US 4,293,205 AGrant
Camera Focus Detecting Device
Issue Date:1981-10-06
•14 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A focus detecting device for a lens system having a subsystem for dividing the image of an object into two optically equal images and for shifting the two images of the object in the opposite directions or shifting only one of the two images of the object. Two photoelectric conversion element groups are adapted to convert the variations in relative position of the two images of the object into electrical signals. An optical system projects the images of the object onto the two photoelectric conversion element groups, in which the following outputs are obtained from the outputs of photoelectric conversion elements forming the two photoelectric conversion element groups by using a calculating circuit: ##EQU1## where: n is the number of photoelectric conversion elements forming each photoelectric conversion element group, m is the number in order of a photoelectric conversion element and, i.sub.1 through i.sub.n and i'.sub.1 through i'.sub.n are the outputs of photoelectric conversion elements which are proportional to the quantities of light applied thereto, respectively.
Metadata
Assignee
- Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
Inventors
- Seijiro Tokutomi
- Masao Jyojiki
- Kazuo Nakamura
Application Information
Application Number:US 0454982
Filing Date:1979-06-04
Priority Date:1978-06-14
Art Unit:211
Classifications
IPC:
G03B 1318G01J 136
Field of Search:
35425035235635535023 D;24;25;31201;2041404;15646
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to an electrical processing system in a focus detecting device using the principle of a focus adjusting method known as "a double image superimposing system". In this system, two images of an object are shifted in the opposite directions or one of the two images is shifted and the relative displacement of the two images of the object becomes zero when the correct focalization is obtained. Hence, when using this method, an electrical focus detection is achieved by means of a pair of photoelectric conversion element groups. The invention relates to a focus detecting device for a camera, in which the sign of a focus detection output is changed before and after the correct focalization is obtained.
A number of focus detecting devices have been proposed which utilize the variations in spatial frequencies or the variations in contrast of the image of an object. Recently, a variety of focus detecting devices have been provided which utilize the principle of the above-described "double image superimposing system". Some have been put in practical use.
However, most of the conventional focus detecting devices merely utilize the facet of this technique where the focus detection output shows a maximum value, a minimum value or an extreme value when the correct focalization is obtained. Therefore, when the correct focalization is not yet obtained, it cannot be determined whether the direction of focus change is in the proper direction, i.e., whether correct focalization is going to be obtained or has already been obtained and the device is being driven further out of focus. Therefore, in order to obtain the correct focalization, the focus detecting operation must be carried out over the entire focus detection range from infinity to near point for one operation of detecting the position of the correct focalization. Furthermore, since it is difficult to stop the photographing lens immediately when a correct focalization detecting signal is received from the electrical circuit, it is necessary to store the position of the photographing lens at that time instant to return the photographing lens to the position thus stored. Therefore, it is also difficult to instantaneously produce an output indicative of the correct focalization detecting signal by permitting the photographing lens to follow an object moving at high speed.
In addition, although the photographer can be informed whether the correct focalization is obtained or not, it is difficult to inform to the photographer of the state of the photographing lens when the correct focalization is not obtained. That is, the state of the photographing lens when the photographing lens is focussed on a point before the object (hereinafter referred to as "a front focalization" when applicable) and the state of the photographing lens when it is focussed on a point behind the object (hereinafter referred to as "a rear focalization" when applicable) cannot be easily transmitted as an information signal. Thus, only automatic focus detection is performed by a conventional focus detecting device. Furthermore, since the conventional focus detecting device requires a drive circuit of the photographing lens and its electric source, the device is necessarily bulky and intricate.
The reason why the photographer, especially the beginner, has difficulty obtaining proper focus using his eyes resides in not only the fact that the functions of eyes are different among individuals but also in the fact that the display or indication of the correct focalization is effected in an analog mode. If the focalization is indicated digitally, i.e., if the front focalization, the correct focalization and the rear focalization are indicated in a digital mode, also digitally indicated whether or not the correct focalization is obtained, then it is unnecessary to carry out automatic focus detection. Hence, a so-called "focus indicator" is sufficient for the focussing operation.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide a focus detecting device for a camera, in which a focus indicator is arranged on the basis of the above-described technical concept and focalization is obtained by operating the photographing lens by the photographer.
It is another object of this invention to provide a focus detecting device where a drive circuit is unnecessary and no difference among individuals in the operation of the device results and the correct focalization can be obtained ideally.
In the case where the device is utilized as an automatic focus detecting device, it is unnecessary to make focus detection over the entire focus detecting range. Thus, the focus detecting device according to the invention is a considerable improvement in all respects over the prior art.
These and other objects of this invention are accomplished in a focus detecting device for a camera having a subsystem for dividing the image of an object into two optically equal images and means for shifting the two images of the object in the opposite directions or shifting only one of the two images of the object. Two photoelectric conversion element groups are adapted to convert the variations in relative position of the two images of the object into electrical signals. An optical system projects the images of the object onto the two photoelectric conversion element groups, in which the following outputs are obtained from the outputs of photoelectric conversion elements forming the two photoelectric conversion element groups by using a calculating circuit: ##EQU2## where: n is the number of photoelectric conversion elements forming each photoelectric conversion element group, m is the number in order of a photoelectric conversion element and, i.sub.1 through i.sub.n and i'.sub.1 through i'.sub.n are the outputs of photoelectric conversion elements which are proportional to the quantities of light applied thereto, respectively.
This invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in detail.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing one example of a focus detecting device for practicing a focus detecting and processing method according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing the arrangements of the light receiving surfaces of photoelectric conversion element groups;
FIGS. 3(a)-(e) show various states of object's images on the photoelectric conversion elements groups. More specifically, FIGS. 3(a), (b), (d) and (e) show the states of the object's images when the correct focalization is not obtained, and FIG. 3(c) shows the states of the object's images when the correct focalization has been obtained;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation indicating one example of a focus detection output obtained by utilizing the conventional double image superimposing system;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphical representations indicating focus detection outputs provided by a focus detecting method according to the invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing one example of an electrical processing device for practicing the electrical focus detecting and processing method according to the invention;
FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing one example of a view finder incorporating a focus indicator;
FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing one example of a method of coupling a total reflection mirror to a photographing lens;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing another example of the electrical processing device according to the invention, in which no micro-processor and switch circuit are employed;
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing one concrete example of a control circuit shown in FIGS. 7 and 10; and
FIG. 12 is a flow chart for controlling the entire circuitry shown in FIG. 7.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing one example of a focus detecting device suitable for a focus detecting and processing method according to the invention. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 designates an object; reference numerals 2, 3, 4 and 5, total reflection mirrors; and reference numerals 6 and 7, projection lenses for projecting the image of the object 1 onto photoelectric conversion element groups. Elements 8 and 9 comprise photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.1, d.sub.2, d.sub.3, d.sub.4 and d.sub.5 and photoelectric conversion elements d'.sub.1, d'.sub.2, d'.sub.3, d'.sub.4 and d'.sub.5, respectively. For simplification in description, the number of photoelectric conversion elements in each group is five. The photoelectric conversion elements are photo diodes. Reference numeral 10 designates an electrical processing device for achieving an electrical processing method according to the invention.
FIG. 2 shows the light receiving surfaces of the photoelectric conversion elements of the photoelectric conversion element groups 8 and 9. The direction of rotation of the total reflection mirror 3 coincides with the center line 3' of the groups 8 and 9. The light receiving surfaces of the elements are equal in dimension to one another, and the elements are equal in photoelectric characteristic to one another. Hence, the photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.1 through d.sub.5 correspond optically to the photoelectric conversion elements d'.sub.1 through d'.sub.5, respectively. Elements d.sub.1 through d.sub.5 and d'.sub.1 through d'.sub.5 provide outputs i.sub.1, i.sub.2, i.sub.3, i.sub.4 and i.sub.5 and i'.sub.1, i'.sub.2, i'.sub.3, i'.sub.4 and i'.sub.5, respectively, as indicated in FIG. 2.
FIGS. 3(a)-(e) illustrate the movements of the object images on the photoelectric conversion element groups 8 and 9 due to the rotation in one direction of the total reflection mirror 3. More specifically, the state shown in the part (c) is obtained when the correct focalization is obtained, and the states shown in the parts (a), (b), (d) and (e) are obtained when the correct focalization is not obtained. In FIG. 3, markings , and .increment. designate parts of an object image having different brightness, which are projected onto the light receiving surfaces of the respective photoelectric conversion elements.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation indicating outputs in a focus detecting method employing a conventional double-image superimposing system. The horizontal axis indicates the variation of a focal position, corresponding to the movement of the total reflection mirror 3, while the vertical axis indicates the variation of a focus detection output corresponding to a focal position.
FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphical representations indicating focus detection outputs in the electrical processing method according to the invention. Symbols (a) through (e) in FIGS. 4 through 6 correspond to those (a) through (e) in FIG. 3.
FIG. 7 shows one example of an electrical processing device 10 for practicing an electrical focus detecting and processing method according to the invention. The device 10 comprises a switch circuit 11, a logarithmic compression circuit 13, an amplifier circuit 12, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 14, an I/O port 15, a random access memory 16 (hereinafter referred to as "a RAM 16" when applicable), a read only memory 17 (hereinafter referred to as "a ROM 17" when applicable), a micro-processor 18, an I/O port 19, and a control circuit 20 for a focus indicator and a photographing lens. In FIG. 7, the solid lines indicate the directions of application of data (which are the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements), and the broken lines indicate the directions of application of control signals.
FIG. 8 shows one example of a view finder 21 in which the focus indicator is provided. When the correct focalization is not obtained, a display unit 22 or 24 is operated; and when the correct focalization is obtained, a display unit 23 is operated. The display units 22, 23 and 24 are, for instance, light emission diodes. It is apparent that the arrows 22 and 24 indicate the direction of rotation of the lens to achieve proper focus.
FIG. 9 shows the connection of the total reflection mirror 3 and the photographing lens 26 to complete the focus detecting method according to the invention. That is, the total reflection mirror 3 is connected to the photographing lens 26 with a lever 25. In FIG. 9, reference numeral 27 designates camera body.
FIG. 10 shows another example of the electrical processing device, in which the micro-processor 18 and the switch circuit 11 in FIG. 7 are not employed. The device comprises absolute value circuits 28, 29, 30 and 31, a difference circuit 32 in the form of a differential amplifier, comparators 33 and 34, and a NOR circuit 35. Reference numerals 36, 37 and 38 designate signal terminals to which signals representative of focal positions are applied. Reference characters .epsilon..sub.1 and -.epsilon..sub.1 correspond to those in FIG. 6, and factors to determine the range of focalization. In FIG. 10, reference characters L.sub.1 through L.sub.5 and L'.sub.1 through L'.sub.5 designate logarithmic compression circuits, respectively.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing one concrete example of the control circuit 20 shown in FIGS. 7 and 10. The control circuit 20 comprises a display unit control circuit having the display units 22 to 24 and a photographing lens control circuit having relay means R.sub.1 to R.sub.4. The relay means R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 operates, so that terminals 1 and 2 are short-circuited when a signal +V or a high level logic signal of "H" or "1" is applied to a terminal 3 .
FIG. 12 is a logic flow chart indicating the control of the entire circuit in FIG. 7. The operation of the focus detecting device according to the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
In FIG. 1, the image of the object 1 is projected through the total reflection mirrors 2 and 4 and the projection lens 6 onto the photoelectric conversion element group 8, while it is simultaneously projected through the total reflection mirrors 3 and 5 and the projection lens 7 onto the photoelectric conversion element group 9. The object image projected onto the photoelectric conversion element group 9 corresponds to the rotation of the total reflection mirror 3. The photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.1 through d.sub.5 and d'.sub.1 through d'.sub.5 provide outputs i.sub.1 through i.sub.5 and i'.sub.1 through i'.sub.5 corresponding to the quantities of light incident thereon, respectively. These outputs are processed by the processing device 10 to detect the focus. The detail of the electrical processing device 10 according to the invention will be described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 7.
The photoelectric conversion element groups 8 and 9 are illustrated in detail in FIG. 2. The photoelectric conversion element groups 8 and 9 are made up of the photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.1 through d.sub.5, and d'.sub.1 through d'.sub.5 arranged as shown in FIG. 2, as previously described. The position of the object image on the photoelectric conversion element group 8 is maintained unchanged irrespective of the rotation of the total reflection mirror, and the photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.1 through d.sub.5 provide the outputs i.sub.1 through i.sub.5, respectively. Although the object image is also projected onto the photoelectric conversion element group 9, this image is moved in parallel with the center line 3' as the total reflection mirror 3 is rotated. If, in this connection, the total reflection mirror 3 is rotated only in one direction, then the image is also moved in one direction. Accordingly, when the correct focalization is obtained, the object images projected onto the two groups 8 and 9 are positionally equivalent. Therefore, the outputs of the corresponding photoelectric conversion elements are equal: that is, i.sub.1 =i'.sub.1, i.sub.2 =i'.sub.2, i.sub.3 =i'.sub.3, i.sub.4 =i'.sub.4 and i.sub.5 =i'.sub.5.
In FIG. 3, in order to simplify the object image, parts of the object image of different brightness are indicated by the symbols , and .increment.. Thus, FIG. 3 presented is to show how the object image is moved with the rotation in one direction of the total reflection mirror 3.
The photoelectric conversion element group 8 is illustrated at the right-hand side of FIG. 3, and the object image thereon is not moved as was described before. Shown at the left-hand side of FIG. 3 is the variation of the object image projected onto the photoelectric conversion element group 9 when the total reflection mirror 3 is rotated in one direction so that the focal point is moved from a point behind the object to a point before the object. In this case, the position of the object image on the group 9 is changed as indicated in FIGS. 3(a) through (e) in the stated order. FIG. 3(c) indicates that the correct focalization is obtained, that is, the position of the object image on the photoelectric conversion element group 8 is equivalent to the position of the object image on the photoelectric conversion element group 9.
It is assumed that the output of a photoelectric conversion element onto which the image of the part of the object is projected is represented by a.sub.1 (a.sub.1 >0), the output of a photoelectric conversion element onto which the image of the part of the object is projected is represented by a.sub.2 (a.sub.2 >0), the output of a photoelectric conversion element onto which the image of the part .increment. of the object is projected is represented by a.sub.3 (a.sub.3 >0). Also, the output of a photoelectric conversion element onto which no object image is projected is represented by a.sub.0 (a.sub.0 >0), and a.sub.1 .noteq.a.sub.2 .noteq.a.sub.3 .noteq.a.sub.0. In the electrical focus detecting method employing the conventional double image superimposing system, the focus detection output V.sub.out can be expressed as follows: ##EQU3## where: n is the number of photoelectric conversion elements in each group, and i.sub.m and i'.sub.m are the outputs of photoelectric conversion elements d.sub.m and d'.sub.m.
Hereinafter, "log.sub.e " will be expressed as "log".
FIG. 3 is for the case of n=5. The focus detection outputs V.sub.out in the parts of FIGS. 3(a)-(e) are as follows:
(a) V.sub.out =.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.1 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.2 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.3 -loga.sub.1 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.2 .vertline.>0
(b) V.sub.out =.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.1 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.2 -loga.sub.1 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.3 -loga.sub.2 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.3 .vertline.>0
(c) V.sub.out =.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.1 -loga.sub.1 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.2 -loga.sub.2 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.3 -loga.sub.3 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.=0
(d) V.sub.out =.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.1 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.1 -loga.sub.2 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.2 -loga.sub.3 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.3 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.>0
(e) V.sub.out =.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.2 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.1 -loga.sub.3 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.2 31 loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.3 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.+.vertline.loga.sub.0 -loga.sub.0 .vertline.>0
Thus, the focus detection output V.sub.out is zero in the case of FIG. 3(c) where the focalization is obtained, but it is positive in the remaining cases. That is, the focus detection output V.sub.out has the minimum value when the focalization is obtained. In general, it is considered that the focus detection output V.sub.out in the case of FIG. 3(a) is greater than that V.sub.out in the case of FIG. 3(b) ((a)>(b)). The focus detection output V.sub.out in the case of FIG. 3(e) is greater than that V.sub.out in the case of FIG. 3(d) ((e)>(d)).
An important freature of the invention resides in that detection of the focalization including the above-described front focalization and rear focalization (other than the correct, or aimed, focalization) which cannot be recognized by the above-described generalized focus detecting method can be achieved. According to an electrical processing method of the invention described below, the outputs V.sub.out1, V.sub.out2 and V.sub.out3 in the cases of FIGS. 3(a) through (e) which are defined as follows, will be obtained. ##EQU4##
The output V.sub.out3 is the focus detection output according to the electrically processing method of the invention.
If it is assumed that A.sub.0 =loga.sub.0, A.sub.1 =loga.sub.1, A.sub.2 =loga.sub.2 and A.sub.3 =loga.sub.3, then ##EQU5##
In the case of FIG. 3(a), the focus detection output V.sub.out1 is remote from the point where the output is zero, when compared with the focus detection output V.sub.out2. Therefore, it can be considered that V.sub.out1 >V.sub.out2. Thus, it can be considered that there are many cases where V.sub.out3 >0.
Similarly, in the case of FIG. 3(e), it can be considered that V.sub.out3 >0. Accordingly, the focus detection output V.sub.out3 is positive before the state shown in FIG. 3(c) is obtained and it becomes zero when the state shown in that figure is obtained. It becomes negative after the state shown in FIG. 3(c) is obtained. That is, if it is assumed that the positive focus output V.sub.out3 represents the front (or rear) focalization, the zeroed output V.sub.out3 represents the correct focalization, and the negative focus output V.sub.out3 represents the rear (or front) focalization, the sign of the focus detection output V.sub.out3 is changed according to the position of the focus.
FIGS. 4 through 6 are graphical representations indicating the variations of the focus detection outputs with respect to the variations in position of the focus. In these figures, reference characters (a) through (e) correspond to those in FIG. 3, respectively.
FIG. 4 is a typical graphical representation indicating the variations of the focus detection output V.sub.out obtained by employing a conventional double image superimposing method. As is apparent from FIG. 4, the focus detection output has the minimum value zero (0) at the point (c) where the correct focalization is obtained, and it has positive values when the position of the focus is moved right or left from the point (c).
FIG. 5 indicates the detection outputs V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 for providing the focus detection output V.sub.out3 according to the invention. As is clear from the comparison between FIGS. 4 and 5, the curves V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 in FIG. 5 are similar in configuration to the curve V.sub.out in FIG. 4, but the points of their minimum values are shifted right and left respectively. As described with reference to FIG. 3, the point where the difference between the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements which correspond to one another if they are shifted by one position, is the point (d) for the detection output V.sub.out1 and the point (b) for the detection output V.sub.out2. At the other points, the detection outputs V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 follow the variations of the focus detection output V.sub.out in FIG. 4. As is apparent from the description made with reference to FIG. 3, the focus detection outputs V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 are equal to each other at point (c), and therefore the curves V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 intersect each other.
FIG. 6 indicates the variations of the focus detection output V.sub.out3 which is equal to (V.sub.out1 -V.sub.out2) in FIG. 5.
Thus, in the focus detecting method according to the invention, the sign of the focus detection output V.sub.out3 is changed with the focalization at the boundary, whereby the position of the focus can be detected.
In the focus detecting method according to the invention, the object images on the groups of photoelectric conversion elements 8 and 9 must be clear to a certain extent in the range of detection, because if the object images are unclear, then V.sub.out1 .apprxeq.0 and V.sub.out2 .apprxeq.O, and accordingly V.sub.out3 .apprxeq.O. As a result, the focus detection is effected erroneously. In this case, it may be considered to use the focus detecting method of the invention in combination with a method employing approximate contrast in which the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the outputs of adjacent photoelectric conversion elements is detected. However, if the lens system is additionally designed so that it has a function to permit the photographer to visually determine the focalization, the above-described problem caused when the object images on the photoelectric conversion element groups are unclear can be solved. This is because when the object images become unclear, the photographer can visually recognize that the correct focalization is not being obtained.
In FIG. 6, .epsilon..sub.1 and -.epsilon..sub.1 are the values for setting the range of focalization, and .epsilon..sub.1 >0.
One example of the electrical processing device 10 for practicing the electrical processing method according to the invention is shown in FIG. 7, in which a micro-processor such as "Intel 8080" manufactured by Intel Corporation is employed for the control and computation of various circuits.
The photoelectric conversion elements of the groups 8 and 9 provide outputs proportional to the quantities of incident light. The outputs are inputted to an amplifier circuit 12 in the order specified by a switch circuit 11 controlled by a micro-processor 18. These outputs i.sub.1, i.sub.2, . . . i.sub.5, and i'.sub.1, i'.sub.2, . . . i'.sub.5 of the photoelectric conversion elements are converted into outputs log(i.sub.1), log(i.sub.2), . . . log(i.sub.5) and log(i'.sub.1), log(i'.sub.2), . . . log(i'.sub.5) by a logarithmic compression circuit 13 which operates to provide the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements in a wide range. The above-described outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements are converted from analog data to digital data by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 14. The digital data are applied through an I/O port 15 to a RAM 16 under the control of the micro-processor 18, and are stored in the RAM 16. The digital data thus stored are successively subjected to calculation according to a program stored in a ROM 17, and are applied through an I/O port 19 to a circuit 20 for controlling a focus indicator and a photographing lens, so that the focus detection output V.sub.out3 is applied thereto.
FIG. 12 is the flow chart of the control program of the micro-processor 18. The control program is stored in the ROM. The order of provision of the switch circuit 11, logarithmic compression circuit 13 and amplifier circuit may be changed as required; however, the number of circuits provided in the front stage of the switch circuit 11 must be equal to the number of photoelectric conversion elements. The use of the amplifier circuit 12 is not always necessary. If logarithmic compression is carried out in the microprocessor 18, then the time required for computation is increased, the program becomes intricate, and the capacity of storage must be increased. Therefore, it is advisable that logarithmic compression is effectuated at a front stage of the A/D converter as shown in FIG. 7. In this case, the ratio of focus detection outputs can be calculated as a difference, which is considerably advantageous in the use of the processor 18, the program and the capacity of storage. That is, log(i.sub.1 /i'.sub.1) can be converted into log(i.sub.1)-log(i'.sub.1). If log(i.sub.1) and log(i'.sub.1) are represented by A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 respectively, then the expression log(i.sub.1)-log(i'.sub.1) can be rewritten as A.sub.1 -A.sub.2.
In general, the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements include various problems which must be solved. For instance, the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements will fluctuate because of the non-uniformity in the manufacturing process and the fluctuation can be corrected if correcting data are stored in the ROM 17 to perform the following calculation. If the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements are represented by .alpha..sub.1, .alpha..sub.2, . . . .alpha..sub.5 and .alpha.'.sub.1, .alpha.'.sub.2, . . . .alpha.'.sub.5 with the same incident light and the output of the photoelectric conversion elements are represented by i.sub.1, i.sub.2, . . . i.sub.5, and i'.sub.1, i'.sub.2, . . . i'.sub.5, the corrected outputs P.sub.1, P.sub.2, . . . P.sub.5 and P'.sub.1, P'.sub.2, . . . P'.sub.5 of the photoelectric conversion elements can be expressed by P.sub.1 =i.sub.1 /.alpha..sub.1, P.sub.2 =i.sub.2 /.alpha. .sub.2, . . . P.sub.5 =i.sub.5 /.alpha..sub.5, and P'.sub.1 =i'.sub.1 /.alpha.'.sub.1, P'.sub.2 =i'.sub.2 /.alpha.'.sub.2, . . . P'.sub.5 =i'.sub.5 /.alpha.'.sub.5, respectively. If these outputs are subjected to logarithmic compression, they can be expressed as log(P.sub.1)=log(i.sub.1)-log(.alpha..sub.1) and so forth. Therefore, if log(.alpha..sub.1), log(.alpha..sub.2) and so forth are stored in the ROM for correction and are substracted from the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements subjected to logarithmic compression, then the corrected outputs can be obtained. The corrected outputs thus obtained are subjected to the predetermined calculation.
FIG. 8 shows one example of a view finder 21 having focus display units, which receives the focus detection output V.sub.out3 and indicates the states of focalization. For instance, when any of display units 22 and 24 comprising light emission diodes is turned on, then the correct focalization is obtained by turning the photographing lens in the direction of the arrow formed by the display unit. When the correct focalization is obtained, a display unit 23 such as a light emission diode is turned on.
Thus, the focus indicator employing the present invention is excellent in visual and sensual functions when compared with the conventional focus adjusting mechanism using the eyes of the photographer.
An automatic focus detecting device can also be obtained by utilizing the above-described focus detection output V.sub.out3 for operating (rotating, reversely rotating or stopping) an electric motor adapted to drive the photographing lens.
FIG. 9 shows one example of a coupling mechanism employed in the case where the rotation of a photographing lens 26 is coupled through a coupling lever 25 to the rotation of the total reflection mirror 3. Hence, the total reflection mirror 3 is rotated by rotating the photographing lens with the hand of the photographer thereby to indicate the state of focalization in the finder.
FIG. 10 shows another example of the electrical processing device 10 in which the micro-processor and switch circuit in FIG. 7 are not employed. That is, the device in FIG. 10 is designed so that the focus detection outputs V.sub.out1, V.sub.out2 and V.sub.out3 are defined as follows: ##EQU6## wherein n=5.
In FIG. 10, reference characters L.sub.1, L.sub.2, . . . L.sub.5 and L'.sub.1, L'.sub.2, . . . L'.sub.5 designate logarithmic compression circuits. Data log(i'.sub.1 /i.sub.2), log(i.sub.1 /i'.sub.2), log(i'.sub.3 /i.sub.4) and log(i.sub.3 /i'.sub.4) are applied to absolute value circuits 28, 29, 30 and 31, respectively, and the absolute value circuit 28 is connected to the absolute value circuit 30, while absolute value circuit 29 is connected to the absolute value circuit 31. Therefore, the outputs V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2 are applied to the two input terminals of a differential circuit 32, respectively, and the output V.sub.out3 (=V.sub.out1 -V.sub.out2) can be obtained at the output terminal of the differential circuit 32. The output V.sub.out3 is processed by comparators 33 and 34 and a NOR circuit 35. As a result, in the case of (-.epsilon..sub.1 .ltoreq.V.sub.out3 .ltoreq..epsilon..sub.1) a signal +V is provided at a terminal 36. In the case of (V.sub.out3 >.epsilon..sub.1) the signal +V is provided at a terminal 37, and in the case of (V.sub.out3 <-.epsilon..sub.1) the signal +V is provided at a terminal 38. If these outputs are applied to the control circuit 20 for the focus detection indicator and the photographing lens, then it is possible to operate the display units 22, 23 and 24 which are light emission diodes for instance, and to control the drive circuit of the photographing lens.
In FIG. 10, reference characters V.sup.+ and V.sup.- designate supply voltages for operating the various circuits, and represent a positive voltage and a negative voltage, respectively. The values .epsilon..sub.1 and -.epsilon..sub.1 are the same as those in FIG. 6.
In the example shown in FIG. 10, the number (n) of the photoelectric conversion elements in the expression described above is five (5). If the number (n) is not an even number, then one pair of photoelectric conversion elements are left free. Therefore, the number (n) should be an even number.
In FIG. 11, in the case where the output V.sub.out3 is -.epsilon..sub.1 .ltoreq.V.sub.out3 .ltoreq..epsilon..sub.1, the display unit 23 such as a light emission diode is turned-on. In this case, however, since no output signals are applied to the terminals 3 of the relay means R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, none of the relay means R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are short-circuited. Accordingly, no potential difference appears between terminals A and B. In the case where the output V.sub.out3 is V.sub.out3 >.epsilon..sub.1, the display unit 22 such as a light emission diode is turned-on. As a result, the relay means R.sub.1 and R.sub.4 are short-circuited, and therefore the potential difference of A>B appears between the terminals A and B. In the case where the output V.sub.out3 is V.sub.out3 <.epsilon..sub.1, the display unit 24 such as a light emission diode is turned-on. As a result, the relay means R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are short-circuited, and therefore the potential difference between the terminals A and B is defined by A<B.
The above described potential difference is utilized to control the direction of rotation of the electric motor adapted to drive the photographing lens.
It should be noted that, if it is not desired to drive the photographing lens automatically, the photographing lens control circuit may be omitted.
FIG. 12 shows the flow chart of a program employed in the device shown in FIG. 7 using the micro-processor. First, the outputs, subjected to logarithmic compression, of the photoelectric conversion elements are read through the I/O port 15 in the order of P.sub.1, P'.sub.1, P.sub.2, P'.sub.2, . . . P.sub.5 and P'.sub.5 in FIG. 7 (the number (n) of photoelectric conversion elements being five (5)) and are stored in the RAM 16. The outputs thus stored are read out of the RAM 16 in succession to obtain the differences between the outputs of the photoelectric conversion elements. This operation corresponds to "Calculate (1)" and "Calculate (2)" in the flow chart. In "Calculate (3)" and "Calculate (4)" the differences are converted into absolute values. In "Calculate (5)" and "Calculate (6)" additions are effected for the outputs V.sub.out1 and V.sub.out2. In "Calculate (7)" the output V.sub.out3 is obtained. According to the value of the output V.sub.out3, a front (or rear) focalization signal, a correct focalization signal and a rear (or front) focalization signal are selectively outputted by using the I/O port 19. Hence, the display units 22, 23 and 24 in FIG. 8 are selectively operated and the drive circuit of the motor for driving the photographing lens is controlled, and thereafter the focus detection operation is performed all over again. In the flow chart, "Start" is intended to mean that a focus detecting device such as a focus detection start switch is actuated.
As is apparent from the above description, all that is required for the micro-processor are simple functions such as addition, substraction, decision and conversion of data into absolute values. The data .epsilon..sub.1 and -.epsilon..sub.1 are the same as those in FIG. 6. In the above-described example, the number (n) of paired photoelectric conversion elements is five (5); however, the number is not limited thereto; that is, an increased number is better to insure greater precision. A prism may be used to shift the object's images in the opposite directions.
As is clear from the above description, according to the invention, an electrical focus detecting device is provided which makes it possible to provide the focus indicator which can detect not only the correct focalization but also the front or rear focalization. This invention makes it possible to provide the automatic focus detecting device, and sufficiently follows an automatic focus detecting device, and sufficiently follows an object moving at high speed. In addition, the electrical focus detecting device according to the invention is applicable to all types of electrical focus detecting devices utilizing the double image superimposing system and to distance meters in lens systems other than cameras. Thus, the electrical focus detecting device according to the invention has its utility in a wide range of applications.
It is apparent that other modifications or changes can be made without departing from the essential aspects of this invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A focus detecting device for a lens system comprising: means for dividing the image of an object into two optically equal images of the object; means for shifting at least one of the two images of that object with respect to the other image; first and second photoelectric conversion element groups adapted to convert the variations in relative position of the two images of the object into electrical signals, each of said first and second groups including n photoelectric conversion elements, each photoelectric conversion element in said first group providing a current output i.sub.m and each photoelectric conversion element in said second group providing a current output i'.sub.m, where m=1, 2, 3, . . . n is the number in order of each photoelectric conversion element in its respective group and the outputs i.sub.i through i.sub.n and i'.sub.1 through 1'.sub.n are proportional to the quantities of light applied to respective photoelectric conversion elements; an optical system for projecting the images of the object onto the two photoelectric conversion element groups; and a calculation circuit means for receiving outputs from said conversion elements and for calculating a first voltage from the differential comparison of the outputs of conversion elements in opposite groups which are laterally offset in a first direction with respect to one another, a second voltage from the differential comparison of the outputs of conversion elements in opposite groups which are laterally offset in a second direction, opposite to said first direction, with respect to one another, and for generating a third voltage corresponding to the difference between said first and second voltages, which third voltage differs in polarity on opposite sides of the proper focalization point of said lens system.
2. A focus detecting device as in claim 1, wherein said first voltage is V.sub.out1, said second voltage is V.sub.out2, said third voltage is V.sub.out3, and said first, second and third voltages are given by: ##EQU7##
3. A focus detecting device as in claim 2, wherein said two images are shifted in opposite directions relative to each other.
4. A focus detecting device as in claim 1 or 3, wherein said photoelectric conversion elements forming said pair of photoelectric conversion element groups are photo-diodes.
5. A focus detecting device as in claim 1 or 3, wherein said calculation circuit comprises a micro-processor employed for calculation and control.
6. A focus detecting device as in claim 5, wherein said calculation circuit means includes logarithmic compression means for logarithmic compression of said photoelectric conversion element outputs and an analog-to-digital converter for converting said logarithmically compressed outputs into digital form.
7. A focus detecting device as in claim 5, wherein said calculation circuit means includes memory means for storing data for correcting fluctuations of the outputs of said photoelectric conversion elements of said photoelectric conversion element groups and wherein said calculation circuit corrects said conversion element outputs in accordance with the stored data prior to calculating said first, second and third voltages.
8. A focus detecting device as in claim 7, wherein said memory means comprises a read only memory and a random access memory.
9. A focus detecting device as in claim 1 or 3, wherein said calculation circuit includes a switch circuit for sequentially selecting outputs of selected pairs of said photoelectric conversion elements.
10. A focus detecting device as in claim 1, wherein said first voltage is V.sub.out1, said second voltage is V.sub.out2, said third voltage is V.sub.out3, and said first, second and third voltages are given by: ##EQU8##
11. A focus detecting device of claim 1 or 10, further comprising display means responsive to the output of said calculating circuit means for indicating the direction of movement of said lens system to achieve correct focus.
12. A focus detecting device of claim 1 or 10, wherein said calculation circuit includes means for logarithmic compression of the outputs of said photoelectric conversion elements and absolute value circuits receiving the outputs of said means for logarithmic compression.
13. A focus detecting device of claim 12, wherein said calculation circuit further comprises a differential circuit receiving the outputs of said absolute value circuits, and wherein said detecting device further comprises logic means responsive to the output of said differential circuit for producing outputs indicative of the state of focus of said lens system.
14. A focus detecting device of claim 13, wherein said logic means comprises a pair of comparators receiving the output of said differential circuit and a NOR circuit receiving the output of said comparators.