal product having a reduced tendency toward spontaneous combustion. The use of the deactivating fluid also reduces the dusting tendencies of the coal.

In some instances it may be necessary to further reduce the tendency of dried low rank coals to spontaneously ignite. A method for further reducing the tendency of the dried coal to spontaneously ignite is the use of a controlled oxidation step after the coal drying operation and prior to cooling the dried coal as set forth herein.

The oxidation of the dried coal in oxidizer 60 results in a further reduction in the tendency of the dried coal to spontaneously ignite. The dried oxidized coal is cooled in cooler 80 and may be usable as a stable product without the need for mixing with a deactivating fluid.

In the oxidation of the dried coal in oxidizer 60, a continuing problem is the tendency for the coal to become progressively hotter as it oxidizes. Such is undesirable since the higher temperatures are not required for deactivation of the coal and increase the load on the cooler and result in the consumption of more of the coal product in oxidizer 60. From about 6 to about 25 lbs. of oxygen per ton of dried coal may be used although a preferred range is from about 6 to about 15 lbs. of oxygen per ton of coal. The use of such amounts of oxygen results in the liberation of substantial quantities of heat. To maintain temperature stability in oxidizer 60, it has been found desirable to restrict the drying in dryer 24 to somewhat less than is desired in the final dried coal product. In other words, less drying is accomplished in dryer 24 than is desired in the dried oxidized coal product. In many instances, it will be desirable to leave from about 1 to about 5 weight percent water above that amount of water desired in the final dried oxidized product in the dried coal stream when it is to be oxidized. The presence of the additional water results in cooling the dried coal during oxidization by evaporation of the water. The amount of water left in contemplation of the oxidization step is desirably the amount required to remove the heat generated by the desired oxidization by evaporation. In most instances, it will be found desirable to leave from about 1 to about 3 weight percent water above that amount required in the dried product in the dried coal stream passed to oxidizer 60 when from 6 to about 15 lbs. of oxygen per ton of coal is used.

Suitable coal outlet temperatures from oxidizer 60 are from about 175.degree. to about 225.degree. F. (80.degree.-107.degree. C.). Desirably, the net temperature increase in the coal temperature in oxidizer 60 is small. While higher temperatures may occur locally in oxidizer 60, it is preferred that the coal discharge temperature be from about 175.degree. to about 225.degree. F. (80.degree.-107.degree. C.). The coal inlet temperature can vary, but it is expected that in many instances the dried coal will be charged to the oxidizer at temperatures near the discharge temperature.

It will be noted by reference to the amounts of water to be removed by evaporation in the oxidation vessel that the desired amount of drying is much less than required to produce a dried low rank coal product. Accordingly, the controlled oxidation step is not suited to function as the primary drying step, but rather is suitably used following a coal drying step. The reactivity of the dried coal is then suitable for deactivation by the controlled oxidation step and the major portion of the water has been removed.

The dried oxidized product recovered from cooler 80 in many instances will be usable as a dried coal product as recovered. In other instances, it may be desirable that a suitable deactivating fluid be mixed with the dried oxidized coal product either before or after cooling the dried oxidized coal to produce a stable storable fuel.

The intimate mixing of the dried coal and deactivating fluid is readily accomplished in a vessel such as shown in FIG. 3. Such a vessel and a method for intimately contacting particulate coal and a deactivating fluid are set forth in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 333,144 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Contacting Particulate Coal and a Deactivating Fluid" by James L. Skinner and J. David Matthews filed of even date herewith. In FIG. 3, the dried coal product is charged to a contacting vessel 140 through a line 146 with the contacted coal being recovered through a line or discharge 148. In contact vessel 140, the deactivating fluid is maintained as a finely divided mist by spraying the deactivating fluid into vessel 140 through spray mist injection means 150 which, as shown in FIG. 3, are nozzles 152. Clearly, vessel 140 can be of a variety of configurations, and any reasonable number of mist nozzles 152 can be used. It is, however, necessary that the residence time between the upper end 142 of contacting vessel 140 and the lower end 144 of vessel 140 be sufficient that the coal is intimately contacted with the deactivating fluid as it passes through vessel 140. Deactivating fluid is injected into vessel 140 through lines 158 which supply nozzles 152. Optionally, a diverter 143 may be positioned to divert the flow of the coal to facilitate contact with the deactivating fluid.

A further embodiment of a suitable contacting vessel is shown in FIG. 4. The contacting vessel shown in FIG. 4 is positioned on a storage hopper 162 and includes on its inner walls a plurality of projections 154, which serve to break up the smooth fall of particulate coal solids through vessel 140 thereby facilitating intimate contact of the particulate solids with the deactivating fluid mist present in vessel 140. Projections 154 may be of substantially any effective shape or size. Mist injection means 150 as shown in FIG. 5 comprise tubes 156 positioned beneath projections 154. Tubes 156 include a plurality of mist injection nozzles 152. Further, a deflector 160 is provided near lower end 144 of vessel 140 to further deflect the stream of particulate coal solids as they are discharged from vessel 140. A tube 156 including mist nozzles 152 is positioned beneath deflector 160.

In the operation of the vessels shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a particulate coal stream is introduced into the upper portion of the vessels and passes downwardly through the vessel by gravity flow in continuous contact with a finely divided mist of a suitable deactivating fluid. The residence time is highly variable depending upon the size of the stream passed through vessel 140, the presence or absence of projections in vessel 140, and the like. The contact time and amount of mist are adjusted to obtain a desired quantity of deactivating fluid in intimate mixture with the coal.

Some suitable deactivating fluids are virgin vacuum reduced crude oils. Such materials are normally mixed with the dried coal in quantities from about one-half to about two gallons of material per ton of dried coal as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 333,137 entitled "Deactivating Dried Coal with a Special Oil Composition" by Donald K. Wunderlich filed of even date herewith. Preferably, from about one to about one and one-half gallons is used. Such materials have been found to inhibit the reactivity of the dried coal with respect to spontaneous ignition to a high degree.

Other deactivating fluids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,201,657 issued May 6, 1980 to Anderson, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,637 issued May 5, 1981 to Anderson, both of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.

Other suitable materials for use as a deactivating fluid are selected from aqueous solutions of polymeric materials as described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 333,146 entitled "Reducing the Tendency of Dried Coal to Spontaneously Ignite" by J. David Matthews filed of even date herewith. Some suitable polymeric materials are: vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl acetate/acrylic polymers, styrene butadiene, acrylic latex or resins, natural gums or resins, tar oil, neoprene, rubber and the like. The reference to solutions of polymeric materials should be understood to encompass dispersions of polymeric materials and emulsions of polymeric materials. The primary requisite in the polymeric material is its ability to inhibit the tendency toward spontaneous ignition in the dried coal fuel. Desirably, the polymeric material contains substantially no halogens. As is well known to those skilled in the art, the presence of halogens in coal is extremely detrimental to boiler operation and the like and further, the industry has relatively stringent specifications on the amount of halogens tolerable in coal fuels. Accordingly, it is desirable that the polymeric material chosen contain substantially no halogen materials.

In the practice of the process as shown in FIG. 1, it may be necessary with some coals that a controlled oxidation step be used as set forth herein, whereas with other coal feed stocks, such a step may not be necessary. In general, it is believed that it will be necessary to dry and cool all low rank coals to produce a desirable dried coal fuel which is not undesirably susceptible to spontaneous ignition. In many instances, it may be necessary to do no more than dry the coal and cool the resulting dried coal to produce a stable fuel. In other instances, it may be necessary to use a deactivating fluid with the cooled dried coal. In still other instances with more reactive coal, it may be necessary to use drying in combination with oxidation, cooling and/or a deactivating fluid. The selection of the particular coal process will be dependent to a large extent upon the particular feed stock used. Another variable which may affect the choice of the process for a particular low rank coal may be the risk involved upon spontaneous ignition. For instance, it may be desirable to over-treat dried coal products which are to be shipped by sea or the like in view of the substantially greater risk of damage upon spontaneous ignition than would be the case for coals which are to be stacked near a coal-consuming facility. A multitude of considerations will affect the particular process chosen; however, it is believed that the particular combination of steps set forth will be found effective in the treatment of substantially any low rank coal to produce a dried fuel product which has a reduced tendency toward spontaneous ignition.

While the invention has been described with respect to a dryer including a grate and a fluidized or semi-fluidized coal drying zone, substantially any effective method for drying particulate solids could be used. For instance, expanded, ebullated, fluidized or semi-fluidized coal drying zones could be used. Other types of drying equipment such as moving grates, slotted grates, rotating drums, revolving screens, spinning grills and the like could be used. In general, such equipment and methods are suitable for either drying or cooling particulate coal.

Having thus described the present invention by reference to certain of its preferred embodiments, it is respectfully pointed out that the embodiments discussed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature, and that many variations and modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention. Many such variations and modifications may be considered obvious and desirable based upon a review of the foregoing description of preferred embodiments.