US 4,333,475 AGrant
Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring System
Issue Date:1982-06-08
•48 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An ambulatory cardiac monitoring system (10) to event record and monitor ECG signals (20) from a patient (12) for a predetermined time interval. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system (10) includes a recorder system (18) which is carried by the patient (12). The recorder system (10) is coupled to the patient through leads (16) and electrodes (14) positionally located contiguous to the patient (12). The recorder system (18) includes an analog pre-processor (32), a first microcomputer (34) coupled in a feedback manner to analog pre-processor (32), and a cassette recorder (38). The analog pre-processor (32) has incorporated both automatic gain control and conditioning circuitry that normalizes and filters the basic ECG signal (20). The analog pre-processor (32) produces a plurality of extraction signals which are input to microcomputer (34). The microcomputer (34) continuously monitors the signal inputs from the analog pre-processor (32) as well as digitized ECG signal (20) from an analog/digital converter (36). The microcomputer (34) includes decision algorithms for classification of each heartbeat and tallies abnormal events. The memory of microcomputer (34) is used as a temporary storage area of the ECG signal (20) in order to delay the ECG signal (20) for a predetermined time interval in order that analysis of a particular signal may be obtained.
Metadata
Assignee
- Medical Concepts, Inc.
Inventors
- John R. Moreno
- Richard J. Byrne
- Charles B. Shakespeare
Application Information
Application Number:US 1009036
Filing Date:1979-12-06
Priority Date:1979-12-06
Art Unit:335
Classifications
IPC:
A61B 504
Field of Search:
128696;710;711;901;902;702;703;704
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to cardiac monitoring systems. In particular, this invention relates to ambulatory cardiac monitoring systems where a patient is monitored for a predetermined interval. More in particular, this invention relates to an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system where the patient carries a recorder system and the recorder system is coupled to the patient for continuous monitoring of ECG signals.
Still further, this invention relates to an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system where abnormal ECG signals are recorded on a mini-cassette carried within the recorder system. Further, this invention relates to an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system where the cassette is removed from the recording system after the predetermined time interval and inserted into a scanner system remote from the patient for production of both a trend report and an ECG strip for diagnostic purposes.
More in particular, this invention pertains to an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system where the recorder carried by the patient includes both an analog pre-processor and a first microcomputer which is coupled in feedback relation to the analog pre-processor. Still further, this invention relates to an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system having a recorder system which delays the ECG signal passing from the patient in order to provide a time frame interval within which a particular ECG signal may be analyzed and determinations made of various heart arrhythmias and abnormal events based on a particular patient's ECG signal output.
2. Prior Art
Systems for monitoring and analyzing ECG signals are well-known in the art. In general, there are four types of cardiograms being utilized, i.e., resting cardiograms, stress cardiograms, echo cardiograms, and ambulatory cardiograms. Resting cardiograms systems generally take a sample of an ECG signal over a short period of time in a non-ambulatory environment. Thus, heart arrhythmias which may be chronic or transient, are only displayed in the resting cardiograms when they are chronic. If the heart arrhythmias are transient, there is a low probability that resting cardiogram systems will describe such due to the short time interval period within which they are taken.
Ambulatory electro-cardiogram systems to monitor both the chronic and transient heart arrhythmias are carried by the patient during the performance of his or her activities throughout a predetermined time interval. In some prior art ambulatory electrocardiogram systems, the patient's heartbeat signals are recorded continuously for a predetermined time interval on a portable tape recorder carried by the patient. Subsequent to the recording time interval, a scanning device is used that plays back the tape at an accelerated speed. A technically trained operator monitors an oscilloscope and a tone produced by the scanner to observe and/or monitor any heart arrhythmias. In such prior systems the analysis is highly subjective dependent on the skill of the operator.
Additionally, in such prior art systems, the continuous monitoring of the heartbeat of the patient produces a stream of unwanted data and utilizes expensive scanner system equipment in cooperation with highly skilled technicians for diagnosis of the ECG. Some such prior art systems do not analyze the heart arrhythmias to the quantitative extent of the subject ambulatory cardiac monitoring system, which thus results in some arrhythmias going unnoticed with possible deleterious results.
Ambulatory monitoring devices are generally divided into two categories, the first category being Holter monitoring and the second category being commonly referred to as Event recording. In prior art Holter monitoring devices, the patient is monitored continuously for a predetermined time interval with the subsequent disadvantages as has been previously described.
In Event recording, the system is carried by the patient and includes systems for arrhythmia detection and such is condensed to provide salient events of the arrhythmia. In some prior Event recording systems, chronological logs are not provided to permit a quantitating capability, as is provided in the subject system. In other prior art Event recorders, detected arrhythmias are recorded once each predetermined time interval so that when the system records a specific arrhythmia, the system does not analyze any further incidents of the specific arrhythmia for the predetermined time interval and such is incapable of quantifying data. Thus, in some prior art systems of this type, important arrhythmia data is lost to the diagnostician.
Other prior art Event recording systems do not normalize output signals as a function of a particular patient being monitored. Thus, in such prior art Event recording systems, unwanted data may be taken into account based on a false signal that an arrhythmia has occurred when in fact, that signal is normal when related to that particular patient being monitored.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the ambulatory cardiac monitoring system, showing the recorder system coupled to the patient, as well as the scanner system for generating both ECG strip booklets and trend reports;
FIG. 2 is an overall block diagram of the ambulatory cardiac monitoring system;
FIGS. 3(a)-(e) shows a graphical representation of the ECG signal, the differentiated ECG signal, the positive pulse of the differentiated and automatic gain controlled ECG signal, the positive pulse low threshold detect signal, and the positive pulse high threshold detect signal;
FIG. 4 is an electrical block diagram showing the analog pre-processor coupled to the patient;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a portion of the analog pre-processor in combination with a first microcomputer for morphology and temporal detection;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the base line artifact detectors;
FIG. 7 is an electrical block diagram of the adaptive threshold detectors;
FIG. 8 is an electrical block diagram of the adaptive threshold detectors; and,
FIGS. 9(a)-(j) is a timing diagram presenting a graphical representation of the ECG signal and the differentiated ECG signals for actuating signals within the ambulatory cardiac monitoring system.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an overall system flow representation of ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 to provide an information flow report based on ECG signals 20 being issued from patient or user 12. In overall concept, ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 continuously monitors, classifies, and quantizes predetermined portions of ECG signals 20 from patient 12. Abnormal portions of ECG signals 20 are classified as to the pattern abnormality and real time of occurrence. Abnormal or significant signals are printed on ECG strips 26 and quantified information is printed in ECG report 30 at the conclusion of a predetermined monitoring period.
During the time interval monitoring period, patient 12 is continuously monitored for ECG signals 20 in an ambulatory manner. A detailed record of abnormal ECG signals 20 is written on a storage mechanism such as cassette tape 22, as will be detailed in following paragraphs. Subsequent to the monitoring period, cassette tape 22 is removed from the portion of cardiac monitoring system 10 carried by patient 12 and is inserted into report generation system 24 wherein ECG strips 26 and report 30 are printed out or otherwise detailed to a doctor or technician for diagnostic purposes.
Thus, in general, ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 is provided to event record and monitor ECG signals 20 from patient 12 for a predetermined time interval on recording medium 22. Recording medium 22 is subsequently removed from patient 12 after the predetermined time interval and is inserted into scanner or report generation system 24 for producing printed outputs of the events recorded on recording medium 22. Of significant importance to overall ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 is recorder system 18, which is releasably coupled to patient 12 during the predetermined time interval. Recorder system 18 is electrically coupled to patient 12 for (1) continuously monitoring ECG signals 20 of patient 12 during the predetermined time interval, and (2) entering a record signal on recording medium 22 responsive to prior ECG signals 20 monitored from patient 12 during the predetermined time interval.
During the monitoring period or predetermined time interval, recorder system 18 is carried by user or patient 12 and is adapted to continuously pick up ECG signals 20 from user or patient 12. The readings are entered into mini-cassette tape 22 during the monitoring period. Subsequent to the monitoring time interval period, cassette tape 22 is removed from recorder system 18 and is inserted into scanner system 24. Scanner system 24 generates ECG strips 26 and is further coupled to printer 28 which prints out report 30 based upon the information contained within cassette tape 22.
Report 30 issuing from printer 28 coupled to scanner system 24 is a printed chronological listing of arrhythmia events, heart rate, and ECG signal 20 quality. Entries are made for predetermined time intervals taken during the monitoring period. ECG strips 26 issuing from scanner system 24 are oscillographic recordings of significant events.
Particular information is chosen by first micro-computer 34 contained within recorder system 18. Although event recordings may be variably programmed, in general, events are chosen based on severity and repetition. Detected events of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and dropped beats are recorded in conjunction with significant samples of premature ventricular contractions (PVC's), bigeminal PVC's, which are premature ventricular contractions alternating with normal beats, supra-ventricular tachycardia, supra ventricular, ectopic beats, and conditions of unstable rhythm where R-R intervals vary more than a predetermined amount from a median.
Referring now to FIGS. 3a and 9a, there is shown ECG signals 20 upon which ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 operates. For purposes of clarification in following paragraphs, ECG signals 20 for the purposes of the discussion and description of the inventive concepts, as is herein described, consists of QRS wave complex 50, P wave 48, and T wave form 52. For the purposes of this invention concept description, ECG signals 20 are thus composed of wave signals 48, 50 and 52.
One of the important invention concepts, as provided herein, is in the delineation of the particular wave form being monitored. Morphology measurements are only made during QRS wave complex 50 time intervals. Morphology of P wave 48, and T wave 50 are obviated, due to the fact that such has been found in prior art systems to provide confusing and inaccurate information from first micro-computer or micro-processor 34. Thus, determination of which complex 48, 50, and/or 52 is under consideration, is an important concept of the subject invention.
However, the aforementioned consideration of the determination of a particular type signal provides for an operating time domain where first micro-computer or micro-processor 34 is unable to provide the appropriate signal based upon real time signal wave input. Thus, morphology detectors are provided which utilize delayed ECG signals 20 initially normalized as will be discussed in following paragraphs.
In summary, the concept of delaying ECG signals 20 is important in the fact that where such signals 20 are not delayed, there is not sufficient time for pre-processor 32 to make appropriate measurements from the onset of QRS wave 50. The delay is thus required by pre-processor 32 which is measuring morphological features of QRS wave 50. As is evident, detection of QRS wave 50 is subsequent to the on-set which would cause a loss of information. Therefore a delayed signal is used in order that QRS wave 50 is detected before the on-set of the delayed QRS signal and total measurements may be made. Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, it is seen that electrodes 14 are mounted on the body of user or patient 12 in the normal, well-known positional location adapted to read ECG signals 20. ECG signals 20 are input to portable recorder system 18 which is carried by patient or user 12 during the predetermined or ECG monitoring time interval.
Portable recorder system 18, to be described in following paragraphs, provides for analysis, classification, quantization of abnormal ECG signals 20, counting of abnormal beats, artifacts, and heart rate during the monitoring period or predetermined time interval. Cassette tape 22 is positionally located within portable recorder system 18 for producing a bulk memory of significant ECG signals 20 passing from the patient 12 on leads 16.
At the conclusion of the monitoring period, cassette tape 22 is removed from portable recording system 18, and is inserted into scanner or report generator 24. Report generator 24 may be located in a laboratory or a doctor's office, and the information contained on cassette tape 22 is read by scanner system 24 to produce trend report 30 on printer 38, as well as a detailed record of ECG signals on ECG strips 26.
Referring to the overall system block diagram shown and described in FIG. 2, recording system 18 includes analog pre-processor system 32 which provides for automatic gain control and various conditioning circuitry for normalization and filtering of ECG signals 20 passing from patient 12 on leads 16.
As will be seen in following paragraphs, analog pre-processor system 32 provides an output of twelve signals to act as input to first micro-computer 34. First micro-computer 34 is coupled in a feedback manner to analog pre-processor 32 for extracting significant ECG signals 20 and adapting them to a patient's particular ECG signal record.
Referring to FIG. 4, first micro-computer 34 is continuously utilized during the monitoring time interval for monitoring signal inputs from analog pre-processor 32, as well as digitized ECG signals 20 from analog to digital converter 36. First micro-computer 34 may be assembled from one of a number of standard micro-computer systems commercially available, such as RCA 1800 Cosmac Systems. First micro-computer 34 applies the signals to various decision algorithms for classification as to normal, abnormal, or artifact and analysis of each heart beat for an abnormal event. First micro-computer 34 is coupled to cassette recorder 38 (shown in FIG. 2), which is contained within portable recorder system 18.
Thus, ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10, as is herein described, has recorder system 18 as the basis of the inventive concept, as herein detailed. Recorder system 18 in broad concept, includes analog pre-processor 32 which is electrically coupled to user or patient 12 for (1) normalization, (2) filtering, and (3) gain control of patient's ECG signals 20 to produce a plurality of pre-processor output signals. Additionally, recorder system 18 includes first micro-computer 34 which is connected to analog pre-processor 32 in a feedback coupling for producing record signals responsive to prior ECG signals 20 inserted to analog pre-processor 32 during the predetermined time interval.
Cassette recorder 38 may be one of a number of well-known commercially available recording systems and essentially provides a non-volatile bulk storage device for recorder system 18. Due to the fact that portable recorder system 18 is mounted on patient 12 throughout the monitoring time interval, battery pack 40 is utilized as an energy source, as is seen in FIG. 2. Battery pack system 40 is coupled to analog pre-processor 32, first micro-computer 34, and cassette recorder 38 in a normal electrical coupling mode for power source.
Cassette tape 22 is the linking or communication transport between portable recorder system 18 and scanner or report generation system 24. It is significant to note that the recording technique, as applied in the subject ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10, is a digital recording system.
In this manner, tape speed errors and general noise is minimized in the final report being generated. Thus, any distortion or other errors found when analog recording techniques are utilized is brought to a minimum. Mini-cassette tape 22 is inserted into cassette player 42 contained within report generator 24. For optimization of time criteria restraints, cassette player 42, which may be one of a number of standard player systems commercially available, is actuated at a multiple of the record speed on cassette recorder 38 within recorder system 18.
Cassette player 42 is coupled to second micro-computer 44 contained within report generator system 24. Second micro-computer 44 essentially controls the automatic generation of ECG signals 20 to both ECG strips 26 and printer 28. Second micro-computer system 44 may also contain error diagnostic programs to provide for a checking of system 10 performance criteria. Micro-computer 44 is coupled to both printer 28, as well as to chart recorder 46 wherein strip chart recorder 46 provides a hard copy of the final ECG signals 20.
Referring now to FIG. 3a, it is seen that the overall ECG wave form 20 is composed of P signal 48, QRS wave complex 50, and T signal wave 52. Of paramount interest in ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 is the morphology and timing relationship of one QRS wave complex 50 to another. In many instances, the P wave 48 and T wave 52 causes anomalies in the analysis of QRS complex 50. Thus, system 10 circuitry is directed to ignore P wave form 48 and T wave form 52 through appropriate circuitry, as will be seen and described in following paragraphs.
Analog pre-processor 32, as shown in FIG. 4, is directed to detecting each QRS wave complex 50. In the QRS detection section shown in block FIG. 4, four signals are subsequently inserted into first micro-computer 34. A first set of signals is emitted from first adaptive threshold detector 54 on lines 104 and 106. The first set of signals includes a high threshold positive pulse (on line 104) and a low threshold positive pulse (on line 106).
A second set of signals emitted in the overall detection scheme are provided from second adaptive threshold detector 56 on lines 112 and 114. The second set of signals include the low threshold negative pulse (on line 114) and the high threshold negative pulse (on line 112).
Each of the signals being emitted from first and second adaptive threshold detectors 54 and 56 are coupled to first micro-computer 34 and are inserted on the coupling lines 104, 106, 112 and 114, shown in FIG. 5. The decision of whether a particular series of pulses is being emitted from first adaptive threshold detector 54 and/or second adaptive threshold detector 56 is made within first micro-computer 34.
The second functional objective of analog pre-processor 32 in combination with micro-computer 34 is in the area of morphology detection, shown in FIG. 5. Analog pre-processor 32 and micro-computer 34 are in a closed loop feedback circuit each with respect to the other.
In general, analog pre-processor 32 extracts a predetermined number of features from ECG signal 20, and if there is a detection of a predetermined feature, such sends a signal to micro-processor 34. Micro-processor 34 receives the input from analog pre-processor 32 and decisions are made which are fed back into pre-processor 32 for the purposes of adapting analog pre-processor 32 to the particular user's signal. Thus, system 10 is adapted automatically to the patient's ECG signal 20 in order that there is obviated the need for switches or adjustment to set such up for a given patient 12, as has been found necessary in prior art systems.
In the area of morphology detection shown in block diagram 5, six signals are emitted from adaptive threshold detectors 58, 60, 62 and 64 within analog pre-processor 32. Output of adaptive threshold detector 58 is provided on lines 168 and 176, and are directed to a high frequency increase signal and a high frequency decrease signal, respectively.
Adaptive threshold detector 60 emits a positive peak differential decrease signal on line 177. A negative peak differential decrease signal is output from adaptive threshold detector 62 on line 210. Additionally, adaptive threshold detector 64 provides for a pair of signals being the low frequency increase signal and the low frequency decrease signal output from element 64 on lines 226 and 228, respectively.
Each of the signals emitted from respective adaptive threshold detectors 58, 60, 62 and 64 are fed back into first micro-computer 34 on a series of input lines, schematically represented for the purposes of clarity, as input line 66 into micro-computer 34.
A third functional area of pre-processor 32 is directed to a base line artifact detection. Referring to FIG. 6, signal emitted from positive threshold detector 68 and negative threshold detector 70 are output on respective lines 238 and 240, and are then fed back to first micro-computer 34, as is shown in FIG. 5. Additionally, signals emitted from dual rate integrator 72 are passed through threshold detector 260 and emitted on output line 262 for insert into first micro-computer 34 for appropriate analysis and decision making, as will be seen in following paragraphs.
Referring now in particular to QRS signal detection scheme in analog pre-processor 32, as shown in FIG. 4, it is seen that signals from patient or user 12 are input on lines 16 to differential input amplifier 74. Differential input amplifier 74 may be a field effect transistor input differential amplifier type system. The output of amplifier 74 having a gain approximating 1000, appears on amplifier output line 76, and as is the usual case, is a function of a difference between the signals applied at the input shown on line 16.
Amplifier output signals on line 76 are input into frequency response network 78, which may be one of a number of commercially available type systems currently on the commercial market. In particular use within ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10 of the subject invention, frequency response control network 78 is set to a controlled boundary approximating 0.5 Hertz or 0.05 Hertz through a simple RC change.
The output signal from frequency response control network 78 is passed and directed on line 80 into automatic gain control system 82. Automatic gain control system 82 is a substantially standard circuit used to maintain the output in a substantially constant signal regardless of variations of signals being input on line 80. The circuit used in system 10 is found in Linear Applications Handbook 2, published by National Semiconductor and in particular, is found in Section AN129-1.
Dual output lines 86 and 88 exit the output signal from automatic gain control circuit 82 to analog/digital converter 36 and differentiator network 84 respectively. Differentiator network 84 is a standard differentiating network circuit found in Philbrick Applications Manual for Operational Amplifiers, published by Philbrick Nexus Research, Second Edition, and is found in Section II.21.
Output of differentiated network 84 on line 92 is a differentiated ECG signal 20, as shown in FIG. 3b. It is important to note that differentiator network 84 is used in coupled relation with automatic gain control system 82 to provide the differentiated ECG signal 20 on line 92. It has been found that utilization of differentiator network 84 provides a clear signal output as to initiation and termination of particular sections of overall ECG signal 20 complexes.
The use of differentiator network 84 has been found to be far more effective than any possible filter circuitry systems in use in prior art cardiac monitoring networks.
The signal emitted from differentiator network 84 is then applied to diminished sensitivity circuit 90 on line 92. As is the usual case, the signal emitted from differentiator network 84 is a bi-phase signal having both a positive pulse and a negative pulse. Automatic gain control circuit 82 does provide for a substantially nominal signal level for the positive pulse of the overall differentiated signal, however, the negative pulse of the differentiated signal passing from differentiator network 84 may be of any amplitude. The standardization of the negative pulse of the differentiated ECG signal 20 will be provided in following paragraphs concerning negative pulse automatic gain control circuit 108.
Output from diminished sensitivity circuit 90 is inserted into four pole low pass Bessel filter 94, having a cut-off value of approximately 40.0 Hertz on line 96. Bessel filter 94 is a standard filter system which is found in Function Circuits--Design & Applications, published by Burr Brown Research Corp., and is found in Paragraph 6.2.
The positive pulse having the nominal signal level passes from filter system 94 on line 98 and is driven through diode 102 into first adaptive threshold detector 54 which, as has been previously described, is a two level threshold detector, having outputs on lines 104 and 106 which are directed to micro-computer 34, as is shown in FIG. 5. Thus, threshold detector 54 is a high/low level detector system, and provides for a high positive pulse on line 104 and a low positive pulse on line 106.
The negative pulse passing from filter 94 is not standardized to a nominal signal level, and thus is passed through line 100 into long term negative pulse automatic gain control circuit 108 and is then driven through diode 110 into second adaptive threshold detector 56. Second adaptive threshold detector 56 is a high/low type detector system and emits a high negative pulse and a low negative pulse on respective lines 112 and 114. Long term negative pulse automatic gain control circuit 108 is found in Linear Applications Handbook 2, in Section AN129-1, published by National Semiconductor Corp.
Each of the pulses on lines 104, 106 and 112, 114 are inserted into first micro-computer 34 as is shown in FIG. 5, and as has been previously described. Adaptive threshold detectors 54 and 56 shown in FIG. 4 are both of the high/low detector type systems.
For clarification of the use and objectives of detectors 54 and 56, reference is now made to FIGS. 3a-e, where ECG signal 20 is shown and includes a high value QRS complex 50, as well as smaller wave signals such as P wave 48 and T wave form 52. The low portion or section of detectors 54 and 56 responds to QRS wave form 50 and in a majority of cases, may also response to P wave 48 and T wave 52. The low threshold of adaptive threshold detectors 54 and 56 is nominally set at approximately 22.0 percent of the average pulse peak amplitude.
However, as has been previously noted, the subject matter of P wave 48 and T wave form 52 for the purposes and objectives of the subject system 10 represent generally unwanted information. The high level detector of threshold detectors 54 and 56 predominantly respond to QRS wave form 50, however, in order to avoid detection of P wave form 48 and T wave form 52, the high level threshold is set in a manner such that waves 48 and 52 are normally ignored. Thus, the high threshold detector is incapable of detecting the beginning of QRS wave 50, since such will be below the detection point of the high threshold level detector. The high level threshold is therefore nominally set at 33.0 percent of the average pulse peak amplitude. In order to detect the beginning or initiation of QRS wave complex 50, the low threshold detector of adaptive threshold detectors 54 and 56 are provided.
Referring now to FIG. 3b, there is shown differentiated ECG signal 20' corresponding to ECG signal 20, shown in FIG. 3a. Differentiated ECG signal 20' includes both positive and negative pulses for each of the corresponding signals 48, 50 and 52, as provided in FIG. 3a. Thus, differentiated P wave 48' includes positive pulse 116 and negative pulse 118. Correspondingly, differentiated QRS complex 50' includes positive pulse 116' and negative pulse 118'. Similarly, differentiated T wave 52' includes both positive pulse 116" and negative pulse 118".
FIG. 3 provides for the positive pulse information of differentiated wave signal 20', as was depicted in FIG. 3b. Thus, the positive pulse information in FIG. 3c includes wave forms 116, 116', and 116". In FIG. 3c, the negative pulse information has been stripped from differentiated ECG signal 20', as was shown in FIG. 3b.
FIGS. 3d and 3e provide for the graphical representation of the representative signals of the positive pulse low threshold detector output, and the positive pulse high threshold detector output, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3d, the positive pulse low threshold detector of detector systems 54 and 56, present corresponding wave signals to positive pulses 116, 116', and 116", as shown in FIG. 3c. It is noted that in this case, since what is being represented is a low threshold detector, all of the positive pulse information sections are represented.
The positive pulse low threshold detector signal representation is shown in FIG. 3d, and is represented by information signals 120, 120', and 120". The positive pulse high threshold detector signal 122 is shown in FIG. 3e.
The combination of signals is passed to micro-computer 34 and if a high threshold detect signal 122 is seen, then a search is made within micro-computer 34 to determine whether there is a low threshold detect such as signal 120, which would be contiguous to the high threshold detect signal 122. Where a signal 120 is noted, the high threshold detect signal 122 is recognized as QRS signal 50 at the off-set or the on-set of that particular pulse. Both on-set and off-set are used in micro-computer 34 to measure the width of the QRS complex 50. In this manner, detection of QRS signal 50 is determined responsive to the system analysis, as has been previously described in preceding paragraphs.
Referring now to the morphology detection system of overall cardiac monitoring system 10, it is seen in FIG. 4 that subsequent to passage of ECG signal 20 through automatic gain control circuit 82, that such signal 20 exits on branch lead line 86 and is coupled through line 87 to analog/digital converter 36. The automatic gain controlled ECG signal 20 is converted to a digital format within analog/digital (A/D) converter 36 which is then inserted to micro-processor 34 on line 124. It is to be noted that line 124, A/D converter 36, and input lead line 87 is reproduced in FIG. 5 for purposes of clarity, since the following paragraphs are directed to a description of the elements and processes involved in FIG. 5.
The digital quantization of ECG signal 20 is placed into the memory portion of micro-processor 34 subsequent to being inserted therein on lead line 124 from A/D converter 36. The digital ECG signal 20 is maintained in the memory portion of micro-processor 34 for a predetermined time approximating 80.0 milliseconds and is then exited on micro-processor exit lines 126.
Obviously, the digital signal exiting from micro-processor 34 is an eight bit signal and correspondingly exit line 126 is actually eight lines, one line per bit. However, for purposes of clarity, micro-processor exit line 126 shown in FIG. 5, is schematically represented by one exit line. With the digital quantization of ECG signal 20 being maintained in memory for the aforementioned predetermined time of approximately 80.0 milliseconds, a digital delay is provided and such digital delayed quantized ECG signal information is then input to digital/analog converter 128. Digital/analog converter 128 re-forms ECG information signal into an analog signal, however, such analog signal is delayed by approximately 80.0 milliseconds, as has herein been described. Digital/analog converter 128 is well-known and commercially available in the field.
Of extreme importance in the overall medical analysis of patient or user 12 is the ability to determine changes or variations in particular spectral elements in QRS complex 50, and in particular, to investigate spectral elements in the 0.05 to 40.0 Hertz bandpass.
In order to accomplish this analysis phase of user 12, the output delayed automatic gain controlled signal of ECG signal 20 is provided on line 130 to bandpass filter system 132 which is a 40.0 Hertz Bessel bandpass filter of the two pole variety. Bandpass filter system 132 is chosen as a Bessel filter, due to the fact that phase distortion is generally minimized which would result in overshoot filter response. Additionally, bandpass filter system 132 is shown in Function Circuits Design Applications in Section 6.1.3.
The output signal of Bessel bandpass filter 132 is provided on line 134 and is a bi-phasic series of pulses predominantly occurring during a QRS interval. The bi-phasic series of pulses occur during the QRS interval due to the fact that it has been found a high percentage of 40.0 Hertz energy occurs within the QRS interval range. The bi-phasic signal passes to full wave rectifier 136 where the input bi-phasic signal is rectified and exited on line 138 for insert to gated integrator element 140. The full wave rectifier 136 is well-known in the art and is clearly shown in Philbrick Applications Manual for Operational Amplifiers, in Section III.54.
Gated integrator 140 is actuated responsive to REFRAC signal 144 shown in FIG. 9g, which is developed in micro-processor 34 and inserted to gated integrator 140 on REFRAC signal line 142. Gated integrator 140 is well-known in the art and is clearly described in Linear Applications, published by National Semiconductor and is shown in Section AN20-4.
As is seen in FIG. 9g, REFRAC signal 144 is a step signal extending for approximately 225.0 milliseconds and is initiated upon detection of QRS signal 50, as is shown in FIG. 9a. REFRAC signal 144 controls gated integrator 140 and allows integration during the 225.0 millisecond period of time that REFRAC signal pulse 144 is in an actuated state. REFRAC signal 144 is thus the actuating control of integrator system 140 operating on the signal being inserted on line 138 from full wave rectifier 136.
Thus, the signal energy from QRS wave complex 50 is delayed within micro-processor 34, filtered within bandpass filter 132, rectified within rectifier system 136, and passes from gated integrator 140 on line 146 in an integrated state.
Output signal from gated integrator 140 is a pedestal signal and is applied to adaptive threshold detector 58 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The overall adaptive threshold detector 58 is seen to be actually formed of two adaptive threshold detectors. The pedestal signal on line 146 is input to both sample and hold circuits 148 and 150 on common line 146, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The input command for sample and hold circuits 148 and 150 are provided by micro-processor 34 and inserted to each of sample and hold elements 148, 150 on line 152, upon which there is input PP4 signal 154.
The overall concept of signal PP4 being inserted into adaptive threshold detectors 58, 60, 62, and 64 on line 152 is seen in FIG. 5. Referring to the timing diagram of FIG. 9, the signal PP4 is seen in FIG. 9j and is a pulse lasting approximately 4.0 milliseconds and being actuated approximately 216.0 milliseconds after the initiation of REFRAC signal 144 shown in FIG. 9g.
The input command on line 152 to both sample and hold circuits 148 and 150 is initiated for normal beats of the heart of user 12. If a particular heartbeat is determined to be premature or to be another type of morphological measurement which would be classified abnormal, then the command to sample and hold circuits 148 and 150 are not provided. Thus, sample and hold circuits 148 and 150 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 hold the previous signal from the next adjacent normal heartbeat.
The components of the overall adaptive threshold detector shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 are provided in FIG. 7 to not exit a signal when the input signal on line 146 is less than a predetermined percentage value. The corresponding component set in FIG. 8 is provided to detect and output a signal when an input signal on line 146 is greater than a predetermined value.
Referring now to FIG. 7, the output signal on line 156 from sample and hold circuit 148 is input to low pass filter 158. The subsequent filtered signal exits on line 160 and is further voltage-divided through resistive elements 162 and 164 for insert into comparator 166. This input to comparator 166 is thus a filtered signal, however, being voltage-divided and is inserted on line 163.
Another input to comparator 166 is the tapped signal from line 146 and is input on line 165 to comparator 166 in the normal fashion. Thus, the input signal on 165 in combination with the low pass filter signal on line 163 provides for the total input of comparator 166. Both low pass filter 158 shown in FIG. 7 and low pass filter 153 shown in FIG. 8 are standard low pass filter systems clearly shown in Function Circuits Design and Application, and found in Section 6.1.1.
If the tapped signal on line 165 is nominally greater than a predetermined threshold percentage value, then such provides an appropriate signal for comparator 166 for output of information on comparator line 168. However, if an input signal passing on line 165 from input line 146 is less than the predetermined threshold value for a pathological or physiological reason, such will not exceed the threshold of comparator 166 and there will be no signal developed on output line 168. It is to be noted for purposes of clarity, that overall adaptive threshold detector 58 and corresponding output line 168 leading to micro-processor input line 66 is also shown on FIG. 5.
Referring now to FIG. 8, it is seen that the input signal on line 146 is tapped on line 147 for insert into voltage divide elements 170 and 172. In general, a normal heartbeat does not exceed the reference signals passing on line 160 from low pass filter 158 (shown in FIG. 7) due to the fact that such has been voltage-divided, as has been described. The voltage-divided signal from line 147 is input to comparator 174 on comparator input line 149. Where the normal heartbeat does not exceed the reference signal, there is no output from comparator 174 on comparator line 176. However, if the input signal on line 146 is higher than the nominal value, the result will exceed the reference signal and comparator 174 develops an information signal on line 176. The output of comparators 166 and 174 are provided on respective lines 168 and 176, which are in turn fed back through micro-processor 34 as schematically represented by line 66 shown in FIG. 5.
As shown in FIG. 5, the high frequency decrease signal (HFD) passing on line 168 developed in comparator 166, shown in FIG. 7, provides a signal for each heartbeat of user 12 and only in the absence of a signal emanating from comparator 166 is there an indication of detection. On high frequency increase line 176, there is normally no high frequency increase signal (HFI) being exited from comparator 174 until a morphology change occurs which causes an output signal from comparator 174 on line 176. For purposes of operation, the high frequency increase threshold is generally set at approximately 20.0 percent greater than the average signal from first gated integrator 140, whereas the high frequency decrease threshold is generally set at approximately 20.0 percent less than the average signal from first gated integrator 140.
Thus, the two signals passing on line 168 and 176, respectively referred to as HFD and HFI, indicate that either the amount of 40.0 Hertz energy is within a nominal range in which case there will be a high frequency decrease signal (HFD) on line 168, and in the absence of the high frequency increase signal on line 176. If there is a sudden decrease of signal, or a sudden increase in 40.0 Hertz energy, the high frequency decrease signal line 168 will have an absence of a signal imposed thereon and the high frequency increase line 176 will sense the presence of an information signal. Each of the signals on line 176 and 168 are passed to micro-processor 34 on multiple line 66, wherein a program is initiated to be discussed in following paragraphs.
Referring now to the low frequency morphology detection scheme shown in both FIGS. 4 and 5, it is seen that the non-delayed AGC'D ECG signal 20 emitted from automatic gain control system 82 passes in one path through line 86 to connector line 212. Connector line 212 is coupled to bandpass filter 214, shown in FIG. 5, and the connection input is provided in the block diagrams through the coupling letter "A".
Bandpass filter 214 is a 2.0-30.0 Hertz bandpass filter of the two pole variety, having inherent delays contained therein. The inherent delays of element system 214 obviate the need for use of a delaying signal, as has been previously described in other circuitry schemes within this concept. Further, it is to be understood that by not delaying signals from second gated integrator 216 during a particular time frame, energy from QRS signal 50 in addition to signals from T wave form 52, are allowed to pass, and such includes information relative to any abnormal beats from patient or user 12.
Bandpass filter 214 is of the Bessel type, in order that the non-delayed signal avoids any phase distortion. Output of bandpass filter 214 is a bi-phasic signal passing on line 218 and is inserted into full wave rectifier 220 in order to provide a single phase signal on output line 222. The single phase signal on output line 222 is then inserted into previously referred to second gated integrator 216.
The signal on line 222 is integrated within integrator 216 during the time of REFRAC signal 144 shown in FIG. 9g, passing from micro-processor 34 on line 142, and being tapped on line 143 into gated integrator 216. As shown in FIGS. 9g and 9a, this time interval of the operational phase of REFRAC signal 144 occurs for approximately 225.0 milliseconds and is initiated at the beginning of detection of QRS wave complex 50.
The gated integrated signal emanating from second gated integrator 216 exits on line 224 and is inserted into adaptive threshold detector 64, which includes the circuit elements as shown and previously described in FIGS. 7 and 8.
In this manner, two output signals are provided from adaptive threshold detector 64. A low frequency increase signal (LFI) on line 226 and a low frequency decrease signal (LFD) on line 228 is derived as a signal when there is an abnormal change in energy within the 2.0-30.0 Hertz bandpass filter system 214. The low frequency increase threshold is set at approximately 20.0 percent greater than the average signal from second gated integrator 216. Further, the low frequency decrease signal is set at approximately 20.0 percent less than the average signal from second gated integrator 216.
Each of the low frequency increase and low frequency decrease signals are applied to micro-processor 34 on respective lines 226 and 228, and are utilized as signal elements in the decision making process for classifying the heartbeat of user 12 in micro-processor 34. Both the LFI and LFD signals on lines 226 and 228 are input to coupling line 66 for insert into micro-processor 34.
Referring now to another path circuitry scheme in the overall morphology system in FIG. 5, there is the branch phase for determination of whether there is a change in QRS wave complex 50 morphology. Such a change or variation is represented in overall concept by a change in a differentiator output. The output from digital to analog converter and low pass filter element system 128 exists on line 130 and is inserted to differentiator 180 on differentiator input line 178.
A forcing or off-set voltage is also input to differentiator 180 on line 182. The off-set voltage input on line 182 compensates for the nominal junction voltage drops in various diodes contained within the overall circuit system. With the input on input line 182 set to cause a 0.6 voltage off-set, the output of differentiator 180 on line 184 is a differentiated ECG signal 20', except delayed approximately 80.0 milliseconds, as is clearly shown in FIGS. 3b and 9b.
The signal passing on line 184 is branched into signal lines 186 and 198. The differentiated signal is passed on diode input line 185 through diode 188 having an associated diode junction voltage drop. The off-set voltage of approximately 0.6 volts input on line 182 is thus shed to provide an output from diode 188 having a positive pulse which represents a full pulse as referred to a predetermined base line.
It is to be understood that if the off-set voltage input on line 182 was not presented to differentiator 180, then the positive pulse leaving or exiting diode 188 on exit line 190 would be exclusive of the 0.6 off-set voltage. Thus, any signal magnitude from a set base line or zero condition up to 0.6 volts would be excluded by diode 188 in the junction drop.
The signal on line 190 passing from diode 188 is inserted to first gated peak detector 192 and exits on line 194 for insert into third adaptive threshold detector 60, as has been shown and described in FIG. 7. First gated peak detector 192 charges to the peak value of the particular lobe, as provided by diode 188, and holds that voltage signal until sample and hold amplifier 148 in adaptive threshold detector 60 incorporates the signal. REFRAC signal is a gating signal which, when active, allows gated peak detector 192 to charge to the differentiated QRS signal peak. When the REFRAC signal returns to a zero or base line condition, peak detector 192 discharges. REFRAC signal 144 is inserted to first gated peak detector 192 on input line 193 from REFRAC micro-processor line 142. Thus, as has been shown, REFRAC signal 144 shown in FIG. 9g is the control signal for first gated peak detector 192.
Subsequent to first gated peak detector 192 being discharged, the detector 192 is in condition for charging to a next successive value, however, such will not charge unless REFRAC signal 144 is in an active state. It is to be noted that the signal from the heartbeat which has previously occurred, is maintained in sample and hold circuit 148 as is shown in FIG. 7.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, passage of the input signal to third adaptive threshold detector 60 exits on line 177 to provide a positive peak differential decrease signal (PPDD). The positive peak differential decrease signal on line 177 is then inserted into multiple micro-processor input line 66 for insert into micro-processor 34.
It is to be understood as previously described, that the signal on input line 178 to differentiator 180 is bi-phasic in nature, and the passage through diode elements 188, first gated peak detector 192, and third adaptive threshold detector 60, accounts for only one-half of the differentiated and delayed ECG signal input on line 130 from system 128.
In order to account and provide for the secondary portion of the signal, inverter 196 is coupled to output line 184 through inverter line 198. An off-set voltage on line 202 is applied to inverter 196 to compensate for the threshold of diode 200 having an input signal on line 197 from inverter 196.
Since the input signal to inverter 196 is inserted subsequent to the actuation of differentiator 180, it is noted that the input signal is off-set from differentiator 180. Thus, inverter 196 is coupled to a separate and distinct off-set voltage input which is input on line 202 in order to null out the off-set voltage of the preceding state of differentiator 180.
The output of diode 200 passes on line 204 into second gated peak detector 206, which is similar in construction to gated peak detector 192 as previously described. Both gated peak detectors 192 and 206 are well-known circuits, and are provided in Philbrick Operations Manual for Operational Amplifiers, Section III.49.
Output of gated peak detector 206 passes on line 208 into fourth adaptive threshold detector 62 which is similar in nature to adaptive threshold detector 60, as shown in FIG. 7 and results in a negative peak differential decrease signal (NPDD) on output line 210. In a similar manner to gated peak detector 192, second gated peak detector 206 is controlled by REFRAC signal 144, shown in FIG. 9g being input on line 195, which is tapped from REFRAC signal line 142 emanating from micro-processor 34. The threshold of fourth adaptive threshold detector 62 is nominally set at 80.0 percent of the average peak amplitude signal from second gated peak detector 206.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown the circuit block diagram for the base line artifact detector for sensing the excursion of a base line beyond certain pre-defined limits or to detect a change in the base line voltage, in which the rate of change is such as to cause a misinterpretation within ambulatory cardiac monitoring system 10.
The input to base line artifact detector system as shown in FIG. 6, is made on input line 230, where the coupling letter "B" is provided. Input on line 230 passes from automatic gain control system 82 on exit line 86 shown in FIG. 4, to input line 230. The AGC'D ECG signal is filtered by 2.0 Hertz low pass Bessel filter element 232 to remove both T wave form 52 and QRS wave complex 50 from the energy signal.
The exit signal from low pass filter element 232 on line 234 is predominantly and essentially the base line of ECG signal 20. The output signal from element 232 is provided in a dual path where the output on line 236 passes to threshold detectors 68 and 70.
Positive threshold detector 68 senses when the excursion of the base line is exceeded at a predetermined positive threshold level. Alternatively, negative threshold detector element 70 senses when the base line provides an excursion below, or in a negative mode beyond a predetermined value. Output signals from positive threshold detector 68 and negative threshold detector 70 is outputted on respective output lines 238 and 240, which are inserted into micro-processor 34, as is clearly shown in FIG. 5.
The signal emanating from low pass filter element 232 is also directed to line 235, which is an input line for differentiator element 242. The base line signal derived from 2.0 Hertz low pass filter 232 is differentiated within differentiator 242, and exited on line 244, as a differentiated signal for insert into full wave rectifier 246.
Subsequent to full wave rectification, the differentiated signal passes on line 248 and is inserted into low threshold detector 250 and high threshold detector 252 on respective lines 251 and 253. Low threshold detector 250 and high threshold detector 252 are not adaptive threshold detectors, but absolute voltage detectors well-known in the art. Both detectors 250 and 252 circuitry is clearly shown in Linear Applications published by National Semi-Conductor, and shown in Section AN4-1.
Exit signals from low threshold detector 250 and high threshold detector 252 are inserted into dual rate integrator 72 on input lines 254 and 256. The overall concept of dual rate integrator 72 is to allow the integrator to reach a threshold of threshold detector 260 by a plurality of mechanism. Integrator 72 may reach the threshold of threshold detector 260 (1) where a signal is high but of short duration wherein integrator 72 will climb in a rapid fashion; (2) where a signal of a lower threshold persists over a long time duration such will cause integrator 72 to climb to the threshold of detector 260; and/or (3) where there is a combination of a high signal for a short duration of time and a low signal for a longer duration of time. The circuitry for dual rate integrator 72 is clearly defined in Philbrick Applications Manual for Operational Amplifiers and shown in Section II.10.
The output on lines 258 from dual rate integrator 72 depends upon the signal level and duration of time from the input source signals on lines 254 and 256. Threshold detector 260 is coupled to integrator 72 through line 258, as is shown. The output of threshold detector 260 on line 262 is then fed back to micro-processor 34 as is shown by input line 262 in FIG. 5. The output of threshold detector 260 is only determined when integrator 72 exceeds a predetermined signal level.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is also provided a base line noise circuit system based around threshold detector 304. As is seen, an eighty millisecond delayed AGC'D ECG signal 20 is input into 40.0 Hertz band filter 132. This signal passing on line 134 is inserted into full wave rectifier 136, as has previously been described. Full wave rectifier 136 provides for a uni-phasic signal to threshold detector 304 on threshold detector input line 302. Threshold detector 304 is set at a threshold which is at a predetermined point where signal levels in the 40.0 Hertz pass band would not be normally exceeded during the period between QRS signals 50, as is shown is FIG. 9a.
During QRS signals 50, there is enough 40.0 Hertz energy in QRS signals 50 to exceed the level of threshold detector 304. Signals exiting on line 306 are input to micro-processor 34, as is shown. The signal line 306 is normally activated resulting from QRS signals 50, and during times of artifacts where 40.0 Hertz signal levels exist during the period between QRS signal inputs.
Micro-computer 34 is programmed to ignore signals on line 306 during the time interval in which QRS signals are known to exist.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown output line 400 exiting from micro-processor 34 to provide input to adaptive threshold detector 54. Impressed on output line 400 is BOOTSTRAP signal 402, shown in timing diagram FIG. 9h. As is seen, BOOTSTRAP signal 402 is a 120.0 milli-second signal developed by micro-computer 34. Signal 402 relates only to the high level positive pulse detector and for the 120.0 milli-second time duration, increases the sensitivity of the positive pulse high level detection. The increased sensitivity occurs at the onset of either the positive pulse detection, or the negative pulse detection and remains in such a condition for 120.0 milli-seconds. Once QRS signal 20 is detected, the sensitivity is increased due to the fact that there may be pulses in the QRS signal 20 that have insufficient amplitude to cross a normal threshold level, yet such pulses may still define and are necessary to define the overall QRS signal 20.
As is seen in FIG. 4, output line 404 from micro-computer 34 is inserted into diminished sensitivity element 90. The signal on line 404 is referred to as TOO BIG and is provided when a premature ventricular contraction has a very high amplitude ratio relative to normal beats from patient 12.
In some cases, the premature ventricular contraction may be misinterpreted as an artifact. In order to prevent any misinterpretation, the TOO BIG signal is sensed by analog/digital converter 36 having an output at its maximum or minimum points. In such cases, A/D converter 36 would either have all "1's" or "0's" outputs. Such a designation in all eight bits would indicate that the amplitude of the input signal has exceeded the A/D converter 36 range. It is to be understood that the use of eight bit A/D and/or D/A converters is purely illustrative in relation to the overall concept. For purposes of operation, twelve bit A/D and/or D/A converters may be used with a plurality of operable thresholds adaptable for use.
Micro-computer 34 is coded to sense the either high or low condition, as has been previously described, and outputs a squelch signal (TOO BIG) which is input to diminished sensitivity element 90. This signal input to diminished sensitivity element 90 squelches the total ECG signal 20 for a period approximating 225.0 milli-seconds after detection, in order that no unusually high amplitude signals are sent to the QRS detection circuit and the bandpass filter circuits 94. The TOO BIG signal may further be caused by base line off-set and in such condition will extend until a next beginning of a QRS signal detection.
Referring now to a further control signal labeled DIMINISHED SENSITIVITY in FIG. 4, it is seen that such exits micro-processor 34 on line 406 and is inserted into diminished sensitivity circuitry 90. Diminished sensitivity signal 408, as shown in FIG. 10i, is initiated after a predetermined time from the beginning of QRS detection and is terminated at a subsequent time interval which is rate dependent and calculated by the coded micro-computer 34 in the program listing as provided in following paragraphs.
Diminished sensitivity signal 408 suppresses T wave 52 in order that the QRS detectors will not respond falsely. Thus, during actuation of signal 408 subsequent to the QRS detect, the sensitivity of the QRS detector is diminished by approximately 50.0 percent to avoid T wave detection. The particular time period of signal 408 is a function of heart rate, as determined by the coded program within micro-computer 34.
A further signal AGCA is shown in FIG. 4 emitted by micro-processor or micro-computer 34 to automatic gain control system 82. The AGCA signal is sent to AGC 82 for each heartbeat of user 12, but is not emitted upon a premature beat or when the TOO BIG signal occurs.
Micro-computer 34 is programmed in assembly language. The program function is to receive predetermined signals from pre-processor 32 regarding morphology and timing and to make detection decisions for functions such as premature ventricular heart contractions, ventricular tachycardia, alternate normal premature ventricular contractions, low threshold premature ventricular contractions, and artifacts which are essentially signals other than signals generated by the heart of patient 12.
Micro-computer 34 is also in a control loop with pre-processor 32 and the program provides control functions to pre-processor 32 which include REFRAC signal 144 being a 225.0 milli-second pedestal signal occurring at the on-set of the detection of QRS signal 50. Another control signal is DIMINISHED SENSITIVITY signal 408 which is initiated at a predetermined time after the beginning of QRS signal 50 detection and terminating at a subsequent time which is rate dependent and calculated by the coded micro-processor program. A still further control function is PP4 signal 154 occurring at 216.0 milli-seconds after the initiation of QRS signal 50 and extending to 225.0 milli-seconds, which is only developed if micro-processor 34 in its other determination has found the heartbeat to be within the normal range.
In order to provide a full and complete description for ambulatory cardiac monitoring device 10, the computer program in Assembly Language for micro-processor 34 is detailed in the following pages: ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## ##SPC4## ##SPC5##
In order to provide a full and complete description of system 10, the program for second micro-computer 44 of scanner system 24 is herein provided in Assembly Language on the following pages: ##SPC6## ##SPC7## ##SPC8##
Although this invention has been described in connection with specific forms and embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically shown and described, certain features may be used independently of other features, and in certain cases, particular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An ambulatory cardiac monitoring system to event record and monitor ECG signals from a patient for a predetermined time interval on a recording medium, said recording medium being removed from said patient subsequent to said predetermined time interval for insert into scanner means for producing printed outputs of said events recorded on said recording medium wherein the improvement comprises: recorder means to be coupled to said patient during said predetermined time interval, said recorder means being electrically coupled to said patient for (1) continuously monitoring said ECG signals of said patient during said predetermined time interval, and (2) entering a record signal on said recording medium responsive to prior ECG signals monitored from said patient during said predetermined time interval, said recorder means including analog pre-processor means having means for detecting a QRS signal wave complex of said monitored ECG signal for (1) normalization, (2) filtering, and (3) gain control of said monitored ECG signals to produce a plurality of analog pre-processor output signals.
2. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 1, where said recorder means includes: microcomputer means being connected to said analog pre-processor means in a feedback circuit for producing said record signals responsive to said prior ECG signals inserted to said analog pre-processor means during said predetermined time interval, said analog pre-processor means being coupled to said microcomputer means in a feed forward circuit.
3. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 2 where said means for detecting a QRS signal wave complex of said ECG signal input from said patient excludes a P wave complex signal and a T wave complex signal of said ECG signal for inserting predetermined portions of said QRS signal wave complex into said microcomputer means.
4. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 3 where said QRS signal wave detection means includes automatic gain control means coupled to said patient ECG signal output for maintaining an automatic gain control output signal responsive to signal amplitudes input to said automatic gain control means, said automatic gain control output signal being inserted into said microcomputer means.
5. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 4 including differentiator means coupled to said automatic gain control means for differentiating said automatic gain control output signal, said differentiator means for producing a differentiated ECG output pulse signal being inserted into said microcomputer means, said differentiated ECG output pulse signal for determining initiation and termination of predetermined sections of said ECG signal.
6. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 5 where said differentiator means produced differentiated ECG output pulse signal is a bi-phase signal having a positive portion and a negative pulse portion.
7. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 5 where said QRS signal wave detection means includes: (a) first adaptive threshold detector means coupled to said differentiator means for producing (1) a high positive lobe pulse, and, (2) a low positive lobe pulse output; and, (b) second adaptive threshold detector means coupled to said differentiator means for producing (3) a high negative lobe pulse, and (4) a low negative lobe pulse output, said high positive lobe pulse, low positive lobe pulse, high negative lobe pulse, and low negative lobe pulse, said first and second adaptive threshold detector means being coupled to said microcomputer means for insertion of said pulses to said microcomputer means.
8. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 7 including long term negative lobe automatic gain control means coupled to said differentiator means for standardizing a negative pulse portion of said differentiated ECG output pulse signal, said standardized negative pulse for establishing a base line negative pulse portion of said differentiated ECG output pulse signal.
9. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 7 where said first and second adaptive threshold detector means includes predetermined threshold boundary level signals for elimination of a signal output responsive to said P wave complex and said T wave complex of said differentiated ECG signal.
10. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 5 including a diminished sensitivity circuit coupled to said differentiator means for adjusting said signal level of said differentiated ECG signal.
11. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 10 including a four pole Bessel filter circuit coupled to said diminished sensitivity circuit, said four pole Bessel filter having a value approximately 40.0 Hertz.
12. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 5 including frequency response control network means having an ECG signal inserted thereto and being coupled to said automatic gain control means for inputting predetermined frequency bounded signals to said automatic gain control means, said frequency response control network means having a frequency boundary approximately 0.5 Hertz to 0.05 Hertz.
13. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 12 including differential input amplifier means to be coupled on opposing ends to said patient for receiving said ECG signal and said frequency response control network means for insert of an amplified ECG signal into said frequency response control network means.
14. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 2 where said analog pre-processor means includes morphology detection means for producing a plurality of output signals response to prior ECG signal information from said patient during said predetermined time interval, said morphology detection means being feedback coupled to said microcomputer means.
15. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 14 where said morphology detection means includes: (a) automatic gain control means coupled to said patient ECG signal output for producing an analog output signal being amplitude gain controlled as a function of signal amplitudes input thereto; and, (b) analog to digital conversion means connected to said automatic gain control means at an input thereof for producing a digital automatic gain controlled ECG signal for insert into said microcomputer means.
16. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 15 including microcomputer delaying means for maintaining said digital automatic gain controlled ECG signal within said microcomputer means for a predetermined time interval.
17. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 16 where said morphology detection means includes high frequency variation detection means for producing (1) a high frequency increase signal and (2) a high frequency decrease signal responsive to spectral variations between one of said ECG signals and at least one preceding ECG signal during said monitoring predetermined time interval.
18. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 17 where said high frequency variation detection means is operable within an approximate 40.0 Hertz band pass.
19. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 17 where said high frequency variation detection means includes first morphological adaptive threshold means for producing said (1) high frequency increase signal, and (2) high frequency decrease signal, said first morphological adaptive threshold means being operable on said delayed automatic gain controlled signal from said microcomputer means.
20. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 19 where said high frequency variation detection means includes delayed digital to analog converter means coupled to said microcomputer means for producing an analog delayed automatic gain controlled signal.
21. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 20 where said high frequency variation detection means includes high frequency band pass filter means for filtering a frequency band pass approximating 40.0 Hertz of said analog delayed automatic gain controlled signal.
22. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 21 including first full wave rectifier means for rectifying said filtered signal from said high frequency band pass filter means, said first full wave rectifier means being coupled to said high frequency band pass filter means.
23. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 22 including a first gated integrator circuit coupled on opposing ends to said first full wave rectifier means for signal input therefrom and to said first morphological adaptive threshold detector means, said first gated integrator circuit being coupled to said microcomputer means for receiving an actuating signal during a predetermined time interval.
24. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 14 where said morphological detection means includes: (a) automatic gain control means coupled to said patient ECG signal output for producing an analog output signal being substantially amplitude independent as a function of signal amplitudes input thereto; and, (b) low frequency variation detection means for producing (1) a low frequency increase signal and (2) a low frequency decrease signal responsive to spectral variations above and below a predetermined set of signal threshold signal levels.
25. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 24 where said low frequency variation detection means is operable in an approximate frequency range between 2.0 to 30.0 Hertz band pass.
26. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 25 where said low frequency variation detection means includes second morphological adaptive threshold detector means being actuated during a predetermined time interval for producing said (1) low frequency increase signal, and, (2) low frequency decrease signal, said second morphological adaptive threshold means being operable on said automatic gain controlled signal from said automatic gain control means.
27. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 26 where said low frequency variation detection means includes low frequency band pass filter means coupled to said automatic gain control means for filtering a frequency band pass approximating 2.0 to 30.0 Hertz of said automatic gain control signal.
28. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 27 including second full wave rectifier means for rectifying said filtered signal from said low frequency band pass filter means, said second full wave rectifier means being coupled to said low frequency band pass filter means.
29. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 28 including a second gated integrator circuit coupled on opposing ends thereof to said second full wave rectifier means for signal input therefrom and to said second morphological adaptive threshold detector means, said second gated integrator circuit being coupled to said microcomputer means for receiving an actuating signal during a predetermined time interval.
30. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 14 where said morphology detection means includes: (a) automatic gain control means coupled to said patient signal output for producing an analog output signal being substantially amplitude gain controlled as a function of signal amplitudes input thereto; and, (b) analog to digital conversion means coupled to said automatic gain control means at an input thereof for producing a digital automatic gain controlled ECG signal for insert into said micro-computer means.
31. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 30 including microcomputer delaying means for storing said digital automatic gain controlled ECG signal within a memory means within said microcomputer means for a predetermined time interval.
32. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 31 where said morphology detection means includes QRS wave complex variation detection means for producing (1) a positive peak differential decrease signal and (2) a negative peak differential decrease signal responsive to a differentiated delayed automatic gain controlled signal from said micro-computer means.
33. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 32 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes: (a) third morphological adaptive threshold means being actuated during a predetermined time interval for producing said positive peak differential signal; and, (b) fourth morphological adaptive threshold means being actuated during said predetermined time interval for producing said negative peak differential signal, said positive peak differential signal and said negative peak differential signal being inserted into said microcomputer means.
34. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring means as recited in claim 33 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes delayed digital to analog converter means for producing an analog delayed automatic gain controlled signal.
35. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring means as recited in claim 34 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes second differentiator means for differentiating said analog delayed automatic gain controlled signal from said digital to analog converter means.
36. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 35 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes first gated peak detector circuit coupled on opposing ends thereof to said second differentiator means and said third morphological adaptive threshold detector means for charging to a predetermined voltage signal level of a particular QRS wave complex signal, said first gated peak detector circuit for discharging said voltage signal level to said third morphological adaptive threshold detector means responsive to a signal from said microcomputer means.
37. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 35 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes inverter means coupled to said second differentiator means for inverting said differentiated delayed automatic gain controlled signal emitted from said second differentiator means.
38. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 37 where said QRS wave complex variation detection means includes second gated peak detector circuit coupled on opposing ends to said inverter means and said fourth morphological adaptive threshold detector means for input of a signal thereto responsive to a signal introduced from said micro-computer means.
39. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 2 where said analog pre-processor means includes base line artifact detector means for sensing (1) an excursion of a base line signal external of predetermined boundary signal level, and (2) a rate of change of said base line signal external a predetermined boundary rate of change, said base line artifact detector means being coupled to said micro-computer means for insertion thereto of a base line signal.
40. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 39 where said base line artifact detector means includes automatic gain control means coupled to said patient ECG signal output for maintaining an automatic gain control output signal responsive to signal amplitude input to said automatic gain control means, said automatic gain control output signals providing a base line signal level for said patient ECG signal.
41. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 40 where said base line artifact detector means includes base line filter means coupled to said automatic gain control means for substantial removal of (1) a T wave signal component, (2) a QRS wave complex signal component, and (3) a P wave signal component of said ECG signal, said base line filter means outputting said base line signal.
42. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 41 where said base line filter means is a 2.0 Hertz low pass Bessel filter circuit.
43. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 41 where said base line artifact detector means includes: (a) base line positive threshold detector means coupled to said base line filter means for outputting a signal when said base line signal exceeds a predetermined positive threshold level; and, (b) base line negative threshold detector means coupled to said base line filter means for outputting a signal when said base line signal exceeds a predetermined negative threshold level.
44. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 41 where said base line artifact detector means includes base line differentiator means coupled to said base line filter means for outputting a differentiated base line signal for producing enhanced base line signal variations.
45. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 44 including base line rectification means coupled to said base line differentiator means for providing full wave rectification of said differentiated base line signal.
46. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 45 including: (a) baseline absolute low threshold detector means; and, (b) baseline absolute high threshold detector means coupled in parallel relation with said baseline absolute low threshold detector means to said baseline rectification means, each of said baseline low and high threshold detector means for outputting a baseline detect signal when said rectified differentiated baseline signal exceeds a predetermined low and high valve respectively.
47. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 46 where said base line artifact detector means includes dual rate integrator means coupled to said base line absolute low threshold detector means and said base line absolute high threshold detector means for producing an integrated output signal.
48. The ambulatory cardiac monitoring system as recited in claim 47 including integrated base line detector means coupled to said dual rate integrator means and said microcomputer means for outputting a signal to said microcomputer means responsive to said integrated output signal exceeding a predetermined signal level.
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