N-Aminoalkyl Iodothyronine Derivatives

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to amino-functionalized iodothyronine derivatives, immunogen conjugates comprising such derivatives coupled to conventional immunogenic carrier materials, and anti-iodothyronine antibodies prepared against such immunogen conjugates. Such antibodies are useful in immunoassays for determining iodothyronines in biological fluids. The amino-functionalized derivatives are also useful in preparing labeled iodothyronine conjugates for use in such immunoassays, particularly those of the nonradioisotopic type.

The iodothyronines have the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein .beta..sup.1 and .beta..sup.2 are, independently, hydrogen or iodine. The iodothyronines of clinical interest are listed in the following table:

The quantitative determination of the concentration of the various iodothyronines, particularly the hormones T-3 and T-4, in serum and of the degree of saturation of the iodothyronine binding sites on the carrier protein thyroid binding globulin (TBG) are valuable aids in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders.

2. Brief Description of the Prior Art

Iodothyronines have been derivatized in many different ways in coupling them to immunogenic carrier materials for the purpose of preparing immunogen conjugates. Antibodies prepared against such conjugates are used in immunoassays for determining iodothyronines. Also, iodothyronines have been variously derivatized in order to couple a desired labeling moiety yielding a labeled conjugate useful in such immunoassays.

The commonly used technique for preparing iodothyronine immunogen conjugates involves coupling the iodothyronine directly through its available amino and carboxyl groups to amide bond carboxyl and amino counterpart groups on the carrier material in the presence of carbodiimide. A mixture of conjugates is obtained and consequently a mixture of anti-iodothyronine antibodies are obtained. See Gharib et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol 33:509(1971).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,171,432 describes the coupling of a ribonucleotide to iodothyronines through the carboxyl group. U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,907 describes the coupling of enzymes with iodothyronine derivatives derivatized at the phenolic hydroxyl group.

The preparation of aminoacyl thyroxine derivatives derivatized at the amino group of thyroxine is described in Endocrinol. 89:606-609(1971).

The present invention provides iodothyronine derivatives bearing an amino-functionalized arm at the amino group in iodothyronines and their alkyl esters. The derivatives provided are of the general formula: ##STR2## wherein n is an integer from 2 through 12, R is hydrogen or alkyl containing 1-6 carbon atoms, and .beta..sup.1 and .beta..sup.2 are, independently, hydrogen or iodine.

FIGS. 1 and 1a constitute a flow diagram of the synthetic route illustrated in the Examples for preparing iodothyronine derivatives of the present invention.

The derivatives of the present invention are generally prepared by the route illustrated in the diagram of FIGS. 1 and 1a of the drawings. An .omega.-aminoalkylaldehyde diethyl acetal (1) is protected as the N-trifluoroacetate (2) by treatment with ethyl trifluoroacetate and triethylamine in an appropriae solvent, e.g., ethanol. The resulting N-trifluoroacetylalkanal diacetal is hydrolyzed to the alkylaldehyde and reacted with an iodothyronine ethyl ester (3) and sodium cyanoborohydride in an appropriate solvent, e.g., ethanol, to give the N-(.omega.-N-trifluoroacetylaminoalkyl)iodothyronine ethyl ester (4). Alkaline hydrolysis gives the novel N-(aminoalkyl)iodothyronine ester derivatives (6). Alternatively, the N-trifluoroacetyl group can be selectively removed by reflux in hydrochloric acid-saturated ethanol to give the dihydrochloride of (5) which has better organic solvent solubility properties.

The length of the linear alkyl portion of the N-aminoalkyl side arm can vary from 2 through 12 carbons by appropriate selection of the .omega.-aminoalkyraldehyde diethyl acetal starting material. Similarly, the alkyl ester group, if present, will vary according to the selected iodothyronine alkyl ester starting material and can be linear or branched and contain between 1 and 6 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and so forth.

The N-(aminoalkyl)iodothyronine ester derivatives (5) are converted to the corresponding acid derivatives (6) by treatment with base. The ester and acid derivatives are coupled by conventional peptide condensation reactions to carboxyl group-containing immunogenic carrier materials to yield immunogen conjugates of the formula: ##STR3## wherein Carrier (CO)--represents the carrier material bound through a carboxyl group, p is on the average from 1 through the number of available carboxyl groups on the carrier, and n, R, .beta..sup.1 and .beta..sup.2 are as defined above. The quantity p represents the number of iodothyronine moieties that are conjugated to the carrier, i.e., the epitopic density of the immunogen, and in the usual situation will be on the average from 1 to about 50, more normally from 1 to about 20. Optimal epitopic densities, considering the ease and reproducibility of synthesis of the immunogen and antibody response, fall between about 2 and about 15, more usually between 4 and 10.

The immunogenic carrier material can be selected from any of those conventionally known having available carboxyl groups. In most cases, the carrier will be a protein or polypeptide, although other materials such as carbohydrates, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acids and the like of sufficient size and immunogenicity can likewise be used. For the most part, immunogenic proteins and polypeptides will have molecular weights between 5,000 and 10,000,000, preferably greater than 15,000, and more usually greater than 50,000. Generally, proteins taken from one animal species will be immunogenic when introduced into the blood stream of another species. Particularly useful proteins are albumins, globulins, enzymes, hemocyanins, glutelins, proteins having significant nonproteinaceous constituents, e.g., glycoproteins, and the like. The albumins and globulins of molecular weight between 30,000 and 200,000 are particularly preferred. Further reference for the state-of-the-art concerning conventional immunogenic carrier materials and techniques for coupling haptens thereto may be had to the following: Parker, Radioimunoassay of Biologically Active Compounds, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliff, N.J. USA, 1976); Butler, J. Immunol. Meth. 7:1-24(1974); Weinryb and Shroff, Drug Metab. Rev. 10:271-283(1975); Broughton and Strong, Clin. Chem. 22:726-732(1976); and Playfair et al., Br. Med. Bull. 30:24-31(1974).

The amino-functionalized iodothyronine derivatives of the present invention are coupled to carboxyl groups in the carrier material by conventional amide-bond forming reactions such as those involving carbodiimides [Aherne et al., Brit. J. Clin. Pharm. 3:561(1976)], mixed anhydrides [Erlanger et al., Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry, ed. Williams and Chase, Academic Press (New York 1967) p. 149], and the acid azide and active ester reactions [Kopple, Peptides and Amino Acids, W. A. Benjamin (New York 1966)]. See also Clin. Chem. 22:726(1976).

Preparation of specific antibodies using the present immunogen conjugates may follow any conventional technique. Numerous texts are available describing the fundamental aspects of inducing antibody formation; for example reference may be made to Parker, Radioimmunoassay of Biologically Active Compounds, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. USA, 1976). In the usual case, a host animal such as a rabbit, goat, mouse, guinea pig, or horse is injected at one or more of a variety of sites with the immunogen conjugate, normally in mixture with an adjuvant. Further injections are made at the same site or different sites at regular or irregular intervals thereafter with bleedings being taken to assess antibody titer until it is determined that optimal titer has been reached. The host animal is bled to yield a suitable volume of specific antiserum. Where desirable, purification steps may be taken to remove undesired material such as nonspecific antibodies before the antiserum is considered suitable for use in performing actual assays.

The antibodies can also be obtained by somatic cell hydridization techniques, such antibodies being commonly referred to as monoclonal antibodies. Reviews of such monoclonal antibody techniques are found in Lymphocyte Hybridomas, ed. Melchers et al., Springer-Verlag (New York 1978), Nature 266:495 (1977), and Science 208:692 (1980).

The derivatives of the present invention are also useful in preparing labeled iodothyronine conjugates used in various types of immunoassay techniques. A wide variety of labeling substances can be readily coupled to the amino function in the present iodothyronine derivatives. Such labels include enzymes, which as proteins are couplable similarly to the coupling of the immunogenic carrier materials as described above (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,654,090; 3,817,837 and 4,043,872); enzyme prosthetic groups (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,565); enzyme substrates (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,922 and British Patent Spec. No. 1,552,609); enzyme modulators, e.g., inhibitors, (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,134,792 and 4,273,866); and the like as are known in the art. In particular, the present derivatives are useful for coupling to the enzyme inhibitor methotrexate to form methotrexate-iodothyronine conjugates as described in more detail in the U.S. patent application filed on even date herewith, assigned to the present assignee, entitled "Methotrexate-Labeled Iodothyronine Conjugates" U.S. Ser. No. 318,028 filed Nov. 4, 1981 which application is incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention will now be illustrated, but is not intended to be limited, by the following examples.

The reaction sequence for the preparation of these iodothyronine derivatives is shown in the diagram in FIGS. 1 and 1a of the drawings.

To a mixture of 17.74 grams (g) of 90% 4-aminobutyraldehyde diethylacetal (1) [0.1 moles (mol)] and 22.1 milliliters (ml) triethylamine (0.16 mol) in 100 ml dry ethanol at 0.degree. C. under argon gas was added dropwise 21.3 g ethyl trifluoroacetate (0.16 mol) over 15 minutes. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The reaction volume was concentrated in vacuo (bath temperature <40.degree. C.), dissolved in ether, and washed with water and brine. Drying (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4), filtration, and evaporation of solvent in vacuo gave 25.3 g of brown oil. Fractional distillation at 104.degree.-105.degree. C. (0.01 mm) provided the product (2), n=4, as a colorless oil (96%, 24.6 g).

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.10 H.sub.18 NF.sub.3 O.sub.3 (MW 257.26): C, 46.7; H, 6.8; N, 5.5. Found: C, 46.3; H, 7.0; N, 5.3.

PMR (60 mHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta.1.2 (t,J=7 Hz,6H); 4.3 (m,4H); 3.2-4.0 (m,6H); 4.52 (t,J=5 Hz,1H); 7.3 (bs,1H).

IR(neat): 1705 cm.sup.-1

4-N-(Trifluoroacetyl)aminobutyraldehyde diethylacetal (2), n=4, [3.097 g, 12 millimoles (mmol)] was stirred in a 36 ml mixture of tetrahydrofuran/acetic acid/water (1:1:1) for 48 hours under argon gas. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo to an oil which was added to 10.09 g (12 mmol) thyroxine ethyl ester hydrochloride (3), .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, in 275 ml absolute ethanol under argon gas. Sodium cyanoborohydride [422 milligrams (mg), 6.8 mmol] was added to the mixture, which was allowed to stir 24 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a foam, which was dissolved in 40 ml 20% ethyl acetate-dichloromethane, filtered, and allowed to stand overnight. White crystals of product appeared which were collected, washed with dichloromethane, and dried to yield 4.32 g (37%), mp 202.degree.-204.degree. C.

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.23 H.sub.22 N.sub.2 F.sub.3 I.sub.4 O.sub.5.2H.sub.2 O (MW 1008.12): C, 27.40; H, 2.70; N, 2.78. Found: C, 27.36; H, 2.45; N, 2.77.

PMR (60 mHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): .delta.1.13(t,J=3 Hz,3H); 1.67 (m,4H); 2.7-3.9 (m,6H); 4.2 (m+superimposed q, J=7 Hz,3H); 7.12 (s,2H), 7.92 (s,2H); 9.65 (m,3H).

IR (KCl): 1720, 1745 cm.sup.-1.

The mother liquor was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in 10 ml ethyl acetate, and chromatographed on a Waters Prep 500.RTM. HPLC (Waters Associates, Inc., Milford, Mass.) using one Prep-Pak-500.RTM. 5.7 ID.times.30 cm silica cartridge (Waters Associates, Inc., Milford, Mass.) as a stationary phase and 20% ethyl acetate-dichloromethane as the mobile phase.

First eluted from the column was an oil which was precipitated as a white powder (1.1 g) from dichloromethane-hexane, mp 64.degree.-68.degree. C. decomposed. It was identified as N,N-bis-[4-N-(trifluoroacetyl)aminobutyl]thyroxine ethyl ester on the basis of the following analytical data (7% yield).

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.29 H.sub.31 N.sub.3 F.sub.6 I.sub.4 O.sub.6.H.sub.2 O (MW 1157.24): C, 30.10; H, 2.87; N, 3.63. Found: C, 30.01; H, 2.45; N, 4.13.

PMR (60 mHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): .delta.1.15 (m+bt, J=7 Hz,7H); 1.65 (m,4H); 2.9 (m,3H); 3.2 (m, 4H); 3.7 (m,3H); 4.1 (m+q, J=7 Hz,3H); 5.73 (m,2H); 7.13 (s,2H); 7.88 (s,2H); 9.4 (m,1H).

IR (KCl): 1720 cm.sup.-1.

Next obtained from the column was an oil, which was precipitated as 3.886 g of a white powder from dichloromethane-hexane. Spectral data showed it to be identical with the initially formed crystals. The total yield of product (4), n=4, .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, was 8.23 g (71%), mp 105.degree.-106.degree..

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.23 H.sub.23 N.sub.2 O.sub.5 I.sub.4 F.sub.3 (MW 972.09): C, 28.41; H, 2.39; N, 2.88. Found: C, 28.33; H, 2.40; N, 2.78.

N-[4-N-(Trifluoroacetyl)aminobutyl]thyroxine ethyl ester (4), n=4, .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, (2.5 g, 2.6 mmol) was dissolved in 100 ml anhydrous ethanol. The solution was heated to reflux while treated with gaseous hydrochloric acid for 7 hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue twice precipitated from ethanol-ether to give 2.115 g of an off-white powder (79% yield) which analyzed as the bishydrochloride diethanolate (5), n=4, .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I.

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.21 H.sub.24 N.sub.2 I.sub.4 O.sub.4.2HCl.2(C.sub.2 H.sub.6 O) (MW 1041.13): C, 28.84; H, 3.68; N, 2.69. Found: C, 29.32; H, 3.28; N, 2.91.

PMR (90 mHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): .delta.1.13 (t,J-7 Hz); 1.77 (m); 3.29 (m); 3.66 (m); 4.67 (m); 7.17 (s); 7.88 (s); 8.79 (m); 10.0 (m); 10.6 (m).

IR (KCl): 1735, 2970 cm.sup.-1.

N-[4-N-(Trifluoroacetyl)aminobutyl]thyroxine ethyl ester (4), n=4, .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, 2.0 g (2.06 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml tetrahydrofuran under argon gas and treated with 4.1 ml of a 2 N sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred overnight at 50.degree. C. The reaction mixture was then preadsorbed onto a small amount of Silicar CC-7 (silicic acid; Mallinkrodt, Inc., Paris, Ky.) and applied to the top of a column of 175 g Silicar CC-7 packed with the lower phase of a 2:1:1 chloroform-methanol-ammonium hydroxide mixture. The column was sequentially eluted with 3 liters each of the lower phase of a 2:1:1 and 1:1:1 chloroform-methanol-ammonium hydroxide mixture. The off-white powder obtained was dissolved in ethanol and 5 ml 2 N sodium hydroxide, treated with Norit filtered through celite, and was precipitated with acetic acid. Obtained was 1.5 g (88% yield) of the conjugate (6), .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, as amorphous powder, mp 166.degree. decomposed.

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.19 H.sub.20 N.sub.2 I.sub.4 O.sub.3.H.sub.2 O (MW 850.05): C, 26.85; H, 2.61; N, 3.30. Found: C, 26.47; H, 2.51; N, 3.29.

PMR (100 mHz, CD.sub.3 OD+Na.degree.): .delta.1.48 (m); 2.64 (m); 2.82 (dd,J=6 Hz, 8Hz); 3.26 (t,J=6 Hz); 7.04 (s); 7.86 (s).

IR (KCl): 1640, 1435, and 1505 cm.sup.-1.

The hydrochloride was prepared by stirring 100 mg of the product in 6 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid for 2 hours at reflux under argon gas. Filtration and drying at 55.degree. C. (0.1 mm Hg) for 17 hours gave 82 mg of the product (79% yield).

Analysis: Calculated for C.sub.19 H.sub.20 N.sub.2 I.sub.4 O.sub.3.HCl.H.sub.2 O (MW 886.50): C, 25.74; H, 2.62; N, 3.16. Found: C, 25.87; H, 2.34; N, 3.17.

Eighty-three milligrams of N-(4-aminobutyl)thyroxine (Example 1) was added to 3.0 ml of 0.1 M sodium carbonate, and 35 .mu.l of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide was added. Dimethyladipimidate dihydrochloride (90 mg) was added and a precipitate formed. The precipitate dissolved upon addition of 70 .mu.l of 10 N sodium hydroxide. When this reaction mixture had stood at room temperature for 3 to 5 minutes, it was added dropwise to a stirred solution containing 200 mg of bovine serum albumin in 50 ml of 0.2 N sodium hydroxide. This mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 2.5 hours and then the pH was adjusted to 7.0 with 5 N hydrochloric acid. The precipitate which formed was removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant was concentrated to 5-7 ml by pressure dialysis.

The concentrate was chromatographed on a 2.5.times.45 cm column of Sephadex G25 (coarse) equilibrated with 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 containing 0.02% sodium azide. About 12 ml fractions were collected and fractions 9-12 were pooled.

Two-tenths milliliter of the pool was diluted into 0.8 ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, and the optical absorption spectrum from 260 to 360 nanometers (nm) was recorded. An absorption maximum occurred at 328 nm. The absorbances at 280 and 328 nm were used to estimate an incorporation of 6.8 moles of N-(4-aminobutyl)thyroxine per mole of bovine serum albumin.

The N-(4-aminobutyl)thyroxine bovine serum albumin conjugate pool was diluted to give 0.6 mg conjugate per ml. For the initial immunization, this solution was blended with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. One-tenth milliliter of the mixture was injected subcutaneously into each foot pad of a rabbit and 0.6 ml was injected subcutaneously on the back on the rabbit. Booster immunizations were administered on the back 3, 7, 11, and 15 weeks later. These immunizations employed Freunds incomplete adjuvant. Blood was drawn on the 16th week and serum was collected by centrifugation.

Antibody binding reaction mixtures were prepared for titrating the thyroxine antibodies by combining reagents in the order presented in Table A. The .sup.125 I labeled thyroxine (Tetramat, Abbott Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Ill.) gave about 630,000 counts per minute (cpm) per ml when measured on a Gammacord.RTM. crystal scintillation instrument (Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Ind.). All of the reagents were prepared in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The antibody was allowed to incubate with the .sup.125 I-thyroxine for 2 to 3 hours at room temperature before the 50% polyethylene glycol was added. After the polyethylene-glycol was added and mixed, insoluble proteins were sedimented by centrifugation and the supernant was decanted. The radioactivity in the pellet was measured.

Competitive binding reaction mixtures were prepared with various levels of thyroxine by combining reagents in the order presented in Table B. The .sup.125 I-thyroxine solution gave about 450,000 counts per minute (cpm) per ml. The reactions were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 2 to 3 hours before the 50% polyethyleneglycol was added. The insoluble proteins were collected as outlined above and the radioactivity was measured.

The results show that as the level of thyroxine increased, the amount .sup.125 I-thyroxine bound to antibody decreased.

Reaction mixtures were formed by combining NADPH, buffer, thyroxine antibody and varying levels of thyroxine in the amounts and concentrations indicated in Table C and incubated at room temperature for a minimum of 30 seconds. Then 100 .mu.l of 0.16 .mu.M methotrexate-aminobutyl thyroxine conjugate [prepared from N-(4-aminobutyl)thyroxine ethyl ester bishydrochloride (5), n=4, .beta..sup.1 =.beta..sup.2 =I, supra, as described in the U.S. patent application filed on even date herewith, assigned to the present assignee, entitled "Methotrexate-Labeled Iodothyronine Conjugates" U.S. Ser. No. 318,028 filed Nov. 4, 1981 was added and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 2 minutes. Following the second incubation, dihydrofolate reductase was added and the mixture incubated an additional 5 minutes at 37.degree. C. The reaction was initiated by adding dihydrofolate and an initial absorbance at 340 nm was recorded. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 minutes at 37.degree. C. and a final reading of absorbance recorded. The results in Table C show that the enzyme activity (.DELTA.A) decreased as the thyroxine level increased.