Characterizable Distribution Means in a Supervisory and Control System

The present invention generally relates to supervisory and control systems, and more particularly, to systems that are used in association with a central computer for use with heating, air conditioning, energy control and other environmental control equipment that are installed in buildings and the like.

There is a continuing effort to improve and refine systems which efficiently monitor and control the environmental and temperature control equiment in buildings and the like. There is also a continuing effort in controlling such heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment in a manner whereby operating efficiency in terms of energy consumption is maximized and maintenance labor costs are minimized through the use of automation and computer control. It is also quite apparent that with the increased sophistication of the systems that are being designed, that problems of training and employing knowledgeable field technicians is increasingly important, and such field personnel must either be highly trained or merely trained to perform tasks which may not be fully understood by them in a very real sense. Since it is economically desirable to have a system that does not require extraordinarily highly educated field personnel, it is desirable to effectively reduce if not virtually eliminate the functions that are performed in the field and therefore reduce the levelof expertise required by the field installation and maintenance personnel. It is also therefore desirable to have a system wherein the field located distribution panels can be relatively uniform from a standpoint of physical hardware and yet have a diversity of functions which can be performed by unique characterization of the various types of functions that are performed in the various distribution panels. When the specific characterization operations are effectively removed from the responsibility of the technicians that are installing the equipment in the building or the like, there is less likelihood of incurring increased labor costs caused by incorrect characterization, incorrect placement of various types of circuitry or circuit components, as well as lost time experienced by the field personnel in attempting to analyze and perform the type of characterization that may be required.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system of the foregoing type which specifically includes improved distribution means wherein individual characterization of the various types of functions that are carried out by the hardware and circuitry that is located in remote distribution panels need not be performed by field personnel at the location of distribution panels.

It is yet another general object of the present invention to provide distribution means for use in a system of the foregoing type wherein the characterization or definition of specific functional operations that are to be performed by individual control point apparatus can be carried out by instructions that are provided by an operator from a central or host computer.

Still another general object of the present invention is to provide a distribution means in a system of the foregoing type that is capable of being configured to meet the specific needs of the equipment or function that is carried out in the immediate area and which is contained in a nearby distribution panel. This involves incorporating hardware on individual printed circuit boards that are of several categories and which control specific categories of control point apparatus and wherein each type or category of such printed circuit boards are uniform in their construction, but which can be uniquely characterized or operationally defined in terms of the specific function that is to be carried out with respect to each and every control point apparatus that is associated therewith.

Yet another object is to provide distribution means for use in a system of the foregoing type having a central or host computer that is particularly adapted for easy maintenance in that a particular category of function that is performed by a category of function means can be easily removed and replaced by a substitute function means if it is malfunctioning and this can be done by a technician that is not intimately familiar with the particular installation or system configuration that he is servicing.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description, while referring to the attached drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a broad block diagram of the system embodying the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of a portion of the apparatus of the present invention and particularly illustrating the circuitry for the interfacing means that is located in each of the distribution panels shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of one of the categories of function means of the present invention and particularly illustrating the circuitry of the digital output function means;

FIG. 4 is a detailed electrical circuit diagram of yet another one of the categories of function means embodying the present invention and particularly illustrating the digital input function means;

FIG. 5 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of another category of function means embodying the present invention, and particularly illustrating the general analog input function means;

FIG. 6 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of yet another category of function means embodying the present invention and particularly illustrating the circuitry of the pneumatic output interface function means;

FIG. 7 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of circuitry of the present invention and particularly illustrates the feedback circuitry that converts pneumatic pressure to variable frequency electrical signals and circuitry which provides output pressure control of the pneumatic devices;

FIG. 8 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of another category of function means embodying the present invention, and particularly illustrating the frequency analog input function means;

FIG. 9 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of circuitry of the present invention and particularly illustrates circuitry for converting temperature readings to variable frequency electrical signals;

FIG. 10 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of circuitry that interfaces the host or central computer for communicating with the distribution panels of the present invention and specifically illustrates the detailed circuitry corresponding to the multi-drop adaptor shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1.

Turning now to the drawings and particularly FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of apparatus embodying the present invention shown together with a central control computer which may include a general operating console which maintenance or operating personnel utilize to supervise and control the operation of heating, ventilating, air conditioning equipment, as well as other environmental control apparatus that may be a part of the physical plant of a building. As was alluded to herein, there is an increasing tendency to incorporate supervisory and control systems (also referred to as automated control systems) in buildings that are smaller that what had previously been regarded as the size of buildings that were economically cost-justifiable in terms of providing such sophisticated control. Because of the ever increasing cost of energy and of maintenance or building engineers, the incorporation of supervisory and control systems that are computer controlled or computer assisted continues to proliferate. Moreover, if a series of building in one general location are controlled, i.e., a college campus or a school system comprised of several buildings, a single computer based system may be used to reduce energy and labor costs.

The basic configuration of the system embodying the present invention has a central control computer 10 that is connected to a console 12, and to circuitry identified as a multi-drop adaptor 14 which is connected to one or more distribution panels 16, 18 and 20 by means of a two wire communication trunk 22. The central control computer is preferably a type PDP 11 computer, Model No. 11/34 as manufactured by the Digital Equipment Company of Maynard, Massachusetts. However, the computer can also be any Digital Equipment Company CPU that operates using the RXS-11/M real time operating system. The multi-drop adaptor 14 may have additional trunks such as trunk 24 which extends to other distribution panels in a similar fashion. The distribution panels are in turn interconnected with control point apparatus that may perform many diverse functions, such as either acquiring information or controlling equipment, based upon commands that are provided to the control point apparatus. In this regard, it should be appreciated that such control point apparatus may carry out data acquisition functions such as sensing temperature, humidity, the state of an electrical contact in a relay, motor starter or the like, as well as the position of a rotary shaft as may be employed in a damper controller and the like. On the other hand, the control point apparatus may be used to implement commands from the central control computer and as such may control a damper motor for effecting a change in the volume of air that is moving through a duct, starting or stopping electrical motors of heating and air conditioning equipment, effecting a change in the pressure of a pneumatic control line and the like. Thus, the distribution panels 16, 18 and 20 broadly interconnect the control point apparatus 26 with the distribution panel which in turn communicates with the central computer 10 via the two wire communication trunk 22. In addition to the control point apparatus that are identified by the number 26, other particular control point apparatus may be included, such as a pressure to frequency converter 28 and a temperature to frequency converter 30.

The distribution panels, such as panel 20, perform input and output functions and the communication trunk 22 is connected to a line interfacing means 32 which in turn communicates with various ones of different categories of function means which can be one of five different types or categories of function or operation. More particularly, each distribution panel may have one or more of each of these categories of function means which can include a digital output function means 34, a digital input function means 36, a frequency analog input function means 38, a signal level or process analog input function means 40 and a pneumatic output interface function means 42. Each of these function means is preferably fabricated of a printed circuit board with electrical components and integrated circuit chips attached to it, and the function means is preferably releasably connectable to a larger printed circuit board, hereafter referred to as a "mother" board and the line interfacing means 32 is also preferably releasably connected to the mother board in a similar manner. The exact construction of such an arrangement is set forth in detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 154,114 filed May 28, 1980, and entitled Backplane Assembly with Pickets, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The specific teachings of the above-referenced application is specifically incorporated by reference herein.

Virtually all of the functions that are performed by the control point apparatus in the system of the present invention can be performed by the five different categories of function means, each of which can be inserted into the mother board of the distribution panel as required by the control point apparatus that is located in the vicinity of the particular distribution panel 20. The mother board is also adapted to receive more than one of a particular category of function means and a particular panel may not have all five categories of function means therein. Of particular significance is the fact that each category of function means is uniform in its design and construction and requires no modification by field personnel for its operation. Only the line interfacing means requires minimal field manipulation to set a unique address code in the circuitry which may be easily done by manipulating a six bit binary switch or the like.

Since all function means of a particular category are identical, if a malfunction occurs in any one of them, all that is necessary for a technician or maintenance person to do is to replace the function means in the distribution panel. Since the address of the particular function means is effectively determined by the slot in which the function means is inserted, the newly inserted function means will automatically have the same address as the replaced function means. It is also advantageous from a manufacturing standpoint to have uniform design and construction for each category of function means since this facilitates easy inventory and control. Moreover, spare function means can be maintained at the building location if desired, so that replacement can be immediately accomplished by maintenance personnel that are employed by the building, as compared to manufacturing field service technicians that would otherwise have to be called in to perform diagnostic and maintenance work. It should be understood that just becuase the various categories of function means require no field manipulation, it does not mean that they are not individually capable of operating in different, diverse and varying manners with respect to the individual control point apparatus that is associated with each of the other categories of function means. On the contrary, one of the most significant desirable aspects of the present invention is the fact that each of the various categories of function means can operate in different functional manners with respect to each control point apparatus that is operatively connected to it.

The individualization or characterization of the function means controlling each control point apparatus is done by specific commands that are carried out by an operator at the console 12 through the use of the central control computer 10 and such characterization or down line loading of the function means can be easily carried out when the particular category of function means is inserted into the mother board, either originally or upon replacement of a malfunctioning function means. This aspect of the system of the present invention is also desirable in that the manner in which a particular function means controls a particular control point apparatus can be changed by an operator via the console and central controller computer as desired. Additionally, critical values for set points and the like can also be easily changed in the same manner as is necessary. The characterization is accomplished without performing any manual operation or structural switching or the like at the location of the distribution panel.

Each of the categories of function means as well as the interfacing means 32 has as a component thereof a processing means, such as a microprocessor or microcomputer, which includes memory into which status and other information is stored. The processing means and memory means also receives information regarding the characterization that is performed with respect to each of the control point apparatus and the various types of messages that are received and transmitted among the function means, the interfacing means and the central control computer is governed by communication protocol that will now be broadly described. The information must be exchanged between the central control computer and the various distribution panels over one or more serial data paths such as the trunk 22 and the protocol used to accomplish the exchange of information is by way of a master polling the slave on the serial trunk. The central control computer sends a command message and expects to receive a response message within a very short time. The communication protocol from the central control computer to the interfacing means 32 is one wherein the messages are sent in units of bytes with each byte consisting of a start bit, eight data bits, with the least significant bit appearing first, and a stop bit. The messages consist of a one byte message synchronization character, a one byte count of the number of bytes that are remaining in the rest of the message, a one byte address for the particular distribution panel that the message is to be addressed to, a 1 to 252 byte data field and a two byte field containing a cyclic redundancy check number with the low order byte appearing first. The maximum number of data bytes in the messages is restricted by the eight bit count byte and the minimum number of data bytes should be one since there is no reason to send no data. With respect to the communication protocol within the distribution panel, there is a need to exchange information between the interfacing means and the function means over a byte serial communication link and this communication link runs across the previously mentioned mother board backplane. It preferably consists of eight bidirectional data lines, two unidirectional hand-shaking lines which comprise an interfacing means ready signal (LCRDY) that is sent to the function means and a function means ready signal (FCRDY) that is sent to the interfacing means and one additional address line from the interfacing means to each of the function means. The interfacing means is the master and it polls each function means for information by sending a command to the function means who executes it and returns an appropriate message to the interfacing means. It is preferred that one byte every 200 microseconds is the maximum transfer rate and a command message for setting a digital output function means control point apparatus would pass eight bytes of data between the interfacing means and the digital output function means and would take only about 2.3 milliseconds. It is preferred that the message from the interfacing means to one of the function means comprises three fields with the first field having a one byte count of the bytes remaining to be sent, the second field containg the data to be exchanged and the last field providing a check sum.

In terms of the sequence of events that occur, in the event the interfacing means starts the communication sequence, it puts the count byte on the data bus and sets its hand-shake line (LCRDY) active and selects the appropriate or target function means which causes an external interrupt to occur in that function means. Upon selection, the function means saves its current state and devotes its resources to communicating with the interfacing means. The function means reads the data bus, resets its ready line (FCRDY) and then watches the interfacing means ready line (LCRDY). The interfacing means sees the function means hand-shake line change, puts the next byte of data on the bus and also changes the state of its hand-shaking line. When the function means reads the last byte of the command message it sends an acknowledge by way of the ready line (FCRDY) and waits for the interfacing means ready line (LCRDY) to change, indicating bus turnaround.

When the interfacing means sees the acknowledge signal it again turns the bus around to receive and it switches its ready line active (LCRDY). After the function means sees the interfacing means ready line change indicating the bus has turned around, it puts the count of its response message on the bus, turns the bus to transmit and switches its function card ready line active (FCRDY). The interfacing means picks up a byte of the message off of the bus and switches its ready line (LCRDY) each time it sees the function card ready change (FCRDY) until all bytes are transferred. The interfacing means holds the acknowledgement of the check sum on the bus for 1/2 millisecond and then deselects the bus. The function means then returns from the external interrupt as soom as it sees the interfacing means acknowledge the check sum byte.

The protocol for the central control computer communicating with a particular distribution panel is also eight bit byte oriented with the central control computer sending a command to individual distribution panels wich executes them and returns a response to the central computer. Each panel must be individually accessed and host commands also consist of three fields. The commands comprise one byte of command field, one byte of address field which preferably has the high order four bits indicating the particular slot address in the distribution panel and the low order four bit representing the particular control point apparatus address. It should be apparent that for some commands, only the function means address is significant. The interfacing means knows which function means to select from the slot address and knows from the response of the function means whether a particular function means occupies more than one slot in the mother board. The data field for a central computer command is of variable length depending upon the command and the low order byte of any multi-byte field is transmitted first.

The response from a distribution panel may contain one or more fields depending upon the command from the central control computer. The first field of the response message is an error indication field which, if the command was correctly received and executed by the distribution panel, will contain an acknowledgement in one byte. However, if there is some error detected in the command, a field containing a one byte negative acknowledgement followed by another byte containing an error code will be transmitted. Possible errors may include information that the function means needs to be characterized, that the command is invalid or that there is no change of status information in the distribution panel. When the central control computer requests change of values in the control point apparatus that sends such information, it will provide a command to the interfacing means 32 requesting such change of value information and the interfacing means will respond with an error indication field and one or more three byte entries in the data field. The first byte will be the control point apparatus address and the other two bytes are the associated data with the low order byte appearing first. If the high order bit of the control point apparatus address is set, the data for the point is not defined as change of value information but is an indication of some other condition being recorded, such as a function means failure or that a pneumatic output interface cannot control an associated control point apparatus, for example. The specific error code is contained in the succeeding two bytes of data.

Broadly stated, the various commands provide complete control of the function means in the distribution panel and each category of function means can be appropriately characterized. Function means which provide input signals may be enabled or disabled for change of value recording and significant change of value limits may be set for each analog input, whether it be a frequency analog input control means 38 or a process analog input function means 40, as well as a pulse accumulator point which is a particular characterization of the digital input function means 36 and which will be hereinafter described. Function means which provide input data may be read and function means which provide output signals may be written into the memory of the processing means associated with the function means. It is preferred that up to 83 changes of status in a distribution panel may be returned to the central control computer as a result of a single command. If the central control computer receives a garbled response from a distribution panel it can have the distribution panel repeat its last response and avoid sending redundant commands to a control point apparatus.

Function means also respond to other commands which are generated by the interfacing means 32. For example, at power up initialization, the interfacing means sends a "who-are-you" command to each slot in which a function means printed circuit board can be connected, requesting what category of function means is present. The interfacing means will also report the failure of a function means to the central computer once as a change of value and after the central control computer acknowledges the change of value the interfacing means will continually select failed function means to see if they have returned. The first instance the central control computer checks for a change of value after the function means returns to operation, the function means will make a characterization request. Until the central control computer characterizes a single control point apparatus on a function means, the function means will request characterization in response to every change of value request the central control computer makes of the particular distribution panel.

To summarize, the central control computer communicates with each function means and with the interfacing means in a distribution panel and the interfacing means often merely passes information between the central control computer and the function means. Some commands go from the central control computer to the interfacing means and some go from the central control computer to a function means and finally some commands go from the interfacing means to a function means. The details of the protocol that is used to characterize specific categories of function means as well as to amplify on the protocol as it relates to the interfacing means will be set forth hereinafter with respect to a description of the details of the various categories of function means.

The flexibility of each of the categories of function means in terms of the diverse functional operations that can be carried out by each of them, depending upon the individual characterization that is performed with respect to each control point apparatus associated with the function means, will become apparent from the following description of each of them.

Turning initially to the digital output function means 34, each of the outputs that are connected to a control point apparatus 26 can be individually characterized as to whether it is a pulsed output or a level signal output. Thus, if a particular output is individualized or characterized by an operator at the console 12 utilizing the central control computer 10, the output command to the particular output that is provided by the digital output function means 36 can be a pulse for triggering electric motor controllers or the like which require a momentary contact pulse to switch them on or off, or it can be a level state, i.e., a high or low voltage signal. Moreover, a simple command from the console 12 can change the characterization of the digital output function means with respect to each of the individual points and can change a pulse output to a level state output as well as change a level state output to a pulse state output. The digital output function means is characterized using the above-mentioned protocol wherein the characterization information comprises one byte of command, one byte of point address and one byte for characterizing pulsed or level states with bit zero being set for a pulsed control point apparatus and reset for a latched point. Once the particular control point is characterized as a pulsed output, then a pulse is sent as a logical 1. The digital output function means must be provided with a logical 1 from the central control computer in order for the point to issue a pulse output.

Turning now to the digital input function means 36, it has the capability of being characterized to function either as a pure digital input with respect to any of the control point apparatus that is operatively associated with it or it can be characterized to function as a pulse accumulator. As a pulse accumulator it functions as a counter. If a control point apparatus is characterized as a pulse accumulator, then it may be characterized to provide reporting for change of value reporting when enabled and it may also be enabled to provide only significant change of value reporting if desired. To characterize the digital input means, the characterization commands include one byte indicating a command, one byte identifying the particular control point apparatus and one byte which characterizes the control point apparatus as being either a straight digital input or a pulse accumulator with or without change of value reporting. In the last byte which characterizes the particular control point apparatus, bit 6 is set if the point is to be an accumulator. Bit 2 is set if the point is enabled for change of value reporting and bit 1 is set if the point accumulator is to count both rising and falling edges of an input signal and is merely reset to count only one edge. If significant change of value reporting is to occur, a two byte significant change of value amount is defined with the second byte being zero when the point is a pulse accumulator. If the particular control point apparatus is characterized as a pulse accumulator with significant change of value, then a disable point command will disable change of value reporting.

Referring now to the analog input function means, both the frequency analog input function means 38 and the process analog input function means 40, have the same basic operation as far as characterization commands and the like that are carried out are concerned and they can therefore be described together and referred to as analog input function means. The only difference between the two is that the frequency analog input function means has an input signal applied thereto from a control point apparatus that has the analog value converted to a signal of particular frequency by an appropriate converting means which converts the condition sensed to a frequency variable signal. In this regard, a temperature to frequency converter 30 converts a sensed temperature to a variable frequency signal and a circuit for performing this conversion is shown in detail in FIG. 9 and will be hereinafter described. The process analog input function means 40 receives from the control point apparatus an analog input signal wherein the current level varies within a predetermined range as opposed to a variable frequency input signal.

The analog input function means can be characterized with respect to each control point apparatus that is operatively connected thereto to be enabled for change of value reporting so that it will report to the central control computer when enabled for any change in the analog value of the particular control point apparatus. It can also be disabled from change of value reporting if desired, whereupon the change of value is stored in memory and is transmitted only when a change of value request is made. However, an operator can request the value of any point by operating the console to obtain the reading even though the point is disabled from change of value reporting. The analog input function means can also be characterized to operate for significant change of values with the amount of the significant change of value being individually defined or specified for each of the control point apparatus. If the value of the input changes only minimally, i.e., no greater than the amount of change that is defined for that control point apparatus, then any lesser amount of change will not be reported to the central control computer. However, if the amount of change in the input exceeds the defined deviation and therefore becomes a significant change of value, then it will be transmitted to the central control computer.

In terms of commands that are needed to characterize the analog input function means, each control point apparatus is characterized with a one byte command followed by one byte defining the control point apparatus number, an enable-disable command for change of value reporting comprising one byte, with the bit zero being set if it is enabled for change of value reporting. If the particular point is to be characterized for significant change of value operation, there will be two bytes of information with one byte providing the significant change of value number and the particular significant bits can be provided as needed with respect to a particular application of the system.

To reset the significant change of value data an operator can enter a new value for the particular control point apparatus significant change of value number by addressing the control point with one byte of command, one byte of the control point apparatus address number comprising the slot address in the distribution panel with the four high order bits and the point address in the low or four bits in the significant change of value data is then contained in two additional bytes of data. To enable or disable a control point apparatus from change of value reporting, one byte of command followed by one byte of the control point apparatus address followed by one byte whose low order bit is set if the point is to be enabled need merely be sent. When the central control computer requests a reading of the analog input values of a particular distribution panel, the panel will respond by sending a one byte acknowledge, one byte of the control point apparatus address followed by two bytes of analog input data with the low order byte occurring first.

The pneumatic output interface function means 42 is, in a sense, the most functionally flexible of the various function means because it can be characterized essentially as an input device or as an output device. More particularly, it can be characterized as a controller in that it can be enabled or disabled for control of a pneumatically controlled damper motor or the like or a local controller wherein a piston arrangement for controlling a control valve or the like is controlled by supply air and the particular set point can be varied within the range of preferably 3 to 15 p.s.i. The pneumatic output interface can also be characterized as an input device which, when so characterized can be enabled for operation to provide change of value reporting, or not provide such change of value reporting when disabled. If it is enabled for a change of value reporting, it also can be characterized to provide significant change of value reporting in a manner similar to the significant change of value reporting that is carried out by other of the function means having this functional capability. When characterized as an input device, it may be connected to pressure to frequency converting circuitry 28 which is shown in FIG. 1 and in detail in FIG. 8. In terms of the protocol for characterizing the pneumatic output interface function means, it comprises one byte of command, one byte defining the control point apparatus address, and enabling data of one byte wherein bit zero is for a change of value reporting enable and bit one is for controller enable. If significant change of value operation is to be carried out, there are two bytes of significant change of value and the significant bits can be defined in a manner best suited for the particular system application. If a set point is to be changed to a new value when the pneumatic output interface function means is characterized as a controller, the protocol for changing the value is carried out by a single byte of command, a single byte defining the particular control point apparatus address and two bytes for defining the new set point value.

While the foregoing provides a general description of the operation of the system of the present invention and also describes the protocol that is used to communicate among the various components of the system, including the central control computer means, the interfacing means and the various function means, the detailed circuitry of the various function means, interfacing means, as well as the pressure to frequency and temperature to frequency converters is shown in FIGS. 2-10 which comprise detailed electrical schematic circuit diagrams for the various components of the system.

Turning initially to the electrical schematic circuit diagram of the interfacing means 32 shown in FIG. 2, it has a microprocessor 50 with various eight bit ports, P0, P1, P4 and P5 shown as being utilized in the interfacing means with the port P1 being connected through logic, indicated generally at 52, to differential transmitter and receiver circuits 54 and 56 which are in turn connected to the trunk lines 22 that extend from the particular distribution panel in which the interfacing means is located to other interfacing means in other panels, as well as to the multi-drop adaptor means 14 associated with the central control computer 10, all of which is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 1. The system may desirably incorporate redundant trunks which is particularly illustrated in FIG. 2 with the lines 22' comprising the redundant trunk. When either of the receiver-transmitters 54 or 56 is enabled to receive, the data is received on line 58 from the receiver-transmitter 54 and on line 60 from the receiver-transmitter 56. If information is present on either of the trunks 22 or 22' and appears on one of receive lines 58 or 60, assuming that corresponding enable lines 62 or 64 are active, the signal on the receive lines will trigger an external interrupt via gate 66 and line 68 and will cause the processing means 50 to enable the receiver-transmitter so that the message will be received. If information is to be transmitted onto the trunk 22 or 22', then the processing means 50 will activate a transmitter enable line 70 for the receiver-transmitter 54 or a transmitter enable line 72 which enables the receiver-transmitter 56 so that the information can be transmitted from the processing means via line 74, gate 76 and line 78 to the enabled receiver-transmitter. The data is serially transmitted onto the trunk, but is applied to the processing means 50 via eight parallel data lines 82 which are connected to a tri-state driver 84 which has eight data bus lines 86 which extend along the previously mentioned mother board and which are interconnected to the data bus lines of all function means that are connected in the system. Three of the data bus lines 82 also extend to another tri-state driver 88 which has eight select lines 90, each of which is connected to an individual one of the function means and the three lines 82 define a three bit address for activating one of the select lines for communicating between the interfacing means and the particular addressed function means. The processing means 50 also has output lines 92 which extend to yet another tri-state driver 94 which provides the control signals FCRDY on line 96, LCRDY on line 98 and the RESET signal on line 100. These lines extend to each of the function means and control the operation of the bidirectional bus communication in the manner previously described with respect to the protocol operations. A six bit binary switch 102 is used to provide a unique identification address for the interfacing means. A power failure monitor circuit 104 is provided to reset the processing unit 50 when the D.C. power falls below a predetermined level and thereby protects the information in the random access memory of the processing means 50. A watchdog timer, indicated generally at 106, is also provided.

Turning now to the digital output function means shown in detail in the electrical schematic circuit diagram of FIG. 3, it is shown to comprise a processing means 110 to which the data bus lines 86 are connected via a tri-state driver 112 and interconnecting lines 114. The control line FCRDY 96, LCRDY line 98 and SELECT line 90 are connected to the processing means 110 via another tri-state driver 116 and lines 118 with the RESET line 100 extending via the tri-state driver 116 and a line 120 to a dual OR gate integrated circuit 122 which has output line 124 extending to the RESET input of the processing means. The output of the processing means that extends to the various control point apparatus are shown on the right side of the processing means 110 and includes an eight bit latch 126 that may be one of four of such circuits that may be utilized with a single digital output function means. Only one of such circuits is shown in FIG. 3 for the sake of clarity and is typical of the interconnection and operation. A RESET line 128 as well as a write control line 130 extends to each latch 126 and a data line 132 also extends to each latch 126 for writing the appropriate data into the latch with the address being determined by three address lines 134 that extend to each latch 126. An enable line 136 extends to the latch 126 and other enable lines 138 are similarly provided for connection to other of the latches 126 that are not shown. A write control line 140 controls the actual writing of data into the latch whereas the signal level on line 138 controls whether the latch will be read from or written into. The output lines 142 extend to the specific control point apparatus 26, with each single line extending to a separate control point apparatus.

Turning now to the digital input function means 46, the detailed electrical schematic circuit diagram for it is shown in FIG. 4 and includes a processing means 150 to which the data bus lines 86 are connected via a tri-state driver 152 and interconnecting lines 154. Similarly, the FCRDY line 96, the LCRDY line 98 and the SELECT line 90 are connected to the processing means via another tri-state driver 156 and lines 158. The RESET line 100 is operably connected to the processing means via the tri-state driver 156, line 160, an OR gate circuit 162 and line 164. An enable line 166 and a read/write control line 168 extend from the processing means 150 to the tri-state driver 152 for controlling its operation. The digital inputs are shown on the right side of the processing means 150 and include the input lines 170 that extend to digital outputs of the control point apparatus 26. A series of pull up resistors contained in a single integrated circuit 172 provide voltage levels to a buffer and multiplexing circuit 174 which represents one of four of such circuits that can be included in the function means, with only one of such circuits being shown for the sake of simplicity. Address lines 176 extend to all of such circuits 174 and select one of the lines 170 for application of the data thereon to the processing means 150 via a tri-state data input line 178. The particular buffer and multiplexing circuit 174 that is to be enabled is enabled via line 180 and three other enable lines 182 are provided for enabling the other of the circuits 174.

The detailed electrical schematic circuit diagram for the analog input is shown in FIG. 5 and includes the processing means 190 which has the data bus lines 86 connected thereto via a tri-state driver 192 and interconnecting lines 194. The control lines 90, 96, 98 and 100 are also connected thereto via another tri-state driver 196 and suitable interconnecting lines 198. An enable line 200 from the processing means 190 enables the tri-state drivers 192 and 196. The analog input lines are shown to the left of the drawing and include positive input lines 202, as well as negative input lines 204 with the latter extending through a resistor array 206. The analog values are preferably in the range of 4 to 20 milliamps and are applied to the resistor array 206 to provide an analog voltage at a resistor array 208 which extend to a multiplexer 212 via line 210. Three address lines 214 select which of the input lines 215 to apply to the output line 216 of a multiplexer and line 216 extends to a voltage to frequency converting circuit 218 that has an output line 220 which provides a pulsed signal at the frequency corresponding to the input voltage level on line 216. A D flip-flop 222 converts the pulses to a 50 percent duty cycle output on line 224 that is applied to the processing means 190.

Turning now to the pneumatic output interface function means 42, its detailed electrical schematic circuit diagram is shown in FIG. 6 and includes a processing means 230 which is connected to the data bus lines 86 via a tri-state driver 232 and interconnecting lines 234. Enable and read/write control lines 236 and 238 respectively control the operation of the tri-state driver 232, with the enable line also controlling another tri-state driver 240 which has the FCRDY line 96, the LCRDY line 98, the SELECT line 90 and RESET line 100 connected thereto. These control lines are connected to the processing means via lines 242, except that the RESET line 100 is operably connected to the processing means via line 244, OR gate circuit 245, line 246, resistor 247 and line 248. The processing means 230 has an output data line 250 connected to a 3 to 8 demultiplexer 252 which has four separate pairs of output lines 254, 256, 258 and 260 for controlling solenoids that control the pneumatic pressure in a pneumatic circuit. The lines 254-260 extend to another pneumatic output interface circuit having electrical and pneumatic controls thereon and which are shown in detail in FIG. 7 and which will be hereinafter described. The information on the data line 250 is applied to one of the eight output lines by the demultiplexer in accordance with the appropriate address that is provided by the processing means via the address line 261. If the pneumatic pressure in one of the control point apparatus is to be increased, then the appropriate one of the appropriate pair of lines will be activated to thereby increase the pressure in the pneumatic line whereas the other will be activated if it is to be decreased. The time in which the appropriate pressure change line is active is directly related to the amount of pressure change that will be effected in the appropriate pneumatic control line. To determine the actual pressure in the line, individual input lines 262 from the circuitry of FIG. 7 are provided, each of which is inverted by one of the inverters 263 and applied via respective lines 264 to a 4 to 1 multiplexer 265 which has an output line 266 that is connected to a D flip-flop 267. The flip-flop has output line 268 that is connected to the processing means 230. The multiplexer 265 is controlled by address lines 269 from the processing means to apply the desired input line 264 to the output line 266. The input signal on each of the lines 262 is a pulsed input having a pulse frequency corresponding to the actual pressure in the pneumatic line and the multiplexer applies the signals from one of the lines 262 to the flip-flop 267. The D flip-flop 267 changes the pulsed input to a 50 percent duty cycle square wave on line 268 that is used by the processing means 230. A free running counter timer 270 is provided to generate a number of various frequency signals to the processing means 230 for use in timing longer duration events, such as timing how long a valve should be opened or in determining whether a pneumatic line has failed after a several second diagnostic check, for example.

Turning now to the circuitry shown in FIG. 7, it is preferably on a separate printed circuit board which has pneumatic controls attached to it. The circuitry shown in FIG. 7 includes pneumatic as well as electrical functional operation and only one representative apparatus for a single control point apparatus is disclosed for the sake of simplicity. It should be appreciated that up to four pneumatic lines can be controlled by the equipment on one printed circuit function card means. The input lines 254-260 are shown as being connected to a solenoid driver circuit 274 which has output line 276 as well as output line 278, with the former being connected to a solenoid valve which is used to increase the pressure in the pneumatic control lines while the latter is connected to the operating coil of a solenoid valve that is used to decrease the pressure in the particular line. Both solenoid valves, while not shown in detail herein, are connected to the pneumatic line with the increase valve being connected to a high pressure source which, when opened, will increase the pressure in the controlled pneumatic line. Similarly, the solenoid valve that is used to decrease the pressure is connected to the pneumatic line and when it is opened in response to line 278 being energized, will bleed pressure from the controlled line to thereby reduce the pressure as desired. The pneumatic circuit is shown by the dotted line 280 which extends to a pressure to electrical signal converting bridge, indicated generally at 282, and this provides a voltage at the input line 284 of an amplifier 286 which provides a voltage on line 288 that is proportional to the pressure in the pneumatic line and this line is connected to a voltage to frequency converter 290 which provides a pulsed output signal on line 262 that is proportional to the pressure in the pneumatic line.

Turning now to the frequency analog input function means, its detailed electrical schematic circuit diagrams are shown in FIG. 8 and it includes a processing means 300 which is connected to the data bus 86 via a tri-state driver 302 and connecting lines 304. The driver 302 is also controlled by enable line 306 in a read/write control line 308. The FCRDY line 96, LCRDY line 98, RESET line 100 and SELECT line 90 are also connected to the processing means 300 via lines 312. Input lines 314 from control point apparatus 30 are applied to a diode pack circuit 316 which limits short circuit current and it has output lines 318 which extend to a pair of transistor array circuits 320 which act as buffer receivers for each of the lines 318. The outputs of these circuits are applied to a resistor pack 322 via lines 324. The outputs of the resistor pack 322 appear on lines 326 which are applied to Schmidt trigger circuits 328 which operate to square up the input current and convert it to appropriate transistor transistor logic levels as well as diodes 330 which limit the voltage applied to the Schmidt triggers to a value of 5 V. The lines 326 are also connected to a resistor pack 334 that provides a voltage level shift from about 18 V to about 5 V. The outputs of the Schmidt triggers 328 are applied to a multiplexing circuit 338 via lines 340. Three address lines 342 controlled by the processing means 300 select one of the input lines 340 of the multiplexer 338 and apply the same to the output line 344 to the processing means 300.

Turning now to the temperature transmitter detailed electrical schematic circuit diagrams shown in FIG. 9, it has a pair of leads 350 which extend to a temperature sensor and provide a voltage level that is applied to a voltage to frequency converting circuit 352 having an output line 354 which is pulsed at a frequency corresponding to the temperature being read. The line 354 is connected to resistor 356 to output line 320 that extends to a frequency input line of the circuitry of FIG. 8.

Turning now to the multi-drop adaptor that is shown in FIG. 10, it essentially illustrates circuitry for use with a trunk 22 and redundant trunk 22' and converts this to a different standard via a receive line 360 and transmit line 362 for the trunk 22, and receive line 364 and transmit line 366 for the trunk 22'. Essentially the multi-drop adaptor circuitry has a processing means 370 which effectively converts from a RS232C standard via the line 360, 362 or 364, 366 to a different standard and preferably the RS422 type of transmission scheme that is used on the trunk 22 and 22'. The lines 360-366 are connected to the central control computer which is relatively close to the multi-drop adaptor, i.e., no greater than 50 feet of cable length in accordance with the requirements of the RS232C standard. Basically the processing means is adapted to watch all four of these input lines which, if data is present, provides an active signal on one of the inputs to a NOR gate 372 which is connected via line 374, converter 376 and line 378 to an external interrupt and the processing means then isolates the appropriate input and receives the data, converts it to the appropriate output for sending in the opposite direction. Thus, if data appeared on the line 22, they would be processed and transmitted via the RS232C format via line 362 to the central control computer as desired. Basically the RS232C format comprises one line which is used to transmit data and another line that is used to receive data. The RS422 standard utilizes a differential transmission scheme, involving two wires and two voltage levels, i.e., 0 volts and 5 volts, with one of the lines 22 being high while the other is low and vice versa. The data is thereby transmitted in a differential half duplex scheme onto the trunk lines 22. In this regard, lines 22 and 22' are connected to respective differential driver receiver circuits 380 and 382. If additional trunks other than the trunks 22 and 22' which are shown in FIG. 1, i.e., trunk lines 24, for example, are incorporated into a system, then an additional multi-drop adaptor 14 would be provided for the additional loop.

Each of the function means has now been described as has the interfacing means and multi-drop adaptor circuitry. The listings which are used in the processing means for each of the function means as well as the interfacing means and multi-drop adaptor are attached hereto as Appendix A and these systems comprise the instructions that are loaded into the memories of the various processing means for carrying out the operation and protocol that has been described.

From the foregoing detailed description of the system and its operation, it should be appreciated that an extremely advantageous system has been shown and described which has superior operational features which result in many advantages, including flexibility of operation and reduced labor costs, both in terms of initial installation and maintenance after installation. These advantages are obtained in part by virtue of the fact that individual function means can be characterized with respect to each and every control point apparatus that is associated with it wihout performing any mechanical or electrical manipulation at the location of the distribution panels. If a malfunction occurs in one of the function means, a suitable test procedure can be run to determine the extent of the malfunction, as well as the location of it and an appropriate processing means can be used to replace the malfunctioning one which, upon restart, will result in a recharacterization of the processing means in the same manner that previously existed and the processing means will thereafter function as desired.

It is, of course, understood that although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and, accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

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