US 4,328,008 AGrant
Method for the Production of Cleaned and Cooled Synthesis Gas
Issue Date:1982-05-04
•29 Claims
•3 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The hot raw synthesis gas stream leaving the reaction zone of a free flow partial oxidation gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. is passed through a first gas diversion and residue separation zone where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced and its direction is diverted into a side transfer line. Solid material and molten slag separate by gravity from the gas stream. The hot gas stream is then introduced into a second gas diversion and residue separation zone where the direction and velocity is changed and additional residue is separated. About 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream may be passed through bottom outlets in said first and second gas diversion zones in order to prevent bridging. The hot gas stream from the second gas diversion zone is passed upwardly through a radiant cooler where additional solid matter is removed by gravity and the gas temperature is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 900.degree. to 1800.degree. F. In this embodiment, the second diversion and residue separation zone comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclones connected in series or in parallel. Entrained solid matter and slag are removed from the gas stream by means of said cyclone separators without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream.
Metadata
Assignee
- Texaco Development Corporation
Inventors
- James R. Muenger
- Edward T. Child
- Albert Brent
Application Information
Application Number:US 1653059
Filing Date:1980-07-02
Priority Date:1979-05-30
Art Unit:173
Classifications
IPC:
C10K 102
Field of Search:
485560252201197 R;201;202;203;206;210;DIG. 21;80;319;321;337;346;34939.0237338
Patent Drawings (3 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the manufacture of cleaned and cooled gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 and CO. More particularly it pertains to a process for producing a cleaned and cooled stream of synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas by the partial oxidation of ash containing solid carbonaceous fuels.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various amounts of molten slag and solid matter such as soot and ash are contained in the hot raw gas stream leaving a partial oxidation generator in which solid hydrocarbonaceous fuels such as coal are reacted with steam and free oxygen to produce gaseous mixtures comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The life of such equipment as gas coolers, compressors, and turbines that are contacted downstream by the hot raw gas stream, may be increased by removing entrained solids from the gas stream. Solids removal from a raw synthesis gas stream will prevent plugging of catalyst beds. Further environmentally acceptable fuel gas may be produced.
In co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 2,871,114--Du Bois Eastman, the hot raw gas stream leaving the gas generator is passed first through a slag pot and then into a water quench tank. Not only is the raw gas stream leaving the quench tank saturated with water, but all of the sensible heat in the gas stream is dissipated in the quench water at a comparatively low temperature level. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,424 no means is provided for removal of the slag from the system. This differs from the subject invention by which entrained residue from the partial oxidation process is removed from the raw synthesis gas without quenching all of the hot raw gas stream in water or other coolant.
Summary
This invention pertains to a process for the partial oxidation of the ash containing solid carbonaceous fuel, such as coal, for producing a cleaned and partially cooled stream of synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas. A solid carbonaceous fuel is reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas, with or without a temperature moderator, in a down-flow refractory lined noncatalytic free-flow gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of about 10 to 190 atmospheres to produce a raw gas stream comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2. and one or more materials from the group H.sub.2 O, H.sub.2 S, COS, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2, A, and containing molten ash and particulate matter. Most of the combustion residue entrained in the hot raw gas stream leaving the reaction zone is removed and the temperature of the raw gas stream is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 900.degree. to 1800.degree. F. by means of the subject process. By this means fouling of the tubes of a downstream convection type waste heat boiler may be avoided. Further, the life of such downstream equipment as compressors and turbines may be increased. Removing entrained solids from the raw synthesis gas stream will prevent plugging of downstream catalyst beds. Removal of the entrained solids from the hot raw gas stream mainly takes place in two separate gas diversion and residue separation zones. The gas stream is then passed upwardly through the central unobstructed vertical passage of a vertical tube-wall cooled radiation section where additional solid matter is removed by gravity and the temperature of the gas stream is reduced. In one embodiment of the process, the second gas diversion and residue separation zone comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclone separators.
The subject process is carried out in two separate vertical pressure vessels. The uppper portion of the first vessel contains the refractory lined reaction zone of the gas generator which is directly connected at the bottom to the first gas diversion and residue separation zone. The hot raw gas stream undergoes a change in velocity and direction in the first gas diversion and solids separation chamber. Solid residue and slag entrained in the gas stream passes through an outlet in the bottom of the first diversion chamber and drops by gravity into a pool of water contained in the bottom of the first vessel. Optionally, a comparatively small stream of bleed gas i.e. about 0-20 vol. % of the hot gas stream from the reaction zone is passed through the bottom outlet in the first diversion chamber and is removed from the vessel. This stream of hot gas prevents bridging of said bottom outlet with solid matter and slag. Optionally, a vertical dip tube is connected to said bottom outlet for discharging into said pool of water and quench cooling said bleed gas stream and/or the material separated in said first diversion chamber. The second vertical vessel is located close to and parallel to the first vertical vessel. The upper portion of the second vertical vessel consists of a tube-wall cooled radiant section. In the embodiment employing a plurality of cyclones, said tube wall may completely line the second pressure vessel. The second gas diversion and residue separation zone or chamber is located directly beneath the upper radiant cooling section, and is connected to the first diversion zone by way of a transfer line. Changes in the direction and velocity of the hot gas stream take place in the second gas diversion and solids separation zone. Solid matter and/or slag separated in the second diversion zone may drop through an outlet in the bottom of the second diversion zone and optionally through a dip tube into a pool of water contained in the bottom of the second vessel. Optionally, a small stream of hot bleed gas i.e. from about 0-20 vol. % of the gas stream passing through the refractory lined transfer tube is passed through the exit orifice of the second residue separation chamber or through the bottom exit chamber in at least one of a plurality of cyclones in the embodiment in which cyclones comprise said second gas diversion and residue separation zone. Bridging of the passages with solid matter and/or slag is thereby prevented. Optionally, a dip tube for discharging under quench water said bleed gas stream and/or the separated material, may be connected to the bottom exit chamber of at least one cyclone. In a preferred embodiment, the hot water containing solids removed from the bottoms of the two vessels is passed in indirect heat exchange with boiler feed water. By this means the boiler feed water is pre-heated before it is introduced into the tube wall of the radiant cooling section as a portion of the coolant.
Brief Description of the Drawing
The invention will be further understood by reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing which shows the subject process in detail.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing which shows an embodiment of the subject process in which the second gas diversion and solids separation zone consists of a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclones connected in series.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing which shows an embodiment of the subject process in which the second gas diversion and solids separation zone consists of a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclones connected in parallel.
Description of the Invention
The present invention pertains to an improved continuous process and related apparatus for cleaning and cooling a hot raw gas stream from a free flow non-catalytic partial oxidation gas generator. The hot raw gas stream principally comprises H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, and one or more materials from the group H.sub.2 O, H.sub.2 S, COS, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2, A, and containing entrained solid matter and molten ash. The hot raw gas stream is made by the partial oxidation of an ash containing solid carboneous fuel, such as coal i.e. anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, or lignite. One ton of coal contains the same amount of energy as three to four barrels of crude oil. Accordingly, coal is the most promising material to replace the dwindling world-wide oil and natural reserves. One third of the world's economically recoverable coal reserves are located in the U.S. There is enough coal in the U.S. to last more than 200 years.
Ground solid fuel is introduced into the gas generator either alone or in the presence of a substantially thermally liquifiable or vaporizable hydrocarbon or carbonaceous material and/or water, or entrained in a gaseous medium such as steam, CO.sub.2, N.sub.2, recycle synthesis gas, and air. Vaporizable hydrocarbons include by definition petroleum distillates and residue, oil derived from coal, shale oil, crude petroleum, gas oil, tar sand oil, cycle gas oil from fluid-catalytic cracking operation, furfural extract of coker gas oil, and mixtures thereof. Solid carbonaceous fuel includes by definition particulate carbon, coal, coke from coal, lignite, petroleum coke, oil shale, tar sands, asphalt, pitch and mixtures thereof.
By means of the subject invention the combustion residues entrained in the raw gas stream from the reaction zone of the gas generator may be reduced to an acceptable level of concentration and particle size so that the hot gas stream may be used in downstream heat exchange equipment, or in other devices which utilize the energy contained in the hot gas stream. The recovery of thermal energy from the raw gas stream leaving the reaction zone of the partial oxidation gas generator is made difficult by the presence in the generator exhaust gases of combustion residues including particulate solids and droplets of molten slag which result from the fusion of the ash content of the coal fed to the gas generator. The concentration of solids in the hot raw gas stream may be in the range of about 0.1 to 4 grams per standard cubic foot (SCF). The particle size may be in the range of about 40 to 1000 micrometers or larger. Unless removed, slag and particulate matter entrained in the hot gas stream, will deposit out and foul heat exchange surfaces. The thermal efficiency of the process will be thereby impaired.
By the instant invention, the molten slag droplets are solidified and removed along with other particulate solid matter before they encounter the surfaces of conventional energy utilizing means such as expansion and gas turbines, and heat exchangers i.e. convectional-type gas coolers. For example, the gas cooler described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,690,774 with helical or spiral coiled tubes may be used to further cool the partially cooled and cleaned synthesis gas, as produced by our process. Boilers of this general design have a high heat exchange surface. However, the coils have sharp bends which make the tubes vulnerable to plugging. The coils are difficult to remove and replace, and they are expensive to clean and maintain. Further, for metallurgical reasons, the maximum inlet gas temperature should be held to a safe operating temperature in the range of about 900.degree. F. to 1800.degree. F. These difficulties are overcome by the subject invention which reduces the temperature of the hot raw gas stream coming from the reaction zone of the gas generator and also removes entrained solids and slag. The thermal efficiency of the partial oxidation gasification process is thereby increased by recovering energy from the hot raw gas stream. Further, more by-product steam for use in the process or for exporting may be produced by indirect heat exchange of the hot gas stream with water, first in the radiant cooler, and second in the convection type gas cooler. By means of the subject invention, the recovery of thermal energy from the hot gases is simplified.
A typical partial oxidation synthesis gas generator is shown in co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 2,818,326. A burner is located in the top of the gas generator along the central vertical axis for introducing the feed streams. A suitable annulus-type burner is shown in co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 2,928,460. The gas generator is a vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel lined on the inside with a thermal refractory material.
The solid carbonaceous fuels are preferably ground to a particle size so that 100% of the material passes through an ASTM E 11-70 Sieve Designation Standard 425 .mu.m (Alternative No. 40) and at least 40% passes through an ASTM E 11-70 Sieve Designation Standard 75 .mu.m (Alternative No. 200). 1000 .mu.m=1 mm. The ground solid carbonaceous fuel is then introduced into a storage hopper at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The normal moisture content of the solid carbonaceous fuels as received at the point of use can vary in the range of about 0 to 40 weight percent. For example, the moisture content as received for anthracite and bituminous coals may be in the range of about 2 to 10 wt. % of dry weight, up to 30 wt. % of dry weight for sub-bituminous coals, and up to 40 wt. % of dry weight, or more for lignite. Generally, the solid carbonaceous fuel may be used without reducing the moisture content as received. However, predrying may be required in some instances to reach a more desirable moisture content, say below 20 wt. % or even below 2.0 wt. %.
The ground solid carbonaceous fuel in the form of a slurry with water or liquid hydrocarbon, or entrained in a gaseous medium as previously described, is passed into the reaction zone of the partial oxidation gas generator by way of one of the passages in the annulus-type burner. This feedstream may be at room temperature or it may be preheated to a temperature up to as high as about 600.degree., but preferably below the cracking temperature. Advantageously, the carbonaceous feed may be preheated by direct or indirect heat exchange with by-product superheated or saturated steam, or advantageously by other suitable means to be described later.
A supplemental temperature moderator to moderate the temperature in the reaction zone may not be required with water slurries and when the solid fuel is dispersed in some gaseous hydrocarbon fuels. Suitable temperature moderators include superheated steam, saturated steam, unsaturated steam, water, CO.sub.2 -rich gas, a portion of the cooled exhaust from a turbine employed downstream in the process, nitrogen in air, by-product nitrogen from a conventional air separation unit, and mixtures of the aforesaid temperature moderators. The temperature moderator may be introduced in admixture with either or both reactant streams. Alternatively, the temperature moderator may be introduced into the reaction zone of the gas generator by way of a separate conduit in the fuel burner.
The term free-oxygen containing gas, as used herein is intended to include air, oxygen-enriched air, i.e. greater than 21 mole % oxygen, and substantially pure oxygen, i.e. greater than 95 mole % oxygen, (the remainder comprising N.sub.2 and rare gases). Free-oxygen containing gas may be introduced into the burner at a temperature in the range of about ambient to 1,800.degree. F.
The relative proportions of solid carbonaceous fuel, temperature moderator, and free-oxygen in the reaction zone of the gas generator are such as to ensure an autogenous temperature in the gas generation zone within the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F., such as about 2000.degree. to 2800.degree. F., and to produce a particulate phase containing ash and about 0.1 to 20 wt. % of the organic carbon in the feed, and typically about 1 to 4 wt. %. The particulate phase is entrained in the effluent gas stream leaving the reaction zone along with any non-combustible slag.
Other operating conditions in the gas generator include; pressure in the range of about 10 to 190 atmospheres and preferably about 30 to 100 atmospheres; the ratio of the atoms and free-oxygen containing gas plus the atoms of organically combined oxygen in the solid carbonaceous fuel per atom of carbon in the solid carbonaceous fuel (O/C atomic ratio) may be in the overall range of about 0.7 to 1.6. More specifically, with substantially pure oxygen feed to the reaction zone the broad range of said O/C atomic ratio may be about 0.7 to 1.5 and preferably with air feed to the reaction zone the broad range may be about 0.8 to 1.6 and preferably about 0.9 to 1.4. With H.sub.2 O as the temperature moderator, the weight ratio of H.sub.2 O to carbon in the solid carbonaceous fuel feed is in the range of about 0.5 to 2.0 and preferably in the range of about 0.7 to 1.0. With substantially pure oxygen feed to the gas generator, the composition of the effluent gas from the gas generator in mole % dry basis may be as follows: H.sub.2 5 to 40, CO 40 to 60, CO.sub.2 5 to 25, CH.sub.4 0.01 to 3, and H.sub.2 S+COS 0 to 5, N.sub.2 nil to 5, and A nil to 1.5. With air feed to the gas generator, the composition of the generator effluent gas in mole % dry basis may be as follows: H.sub.2 2 to 20, CO 15 to 35, CO.sub.2 5 to 25, CH.sub.4 0 to 2, H.sub.2 S+COS 0 to 3, N.sub.2 45 to 70, and A 0.1 to 1.5.
The hot raw gas stream produced in the reaction zone, leaves the reaction zone by way of a centrally located outlet in the bottom of the reaction zone which is coaxial with the central longitudinal axis of the gas generator. The hot gas stream passes through said bottom outlet and expands directly into a gas diversion and residue separation chamber which is preferably located directly below the reaction zone. The gas diversion and residue separation zone is refractory lined and is preferably coaxial with the central vertical axis of the reaction zone of the gas generator. Preferably, both zones are within the same upright closed pressure vessel. Alternately, the diversion chamber may be in a separate vessel attached to the bottom outlet of the gas generator. The residence time in the reaction zone of the gas generator is in the range of about 1 to 10 seconds, say about 3 to 5 seconds. The net internal volume of the first gas diversion and residue separation chamber is only about 5 to 50% of the net internal volume of the reaction zone.
The hot raw gas stream passes through the bottom outlet in the reaction zone at a velocity in the range of about 20 to 50 ft. per sec., say about 30 to 40 ft. per sec. The velocity of the hot gas stream is reduced in the gas diversion chamber and particulate matter and molten slag moves by gravity through an outlet located at the bottom of the diversion chamber and preferably, into a pool of water contained in a slag chamber located below. In one embodiment, a dip tube is attached to the underside of said bottom outlet. Preferably, the inlet and bottom outlets of the diversion chamber are centrally located and coaxial with the central vertical axis of the diversion chamber. Preferably, the slag chamber is located directly below the bottom outlet of the diversion chamber, and in the same pressure vessel as the reaction zone and the diversion chamber. Preferably, the central vertical axis of the slag chamber is coaxial with that of the gas diversion chamber. Alternately, the slag chamber may be in a separate vessel which is attached to the bottom of the vessel containing the diversion chamber. In one embodiment, the slag chamber is lined with refractory and operated dry.
The shape of the gas diversion chamber may be cylindrical, spherical, or it may be outwardly diverging or expanding conically from the entrance to an enlarged central portion followed by an inwardly converging or converging conically shaped portions to separate outlets in the side and bottom. An outlet located in the side wall of the slag chamber below the bottom exit in the diversion chamber but above the water level, and a cooled control valve, may be used optionally for withdrawing a comparatively small bleed stream of raw hot gas from the slag chamber. The bleed gas stream enters the slag chamber by way of the bottom outlet in the gas diversion chamber carrying with it entrained particulate matter and molten slag. The later material drops to the bottom of the slag chamber. When necessary, this bleed stream will keep the bottom outlet in the diversion chamber hot, thereby preventing bridging and plugging with solid matter and slag. From about 0 to 20 vol. %, say about 0.5 to 10 vol. % and typically 5 vol. % of the hot raw gas stream entering the first gas diversion chamber may be employed as bleed gas. In a preferred embodiment, the bleed gas and/or slag passes into the quench water contained in the bottom of the first slag chamber by way of a vertical dip tube attached to the underside of the bottom central exit orifice in the first gas diversion and residue separation chamber. The bleed gas leaving the slag quench chamber by way of said side outlet and control valve is preferably passed through a separate heat exchanger. For example, the hot bleed gas may be used to preheat a coal-water slurry feedstream to the gas generator. The bleed gas may be then mixed with the main gas stream leaving a conventional convection-type gas cooler. Alternately, the stream of bleed gas may be used as the transport medium for powdered solid carbonaceous fuel and introduced into the gas generator with the feed.
From about 80.0 to 100 vol % of the hot raw gas stream entering the first gas diversion chamber leaves by way of a thermally insulated side transfer line and passes directly into the inlet of a second gas diversion and residue separation zone, which is loaded nearby in a separate vertical cylindrical pressure vessel. The second pressure vessel is parallel to the first pressure vessel and closely connected thereto by said transfer line. In a preferred embodiment, the gas diversion and residue separation zone in the second vessel is sized larger but is similar in shape and design to the gas diversion and residue separation chamber previously described in the first vessel. The central vertical axis of said gas diversion and residue separation zone is preferably coaxial with the central vertical axis of the second vessel. The net internal volume for the gas diversion chamber in the second vessel is about 4 to 10 times greater than the net internal volume for the gas diversion chamber in the first vessel. Additional particulate solids and slag drop out of the gas stream by gravity in the second gas diversion vessel and fall through a central opening in the bottom of the gas diversion chamber into a pool of water contained in the slag chamber located in the bottom of the second vessel. Preferably, the central vertical axis of the gas diversion and residue separation chamber in the second vessel is coaxial with the central vertical axis of the slag chamber. A bleed stream comprising about 0 to 20 vol. %, say about 0.5 to 5 vol. % of the gas stream passing through the refractory lined transfer tube and entering the second gas diversion zone, is optionally passed through the bottom opening in the diversion chamber and then through an outlet in the wall of the slag chamber located above the pool of water contained in the bottom. The function and disposition of this second bleed stream is similar to that of the first bleed stream described previously in connection with the slag chamber in the first vessel. In one embodiment, the bleed gas and/or slag passes into the quench water contained in the bottom of the second slag chamber by way of a vertical dip tube attached to the underside of the bottom central first orifice in the second gas diversion and residue separation chamber. In another embodiment, the slag chamber in the second vessel is lined with refractory and operated dry.
The longitudinal axis of the tranfer line connecting the first and second gas diversion and residue separation chambers is preferably in the same plane with the central vertical axis of the two vessels. Further, the longitudinal axis of the transfer line makes an angle with and measured clockwise starting in the third quadrant from the central vertical axis of the second gas diversion and residue separation zone in the range of about 30.degree. to 120.degree.. Suitably, this angle may be in the range of about 40.degree. to 110.degree., say about 60.degree., and preferably upward or downward. The actual angle is a function of such factors as temperature and velocity of the gas stream, and the composition, concentration and characteristics of the entrained matter to be removed. For example, when the raw gas stream contains liquid slag of high fluidity, the longitudinal axis of the raw inlet nozzle may be pointed upward at an angle of about 60.degree. measured clockwise from the central vertical axis of the second vessel starting in the third quadrant. Much of the slag would run down the transfer line into the first gas diversion chamber and from there into the pool of water located at the bottom of the first vessel. On the other hand, when the liquid slag is viscous, the flow of the slag may be helped along by pointing the transfer line downward say at an angle of about 120.degree. measured clockwise from the third quadrant. The high velocity of the hot raw gas stream passing through the transfer line and the force of gravity would then help to move the viscous liquid slag into the second gas diversion chamber, where the slag may be separated from the gas stream by gravity. The velocity of the hot raw gas stream through the transfer line is in the range of about 20 to 100 ft. per sec., say about 30 to 60 ft. per sec., and typically about 40 ft. per sec. The reduced velocity of the hot raw gas stream passing upwardly through the second gas diversion chamber located in the second upright closed pressure vessel permits the entrained solid materials to fall by gravity down through the central opening in the bottom of the second gas diversion chamber into the pool of water contained in the bottom of the second vessel. Optionally, in place of a thermal refractory lining, the inside walls of one or both of the slag catch pots at the bottom of the first and second vessels may be water jacketed or lined with water cooled tube-walls. The velocity of the hot raw gas stream through the transfer line is in the range of about 1.5 to 3 times the velocity of the hot raw gas stream passing through the bottom outlet of the reaction zone.
The main hot raw gas stream passing upwardly through the second gas diversion chamber leaves by way of a central outlet in the top at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 3000.degree. F. Very little, if any, of the sensible heat in the hot raw gas stream is lost during its passage through the first and second gas diversion and residue separating zones. The hot raw gas stream then directly enters into the bottom of a radiant cooling section located in the upper portion of the second pressure vessel and freely passes upwardly through the central unobstructed vertical passage on the inside of a water-cooled tube-wall. Preferably, the central vertical axis of the radiant cooling section is coaxial with the central vertical axis of the second pressure vessel. The net internal volume of the radiant cooling section is about 5 to 10 times the net internal volume of the reaction zone of the gas generator. Upright tubes, through which a coolant passes, line the inside walls of the radiant cooling section. The walls of the pressure vessel are thereby protected from thermal and corrosive damage. The dwell time of the gases passing up through the radiant cooling section is in the range of about 15 to 50 seconds, say 20 to 40 seconds. The vertical radiant cooling section being located immediately upstream of an energy utilizing means provides an additional chamber for the gravity settling and separation of solid particles and slag from the hot gas stream, thereby protecting the energy utilizing means from being fouled. One further function of the radiant cooling section is to cool the upflowing hot gas stream to below the maximum safe operating temperature for the energy utilizing means that follows i.e. to a temperature of about 900.degree. F. to 1800.degree. F. Also, during this gas cooling period at least the outer shell of any remaining ash particles in the gas stream is solidified. This prevents the particles from sticking to the tubes in the radiant and convection sections of the gas coolers.
For example, the hot gas stream first gives up a part of its heat to the boiler tubes located in the radiant cooling section. Then the gas with a reduced temperature passes into a convection zone likewise equipped with boiler tubes where it is further cooled to a temperature in the range of about 650.degree. to 150.degree. F. The walls of the vertical steel pressure vessel containing the radiant cooling section are protected against the action of the upwardly flowing hot gases by the cooling surfaces of the tube-wall placed in from of the vessel wall. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of thin-walled vertical tubes with or without side fins line the inside walls of the radiant cooling section of the second vessel. The adjacent rows of tubes are longitudinally welded together to make an annular gas-tight wall of tubes. The lower and upper ends of each of said tubes may be respectively connected to lower and upper annular shaped headers. When the coolant in the radiant cooler is water or a mixture of water and steam, the highest temperature that the pressure shell can reach is the temperature of the saturated steam within the radiant cooler. Boiler feed water is introduced into the bottom header and then passes up through the plurality of separate upright tubes into the top header. The mixture of steam and water is removed from the top header and introduced into an external steam drum where separation takes place. The saturated steam removed from the steam drum may be used elsewhere in the process to provide heat or power. Optionally, at least a portion of the saturated steam may be superheated. The hot water separated in the steam drum may be returned to the bottom header of the radiant cooler.
Water containing solids and slag in the slag chambers located at the bottom of vessels 1 and 2 is removed by way of a conventional lockhopper and sent to a solids removal zone. The reclaimed quench water may be then recycled back to the slag chambers at the bottom of vessels 1 and 2. In a preferred embodiment, the quench water containing solids leaving the slag chambers in vessels 1 and 2 at a temperature in the range of about 400.degree. to 550.degree. F. is passed in indirect heat exchange with boiler feed water. By this means, the temperature of the boiler feed water is increased about 10.degree. to 100.degree. F. The preheated boiler feed water is then introduced into the bottom header of the radiant cooler.
As previously mentioned, in one embodiment of the subject invention the slag chamber in vessel 1, vessel 2, or both vessels is equipped with a dip tube. In such case, the solid material and slag and optionally bleed gas may be passed through the bottom outlet in one or both of the separate gas diversion and residue separation chambers located in each pressure vessel, and then passed through respective dip tubes that terminate below the level of the water contained in the respective slag chambers. By this means, the bleed gas may be cleaned and partially cooled. The dip tube will be described in greater detail in connection with the discussion of FIG. 1.
In another embodiment of the subject invention, the gas diversion and residue separation means in the second pressure vessel comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant cyclones connected in series or parallel. The cyclones are made from high temperature resistant refractory material in order to withstand the hot gas stream passing therethrough. The hot gas stream passes through the cyclones at substantially the same temperature as produced in the reaction zone, i.e. about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. less ordinary temperature losses in the lines i.e. about 50.degree. to 200.degree. F. The cyclones are made from high temperature refractory materials that have the necessary mechanical strength over this temperature range. Further, the refractory provides thermal insulation to prevent heat loss from the hot gas stream passing through. Suitable refractory materials include: high purity high density aluminum oxide, chromium aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide. Both wet and dry type slag pots may be employed to receive the solid matter and slag separated from above.
The cyclone is essentially a separating chamber in which the force of gravity is replaced by centrifugal acceleration. In one embodiment of the invention a plurality of cyclones i.e. 2-6, such as 2-4, say 2 are connected in series. In such case, the raw gas stream leaving the first gas diversion and residue separating chamber in the first vessel and containing particulate solids and slag, passes through the transfer line and enters the cylindrical conical chamber of the first cyclone tangentially at one or more entrances at the upper end. The gas path involves a double vortex with the raw gas stream spiraling downward at the outside and the cleaned gas stream spiraling upward on the inside to a plenum at the top. The partially cleaned gas stream leaves each cyclone in the line by way of a central outlet along the vertical axis at the top of the cyclone and passes directly into the tangential inlet to the next cyclone. The cleaned gas stream leaves the last cyclone in the series by way of the upper central outlet and then passes upward directly into the bottom of a vertical free-flow radiant cooling section of vessel 2. The solid particles, by virtue of their inertia, will tend to move in each cyclone towards the separator wall from which they are led into a bottom central discharge outlet. Small size particles will form clusters that drop into the pool of water contained in the slag chamber at the bottom of the second pressure vessel. Optionally, about 0 to 20 vol. %, such as about 0.5 to 10 vol. %, say 5 vol. % of the hot gas stream passing through the insulated transfer line and entering the second pressure vessel may be passed through the dust trap and bottom outlet along with the solid matter and slag in at least one of the cyclones in the series. This will keep the annular passage leading into the dust trap and the bottom outlet hot and prevent bridging. The bleed stream leaves the vessel by way of an insulated side outlet located above the pool of water at the bottom of the slag chamber. The hot stream of bleed gas then passes through an insulated line and cooled control valve.
In another embodiment, a plurality of multiple-stage cyclone units are employed in parallel. In such case, the partially cleaned gas stream that is discharged from the first-stage cyclone is passed into the inlet to the next cyclone in the series. The clean gas stream from each of the last cyclone in each series may be discharged directly up through the tube-wall cooled radiation section, or indirectly by way of a common plenum chamber.
Thus, say about 2-6 of the previously described serially connected multi-stage cyclones are supported in the second pressure vessel. As previously described, said second pressure vessel comprises a radiant cooling section in the upper portion and a slag chamber in the lower portion. Optionally, bleed gas and/or separated matter may be discharged into quench water contained in said slag chamber, by way of a vertical dip-tube, connected to the underside of and in communication with the bottom exit orifice of at least one of said cyclones. For example, two high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclones may be connected in series, as previously described, to produce a two-stage cyclone unit. A cluster, say 2-6, of these two-stage cyclone units may be then supported in the second pressure vessel. In one embodiment the inlets to the first cyclone of a cluster of multi-stage cyclone units connected in series may be supplied with hot gas by way of an internal or external manifold which connects to the transfer line leading to the first gas diversion and residue separation chamber. Alternatively, a plurality of first pressure vessels i.e. 2-4, each including a gasifier, first gas diversion and residue separation chamber and first slag chamber, may be employed to produce, say 2 to 4 separate hot partially cleaned feed gas streams. These hot gas streams, separately or in combination may be introduced directly into said manifold connected to the first cyclone in each of the plurality of multi-stage cyclone units connected in series in the second vessel.
In one further embodiment the hot process gas stream leaving the reaction zone of at least one, say 2-6, partial oxidation gasifiers passes directly through separate thermally insulated transfer lines and into the inlet of a single or a plurality such as 2-8, say 4 high temperature resistant thermally insulated cyclones connected in parallel and supported in said second pressure vessel in the manner previously described. Alternatively, the hot process gas streams leaving the reaction zones from a plurality of partial oxidation gasifiers, such as 2-6, say 2, passes directly through separate thermally insulated transfer lines and into the inlets to the first cyclone in series for each of a plurality, say 2-6, of said multi-stage cyclone units supported in said second pressure vessel in the manner previously described. Optionally, said thermally insulated transfer lines may discharge into a distribution manifold which in turn feeds said hot gas stream into the inlets to the first cyclone in series for each multi-stage cyclone unit. The distribution manifold may be located inside or outside of the second pressure vessel. For example, it may be a ring-shaped high temperature resistant ceramic pipe. Thus, in the last two examples, the first residue separation chamber and first slag chamber may not be required with some fuel feeds when the entrained solids and slag in the effluent gas stream leaving the reaction zone is low.
From about 0 to 20 vol. %, such as about 0.5 to 10 vol. %, say 5 vol. % of the hot gas stream passing through the thermally insulated transfer line and entering the second pressure vessel may be passed through a thermally insulated manifold that is connected to and in communication with the dust trap at the bottom of at least one of said cyclones connected in parallel. This will prevent bridging and clogging of the annular passage leading to the dust trap and the bottom outlet with solids and slag. For a further discussion of cyclone separators, reference is made to CHEMICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK-Perry and Chilton, Fifth Edition 1973 McGraw-Hill Book Co. Pages 20-80 to 20-87 which is incorporated herewith by reference.
Thus, advantageously, by the subject process the temperature of the hot raw gas stream leaving the partial oxidation gas generator may be reduced to below the safe maximum operating temperature of a downstream convection-type gas cooler. Further, about 75 to 95 wt. % of entrained solid matter and slag are removed from the hot gas stream. Fouling of heat exchange surfaces, catalyst beds, and other equipment which may be contacted by the hot gas stream is thereby prevented. No liquid scrubbing fluid is employed. Accordingly, the sensible heat in the hot gas stream is not wasted by vaporizing scrubbing fluid, which may then contaminate the gas stream. Solid matter and slag are removed in the first and/or the second gas diversion and residue separation chambers or in the plurality of cyclones without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream. The sensible heat in the raw gas stream is available at the temperature of the reaction zone (less ordinary line losses of about 50.degree.-200.degree. F.) for producing by-product saturated or superheated stream. This stream may be used elsewhere in the process or exported. For example, steam may be used for heating purposes, for producing power in a steam turbine, or recycled to the gas generator as a temperature moderator. Alternately, at least a portion of the cleaned and cooled gas stream leaving the radiant cooling section may be passed through an expansion turbine for the production of mechanical energy, electrical energy, or both. The gas stream leaving the downstream convection-type gas cooler at a temperature in the range of about 150.degree. to 600.degree. F., or exiting from some other energy utilizing means, optionally may be subjected to additional process steps including gas scrubbing, purification, or both, depending on its intended use as a synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas
Description of the Drawing
A more complete understanding of the invention may be had by reference to the accompanying drawing which illustrates in FIGS. 1 to 3, different embodiments of the invention.
In FIG. 1, closed cylindrical vertical steel pressure vessel 1 comprises three main sections: reaction zone 2 lined with refractory 3 in the upper portion, gas diversion and residue separation chamber 4 which is located below reaction zone 2 and connected by passage 5, and slag chamber 6 which contains a pool of water 31 at the bottom of pressure vessel 1. Optionally, the slag chamber 6 may be dry. Alternately, the previously described three sections may be directed into three separate flanged pressure vessels which are vertically stacked, connected, communicating, and arranged in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 1.
Top inlet 7 is located in the top and bottom outlet 8 is located in the bottom of vessel 1. The axes of outlets 7 and 8 lie along the central vertical axis of vessel 1. Annulus-type burner 9, comprising center passage 10, inlet 11, and annulus passage 12 is mounted in upper inlet 7. A mixture of ground coal in a transport medium (such as a coal-water slurry) in line 13 is pumped by means of pump 14 through line 15 into heat exchanger 16 where the slurry is preheated by indirect heat exchange with at least a portion of the bleed gas from lines 17, 18, or both. Alternately, another hot stream i.e. steam may be used to preheat the slurry. The preheated coal-water slurry in line 19 is passed through inlet 11 and annulus passage 12 of burner 9 into reaction zone 2 where it impinges and reacts by partial oxidation with a stream of free-oxygen containing gas. For example, a stream of substantially pure oxygen or air in line 20 is preheated in heat exchanger 21 with steam from line 22. The preheated free-oxygen containing gas is then passed through line 23 and center passage 10 of burner 9 into the reaction zone where the partial oxidation reaction takes place with the coal-water slurry. The cooled bleed stream leaving the heat exchanger 16 by way of line 24 is mixed downstream in the process with the cooled main gas stream leaving a convection type of gas cooler (not shown). Alternately, the heating fluid in heat exchanger 16 may be a portion of the saturated steam produced downstream in the process in line 25.
The hot raw gas stream containing residue from the partial oxidation reaction i.e. entrained particulate solids and molten slag leaves reaction zone 2, passes downwardly through connecting passage 5 at high velocity, and enters gas diversion chamber 4 where the velocity of the gas stream is suddenly reduced. About 45 to 50 wt. % of the entrained solids and slag drop out of the gas stream by gravity in diversion chamber 4 and pass through outlet 30 in the bottom of diversion chamber 4. The central vertical longitudinal axis of passage 5 and bottom outlet 30 of chamber 4 lie along the central longitudinal vertical axis of vessel 1. The solid material and slag drop into water 31 contained in slag chamber 6 at the bottom of vessel 1.
Dip-tube assembly 26 may be optionally employed. When used, it is connected to and in communication with bottom outlet 30. By this means bleed gas and/or solid matter and slag may be discharged directly into quench water 31 and partially cooled. Annular shaped water distribution collar 27 is attached to the bottom of support 28. Support 28 for refractory 51 extends from the vessel wall. Vertical dip-tube 60 extends from the bottom of collar 27 to below the water level. Quench water in line 41 is introduced through pipe 42 and passes into distribution collar 27. The water then passes out through an annular slot in the bottom of collar 27 and contacts the inside surfaces of dip-tube 60. The water helps to cool the material passing through dip-tube 60 and prevents the tube from overheating. Vertical draft tube 61 is concentric with dip-tube 60 and is radially spaced therefrom by means of spacer bars 62. Spacer bars or supporting legs 63 may be used to support the dip-tube assembly. They extend from the vessel bottom or wall to the lower part of draft tube 61.
In order to keep outlet 30 clear and free from solid material, a portion i.e. about 1 vol. % of the gas stream may be diverted as a stream of bleed gas through bottom outlet 30, dip-tube 26 if used, and refractory lined outlet 32 in the side wall of vessel 1 above the level of water 31 in the bottom. The bleed gas is passed through insulated line 33, water cooled control valve 34, insulated line 17 and optionally into heat exchanger 16. A mixture of hot water and solids is removed from the bottom of vessel 1 through bottom outlet 8, lines 35, 36, heat exchanger 37, line 38, valve 39, and line 40 to a lock hopper system (not shown). Solids are removed from the quench water in a solids recovery zone (not shown), and the quench water is returned to slag chamber 6 by way of line 41 and side inlet 42.
When bridging of bottom outlet 30 is not a problem, then all of the hot raw gas stream entering gas diversion chamber 4 exits by way of side outlet 43. From there the hot gas stream passes through transfer line 44 at high velocity. Transfer line 44, is a passageway lined with refractory 45. The gas stream enters the second gas diversion and residue separation chamber 46 located in second pressure vessel 50 by way of inlet 47. By inclining transfer line 44, for example, about 60.degree. measured clockwise from the vertical central axis of vessel 50 starting from the third quadrant, as shown in the drawing, molten slag that separates from the gas stream may easily run down the transfer line and flow back into gas diversion chamber 4. From there the slag drops into the pool of water at the bottom of slag chamber 6. The design of the second gas diversion and residue separation chamber 46 in pressure vessel 50 is similar to that previously described for the first gas diversion and residue separation chamber 4 in the first pressure vessel. However, the size of gas diversion chamber 46 is larger than that of gas diversion chamber 4. This will provide the gas stream passing upwardly through gas diversion chamber 46 with a longer dwell time for separation of particulate matter and slag. About 25 to 30 wt. % of the total amount of particulate matter and slag is removed from the gas stream in the second gas diversion chamber 46. Gas diversion and solid separation chamber 46 is equipped with upper outlet 48 and bottom outlet 49. The central vertical longitudinal axis of outlets 48 and 49 lie along the central vertical longitudinal axis of closed vertical cylindrical pressure vessel 50. Gas diversion chambers 4 and 46 are either made from a thermal refractory material 51, or they are lined with a thermal refractory material. By this means, there is substantially no drop in temperature or pressure as the gas stream passes through free-flow diversion chambers 4 and 46. Solid material and slag which separate by gravity from the gas stream in diversion chamber 46, drop through bottom outlet 49 into a pool of water 52 located in the second slag chamber 53 at the bottom of vessel 50. When necessary, for example with high slagging feedstocks, a very small portion of the hot raw gas stream passing through diversion chamber 46 is continuously passed through bottom outlet 49, refractory lined outlet 54 located at the bottom of vessel 50 and above the level of water pool 52, insulated line 55, water cooled valve 56 and insulated line 18.
A diptube (not shown), but substantially as described previously in connection with the first gas diversion and residue separation chamber i.e. dip-tube 26, may be optionally connected to refractory support 28 located at the underside of bottom outlet 49. The dip-tube, if present, is in communication with bottom outlet 49. Bleed gas and/or material separated in the second gas diversion and residue separation chamber may be passed through bottom outlet 49, and the dip-tube which discharges under quench water 52 in second slag chamber 53.
Optionally, the bleed gas in line 18 may be mixed with the bleed gas in line 17 and used to preheat the coal-water slurry in heat exchanger 16. Alternatively, the bleed gas in line 18 may be mixed downstream with most of the gas stream leaving a convection type gas cooler (not shown). The hot water containing solids in water pool 52 leaves by way of central outlet 57 at the bottom of vessel 50, and line 58. Advantageously, the sensible heat in this stream of water is recovered by mixing it with the water containing solids in line 35 from vessel 1 and passing the mixture through line 36 into heat exchanger 37.
The hot raw gas stream passing upwardly through gas diversion solid separation chamber 46 leaves by way of upper central outlet 48 and enters directly into the bottom of radiant cooling section 65. This section comprises a radiant boiler and is located in the upper portion of vessel 50. Tube wall 66, through which a coolant flows, is part of the radiant boiler and lines the inside walls of the upper section of vessel 50. The gas-tight tube wall protects the inside surfaces of the steel pressure vessel from corrosive and thermal damage from the hot gas stream that contacts the outside surfaces of the tubes while passing upwardly through the radiant cooling section. Tube wall 66 is in communication with annular header 67 at the bottom and annular header 68 at the top. By this means the coolant enters bottom header 67 by way of line 69 and inlet 70, passes upwardly through the individual upright tubes in tube wall 66 to upper header 68, and leaves by outlet 71 and 72. Tube wall 66 may comprise a plurality of vertical thin-walled tubes that are longitudinally welded to each other. The velocity of the hot raw gas stream passing up through the radiation section 65 is less than that of the gas stream passing up through diversion chamber 46; which velocity in turn is less than the velocity of the gas stream passing down through gas diversion chamber 4. Similarly, the dwell time of the gas stream in radiant cooling section 65 is greater than that in gas diversion chamber 46; which dwell time in turn is greater than that in gas diversion chamber 4. There are no obstructions along the central longitudinal vertical cylindrical shaped core of radiant boiler 65. Accordingly, the upflowing hot raw gas stream passes freely therethrough; and, about 10 to 15 wt. % of the total solids produced in the gas generator drop out of the gas stream and fall down by gravity through openings 48 and 49 into the pool of quench water 52. Tube-wall 66 encircles said central passage.
Makeup quench water may be introduced into slag chamber 53 by way of line 75 and inlet 76 at the bottom of vessel 50. Slag chambers 6 and 53 may be water jacketed or insulated. Annular shaped water jackets 120 and 121, respectively line the inside walls of slag chambers 6 and 53. Cooling water enters said cooling jackets by way of lines 123 to 125 and inlets 126 and 127. Heated water leaves jacket 120 through upper outlet 128 and line 129. Heated water leaves jacket 121 through upper outlet 130 and line 131.
In a preferred embodiment, makeup boiler feed water (BFW) in line 77 is preheated in heat exchanger 37 by indirect heat exchange with one or both of the hot water streams containing solid material from slag chambers 6 and 53. The preheated BFW is passed through line 78 and mixed in line 69 with water from line 79. The preheated water in line 69 is passed through inlet 70 into lower header 67. The water rises in tube wall 66 and is heated by indirect heat exchange with the hot gas stream flowing upwardly through the radiant cooling section. A mixture of water at its boiling point and steam leaves upper header 68 through outlet 71, line 72, and enters steam drum 85. The steam and water separate in steam drum 85 and water is removed by way of bottom outlet 86 and 79. The water is recycled to the lower header 67 of radiant boiler 65 as previously described. Saturated steam is removed from steam drum 85 by way of upper outlet 87, line 88, valve 89 and line 25. This saturated steam may be used elsewhere in the process thereby increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. For example, the saturated steam may be superheated and used as the working fluid in a steam turbine for the production of mechanical power, or electrical energy, or both.
The partially cooled and cleaned gas leaves the radiant cooling section 65 by way of outlet 90 at or near the top of vessel 50. Outlet 90 is connected directly to an energy utilizing device (not shown) which operates downstream at elevated pressure. The connection may be at an angle, for example, of 0.degree. to 90.degree. with the vertical axis of vessel 50. By this means, the energy utilizing device may be operated at the same pressure as the gas produced in gas generator 3 less ordinary pressure drop in the lines. Advantageously, by the subject invention the temperature of the gas stream may be reduced in radiant cooling section 65 to below the maximum safe operating temperature of the downstream energy utilizing means. Further, by removing from about 75 to 95 wt. % of the entrained solids and slag from the hot raw gas stream by means of the subject process, the life and performance of said energy utilizing means is increased. For example, the partially cooled and cleaned gas stream for outlet 90 may be introduced directly into a conventional convection type gas cooler thereby superheating and/or generating steam and heating boiler feed water. Thence, the gas, still substantially at generation pressure may be further scrubbed of particulate matter by well known systems. See coassigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,097,081 for further processing of the gas stream to produce a clean chemical synthesis feed stream or for use as a clean fuel gas. Alternately, the partially cooled and cleaned gas stream leaving outlet 90 may be introduced directly as the working fluid into an expansion turbine for the production of mechanical power, electrical energy, or both.
As previously described, closed vertical steel pressure vessel 50 comprises three principal sections which are connected and communicating: (1) radiant cooling section 65, (2) gas diversion and residue separation section 46, and (3) slag cooling and removal section 53. Optionally, these three sections may be contained in one or more separate pressure vessels which are assembled vertically and interconnected in the order shown in the drawing.
FIG. 2 is a cutaway diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of the invention in which the second gas diversion and solids separation zone in the second pressure vessel 50 comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated, cyclones connected in series. For example, two cyclones 100 and 100a are shown in the drawing connected in series. Briefly, the partially cleaned gas stream leaving the first cyclone 100 passes directly into inlet 101a of the second cyclone 100a. The cleaned gas stream leaving the second cyclone passes out through outlet 105a and directly into radiant cooling section 65.
Reference numbers of elements in FIG. 2 which are the same as the corresponding reference numbers in FIG. 1, have been described previously in connection with FIG. 1. Cyclones 100 and 100a are supported and spaced from the walls in the second pressure vessel 50 by conventional means such as side brackets 104 which extends from the wall of the vessel and contact the lower part of the cyclones, and supporting legs 96 and 96a which extend upward from the vessel bottom or wall and support the bottom of the cyclones. Cyclones 100 and 100a are located below the radiant cooling section 65 and above the second slag chamber 53. Thermal insulation i.e. refractory 102 and 102a from which cyclones 100 and 100a are made prevents the loss of heat from the hot raw gas stream passing through the two cyclones. Annular passage 116 between the outside diameter of the insulated cyclones and the inside diameter of the tube wall permits any falling solid matter and slag from above to reach second slag chamber 53 below.
Cyclones 100 and 100a are essentially settling chambers in which the force of gravity is replaced by centrifugal acceleration. The hot raw gas stream leaving the first gas diversion and solids separation chamber 4 in FIG. 1, passes through thermally insulated e.g. refractory transfer line 45, and enters cyclone 100 by way of tangential inlet 101. The path of the hot gas stream inside the cyclone involves a double vortex with the hot raw gas stream spiraling downward at the outside and the clean gas stream spiraling upward on the inside and passes through upper central exit tube 103, and upper outlet 105 at the top. The partially cleaned gas stream leaves the cyclone 100 by way of upper outlet 105 and then passes through thermally insulated line 120 and directly through inlet 101a of cyclone 100a. The path of the hot raw gas stream through the second cyclone 100a is substantially the same as that previously described for cyclone 100. The hot cleaned gas stream passes up through central exit tube 103a and leaves cyclone 100a through upper outlet 105a. The hot gas stream then passes directly into the bottom of radiant cooling section 65. The gas stream passes upward through radiant cooling section 65 in indirect heat exchange with the coolant in tube wall 66, and leaves through upper outlet 90 (shown in FIG. 1). The solid particles and slag entrained in the gas stream entering cyclones 100 and 100a, by virtue of their inertia, will tend to move in each cyclone toward the separator wall from which they are led respectively through annular passage 106 and 106a into dust traps 107 and 107a located below vortex shields 108 and 108a. Small size particles will form clusters that may be easily removed from the cyclones by way of bottom outlets or orifices 109 and 109a. The solid matter drops into the pool or quench water 52 contained in the bottom of slag chamber 53. The steps of removing the mixture of quench water and solids by way of bottom outlet 57 and line 58; heat exchange; recovery of quench water in a solids removal zone (not shown); and recycle of the quench water back to the slag chamber 53 by way of line 75 and inlet 76 are the same as that described previously in connection with FIG. 1.
In another embodiment, bridging of annular passage 106 and bottom outlet 109 and/or 106a and 109a in cyclones 100 and/or 100a is prevented by passing through dust traps 107 and/or 107a and outlets 109 and/or 109a, a small hot stream of bleed gas taken from the main gas stream in transfer line 44 by way of insulated line 110, cooled valve 111, insulated line 112, refractory line gas distribution pipe 131 located within second pressure vessel 50, and tangential inlet 113 to dust trap 107 and/or inlet 113a (not shown) to dust trap 107a. As described in connection with FIG. 1, the bleed gas is discharged from slag chamber 53 by way of refractory lined side outlet 54, insulated line 55, water cooled valve 56 and insulated line 18. The bleed gas may be used to preheat the coal-water slurry. Subsequently, the bleed gas stream is mixed with the main gas stream, and optionally if necessary, the mixture is subjected to additional scrubbing downstream in the process.
In another embodiment, a water-cooled dip-tube assembly like dip-tube assembly 26 as previously described in connection with FIG. 1 is attached below and in communication with bottom outlet 109 in at least one of the cyclones. By this means, bleed gas and/or the separated matter may be discharged below the level of quench water 52.
The metal shell of second pressure vessel 50 is prevented from overheating by vertical tube wall 66. Tube wall 66 lines vessel 50 on the inside and extends down the entire length, replacing tube wall 66 in upper radiant cooling section 65 of FIG. 1, and also water jacket 121 in the second slag chamber. Lower header 67 of tube wall 66 is immersed in quench water 52. Upper header 68 of tube wall 66, stream drums 85, and the related lines which comprise the upper portion of radiant cooling section 65 (not shown) are the same as described previously in connection with FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cutaway diagramatic representation of another embodiment of the invention in which the second gas diversion and solids separation zone in the second pressure vessel 50 comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant thermally insulated e.g. refractory cyclones connected in parallel. For example, three cyclones 100, 100a, and 100b connected in parallel are shown in the drawing. Cyclones 100, 100a, and 100b are supported within the second pressure vessel 50 below the radiant cooling section 65 and above the second slag chamber 53 which preferably contains cooling water 52 in the bottom. By means of conventional brackets and spacers 104 which extend from the sides of the vessel and between the cyclones and supports 96b which extend upwardly from the bottom of the vessel to the bottom of the cyclones, the cluster of cyclones are supported in the second pressure vessel with their central vertical axis parallel with the central vertical axis of the second pressure vessel 50. Any solid matter and slag separated in the radiation chamber 65 above may drop into the slag chamber below by way of annular passage 116 between the inside diameter of tube wall 66 and the outside diameter of the cluster of cyclones. Similar elements in FIGS. 1-3 have the same reference numbers.
The hot raw gas stream from the first gas diversion and residue separation zone in the first pressure vessel is passed through refractory lined transfer line 44 into a thermally insulated i.e. refractory manifold 130 located within second pressure vessel 50 in FIG. 3. The hot raw gas stream in manifold 130 is simultaneously, passed through inlets 101, 101a, and 101b respectively of cyclones 100, 100a, and 100b. The hot raw gas stream spirals downward on the inside of each cyclone to respective vortex shields 108, 108a, and 108b. The clean gas stream spirals upward in each cyclone and leaves through respective exit tubes 103, 103a, and 103b, and respective upper outlets 105, 105a, and 105b. Each of the cleaned hot gas streams from cyclones 100, 100a, and 100b enters directly into the bottom of radiant cooling section 65. The gas stream is cooled by indirect heat exchange with the coolant in tube-wall 66 which lines the inside walls of radiant cooling section 65. Radiant cooling section 65 has been described in greater detail in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2.
Solid particles and slag, separated in cyclones 100, 100a, and 100b pass simultaneously and respectfully through annular passages 106, 106a, and 106b, dust traps 107, 107a, and 107b, bottom orifices 109, 109a, 109b, and drop into the pool of quench water 52 contained in the bottom of slag chamber 53.
In another embodiment, bridging of annular passages 106, 160a, and 106b and/or bottom outlets 109, 109a, and 109b is prevented by passing through dust traps 107, 107a, and 107b and outlets 109, 109a, and 109b, three separate small hot streams of bleed gas. The bleed gas is taken from the main gas stream in transfer line 44 by way of insulated line 110, cooled valve 111, insulated line 112, refractory lined pipe manifold 131 located within the second pressure vessel, and tangential inlets 113, 113a, and 113b.
In another embodiment, a water-cooled dip-tube assembly like dip-tube assembly 26 as previously discribed in connection with FIG. 1 is attached below and in communication with bottom outlet 109 in at least one of the cyclones. By this means, bleed gas and/or the separated matter may be discharged below the level of quench water 52.
Other modifications and variations of the invention as hereinbefore set forthe may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and therefore only such limitations should be imposed on the invention as are indicated in the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for separating entrained solid matter and slag from a hot raw gas stream comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, entrained solid matter and slag, and one or more materials from the group H.sub.2 O, H.sub.2 S, COS, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2, and A as produced in the reaction zone of a gas generator by the partial oxidation of solid carbonaceous fuel at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of 10 to 190 atmospheres, and cooling said hot raw gas stream comprising: (1) passing said hot raw gas stream directly from said reaction zone downward through a connecting passage at high velocity into a thermally insulated unobstructed free-flow gas diversion and residue separation chamber where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced, said residue separation chamber having a net internal volume which is smaller than that of said reaction zone and having bottom and side outlets, separating by gravity a portion of said solid matter and slag from the gas stream without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream, and passing said portion of separated material by gravity through said bottom outlet into a first slag pot located directly below said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber; (2) passing about 80.0 to 100 vol. % of the hot gas stream from said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber with a portion of said solid matter and slag removed through said side outlet then through a thermally insulated transfer line and then through a plurality of thermally insulated cyclones connected in series, parallel or both, said cyclones having inlet means and upper and lower outlet means and being located in a separate vertical pressure vessel from that containing said gas diversion and residue separation chamber, separating additional solid matter and slag from the gas stream by said cyclones without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream, and passing said separated portion of material into a second slag pot located directly below the cyclones; (3) passing about 80.0 to 100 vol. % of the hot gas stream with a portion of said solid matter and slag removed by said cyclones directly into the bottom of and upward at a reduced velocity through the unobstructed central vertical passage of a radiant cooling zone having a plurality of vertical tubes lining the inside walls, simultaneously cooling said upflowing hot gas stream to below the maximum safe operating temperature for a downstream energy utilizing means by indirect heat exchange with a coolant flowing in said vertical tubes and at least partially solidifying any remaining ash particles in the gas stream, and removing additional solid matter and slag from said gas stream by gravity, and passing said separated portion of material into said second slag pot; and (4) removing a cleaned gas stream from said radiant cooling zone at a reduced temperature.
2. The process of claim 1 provided with the step of introducing said portions of said matter and slag separated in steps 1 and/or 2 into a pool of quench water contained in the bottom of either one or both of said slag pots.
3. The process of claim 1 provided with the steps of passing a stream of bleed gas comprising about 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream from said reaction zone into said first slag pot along with said separated solid matter and slag, and/or passing a stream of bleed gas comprising about 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream from said transfer line through the bottom outlet of at least one said cyclones along with said separated solid matter and slag and into said second slag pot thereby preventing bridging of said bottom outlet, and removing said bleed gas from said slag pots.
4. The process of claim 1 where in step (2) said hot gas stream from step (1) is introduced into a manifold which communicates with the inlet to at least one cyclone by way of a thermally insulated transfer line whose longitudinal central axis makes an angle with the central vertical axis of said separate vertical pressure vessel in the range of about 30.degree. to 120.degree. measured clockwise starting in the third quadrant.
5. The process of claim 1 provided with the additional steps of cooling said portions of solid matter and slag separated in steps (1) and/or (2) by passing the material separated in step (1) through the bottom outlet of said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber and then through a vertical first dip tube that communicates with said first bottom outlet and which terminates below the level of quench water contained in the bottom of said first slag pot, and/or by passing said material separated in step (2) into quench water contained in the bottom of said second slag pot; and wherein at least one of said plurality of cyclones has a vertical dip tube connected to and in communication with its bottom outlet through which material separated by the cyclone is introduced into said quench water.
6. The process of claim 5 provided with the additional step of passing a first stream of bleed gas comprising about 0 to 20 volume % of the hot gas stream from said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber along with the material separated in step (1) through the bottom outlets of said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber and through said first dip tube into said quench water and/or passing a second stream of bleed gas comprising about 0 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream leaving said transfer line in step (2) through the bottom exit of at least one of said cyclones along with the material separated in said cyclone and then through a second dip tube attached to and in communication with said cyclone into said quench water; and removing cooled first and second streams of bleed gas respectively from said first and second slag pots.
7. The process of claim 1 where in step (2) the hot gas stream leaving the thermally insulated transfer line is passed directly into the inlet to a multiple-stage cyclone unit comprising a plurality of thermally insulated cyclones connected in series, and passing the partially cleaned hot gas stream having one cyclone into the next cyclone in the series; and passing the cleaned hot gas stream leaving the last cyclone in the series directly up through said radiation zone.
8. The process of claim 7 provided with the additional steps of cooling the solid matter and slag separated in said multiple-stage cyclone unit by passing said separated material into quench water contained in the bottom of said second slag pot.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein at least one of the cyclones in said multiple-stage cyclone unit has a vertical dip tube connected to and in communication with its bottom outlet, and provided with the step of discharging the portion of material separated by that cyclone through said dip tube and below the level of the quench water in the second slag pot.
10. The process of claim 9 provided with the additional steps of passing a stream of bleed gas comprising about 0 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream leaving said thermally insulated transfer line through the bottom exit of at least one of the cyclones with a communicating dip tube in said multiple-stage cyclone unit along with the material separated in said cyclone, and then through said dip tube into said quench water; and removing a cooled stream of bleed gas from said second slag pot.
11. The process of claim 1 where in step (2) the hot gas stream leaving the thermally insulated transfer line is passed directly into a thermally insulated manifold which is connected to the inlets to a plurality of parallel multiple-stage cyclones units with each unit comprising a plurality of thermally insulated cyclones connected in series, and passing the cleaned hot gas stream leaving each of the last cyclones in each unit directly up through said radiant cooling zone.
12. The process of claim 1 where in step (2) the hot gas stream leaving the thermally insulated transfer line is passed directly into a thermally insulated manifold which is in communication with the inlets to a plurality of thermally insulated cyclones connected in parallel; and passing the cleaned hot gas stream leaving the outlets of said cyclones directly up through said radiant cooling zone.
13. The process of claim 11 or 12 provided with the additional step of introducing into said thermally insulated manifold, the additional hot gas streams produced in a plurality of partial oxidation gas generators.
14. The process of claim 11 wherein said thermally insulated manifold is located inside or outside of the pressure vessel containing said plurality of cyclones.
15. The process of claim 1 further comprising the additional step of introducing hot raw gas streams, produced in a plurality of additional partial oxidation gas generators and containing slag and solid matter, into said plurality of thermally insulated cyclones in step (2).
16. The process of claim 12 provided with the additional steps of cooling the solid matter and slag separated by said parallel cyclones by passing said separated material into quench water contained in the bottom of said second slag pot.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein at least one of the parallel cyclones has a vertical dip tube connected to and in communication with its bottom outlet, and provided with the step of discharging the portion of material separated by that cyclone through said dip tube and below the level of the quench water in the second slag pot.
18. The process of claim 17 provided with the additional steps of passing a stream of bleed gas comprising about 0 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream leaving said thermally insulated transfer line through the bottom exit of at least one of the parallel cyclones with a communicating dip tube, along with the material separated in said cyclone, and then through said dip tube into said quench water, and removing a cooled stream of bleed gas from said second slag pot.
19. A process for separating entrained solid matter and slag from a hot raw gas stream comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, entrained solid matter and slag, and one or more materials from the group H.sub.2 O, H.sub.2 S, COS, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2, and A as produced in the reaction zone of a gas generator by the partial oxidation of solid carbonaceous fuel at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of about 10 to 190 atmospheres, and cooling said hot raw gas stream comprising: (1) passing said hot raw gas stream directly from said reaction zone downward through a connecting passage at high velocity into a first thermally insulated unobstructed free-flow gas diversion and residue separation chamber where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced, said first residue separation chamber having a net internal volume which is smaller than that of said reaction zone and having bottom and side outlets, separating by gravity a portion of said solid matter and slag from the gas stream without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream, and passing said portion of separated material by gravity through said bottom outlet into a first slag pot located directly below said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber; (2) passing about 80.0 to 100 vol. % of the hot gas stream from said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber with a portion of said solid matter and slag removed through said side outlet and then through a thermally insulated transfer line directly into a second thermally insulated unobstructed freeflow gas diversion and residue separation chamber where the velocity of the gas stream is changed, the second gas diversion and residue separation means being sized larger than said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber and having bottom and top outlets and being located in a separate vertical pressure vessel from that containing said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber, separating additional solid matter and slag from the gas stream by gravity without substantially reducing the temperature of the gas stream, and passing said separated portion of material into a second slag pot located directly below said second gas diversion and residue separation chamber; (3) passing about 80.0 to 100 vol. % of the hot gas stream from said second gas diversion and residue separation chamber with a portion of said solid matter and slag removed upward through said top outlet and directly into the bottom of and upward through the unobstructed central vertical passage of a radiant cooling zone at a reduced velocity, simultaneously cooling said gas stream and separating additional solid matter and slag from said gas stream, and passing said separated portion of material into said second slag pot; (4) cooling said portions of solid matter and slag separated in steps (1) and/or (2) and (3) by passing the material separated in step (1) through the bottom outlet of said first gas diversion and residue separation chamber and then through a vertical first dip tube that communicates with said first bottom outlet and terminates below the level of quench water contained in the bottom of said first slag pot, and/or by passing said material separated in steps (2) and (3) through the bottom outlet of said second gas diversion and residue separation chamber and then through a vertical second dip tube that communicates with said second bottom outlet and terminates below the level of quench water contained in the bottom of said second slag pot; producing thereby hot quench water containing solid matter and slag; and (5) removing a cleaned gas stream from said radiant cooling zone at a reduced temperature.
20. The process of claim 19 provided with the additional steps of simultaneously passing about 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream entering said first and/or second gas diversion and residue separation chambers into said quench water in said first and/or second slag chambers by way of said first and/or second dip tubes; and removing the bleed gas stream from said first and/or second slag pots.
21. The process of claim 19 provided with the steps of passing said hot quench water containing solid matter and slag in indirect heat exchange with boiler feed water thereby preheating said boiler feed water, and introducing said preheated boiler feed water into the radiant cooling section as a portion of the coolant.
22. The process of claim 19 provided with the step of passing said preheated boiler feed water upwardly through a tube wall in said radiant cooling section.
23. The process of claim 1 or 19 wherein said solid carbonaceous fuel is selected from the group consisting of particulate carbon, coal, coke from coal, lignite, petroleum coke, oil shale, tar sands, asphalt, pitch, and mixtures thereof.
24. The process of claim 1 or 19 wherein said solid carbonaceous fuel is subjected to partial oxidation either alone or in the presence of substantially thermally liquifiable or vaporizable hydrocarbon or carbonaceous materials and/or water.
25. The process of claim 1 or 19 wherein said solid carbonaceous fuel is introduced into the gas generator entrained in a gaseous medium from the group consisting of steam, CO.sub.2, nitrogen, synthesis gas, and air.
26. The process of claim 1 or 19 wherein a free oxygen containing gas selected from the group consisting of air, substantially pure oxygen and mixtures thereof is employed in said partial oxidation process.
27. The process of claim 1 or 19 provided with the step of introducing at least a portion of the cleaned and cooled gas stream from the radiation zone directly into an energy utilizing zone.
28. The process of claim 27 wherein said energy utilizing zone comprises a convection-type gas cooler.
29. The process of claim 27 wherein said energy utilizing zone comprises an expansion turbine for the production of mechanical energy and/or electrical energy.