Heat Curable Polyepoxide-Unsaturated Aromatic Monomer Resin Compositions

Curable compositions comprising epoxy resins and styrene have generally been epoxy-polyester compositions wherein a portion of the polyester is replaced with styrene or other ethylenically unsaturated monomer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,691,007, 3,574,157, and 3,634,542.

Polyether resin and styrene blends are also known. These blends generally exhibit poor processability, short pot life, high viscosity and cure with conventional curing agents to produce products which do not exhibit good physical properties; such as high heat deflection temperatures and retention of physical properties at elevated temperatures. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,939,859 directed to a polyepoxide/styrene blend cured with peroxides and/or amines. While the compositions of U.S. Pat. No. 2,939,859 do exhibit a reduction of viscosity over an epoxy composition alone, the resulting products do not exhibit high heat deflection temperatures.

Other patents covering polyepoxide/styrene compositions include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,099,638 and 3,009,898, which are directed to the use of anhydride curing agents, optionally in the presence of a peroxide and/or tertiary amine accelerator.

It has now been found that epoxy/styrene blends can be cured with a special curing agent/curing accelerator blend, e.g., an acid anhydride in combination with an onium salt, to yield products which exhibit unpredictibly improved physical properties, especially increased heat deflection temperatures and excellent retention of physical properties at elevated temperatures.

The present invention is directed to an improved heat-curable epoxy-styrene blend composition, which when cured, yields compositions exhibiting improved physical properties, such as increased heat deflection temperature, increased flexural strength, and increased flexibility. More particularly, the invention provides a heat-curable composition comprising: (1) a polyepoxide, (2) an unsaturated aromatic monomer such as styrene, (3) a carboxyl-containing compound, (4) a curing accelerator composition containing at least an onium salt, and (5) a free-radical curing agent.

These epoxy-styrene compositions are especially suitable for use in sheet molding compositions (SMC), and in structural applications such as automotive springs, bumpers, drive shafts, etc.

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the improvement in heat deflection temperature obtained from the anhydride/onuim salt, (curing agent/accelerator) combination in an epoxy/styrene/peroxide blend.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the improvement in heat deflection temperature obtained from the instant anhydride/onuim salt (curing agent/accelerator) combination in an epoxy/styrene/peroxide blend over an anhydride cure alone, or an anhydride in combination with stannous octoate .

It has now been found that heat curable compositions exhibiting improved physical properties, particularly improved heat deflection temperatures, increased flexural strength and increased flexibility, are obtained from blends of polyepoxides and unsaturated aromatic monomers using a unique combination of curing and accelerator mechanisms.

Accordingly, the present invention comprises a blend of

(1) from about 50 to about 99 parts by weight of a polyepoxide, especially a normally liquid polyepoxide.

(2) from about 1 to about 50 parts by weight of an unsaturated aromatic monomer, preferably a styrene or substituted styrene,

(3) from about 0.25 to about 2.0 stoichiometric equivalents based on the polyepoxide of a carboxyl-containing compound, especially a polycarboxylic acid anhydride,

(4) an epoxy curing accelerator composition comprising (a) from about 0.001 to about 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyepoxide of an onium compound and, optionally, (b) a compound selected from the group consisting of (1) stannous salts of monocarboxylic acids, (2) alkali metal hydroxides, (3) alkaline earth hydroxides, and (4) alkali metal salts, and

(5) a curing amount of a free-radical curing agent.

The polyepoxides used to prepare the instant compositions comprise those compounds containing at least one vicinal epoxy group; i.e., at least one ##STR1## group. These polyepoxides may be saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic and may be substituted if desired with non-interfering substituents such as halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, either radicals, and the like. They may also be monomeric or polymeric.

For clarity, many of the polyepoxides and particularly those of the polymeric type are described in terms of epoxy equivalent values. The meaning of this expression is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,633,458. The polyepoxides used in the present process are preferably those having an epoxy equivalency greater than 1.0.

Various examples of liquid polyepoxides that may be used in the process of the invention are given in U.S. Pat. No. 2,633,458 and it is to be understood that the disclosure of that patent relative to examples of polyepoxides is incorporated by reference into this specification.

Other suitable polyepoxides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,356,624, 3,408,219, 3,446,762, and 3,637,618 and the disclosure of these patents relevant to examples of epoxy compounds is incorporated by reference into this specification.

Preferred polyepoxides are the glycidyl polyethers of polyhydric phenols and polyhydric alcohols, especially the glycidyl polyethers of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane having an average molecular weight between about 300 and 3,000 and an epoxide equivalent weight between about 140 and 2,000 and more preferably an average molecular weight of from about 300 and about 1000 and an epoxide equivalent weight of from about 140 to about 650.

Other suitable epoxy compounds include those compounds derived from polyhydric phenols and having at least one vicinal epoxy group wherein the carbon-to-carbon bonds within the six-membered ring are saturated. Such epoxy resins may be obtained by at least two well-known techniques, i.e., by the hydrogenation of glycidyl polyethers of polyhydric phenols or by the reaction of hydrogenated polyhydric phenols with epichlorohydrin in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as a Lewis acid. e.g., boron trihalides and complexes thereof, and subsequent dehydrochlorination in an alkaline medium. The method of preparation forms no part of the present invention and the resulting saturated epoxy resins derived by either method are suitable in the present compositions.

Briefly, the first method comprises the hydrogenation of glycidyl polyethers of polyhydric phenols with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst consisting of rhodium and/or ruthenium supported on an inert carrier at a temperature below about 50.degree. C. This method is thoroughly disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,336,241, issued Aug. 15, 1967.

The hydrogenated epoxy compounds prepared by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,336,241 are suitable for use in the present compositions. Accordingly, the relevant disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 3,336,241 is incorporated herein by reference.

The second method comprises the condensation of a hydrogenated polyphenol with an epihalohydrin, such as epichlorohydrin, in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as BF.sub.3, followed by dehydrohalogenation in the presence of caustic. When the phenol is Bisphenol A, the resulting saturated epoxy compound is sometimes referred to as "diepoxidized hydrogenated Bisphenol A", or more properly as the diglycidyl ether of 2,2bis(4-cyclohexanol)propane.

In any event, the term "saturated epoxy resin", as used herein shall be deemed to mean the glycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols wherein the aromatic rings of the phenols have been or are saturated.

An idealized structural formula representing the preferred saturated epoxy compounds is as follows: ##STR2## wherein n has a value so that the average molecular weight of the saturated polyepoxide is from about 350 to about 3,000.

Preferred saturated epoxy resins are the hydrogenated resins prepared by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,336,241. Especially preferred are the hydrogenated glycidyl ethers of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, sometimes called the diglycidyl ethers of 2,2-bis(4-cyclohexanol)propane.

For most applications it is desirable to utilize an epoxy resin which is liquid or semi-liquid under the conditions of application. Accordingly, a blend of a liquid and solid epoxy resin may be employed. For some applications, a solid resin may be employed.

Examples of unsaturated aromatic monomers include the vinyl aromatic monomers such as styrene, substituted styrene such as alkylhalo,-and nitro-substituted styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl naphthalene and the like.

Usable blends of the polyepoxide and unsaturated aromatic monomer range from about 50% to 99% polyepoxide and from about 1% to 50% aromatic monomer on a weight basis.

An especially range is from about 75% to about 95% polyepoxide and from about 5% to about 25% vinyl aromatic monomer.

Suitable carboxyl-containing compounds include the saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic and cycloaliphatic polycarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acid anhydrides, which compounds may be substituted with halogen atoms and the like.

Typical such carboxyl-containing compounds are trimellitic anhydride, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, crotonic acid, itaconic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic anhydride, terephthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, methylated maleic adducts of phthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, dichloromaleic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chlorendic anhydride, pryomellitic dianhydride, diamethylmaleic anhydride, n-butylmaleic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride, bromophnylmaleic anhydride, chlorendic anhydride, 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenenane tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and the like.

Preferred polycarboxylic acids and anhydrides include the normally solid acids and anhydrides having a melting point between about 150.degree. C. and 250.degree. C. Very suitable such acids and anhydrides include trimelitic anhydride, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and chlorendic anhydride.

Outstanding results are obtained when trimellitic anhydride is employed as the epoxy curing agent, particularly when used as finely ground powder.

In general, a curing amount of the acid or anhydride is employed; however, depending upon the polyepoxide employed, the particular acid or anhydride used and end use considerations, the amount may vary over a wide range. A useful range is from about 0.25 to about 2.0 chemical equivalents of acid or anhydride per chemical equivalent of polyepoxide. An especially suitable range when trimellitic anhydride is employed with glycidyl polyethers of BPA is from about 0.75 to about 1.5.

An essential, even critical feature of the present invention, composition, is the use of an "onium" compound as a curing accelerator. It has been found that an extremely small quantity of an onium compond produces an outstanding improvement in physical properties, particularly increased heat deflection temperature.

It has also been found that, in some instances, even better performance is achieved with a co-accelerator. Accordingly, the present compositions are directed to the use of a curing accelerator composition which contains at least an onium compound and may contain a co-accelerator.

Useful onium compounds include the onium salts utilized as esterification catalysts, and peferably those containing phosphorus, sulfur or nitrogen, such as, for example, the phosphonium, sulfonium and ammonium salts of inorganic acids. Examples of these include, among others ethyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, benzyltrimethylammonium sulfate, tetramethylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium sulfate, tetramethylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium nitrate, diphenyldimethylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, diphenyldimethylammonium nitrate, diphenylmethylsulfonium chloride, tricyclohexylsulfonium bromide; triphenylmethylphosphonium iodide, diethyldibutylphosphonium nitrate, trimethylsulfonium chloride, dicyclohexyldialkylphosphonium iodide, benzyltrimethylammonium thiocyanate, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

Preferred onium salts to be employed include those of the formulae: ##STR3## wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical, and preferably an aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or alkaryl radical containing up to 12 carbon atoms, X is an ion of an inorganic acid, and particularly a halogen atom, nitrate, sulfate or phosphate radical, m is the valency of the X ion and n=m.

Especially preferred onium salts are the alkyl triphenylphosphonium halides such as ethyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide; quarternary ammonium halides such as tetramethyl ammonium chloride and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide.

As noted hereinbefore, the amount of onium salt can vary over a wide range, i.e., from about 0.001 to about 10.0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyepoxide (phr). A very useful range is from about 0.005 to about 2.0 phr.

As noted hereinbefore, only the onuim salts are required as a curing accelerator for the carboxylic compound; however, for some applications, a number of co-accelerators may be employed.

Suitable such accelerators include the stannous salts of monocarboxylic acids having at least 2 carbon atoms, and more preferably from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of operable stannous salts include, among others, stannous caproate, stannous octaote, stannous laurate, stannous palmitate, stannous stearate, stannous oleate and stannous naphthenate. Stannous octoate is particularly preferred.

Other suitable curing accelerators include the alkali metal salts such as lithium benzoate, lithium octoate, lithium naphthenate, lithium stearate, lithium neodecanoate, and the like.

Still other suitable curing accelerators (catalysts) include the hydroxides of the alkaline earth and alkali metals such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.

The amount of co-accelerator may vary within wide limits from about 0.01 to about 10 parts per hundred by weight of polyepoxide (phr), and preferably from about 0.05 to 5.0 phr.

Examples of such catalysts includes the peroxides, such as benzoyl peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, ditertiary butyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate, methyl cyclohexyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, acetyl benzoyl peroxide, Tetralin hydroperoxide, phenylcyclohexane hydroperoxide, tertiary butylisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, tertiary butylperacetate, tertiary butylacetate, tertiary butyl perbenzoate, ditertiary amyl perphthalate, ditertiary butyl peradipate, tertiary amyl percarbonate, and the like, and mixtures thereof; azo compounds such as 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, dimethyl 2,2'-azobiisobutyrate, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-diamethylvaleronitrile, 2,2'-azobiisotulyamide, and the like. Particularly preferred catalysts include the diaroyl peroxide, tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides, alkyl peresters of percarboxylic acids and particularly those of the above noted groups which contain no more than 18 carbon atoms per molecular and have a decomposition below 125.degree. C.

An especially useful peroxide is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tertiary-butylperoxy)hexane.

It will be appreciated that the amount of free-radical catalyst (curing agent) will vary over a broad range depending upon the amount and particular vinyl monomer, type of peroxide and end-use properties, etc. In general, an effective or curing amount is employed. One skilled in the art would simply adjust the amounts of a particular peroxide to suit his process conditions. Such adjustments are made in one or two runs knowing the temperatures, half-lives, etc.

The present compositions may be prepared by various techniques. if, for example, the instant compositions are to be utilized within a short time, they can be prepared by simply mixing all the components, adding the customary additives such as fillers, reinforcement fibers, pigments, flame retardant agents, etc. and then molding and curing the resulting composition.

Under certain conditions, it may be desirable to utilize a two-package system wherein the epoxy-styrene blend is one package and the other package comprises the curing agents and accelerators. Under other conditions, it may be desirable to mix the epoxy curing agent-accelerators blend into the styrene for subsequent reaction with the polyepoxide in the presence of the peroxide. Various other modifications will become apparent to one skilled in the art.

As noted hereinfore, other materials may be mixed or added, including, plasticizers, stabilizers, extenders, oils, resins, tars, asphalts, pigments, reinforcing agents, thioxotropic agents, antioxidants.

The present compositions may be utilized in many applications such as for coatings and impregnating compositions in the preparation of adhesives for metals, wood, cement and the like, and in the preparation of reinforced composite products, such as laminated products, filament windings, sheet molding compounds (SMC), electrical laminates, molding powders, fluidized bed powders, potting compounds, etc. A very suitable application is in the preparation of reinforced products and laminates wherein the compositions are applied to fibrous products such as glass fibers or sheets and the material formed into the desired object and cured.

The following examples are given to illustrate the preparation of the instant heat-curable thermosetting compositions. It is understood that the examples are embodiments only and are given for the purpose of illustration and the invention is not to be regarded as limited to any specific components and/or specific conditions recited therein. Unless otherwise indicated, parts and percentages in the examples, are parts and percentages by weight.

Epoxy Resin A is a liquid glycidyl polyether of 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane having an epoxide equivalent weight of 175-190 and an average molecular weight of about 350.

Epoxy Resin B is a liquid glycidyl polyether of 2,2-bis(4hydroxypnenyl)propane having an epoxide equivalent weight of 180-195 and an average molecular weight of about 380.

Epoxy Resin C is a liquid glycidyl polyether of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane having a epoxide equivalent weight of 190-210 and an average molecular weight of about 400.

Epoxy Resin D is a saturated glycidyl polyether of hydrogenated 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane having an epoxide equivalent weight of 180-195 and an average molecular weight of about 350.

BTDA is 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride.

LUPERSOL 101 is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butyl peroxy)hexane.

This example illustrates the improved heat deflection temperature of epoxy/styrene compositions when the instant curing agents/catalyst (accelerator) combination is employed.

The above compositions were intimately mixed wherein various weight ratios of epoxy resin to styrene were employed and wherein one set of compositions contained an onium salt and one set contained no onium salt.

The mixed blends were then poured into a previously prepared bar mold square aluminum tubing (I.D. 1/2".times.1/2", 7" long). One end was sealed with masking tape and treated with a silicous oil release agent.

The filled bar mold was placed in a preheated oven @ 149.degree. C. (300.degree. F.) and maintained at this temperature for two hours. After cooling to room temperature, the castings were removed from the mold by driving them out with a wooden dowel.

The Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) was then determined by ASTM Procedure D 648-56. Simply, the cured bar is supported at each end and loaded at the center to achieve a uniform stress of Z64 psi. The sample is then heated in an oil bath and the deflection of the center of the bar measured. The heat-up rate is 2.degree. C./minute. When the deflection of the bar reaches 0.010 inches, the temperature of the bath is reported as the HDT.

The following data is given to illustrate the improvement in HDT produced by the catalyst/curing agent combination:

To more graphically illustrate the enhancement of the HDT of the epoxy/styrene blends when the instant curing agent/catalyst is employed, the data is reproduced in FIG. 1.

This example illustrates the improvement in HDT of the epoxy/styrene blends using a trimellitic anhydride/ethyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide (TPPEI) blend.

The procedure of Example I is essentially repeated using the following blends:

The following data is given to illustrate the improvement in HDT produced by the instant curing agent/catalyst combination:

The above data clearly illustrates the higher HDT's exhibited by the epoxy/styrene compositions using the onium/anhydride curing blend.

This example illustrates the use of a co-curing accelerator, stannous octate, both alone and in combination with the anhydride/onium combinations in the instant epoxy/styrene blends.

The procedures of Examples I and II were essentially repeated using the following blends.

The HDT data is as follows:

To more graphically illustrate the enhancement of the HDT of the epoxy/styrene blends when using the instant curing agent/catalyst blends, the data is reproduced as FIG. 2.

It will be appreciated that stannous octoate is a well-known curing catalyst (accelerator) for the anhydride cure of epoxy resins; however, as the data shows, the use of the instant anhydride/onium blend in combination with stannous octoate significally increases the HDT of the epoxy/styrene blends.

Related results are expected when a saturated epoxy resin such as Epoxy Resin D is employed in the instant formulations.

Related results are expected when small amounts of potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide are used as a co-accelerator with the onium salt.

When the above formulations are used to prepare automobile and similar parts such as bumpers, springs, drive shafts, the resulting cured products exhibit excellent physical properties. It is important to appreciate that these special epoxy/styrene blends also exhibit excellent processability, long pot life and low viscosity during the formulation and use in the manufacture of auto parts and the like, wherein epoxy/styrene formulations heretofore available do not possess these essential characteristics and do not produce manufactured products exhibiting excellent physical properties.