US 4,232,374 AGrant
Segment Ordering for Television Receiver Control Unit
Issue Date:1980-11-04
•12 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method and apparatus are described for generating, under the control of a microprocessor, signals for operating a scanning system of a standard television receiver. A plurality of display segments, each containing information at least partially defining one or more object images that may be desired be included in a specified display on the receiver, are stored in a cartridge memory which can also include specific operating instructions for carrying out a particular video game or other function with such display segments. Indicia uniquely associated with each of the display segments are placed in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in the display of those display seqments which are to be included therein. The position of the scan is tracked, and when it approaches a desired location under the display area for a particular segment to be displayed, it responds to the indicia representing such segment by directing delivery to the scanning system of control signals which define the selected display segment. The apparatus includes composers for producing the display for each line, and a FIFO buffer for delivering information defining the line to the scanning system at a regular rate correlated to the scanning rate, irrespective of the time in which such information is made ready for the display.
Metadata
Assignee
- Umtech, Inc.
Inventors
- David H. Chung
- John V. Cosley
Application Information
Application Number:US 8236194
Filing Date:1977-08-11
Priority Date:1977-08-11
Art Unit:237
Classifications
IPC:
G06F 3153A63F 922
Field of Search:
364358340273235900 MS File;515;518;410;200 MS File160324 AD;703;799DIG. 2892 GA
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the production of control signals for operating a visual display mechanism of the scanning type, such as a standard television receiver, and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for composing under the control of a microprocessor each frame of a display at the same time the display surface area is being scanned to produce the same.
Microprocessor controlled units are now available for producing the scanning signals required to form a display on a standard television receiver. While such units typically are used to produce displays for video games and the like, proposals have been made to provide a much more powerful control unit which will, in effect, turn a television receiver into a visual output device of a computer. That is, it has been proposed that the control unit not only have the processing power to compose those displays incident to video games, but also have the processing power to perform many calculations and functions which may be desired in the home, and to produce on the television receiver whatever displays may be incident thereto.
It will be recognized that a unit for producing scanning control signals for a television receiver must be quite versatile in order to enable such usage of a standard television receiver. U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 755,749, filed Dec. 30, 1976 and assigned to the same assignee as this application, describes and claims a control method and apparatus which has such versatility. The invention of such application comprises composing each of the frame displays during the very scan which produces the same. It accomplishes this by storing information defining a plurality of different display segments which it may be desired be included in any particular display, and then selectively extracting such information when it is required to produce the particular display segments which are to appear in any one television display. This is in contrast to prior microprocessor controlled arrangements in which each frame display is, in effect, duplicated in memory prior to the time that it is actually displayed.
Standard television receivers typically produce thirty display frames per second, each one of which requires 525 scan lines. Many of such receivers are capable of resolving each scan line into 320 individual display points which can be separately defined. Therefore, the time between the display of adjacent display points is in the order of 4.5.times.10.sup.-6 seconds, very little time in which to both make decisions on the difference between adjacent display points and to actually make the control changes necessary to reflect such differences on the screen. One major problem in taking full advantage of the resolution and versatility available in standard television receivers is the difficulty of inexpensively making such decisions and changes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an approach to such decision and change making which represents a significant advance. In its broad aspects, the method comprises the steps of storing at predetermined locations sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in the display; and placing in a predetermined order indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining those spatial display segments which are to appear in a particular display. Thus, the indicia can be looked at to determine what is to be displayed over relatively large segments of the screen, rather than decisions having to be made with respect to each display point on the screen. By correlating the order in which the indicia are placed with the order of appearance of the display segments in the display, one need not even search through the indicia. It will be known that the next segment to appear on the screen will be identified by the correlation.
Most desirably, the indicia which is selected to represent each of the segments at least partly defines the geometrical location on the display surface area at which such segment is to appear. Most simply, such indicia can define the first line to be scanned during the scanning of a frame it is desired that a portion of the display segment be shown. The indicia then will not only provide the unique association discussed above, it will also set forth when information from the information set defining the display segment is required by the scanning system to produce the desired segment at the prescribed location.
The invention includes other features and advantages which will be discussed or will become apparent from the following more detailed description of a preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
With reference to the accompanying two sheets of drawing:
FIG. 1 is an overall functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention illustrating the same connected between a television receiver and a processor; and
FIG. 2 is a detailed functional block diagram of a portion of the preferred embodiment depicted in FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 illustrates a major block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention and the manner in which it is connected between a scanning display and a processing device. In this preferred arrangement, the scanning display is represented by a standard TV receiver 11; a digital to analog converter 12 which converts the digital scanning information delivered to it by the coupler of the invention to a composite video signal; and an RF carrier modulator 13 which superimposes a radio frequency carrier signal on the composite video signal to condition the same for direct application to the RF input (antenna input) of the TV receiver. The frequency of the carrier can be changed to correspond to the bandwidth of an available channel in accordance with conventional practice. An input line 14 is included to represent such selection capability. The total scanning system is differentiated from the remainder of the system depicted in FIG. 1 by the dotted line enclosure 15.
The processing device in this preferred embodiment is a microprocessor having desired input and output active elements connected thereto. Such microprocessor is represented in FIG. 1 by the dotted line enclosure 16 and includes a central processing unit (CPU) 17 containing the arithmetic and control registers of the microprocessor and its logic, and a read-only memory (ROM) 18 for containing the operations program and subroutines for the CPU 17. The microprocessor could also include additional memory in, for example, the form of a RAM (a read and write memory) if desired for additional storage or manipulative flexibility. Although the invention can couple various general purpose microprocessors to a scanning system, a suitable one which is available and inexpensive is the one designated "F-8" produced both by Mostek Corporation, Carrollton, Texas, and the Fairchild Semi-conductor Components Group of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation, Mountain View, California.
The input/output instrumentalities of the processing unit are represented in FIG. 1 by block 19 and their nature will depend on the particular use to which the system is placed. For example, in game applications the input will include manipulative controls such as "joy sticks" and/or alpha-numeric keyboards enabling one or more players to direct movement of display objects on the TV receiver in accordance with playing of a game. The input will also include initiating mechanism, such as a manually operable or coin-actuated OFF-ON switch. The output represented by block 19 includes all desired output from the system except for that to be displayed on the TV receiver 11. For example, during game play this output may include flashing lights, sounds, etc., to indicate reaching of a goal.
The CPU, ROM, and input/output blocks of the processing unit are connected together by a bus system 20 made up of an address bus 21, a data bus 22, and a control bus 23. This bus system will be referred to hereinafter as the microprocessor bus. The utilization of a bus concept makes it possible to add other microprocessor components as desired to increase the capability of the apparatus.
The coupler of the invention appears to the CPU 17 as merely addressable memory, and when it is combined with digital to analog converter 12 and modulator 13 it appears to the TV receiver merely as an incoming video composite signal on an RF carrier. In this connection, the coupler is connected to microprocessor 16 basically only through the bus system 20, and it includes a display composer bus system 24. Bus system 24 is similar to system 20 in that it includes an address bus 26, a data bus 27 and a control bus 28. One or more display composers 29 which will be described in more detail hereinafter connect the bus system 24 to the scanning system 15. The display composers generate and provide to the scanning system 15 digital signals defining desired display picture information. A replaceable cartridge 30 also communicates with the bus system 24. Such cartridge includes memory providing sets of information in the form of digital data respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which contains information defining object images it is expected to be desired to be displayed on the receiver 11. The memory within the cartridge further contains the programming necessary to define the specific game or other operations to be performed in connection with such display segments. For example, if the unit is to be used to play a modified sport game, such as a game of football or hockey, each of the players will be provided in the cartridge memory 30 as one or more object images in spatial display segments. The programming provided by such memory will include microprocessor instructions for playing the game.
The utilization of a replaceable cartridge as part of the invention adds significant versatility to it. For one thing, different spatial display segments defining differing object images and specific operating instructions tailored therefor can be provided. That is, merely by replacing one cartridge with another the function for which the microprocessor is coupled to the TV receiver can be changed.
Resident memory 35 is also shown communicating with the bus system 24. Such memory provides the same functions described above for the memory of cartridge 30, except that it is incorporated permanently into the remainder of the apparatus. That is, it is often desirable for the apparatus to be able to perform one or more specific function requiring a plurality of spatial display segments and programming, without the necessity of a cartridge being added to the system. The use of a cartridge, though, enables any additional hardware that may be necessary for a specific function to be added. In this connection, it is contemplated that any cartridge associated with a function requiring more than the normal complement of display composers will include extra display composers. This is represented in the drawing by the flow line 31 extending from the cartridge to the input line 36.
The coupler of the invention includes a timing and sync signal generator 32 which develops and delivers to the digital-to-analog converter 12 the timing and synchronization signals required to produce a composite video signal for TV receiver 11. Such signals include all composite sync information, i.e., the directions required by the converter 12 to generate the synchronization and equalizing pulses required in a composite video signal, as well as color burst and color burst window information. The rate at which the generator 32 operates is controlled by the primary clock or timer of the coupler represented in FIG. 1 by block 33. The signals developed by generator 32 are delivered to digital-to-analog converter 12, as represented by flow line 34, to be added to the picture information also delivered to such converter by one or more of the display composers 29 as indicated by its input line 36.
Generator 32 also controls timing of the composition of displayed pictures by the display composers 29. In this connection, it delivers to such display composers the horizontal and vertical blanking signals which it also delivers to the converter 12. It also provides a bit rate clock for the output of the display composers. This flow of information to the display composers is represented in the flow diagram by the line 37 extending from the generator 32 to the control bus 28 of bus system 24.
Communication between the microprocessor bus system 20 and the display composer bus system 24 is controlled by a system controller enclosed within the dotted line block 38. Such system controller is basically comprised of two major components, interrupt logic represented at 39 and address and data latching registers represented by the block 41. The interrupt logic represented by block 39 provides control of communication between the bus systems 20 and 24, as well as intercommunication between components on the display composer bus system. The timing of the logic is correlated with the CPU timing. More specifically, timer 33 provides the CPU clock as represented by the flow line 42 extending between such timer and CPU 17. The logic timing is also controlled by the timer 33 as represented by flow line 43. As will be discussed hereinafter, line 43 also represents clock control by the interrupt logic.
Basically, the microprocessor 16 (particularly the CPU 17 thereof) requests use of the address and data buses of either of the bus systems 20 and 26. In this connection, the CPU initiates communication not only with each of the other components of the microprocessor, but also with the display composers 29 and the cartridge connected to the bus system 24. The display composers, on the other hand, initiate communication only with the cartridge 30 and resident memory 35. In general, use of the address or data buses of either of the bus systems is given to the first requestor. If there is a conflict between a request made by the CPU and one of the display composers, the CPU has priority. Any conflicting requests made by different display composers is resolved by alternating cycles of use between the conflicting requestors.
The interrupt logic is designed to satisfy the following algorithm:
BUS CONTROL ALGORITHM
CPU Requests for Bus Use
The CPU can communicate through the bus system 20 with the microprocessor components connected thereto in a conventional manner. That is, it is only when the CPU wants to communicate with any of the components connected to the sequencer bus 24 that the system controller 38 is activated. As will become apparent hereinafter, at all times controller 38 is so activated its first instruction is to the timer 33 to stop delivering clocking pulses on line 42 to the CPU during the transfer of information between the bus systems. This will prevent the CPU from reacting to address or data information in the process of being changed.
When interrupt logic 39 receives a request from CPU 17 for data contained in the memory in cartridge 30, such interrupt logic 39 will first instruct the timer 33 to discontinue sending clocking pulses to the CPU as discussed above. This has the effect of suspending operation of the microprocessor. When the composer bus system 24 is free (the immediately preceding grant cycle is finished), the interrupt logic 39 will gate through latching registers represented by block 41, the cartridge memory address provided by the CPU on line 21 to address bus 26 of the composer bus system. Once such address is on bus 26, the logic will initiate a cartridge memory reading cycle so that the data at such address will be fed by the cartridge onto the data bus 27. At the end of a predetermined time interval selected to assure complete readout of data at any address of the cartridge memory, the content of the data bus is gated into data latches in block 41 for subsequent delivery to the data bus 22 of the microprocessor bus system. The address and data buses of the bus system 24 are thereby freed for subsequent use. Simultaneously therewith, the interrupt logic directs the timer 33 to again deliver clock pulses to the CPU 17 to continue its sequence of operation.
As will become clearer from the later detailed description of one of the display composers, the CPU 17 transfers information into and out of such composers through memory registers and other memory locations. Each of the display composers has a distinctive selection address. When the CPU 17 initiates a request to read a memory location in a display composer so addressed, the request is made to the interrupt logic 39 through control bus 23 of bus system 20. The interrupt logic reacts to such a request by directing timer 33 to discontinue sending clocking pulses to the CPU with the result that further execution of instructions by the CPU will be suspended. At the earliest time the address and data buses of the composer bus system 24 is free, the interrupt logic will gate the composer address desired from the address bus 21 through an address latch of registers 41 to the address bus 26 of the composer bus system 24.
Wnen CPU 17 initiates a request to enter information into a memory location of one of the display composers 29, its request is applied to the control bus 23 and is received by the interrupt logic 39. The interrupt logic again initially reacts to a request from the CPU for use of the bus system 24 by directing timer 33 to discontinue sending clocking pulses to such CPU in order to suspend its operation. At the earliest time the bus system 24 is free, the interrupt logic will direct gating to address bus 26 through an address latch of registers 41 of the address present on bus 21 it is desired information be entered. Such logic will also indicate which display composer is being addressed. The selected composer will react to the address by entering into the addressed memory location the information then on data bus 27. At the end of a preselected write time cycle, the composer will pulse the interrupt logic to indicate that it has received the addressed data. The interrupt logic will react thereto by directing timer 33 to again deliver clocking pulses to the CPU so that its operation is continued.
Frame Composer Requests for Bus Use
As mentioned previously, initiation of reading of information from the memory of the cartridge 30 by a display composer is also controlled by the interrupt logic 39. When one of such display composers desires data from the cartridge memory, the interrupt logic 39 reacts to a request for such data on the control bus 28 by permitting the particular display composer to output the desired cartridge memory address onto the address bus 26. The interrupt logic further initiates a read-out cycle from the cartridge memory and directs the display composer to gate in such data. At the end of the preselected period, the interrupt logic is strobed to indicate that the bus system 24 is free for other use.
DISPLAY COMPOSERS
The frame or display composers 29 compose the control signals for each frame to be displayed substantially simultaneously with the display of such frame. The composers accomplish this function by listing where on the receiver display area each spatial segment containing a desired object image is to be shown during a frame; reading from the cartridge or resident memory and delivering to the scanning system 15 information defining each spatial segment as it is required during a scan; and producing and delivering to the scanning system background control signals at all other time during a frame scan. In this connection, it should be noted that an object image contained in a spatial segment stored in the cartridge or resident memory is not necessarily an image of a full object when it is displayed on the screen of receiver 11. For example, the object image in a selected spatial segment could be an image of a leg of a football player at a particular orientation, e.g., kicking a football, which will be displayed with another spatial segment from the cartridge or resident memory providing the body of the player. A spatial segment can also include two or more separately identifiable images, such as that of a projectile hitting a tank, or of a word or a line of text. The spatial segment may also be one which requires another spatial segment to be superimposed thereon before an identifiable object image is provided, e.g., one spatial segment could define green pants and helmet for a football player while another could define a red jersey for such player. Thus when it is stated a spatial display segment having an object image is stored in the cartridge or resident memory, it is meant that information is stored in such memory which can be manipulated by a frame composer to produce the control signals for the scanning system necessary to compose a preselected spatial display on the TV receiver 11 having dimensions significantly less than those of the full display area of the receiver. Each of such display segments typically includes information at least partially defining an object image. In the particular implementation of the concept of the invention provided by the preferred embodiment being described, each of such spatial display segments is rectangular and often includes information defining background surrounding the object image.
It should be noted in connection with the following that each television raster scan or, in other words, frame, is made up of two interlaced fields, an odd and an even field. Thus, whereever hereinafter reference is made to a "field display", one of the fields of a television frame display is being discussed.
Each of the display composers 29 is capable in this preferred embodiment of directing the display of 16 different spatial segments during each television field display. Thus when it is expected that more than 16 segments may be displayed during one frame, such as during a modified football game between two eleven-man teams (one man per segment), a sufficient number of display composers can be applied to the composer bus 24, either directly or via a cartridge, to accommodate all of such segments.
In this connection, it should be noted that each display composer is capable of directing the display of any particular spatial segment more than once during a single television field display, by changing (under CPU control) dynamically the position of such spatial segment during a field. Thus, even in this preferred embodiment each display composer, in a sense can direct the display of more than sixteen spatial elements during a display.
Separate display composers are used in this preferred embodiment to superimpose one segment on another during a raster scan. It will be recognized that the number of display composers which can be included in an embodiment of the invention is not limited except by the processing and communication capability of the particular embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a preferred display composer for the invention. The spatial position nomenclature used therein is based on Cartesian coordinates with "X" representing the direction of each scan line and "Y" the direction orthogonal to the scan lines. Each dot on a scan line represents a count of one in the X direction, and each scan line represents a count of one in the Y direction.
Each display composer includes an address decoder 50 which intercepts all requests to address any of the registers or memory locations to be described. In this connection, the address decoder input is connected to the address bus 26 of the bus system 24, and the decoder is provided with a multiplicity of ENABLE outputs which are individually connected (not shown) to the various registers and memory locations of the display composer. Each display composer further includes a command register 51 which not only enables or disables the entire composer as an entity, it also enables or selects various functions within the display composer as will be described. It is loaded from the data bus 27 of bus system 24 under the control of the CPU 17.
Each composer of the invention includes means for delivering background defining information and sets of information defining the spatial display segments to the scanning system. Such means includes a dynamic RAM memory arrangement set apart in FIG. 2 by the dotted line block 52. As is known, a dynamic RAM is a read/write memory which requires periodic refreshing of the information contained therein. Conventional refresh logic for the same is represented by block 55.
RAM 52, among other things, lists the spatial display segments to be shown during any specified frame display, and the spatial location desired for each in such display. It should be noted that a determination of a desired spatial location for a segment is also a determination of when the segment is to be displayed during the scanning operation for the frame. Information defining the location desired for a segment on the display surface area thus can be referred to as "time-distance" information. The dynamic RAM also lists the attributes, such as color and intensity, the object images of the display segments are to have in the specified frame display.
As a particularly salient feature of the instant invention, RAM 52 is arranged to list those spatial display segments to be shown during a specified frame display in a manner which greatly simplifies identification of the sets of information required from the cartridge or resident memory to control the scanning system to produce desired display segments. More particularly, indicia uniquely associated with the display segments to be included in a display are placed in the RAM 52 in a predetermined order, which order preferably is correlated with the order of appearance of display segments in such display. Placing the indicia in such order facilitates extraction of the information sets from the cartridge when needed without the necessity of searching through all of the sets for the right set. In this connection, it would be quite difficult and expensive to provide fast enough logic to complete such a one-by-one comparison in any situation in which it was desired that spatial display segments be displayed quite close to one another on a screen.
Most desirably, the predetermined order used for the indicia is the order of appearance of the display segments in the X direction. Since each line of the display is formed by scanning in the X direction, the order of the indicia will then also be the time order of extraction of the information sets for the display, to the extent the sets of information defining the display segments are required for a particular scan line forming the display.
From the broad standpoint, any indicia can be chosen to be associated with the sets of information. It is preferred, however, that the indicia be a portion of the information defining each of the display segments and, in fact, most desirable it is the line on which it is desired the segment in question first appear during a scan or, in other words, its "Y" value, which actually provides the indicia. The indicia then can function not only to identify the particular set of information required for the spatial display segment to be extracted, it can also be used to aid in distinguishing those display segments which are to appear on a particular line from those which are not.
In accordance with the above, the dynamic RAM memory 52 is functionally separated into a pair of list portions 53 and 54 setting forth the predetermined order in which the sets of information are to be extracted from the RAM, and a main portion 56 containing location and attribute information relating to the display segments. As mentioned previously, while the sets of information are listed in the order of the appearance of the display segments in the X direction, it is the segment location Y-values used as the indicia to identify the information sets.
To simplify an understanding of the above, the representation in FIG. 2 of the lists and main portion of the RAM include an example of a typical display arrangement. With reference to list portion 53 (List A), it will be seen that the X order of three of the spatial segments to appear in the frame display in question have, in order, the Y-value of 65, 50 . . . 84. There is associated in the logical sense with each of such Y-values, a "spatial segment pointer". Such pointers are represented by Roman numerals and coincide with corresponding Roman numerals identifying specific segment location and attribute information in the RAM main portion 56. Thus, the Y-location value 65 is the Y-value of a spatial segment having an X-location value of 40, the Y-value 50 is the Y-value of a spatial segment having an X-value of 75, etc.
As will be described more fully below, the list portions 53 and 54 are to be used alternately, depending on whether or not there is a change in the X-order of the segments between successive frame displays. Moreover, there is provided in the RAM memory, locations enabling the listing of sixteen different spatial segments in each of such lists even though only three, the first two and the last one, are illustrated in each of the lists of FIG. 2. The RAM main portion 56 also includes memory locations accommodating information for sixteen different spatial segments. And as discussed above, while such entries in the main portion are not in any particular order, each is distinctively associated with its Y-value or values in the RAM list 53 or 54 being used at the time.
The main portion of the memory 56 includes for each of the spatial segments, the information illustrated in FIG. 2. That is, it includes for each segment, the number of scanning lines that have information defining the particular spatial segment (.DELTA.Y); the location along each of the lines first encountered by the scanning system requiring information on the spatial segment (its X value); the length, in bytes, of the segment along each of the lines (.DELTA.X); the address in the memory of the cartridge 30 or in the resident memory giving at any given time the location of the segment information which will be required next (the memory pointer); and the attributes, e.g., color and intensity, desired for the object image or images in the segment. The list in the main portion of the RAM further includes for each of the spatial segments, an "X copy" bit which will be explained hereinafter.
Means are included which reacts to the predetermined order of indicia in the one of the lists A or B activated at the time, by extracting from the cartridge memory in their order of appearance in the display, those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in such display. In this connection, means are included for tracking the scan of the scanning system as it produces each frame display. That is, a line counter 57 is used to keep track of the position of the scanning system in the line or "Y" direction by counting the lines scanned during each field. Counter 57 is reset by the vertical retrace pulse of the timing signal as indicated by the "V-blank" input 58.
Counter 57 cooperates with a display control 59 to direct delivery to a first in-first out (FIFO) buffer 60, digital information defining the line to be scanned. That is, the count output of such counter is fed through a line advance skew 61 to a comparator 62. The purpose of skew 61 is to advance by one the count being delivered to the comparator by the counter 57. Comparator 62 will sequentially compare at the beginning of each horizontal retrace, the advance by one count (N+1) with all of the Y values listed in the particular RAM list A or B which is to be compared therewith during a specified frame as determined by selection logic 63. In this connection, the comparisons are most simply made as part of the access to the RAM for refreshing. Moreover, it is made during memory cycles when the RAM is otherwise not being accessed. A counter 64 is therefore included to sequence through the addresses of all of the Y-values of the list selected during each N+1 count fed to the comparator 62 to assure that the Y-values of all of the listed segments are compared with the advanced count.
Each favorable comparison made by the comparator 62 will result in a "hit" being fed into the advanced line hit register 65. As an example, if line counter 57 is registering the count "64" which results in the next succeeding count, count "65" being compared by comparator 62 with RAM list A, a favorable comparison will be registered for the spatial segment denoted "I". This will result in setting of advanced hit register 65 to indicate a comparison.
Advanced hit register 65 has additional activating input from the main portion 56 of RAM 52. That is, it continues to be set for any of the spatial segments which were first displayed on earlier scan lines during the frame but have a length in the Y direction (.DELTA.Y) which requires information defining the same to also be displayed on the particular scan line being loaded into register 65. This is represented by the flow line 75 extending to such register from the .DELTA.Y segment of the main portion 56 of the RAM. In the particular example being used, the .DELTA.Y portion will indicate to the hit register 65 that segment II is also to be displayed on scan line 65. That is, such segment first appeared on line 50 as is evidenced by the Y-value for the same located in RAM portion list A. Its length in the Y direction, however, is twenty lines, as indicated in the .DELTA.Y portion of the main portion of the RAM, with the result that information defining the segment also appears on scan line 65. This .DELTA.Y value is decremented after each line an object is displayed. And when the .DELTA.Y value is equal to one, the bit in the hit register 65 corresponding to the segment represented thereby is reset.
At the start of each scan line, the N+1 hit register 65 is strobed by the horizontal retrace pulse to dump its contents into the active hit register 66. It is such register which directs the display control 59 on a real time basis, i.e., during actual scanning of the line. Upon receiving a hit signal from register 66, display control 59 will respond thereto by initiating several operations. It will first direct RAM 56 main portion to deliver to an adder/subtracter 67 the X value of the first spatial segment to be displayed on the line in question. The adder/subtracter will utilize such information along with the horizontal retrace pulse to calculate the length of background at the beginning of the line prior to the first spatial segment to be displayed on the line. In this connection, a cursor register 68 is used to maintain the X value and .DELTA.X for the most recently displayed segments, to be used by the adder/subtracter in making such calculations. This background length or, in other words, time-distance information, will be delivered by the adder/subtractor to an information section 69 of the FIFO buffer in numeric form, as represented by flow line 70. In the example being used, the adder/subtracter 67 will deliver the number "39" in binary form to the section 69 since there are 39 dots of background which are to be produced in the specified frame prior to the appearance of the first spatial segment, segment I. The display control 59 will also deliver to an indication section 71 of the FIFO buffer a symbolic bit (in the example, an "0") which indicates that the information delivered to section 69 by the adder/subtracter is background information. This is represented by the flow line 72 extending from the display to such buffer section.
Once the information defining the initial background, if any, is deliverd to FIFO buffer 60, the information required by such buffer to display the portion of the first spatial segment appearing on the line is then loaded. More particularly, in receiving a hit from register 66, display control 59 directs RAM main portion 56 to deliver to the attribute section 73 of the buffer 60, the digital information in such RAM main portion defining the color and color intensity the object image or images within the first segment are to have on each line during the frame display. RAM main portion 56 also delivers a segment indicator (a "1" in the case of the example) to FIFO buffer section 71.
The information in the cartridge memory is also delivered to the buffer at such time. That is, the segment indicator is also sensed by direct memory access (DMA) logic set apart by dotted line outline 74. Such sensing is represented by information flow line 76.
DMA logic 74 acts, in effect, as means responsive to the scan tracking indicating that the scanning system is approaching a desired spatial position for a selected spatial segment by directing the cartridge or resident memory to deliver information required to produce such segment to the information discharging means 84 of the composer. Such DMA logic 74 therefore includes an image addresser/incrementer 77 which takes from the memory pointer section of the RAM 56, the address in the memory for the first information defining that portion of the segment which is to appear on the line being scanned and delivers it via the address bus to such memory. The cartridge or resident memory reacts thereto by delivering the information at such address for the line being scanned to the information section 69 of the buffer 60, as is represented by flow line 78. In this connection, the information defining a segment is stored in the cartridge or resident memory as symbolic digital data in one byte sections, one at each address. The DMA logic therefore includes a delta X decrement 79 which reacts to the number of bytes defining the segment in the X direction by advancing the image addresser/incrementer from one address to another until such time as the number of bytes of information required to define the spatial segment on the line is delivered to the buffer 60. Once the information is so delivered, the address specified for the segment in the RAM portion 56 is updated to the address which provides the first information required for the next line of the segment to be produced. This is represented by flow line 81 extending to the cartridge pointer portion of the RAM 56 from a RAM values update block 82 within the DMA logic 74. The delta Y for the segment is also decremented by the DMA logic at this time for the purpose discussed earlier. Such decrementation is represented by the flow line 83 extending from the update block 82 to the delta Y section of the main portion 56 of the RAM.
It should be noted that although the above described updating can be accomplished in the DMA logic 74 as described, it is also possible to do so under the control of software. The software would have to satisfy the same algorithm as described above in connection with the DMA logic.
In the particular example being used in which the spatial display segment labelled "I" follows the first background information, image color and intensity indicia "10100" will be delivered to attribute section 73 of buffer 60, the binary bit "1" will be delivered to the indicator section, and the binary data "00001101" defining the segment will be delivered to the information section of such buffer. In this connection, it should be noted that the information set defining the segment includes information defining the background for object images within the segment. In this example, a binary "0" represents a background dot whereas a binary "1" defines an object dot.
After the information required to display spatial segment I at the proper location is loaded into buffer 60, information defining the background, if any, between it and the next segment in sequence is loaded into the buffer. To this end, display control 59 directs that the X value of the next segment be delivered to adder/subtracter 67 along with the X value and the delta X from the segment just loaded. Adder/subtracter 67 calculates from such information the time-distance or, in other words, length between the segments which are to be sequentially displayed, and delivers the results of such calculation to the information section 69 of FIFO buffer 60. In the example being used, such length is 27 dots, the difference between the end of spatial segment I and the beginning of spatial segment II. Again, this information is provided to the information section in numeric form, and the display control delivers to the indication section 71 a symbolic bit which indicates that the number represents background information rather than spatial segment data.
Information defining spatial segment II can then be delivered to buffer 60 in accordance with the procedure discussed above in connection with segment I. Additional background and segments to complete the line will sequentially be delivered to the buffer. In this connection, the time-distance or length for the last background in the line is calculated by the adder/subtracter 67 from the delta X of the previous segment and the horizontal retrace pulse at the end of the line.
This sequential operation of delivering to the buffer 60 all of the information needed by it to define a line can be completed in a relatively short time. Depending on the depth of the FIFO buffer, and bandwidth of the cartridge or resident memory available to the display composer, some displays may require the information delivery to be completed after the actual scan of the line has started. The provision of a FIFO buffer 60 as part of the information discharge means prevents such a delay from affecting the operation of the scan system. More particularly, it is only necessary that the information be delivered to the buffer prior to the time it is actually required during the scan since a FIFO buffer will immediately deliver to its output any information which is received by it.
The information discharge means of which the buffer 60 is a part is contained within the dotted line section 84. Such discharge means assures that the information defining a line being scanned will be delivered to the scanning system at a regular rate correlated with the rate at which such scanning system scans the display surface area of the TV receiver to produce a frame display. More particularly, the buffer 60 delivers in sequence to selection logic 86 the background defining information and the symbolic information defining the individual segments. The rate of output of such selection logic on line 87 is correlated with the bit rate, as represented by bit rate clock input 88 thereto.
At the beginning of a line scan, the first information delivered to the selection logic by buffer 60 will be the information defining the length of background before spatial segment I is displayed. The selection logic 86 will decode the background length numeral and cause delivery to the scanning system of background information for the number of dots so designated. The background information for the display surface area is provided by a background color and intensity register 89 which is loaded via the data bus 27 under the control of the CPU. Immediately after delivery of the first designated background information is finished, the buffer 60 will serially deliver to logic 86 both the data defining the spatial segment I and, when required, the color and intensity information for the object image or images therein. When the spatial segment data indicates background, the selection logic will direct register 89 to deliver information defining the same to the scanning system; whereas when the segment data indicates an object image, the selection logic 86 will direct to the scanning system the color and intensity information for the spatial segment contained in the attribute section 73 of the buffer.
The discharge arrangement will continue to serially direct to the scanning system information defining the line being scanned until such time as the line is finished. The entire process will then be repeated for the next line. In this connection, when a field for a frame display is completed in accordance with the above, both the buffer 60 and line counter 57 will be reset by the vertical blank pulse. Also, those values relating to spatial segments which have been changed during the field scan will be updated by the CPU under software control. That is, the delta Y's of the segments which have been displayed will be returned to their full value and the cartridge pointer address of each displayed segment will be updated to that address in the cartridge memory which contains the first information which will be required for the segment in question during the new field.
The delta Y and cartridge pointer addresses will be similarly updated between frame displays. Moreover, if there is a difference in the X order of the segements to be displayed, command register 51 will issue a selection bit to selection logic 63 to change the list which is compared during the frame scans. In this connection, providing a pair of lists enables the X order set forth in one to be updated while the other is being used for comparisons.
The simultaneous composition of a display at basically the same time the display is produced by a scanning system provides significant versatility to the kinds of information which can be displayed. Moreover, it enables manipulations and other functions related to the display to be carried out in relatively straight-forward manners. The preferred embodiments of the invention being described includes arrangements for performing certain functions and manipulations relating to the display which are expecially desirable. For example, with the instant invention it is a simple matter to "zoom" or, in other words, enlarge or contract, the spatial segments which are displayed. To this end, command register 51 includes bits which indicate whether or not a spatial segment to be displayed is to be multiplied by an integer, e.g., by 2. When command register 51 is programmed to indicate that a multiplication is to take place, it will deliver enable signals to logic (not shown) at the output of the buffer which will multiply the spatial segment data accordingly. A command register input line 91 is illustrated communicating with the output line 87 of the selection logic 86 to represent such a multiplication.
The apparatus of the invention also includes an arrangement for modifying the color and/or color intensity information emanating from the selection logic 86. More particularly, a color and intensity modifier register 93 is provided to store color and intensity information which is exclusively OR'ED, as represented by gate 94, with the display color and intensity information prior to its delivery to the scanning system. Thus, the color or intensity of either the object images or the background can be changed as desired. In this connection, it may be desired to change the same between sequential frame displays or sets of frame displays in order to present to the viewer a flashing color display.
The composer also includes means which will cause a display segment to be repeatedly displayed. More particularly, the "X copy" section of RAM main portion 56 is for the purpose of containing a symbolic bit of information associated with each of the segments indicating whether such segment is to be repeated when it is addressed. If it is to be so repeated, the bit of information is conveyed to the image addresser/incrementer 77 of the DMA logic to direct the same not to be incremented during a line scan but rather to repeat the address contained within the cartridge pointer section until such time as the delta X for the segment is exhausted. The RAM value update 82 will then update the cartridge pointer to the address for information appearing on the next scan line, which address will again be repeated during the succeeding line scan for the number of times indicated by the delta X decrement. Thus the information delivered from the memory of cartridge 30 to the spatial segment data section 69 of the buffer 60 during each line scan will be repeated so the scanning system will produce the selected segment a plurality of times adjacent to one another on the display surface area. This function of the apparatus is particularly useful in producing a repetitive background on the display area, such as a checkerboard background.
The preferred embodiment of the invention also enables an interrupt signal to be generated for application to the CPU interrupt pin at any designated scan line. To this end, it includes a Y interrupt register 96 which receives from the data bus 27 under control of the CPU 17 information designating a line at which the interrupt signal is desired to be issued during a given frame display. Upon receiving an enabling command from command register 51, a comparator gate 97 compares the value in Y-interrupt register 96 with the count of counter 57. Upon comparison of equality, gate 97 will issue an interrupt signal for application to the CPU interrupt pin as represented by flow line 98. The CPU can react thereto in any desired way determined by the programming, such as by shifting from one set of instructions to another.
In some games and other potential applications of the apparatus of the invention, it is desirable to be able to store a location on the display area being scanned at a particular time when an external command signal is received. For example, in a war game it may be desirable to be able to point or "shoot at" a location on the display surface with a light pen or the like to indicate a "hit" at such location. A simple means for storing or, in other words, freezing such a location is also included in the preferred embodiment. To this end, the composer includes a dot counter 99 in addition to the line counter 57. Whereas line counter 57 keeps track of the line being scanned at any given time, dot counter 99 keeps track of the dot or location in the X direction along each line as it is being scanned. In this connection, dot counter 99 receives reset input as represented by the flow line from the horizontal retrace signal.
After receiving a freeze ENABLE signal from command register 51, both line counter 57 and dot counter 99 will dump respectively into Y freeze registers 102 and 103 their values on receiving external stimuli as represented by the "freeze" flow lines 104. The content of the freeze registers 102 and 103 can be interrogated by the CPU to initiate an action based on the values therein. For example, if the external stimuli is provided by a light pen acting as a gun in the manner set forth earlier, the action initiated by the CPU may be the presentation of a spatial display segment in the next frame showing as an object image an explosion at the frozen location.
SYSTEM PROGRAMMING
As mentioned previously, all of the registers and other memory locations within each of the composers 29 is accessed by the CPU through the address decoder of the particular composer in question, and for each composer there are 16 potential objects that can be displayed, and hence the RAM main portion 56 and each list 53 and 54 are 16 entries long. Any entry in a list that is within the range of actual Y (line) values visible on the screen will be interpreted as a segment to be displayed on the screen. For NTSC systems this range is 0-263 lines. Thus, if fewer than 16 objects are being displayed at a given time, some of the list entries contain values outside of the appropriate range; this in effect disables that entry.
In one specific implementation of the invention, the registers in each display composer are classified into three categories; WRITE ONLY, READ ONLY and READ/WRITE. The WRITE ONLY and READ ONLY registers perform mainly control and status functions. The READ/WRITE registers are used to describe the segments being displayed. All of these registers are accessed by the CPU 17 through its memory address space. When accessing composer registers in such implementation, the following rules should be observed:
(1) Adding a new segment to the screen (or at least placing it on the active list in RAM 52) should be done only during the V-blank between even-to-odd field transitions. This also applies to control bits of the command register.
(2) The optimal time to move a segment on the display area by switching from one of the lists 53 and 54 to the other and changing the X value of the segment if necessary is during the vertical blank of either field.
Display Composer Address Assignments-Specific Implementation
Write Only Registers:
Command Register--Address=F7 ##STR1## X-ZM: X-Zoom bit X-ZM=0=No zoom in X direction X-ZM=1=zoom in X direction by factor of 2
FRZ: Freeze bit defines CPU Interrupt Pin as an input (FRZ=1) such that when it is stimulated externally, the contents of the Dot Counter and Line Counter are instantaneously copied into the freeze registers which can be interrogated by the CPU.
ENB: Enable bit, 0=all DMA, Video and X logic activities of composer are disabled. 1=composer is enabled.
INT: Interrupt bit, this bit only has affect when the FRZ bit equals 0. In this case, the Interrupt pin is defined as an output. INT=0=interrupt disabled INT=1=interrupt enabled, and interrupt source is defined by INT. SEL. bit.
KBD: Used as a general purpose output port. It is electrically connected to a pin on the composer package.
Y-ZM: Y-Zoom bit Y-ZM=0=no zoom in Y direction Y-ZM=1-zoom in Y direction by a factor of 2.
A/B: Specifies which list, A or B is to be used by X and RAM logic. A/B=0=B list active A/B=1=A list active
YINT H. O.: This is the high order bit of the Y-Interrupt Register.
Background Register--Address=F5 ##STR2## This register specifies the color and intensity of the screen background. INT 1 and INT 0 are the intensity bits to be interrupted as follows:
RED, BLUE and GREEN are the color bits, presenting eight possible colors:
Final Modifier Register--Address=F2 ##STR3## The final video output pins are always exclusive OR'ed with the contents of this register.
Y-Interrupt Register--Address=F0 ##STR4## This registers contents (plus the Y INT H. O. bit in the Command Register) are compared with the current line counter contents and if the INT. bit=1 and INT SEL bit=1 then a true comparison will result in a lower voltage state being placed on the CPU interrupt pin.
READ ONLY REGISTERS
X-Freeze Register--Address=F8 ##STR5## This register receives a copy of the current dot counter (the current X co-ordinate of the scanning beam) when the FRZ bit=1 and a negative transition is detected on the CPU interrupt pin.
Y-Freeze Low Order Register--Address=F9 ##STR6## Receives a copy of the current Y-counter (current line number) when the FRZ bit=1 and a negative transition is detected on the CPU interrupt pin.
Y-Freeze High Order and Odd/Even Register--Address=FA ##STR7## Y-F8: This bit is the Y-Freeze high order (MSB) bit which should be concatenated with the Y-Freeze Low Order Register contents to form the complete 9-bit Y-Freeze address. As with the Y-Freeze Low Order Register, this bit is loaded with the value of the current Y-counter when the FRZ bit=1 and a negative transition is detected on the Interrupt Pin.
Y-C8: This is the MSB of the current Y-counter, i.e., the current line number, and should be concatenated with the current Y-Freeze Low Order Register to determine the line number.
O/E: Indicates whether the screen is currently displaying the odd field or even field.
O/E=0=Even Field
O/E=1=Odd Field
Current Y Low Order Register--Address=FB ##STR8## Low order bits of the current Y (line) counter. This counter is reset on the leading edge of V-blank, and incremented by each succeeding H-blank pulse.
Read/Write Registers
Each segment to be displayed on the screen has a set of Registers in the composer which are used to describe the coordinates of that segment on the screen and the attributes of the object image or images in such segment. A total of 16 objects can be displayed using one composer. The set of registers for each segment are as follows (the XXXX is used to designate one of the 16 objects):
Cartridge Pointer Low Order--Address=0000 XXXX ##STR9## RP0--RP7--the low-order eight bits of the first cartridge memory address containing the segment information.
Cartridge Pointer High Order and Color--Address=0001 XXXX ##STR10## RP8--RP12--the high-order five bits of the first cartridge Address containing segment information. These bits are concatenated with the Cartridge Pointer Low Order bits.
BLU, GRN, RED--bits defining the color of the object image. A "0" means that color is off, a "1" means that color is on.
.DELTA.X, Intensity and X-Copy--Address=0010 XXXX ##STR11## .DELTA.XO-.DELTA.X4--These five bits specify how many bytes wide the segment is.
INT 1 and INT 0--Specify the intensity of the object in the segment. Four levels of intensity, with 00 being the lowest level and 11 being the brightest.
X-COPY--When this bit equals zero, the cartridge pointer is incremented after each byte fetch until .DELTA.X is decremented to zero. When this bit equals one, the cartridge pointer is not decremented after each byte fetch (only after the last fetch).
.DELTA.Y Register--Address=0011 XXXX ##STR12## This register indicates the height of the segment or, in other words, how many scan lines include information defining it. For example, if .DELTA.X=5 and .DELTA.Y=20 for a particular object, then the object is described by a five byte (40 dot) by 20 line (in each field) array in the memory of cartridge 31.
X-Value Register--Address=0100 XXXX ##STR13## X-ORDA0--X-ORDA3--X-order entry for List A. Y-VAMSB--The most significant bit of the Y-coordinate of the object for List A.
Y Value High Order and X-Order List B--Address=1000 XXXX ##STR14## X-ORDB0 through X-ORDB3--X-order entry for List B. Y-UBMSB--The most significant bit of the Y-coordinate of the object--List B.
The coupler of the invention has been programmed, utilizing the specific register implementation described above, to display a "tennis" video game which is externally controlled by a user. The following pages is program listing of the assembled language for such game. The microprocessor utilized is the previously mentioned F-8 microprocessor available from Mostek Corporation and the Fairchild Semiconductor Components Group of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. It was programmed in accordance with the F-8 User's Guide and Guide to Programming available in 1976 from Fairchild; and the 1975 F-8 Preliminary Data Book available from Mostek. The memory allocations (in hexadecimal) for the following are:
Also, the designation UM1 is used to refer to the display composer; and the designation UM 2 is used to refer collectively to the system controller, the timer and the timing and sync signal generator. ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## ##SPC4## ##SPC5## ##SPC6## ##SPC7##
While the invention has been described in detail in connection with a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes or modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the coverage afforded be limited only by the language of the claims and its equivalent.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of arranging information defining a display for a display surface area which is scanned by a scanning system to produce said display, comprising the steps of: A. storing at predetermined locations in memory apparatus, sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. placing in memory apparatus in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included therein, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining those spatial display segments to appear in said display, which said indicia at least partly defines the geometrical location on said display surface area at which the spatial display segment to which it is associated is to appear; and C. responding to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from said memory apparatus in their order of appearance in said display, those sets of information defining the spatial segments to be included in said display.
2. A method according to claim 1 of arranging information defining a display for a display surface area, wherein said scanning system scans said display surface area to produce each of said displays by sequentially scanning adjacent lines to produce a raster scan defining said display; and said indicia uniquely associated with each of said sets of information defines the first line to be scanned containing a portion of the spatial display segment associated therewith.
3. A method of arranging information defining a display for a display surface area which is scanned over a period of time by a scanning system to produce said display, comprising the steps of: A. storing at predetermined locations in memory apparatus, sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. placing in memory apparatus in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included therein, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining those spatial display segments to appear in said display, said order of appearance being the order in time in which said segments are required by said scanning system to produce said display; and C. responding to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from said memory apparatus in their order of appearance in said display, those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in said display.
4. A method of arranging information defining a display of spatial display segments for a display surface area which is scanned by a scanning system to produce said display and wherein it is desired that said display include a showing of background at all locations not having a spatial display segment, comprising the steps of: A. storing at predetermined locations in memory apparatus, sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. placing in memory apparatus in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included therein, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining those spatial display segments to appear in said display; C. responding to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from said memory apparatus in their order of appearance in said display, those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in said display; D. calculating for said display the time-distance between spatial display segments which are to be displayed thereon; and E. providing to said scanning system background control signals directing said scanning system to produce said background display between spatial display segments for said calculated time-distance.
5. A method of arranging information defining a display for a display surface area which is scanned by a scanning system to produce said display by sequentially scanning adjacent lines to produce a raster scan defining said display, comprising steps of: A. storing at predetermined locations in memory apparatus, sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. placing in memory apparatus in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included therein, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining those spatial display segments to appear in said display; and C. responding to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from said memory apparatus in their order of appearance in said display, those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in said display, including the step of sequentially composing each of said adjacent lines individually to produce said raster scan by extracting from each of said sets of information only that information required for each of said adjacent lines.
6. Apparatus for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area which is scanned by a scanning system to produce said display and wherein it is desired that said display include a showing of background at all locations not having a spatial display segment, comprising: A. means to store at predetermined locations sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. means to store in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included in said display, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining the spatial display segments to appear in said display; C. means responsive to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from storage those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in said display in their order of appearance in said display; D. means to calculate for said display the time-distance between spatial display segments which are to be displayed on said area; and E. means responsive to said means to calculate, by providing to said scanning system background control signals directing said scanning system to produce said background display between spatial display segments for said calculated time-distance.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area, wherein said display surface area is a display screen of a television receiver and said scanning system is the raster scanning system therefor; means are included for generating the timing and synchronization signals required to produce a composite video signal for the scanning system of said television receiver; each of said sets of information defining a spatial display segment includes indicia defining background for an object image also defined by said set of information signals; and further including delivery means responsive to said background defining information in each of said information sets by directing said scanning system to produce said background display when required to produce background in a spatial display segment for an object image of said segment.
8. Apparatus for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area which is scanned by a scanning system to produce said display comprising: A. means to store at predetermined locations sets of information respectively defining a plurality of spatial display segments, each of which at least partially defines an object image that it may be desired be included in said display; B. means to store in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included in said display, indicia uniquely associated with each of the sets of information defining the spatial display segments to appear in said display; C. means responsive to said predetermined order of indicia by extracting from storage those sets of information defining the spatial display segments to be included in said display in their order of appearance in said display; D. means to provide information defining a display surface area background for object images to be displayed during said display; E. means to convert said spatial display segment information and said background defining information to corresponding control signals for said scanning system; and F. means to deliver said background defining information and the set or sets of spatial display segment information defining object images to be included in said display to said converting means at times during scanning for said display correlated with the desired spatial positioning on said display surface area of background and said spatial display segments, which delivery means includes means to discharge information defining image objects at a regular rate correlated with the rate at which said scanning system scans said display surface area to produce said display.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area wherein said delivery means includes a first in-first out buffer.
10. Apparatus according to claim 8 for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area, wherein said means responsive to said predetermined order of indicia includes: A. means to track the scan by said scanning system which produces said display; and B. means responsive to said means to track the scan indicating that said scanning system is approaching a desired spatial position for a selected spatial segment by directing said means storing the information set defining said spatial display segment to deliver said information set to said delivery means.
11. Apparatus according to claim 8 for arranging information defining a display for a display surface area, wherein said means to store indicia in a predetermined order correlated with the order of appearance in said display of those spatial display segments to be included in said display, comprises a dynamic read and write memory which also stores indicia defining the location in said display of each of said spatial display segments to appear in said display.
12. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said read and write memory further includes information defining a color and color intensity desired for the object images in said segment to appear in said display; and said approach indicating means is further responsive to said means to track the scan indicating that said scanning system is approaching a desired spatial position for a selected spatial segment by delivering said color and color intensity information to said information discharging means.