US 4,231,536 AGrant
Airfoil for Controlling Refueling Boom
Issue Date:1980-11-04
•9 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A ruddevator assembly for controlling movement of an aircraft refueling boom, comprising two ruddevators mounted to the boom, each at a dihedral angle of about 42.degree.. Each ruddevator has an outboard section, which is an advanced technology cambered airfoil for high lift at transonic speeds, with a raked wing tip. The inboard portion of the airfoil has a forwardly extending strake-like member having a sharp leading edge which in planform comprises three sections. There is a curved forward edge section and two rearwardly extending edge sections, which in operation are positioned at high sweep angles. The side edge portions of the strake-like member create vortices which travel over the inboard portion of the ruddevator to augment lift over a wide range of surface deflection of the ruddevator (i.e., angle of attack). The inboard vortex also smooths the flow over the boom housing, and another aerodynamic feature is that the hinge moments exerted on the ruddevators are relatively linear over a wide range of deflection, thus enhancing the control characteristics of the ruddevator assembly.
Metadata
Assignee
- The Boeing Company
Inventors
- Kichio K. Ishimitsu
- Edward N. Tinoco
Application Information
Application Number:US 8405891
Filing Date:1977-10-11
Priority Date:1977-10-11
Art Unit:315
Classifications
IPC:
B64D 3900
Field of Search:
244135 R;135 A;87;88;35 R;198;199;200;91;3-24
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an airfoil configuration, the primary purpose of which is to generate greater lift over wider ranges of angle of attack and yaw angle, and more particularly to such airfoil configuration particularly suited for use in a ruddevator assembly for an aircraft refueling boom.
B. Background of the Invention
The usual method of aerial transfer of fuel from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft involves the use of a refueling boom which is pivotally mounted by a gimbal device to the lower rear end of the tanker. At the outer end of the boom there is provided an aerodynamic control apparatus (i.e., a ruddevator assembly) which is controlled by an operator positioned in the aircraft at a location proximate the inner pivot end of the boom. In effect, the operator manipulates the ruddevator to "fly" the boom into position for proper rendezvous with the receiver aircraft, so that the boom outlet can be properly positioned in the inlet receptacle of the receiving aircraft. During refueling, there will be some relative movement between the two aircraft, so the operator continues to "fly" the boom during the refueling operation, so that the boom follows the receiving aircraft without transmitting boom loads to the receptacle of the receiving aircraft. The limits within which the boom is designed to be moved angularly during the refueling operation is called the "refueling envelope."
In the early 1950's, the "KC-135 Boom" was developed for the U.S. Air Force, and it used airfoil control surfaces (ruddevators), attached to the boom at 42.degree. dihedral angle. The upper and lower surfaces of the ruddevators had symmetriacl airfoil configuration, and in planform the ruddevators were rectangularly shaped. That configuration was quite satisfactory for the receiver and tanker aircraft requirements at that time.
However, with the advent of new aircraft such as the U.S. Air Force C-5A, and with jet aircraft which must be refueled at a relatively high Mach number, the earlier ruddevator configuration for the KC-135 is no longer able to generate the control forces necessary to follow the receiver aircraft to the refueling envelope extremes adequately. When refueling is accomplished at higher Mach numbers, there is greater drag and correspondingly larger forces must be exerted by the boom control surfaces to operate within the same refuleing envelope. In addition, changes to current boom geometry which increase control power requirements are desirable to accommodate new aircraft. For instance, the fuel transfer rate for the larger aircraft must be greater, which in turn means a larger diameter fuel transfer tube, which in turn would create greater aerodynamic drag on the boom. Also, with larger aircraft being used, the separation of the tanker and receiver aircraft must be greater, which means longer boom length, and again, greater aerodynamic drag. Thus, there is requirement for a ruddevator system which is able to operate a refuleing boom within an adequate refueling envelope under the more stringent conditions as outlined above.
With regard to the patent literature relating to refueling booms, the following patents are noted as being generally representative of the state of the art of refueling booms, as it existed in the decade between 1950 and 1960, these patents being as follows: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,670,913, Castor et al; U.S. Pat. No. 2,663,523, Leisy; U.S. Pat. No. 2,960,295, Schulze; and British Patent Specification No. 765,424, filed in the name of the Boeing Airplane Company.
The following two patents are noted to show the state of the art relating to drogue type refueling devices, namely, U.S. Pat. No. 2,849,200, Person; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,367, Loedding.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,802,630, Birchell et al, is noted for its showing of a forwardly protruding section at the outboard end of the wing used in conjunction with a vertical fence at the outer portion of the wing. This is presumably to energize the boundary layer flow in the outboard area to improve tip stalling characteristics and thus improve stability.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,511, Donner, shows a plurality of stabilizing fins on the tail of a projectile, with the fins each having a forwardly protruding "tooth", to improve the stability of the fin.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,326, Neubeck, shows a pair of strake members positioned on the body of an aircraft at the lower rear section of the fuselage. This also is to improve stability, and it can be presumed that this would be accomplished by fixing the point of flow separation on the aft body section over a range of angles of attack, thereby minimizing the flow changes that would occur if this point of separation were allowed to change.
While not shown in any of the patents noted herein, it is also known in the prior art to mount strake-like members to the airplane fuselage at a location extending forwardly from the inboard end of the wings. Presumably, the function of such strake members is to cause flow separation at this area of the fuselage to improve aircraft performance.
The following patents are noted simply as a matter of general interest: U.S. Pat. No. 3,015,269, Potts, Jr., shows stabilizing fins at the rear section of a bomb. U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,597, Kasper, shows trailing edge control surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 3,782,668, Womack et al, shows a ramp structure positioned forward of an aerodynamic control fin to protect the control surface pivot shaft at high supersonic speeds. U.S. Pat. No. 3,765,620, Donner et al, shows a configuration of a tapered stabilizing fin for a projectile.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The airfoil of the present invention is able to provide relatively high lift over a relatively wide range of angles of attack, and also to maintain this lift over relatively wide range of yaw angle. Accordingly, the present invention is particularly adapted for use in a ruddevator assembly for a refueling boom. However, it is to be understood that within the broader aspects of the present invention, it could have application other than in a refueling boom.
As used in a refueling boom, the present invention comprises a ruddevator assembly which acts on the air which flows over the assembly to control movement of the boom and position it properly. The ruddevator assembly comprises a pair of ruddevators mounted to the boom at a dihedral angle to create both vertical and lateral lift components to control both elevation angle and azimuth angle of the refueling boom. Each ruddevator has a spanwise axis and a chordwise axis, and each ruddevator is mounted to the boom housing for rotation about an axis generally aligned with the spanwise axis of each ruddevator and generally perpendicular to the longitudincal axis of the boom.
With regard to the configuration of the ruddevator itself, it comprises an outboard section having an airfoil configuration with a leading edge shaped with sufficient curvature to cause attached flow over the outboard ruddevator section in a manner to create a lifting force by virtue of the airflow over the outboard ruddevator section. There is an inboard ruddevator section also having an airfoil configuration to create a lifting force caused by airflow over the inboard ruddevator section.
Of particular significance in the present invention is the addition of a forwardly extending strake-like member to the forward end of the inboard ruddevator section. This strake-like member has a relatively sharp leading edge of a sufficiently small radius to create detached flow of the air over the sharp leading edge. The leading edge can be considered as having three portions. There is a first forward edge portion positioned generally transverse to the flow of air thereover. There is a second outboard lateral edge portion extending from the forward edge portion of the ruddevator leading edge at a sweep angle sufficient to create vortex flow of air passing over the outboard lateral edge portion. There is a third inboard lateral edge portion extending from the forward edge portion rearwardly along the inside edge of the ruddevator. The angular position of the inboard edge portion is such that with the refueling boom extending at a downward angle from the longitudinal axis of its associated aircraft so as to be positioned at an angle to the airstream, and with the ruddevator being rotated to a position of angle of attack such that the chordwise axis of each ruddevator is slanted with respect to a plane containing the lengthwise axis of the boom, the inboard lateral edge portion of the strake-like member extends into the airstream at a sweep angle sufficient to create vortex flow of air passing over the inboard lateral edge portion.
The effect of this ruddevator configuration is that two counterrotating vortices are generated by the inboard and outboard leading edges of the strake-like member which has the aerodynamic effect of augmenting lift over the inboard portion of the ruddevator. In addition, it is believed that the vortex generated by the inboard lateral leading edge section improves flow adjacent the boom housing so as to reduce drag in that area.
It has been found that the ruddevator configuration of the present invention is able to generate greater control forces on the refueling boom, and to do so at larger angles of attack than would otherwise be possible. Further, it has been found that the hinge moments on the ruddevators are quite linear over a relatively wide range of angles of attack, which enhances the control characteristics of the ruddevators of the present invention. Also, since there is a substantial augmentation of lift in the area adjacent the inboard side of the ruddevators, this lift is accomplished without undue increase in the bending moments exerted on the hinge mounting of the ruddevators.
The particular relative dimensions of the ruddevators can be expected to be varied depending upon the particular application. In general, the angle between the inboard and outboard lateral leading edges of the strake-like member is between about 20.degree. and 90.degree., and desirably between about 35.degree. to 60.degree..
As another facet of the present invention, the outboard tip of each ruddevator is raked at an angle of between about 10.degree. to 60.degree.. Thus, when the boom is positioned at a relatively low elevation angle so that the sweep of the ruddevators is increased, the outboard edge of each ruddevator is more closely aligned with the flow of air so as to improve flow in the ruddevator tip area.
Other features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a refueling boom incorporating the present invention in a typical refueling operation;
FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view similar to FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the ruddevator assembly of the present invention, with the chordwise axis of the two ruddevators being parallel with the longitudinal axis of the boom;
FIG. 4 is a rear elevational view of the ruddevator assembly of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the right ruddevator, taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 3;
FIGS. 7A through 7C are, respectively, side, plan and rear elevational views of the refueling boom, positioned parallel to the line of flight of the airplane;
FIGS. 8A through 8C are figures similar to FIGS. 7A through 7C, showing the refueling boom positioned downwardly at an angle of 40.degree. with the line of flight of the airplane;
FIGS. 9A through 9C are similar to FIGS. 7A through 7C and FIGS. 8A through 8C, showing the refueling boom positioned at a vertical angle from the flight path of the airplane of 40.degree., and slanting laterally at an azimuth angle of 15.degree.;
FIG. 10 is a bottom planform view of a left ruddevator, rotated about its mounting to a position where its chordwise axis is at an angle of about 40.degree. with a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the boom;
FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the performance characteristics of five different ruddevator designs, in which the net boom elevation moment coefficient was plotted against the angle of incidence of the various ruddevators relative to the airstream;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a wind tunnel model of the ruddevator of the present invention illustrating flow characteristics of air passing over the ruddevator;
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the same model as shown in FIG. 12, under a modified operating condition in the wind tunnel.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention was created for the specific purpose of improving the performance capabilities of ruddevators used with aircraft refueling booms, particularly with regard to generating higher lift forces and better handling characteristics at speeds up through the transonic range within an adequately large refueling envelope. Because of the effectiveness of the present invention in solving particular problems associated with refueling booms, the preferred embodiment described herein is with reference to a ruddevator assembly used with refueling booms. However, it is to be understood that within the broader aspect of the present invention, this particular airfoil configuration could find worthwhile application in other situations, particularly where high lift is required at relatively large angles of attack, and where lift must be maintained under yawing conditions where the angle of the leading edge of the airfoil relative to its path of travel through an airstream is subject to variation.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown an aircraft tanker 10, having a boom 12 gimbal mounted to the lower rear end of the aircraft at 14, and having at its outer end a refueling probe 16 mounted telescopically within the boom 12. At the outer end of the probe 16 there is a nozzle 18 which upon extension of the probe 16 becomes positioned in an intake receptacle (not shown for convenience of illustration) at the upper forward end of a receiver aircraft indicated at 20. At the outer end of the boom 12, there is an expanded housing section 22 to which the ruddevators 24 of the present invention are mounted.
In FIG. 1, the extreme vertical limits of the refueling envelope of the boom 12 are indicated at 26a and 26b with the "a" suffix indicating the upper vertical limit and the "b" suffix indicating the lower vertical limit. In FIG. 2, the right and left extreme lateral limits of the boom refueling envelope are indicated at 28a and 28b. In a situation where refueling is accomplished at Mach numbers in the order of Mach 0.6 to Mach 0.9, within the extremes of the refueling envelope the angle which the boom 12 would make with the line of flight in its high and low positions would be between 0.degree. and 45.degree.. With regard to lateral deviations of the boom within the extremes of the operating envelope, the azimuth angle with the boom 12 would make with the longitudinal axis of the airplane would be about 15.degree. or greater.
To describe the basic configuration of the ruddevator assembly of the present invention, reference is made to FIGS. 3 through 5, where the two ruddevators 24 are shown positioned with the chordwise axis of each ruddevator 24 parallel to the longitudinal axis 29 of the boom 12. Each ruddevator 24 is mounted to the boom housing 22 at a dihedral angle (indicated at "a" in FIG. 4) of 42.degree.. Each ruddevator 24 is mounted for rotation about an axis parallel to its spanwise axis by means of a respective mounting member 30 which can be rotated about its axis to change the angle attack of the ruddevator 24 relative to the longitudinal axis of the boom 12. The spanwise axis of the ruddevators and their axes of rotation are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the boom 12, with the axis of rotation being indicated at 32, as coinciding with the spanwise axes.
Since the two ruddevators 24 are substantially identical, except for the reversal of parts for right and left hand mounting, the following description will be confined to a single ruddevator 24.
The ruddevator 24 has an outboard section 34 which has an aerodynamic configuration with a leading edge 36 shaped to promote attached flow over the outboard ruddevator section 34. The cross-sectional configuration of this outboard section 34 is shown in FIG. 6, and it can be seen to be an advanced technology airfoil design to produce relatively high lift coefficients, such as one of the high technology airfoils which now exist in the prior art. For reasons which will be discussed more fully hereinafter, the outer edge of the airfoil section 34 is in a raked configuration (i.e., slants rearwardly and outwardly) at an angle of between about 10.degree. to 60.degree. from the chordwise axis of the ruddevator 24, this angle being indicated at "b" in FIG. 10, which shows the ruddevator 24 in planform.
The inboard section of each ruddevator 24 is designated 38 and comprises a rear section 40 which has a cross-sectional configuration generally similar to the outboard section 34. This inboard section 38 differs from the outboard section 34 primarily in that it has a forward strake-like portion 42. Since this strake-like portion 42 is particularly significant in the present invention, it will be described in more detail herein. The leading edge of the strake-like portion 42 is made relatively sharp (i.e., of a small leading edge radius), so as to promote detached flow of air passing over this leading edge. In planform configuration, the leading edge comprises a forward rounded edge portion 44a, a rearwardly extending inboard edge portion 44b, and a second rearwardly extending outboard edge portion 44c. The main body portion 46 of the strake-like member 42 increases in thickness from the leading portions 44a, 44b and 44c and is fared into the rear inboard section 40 to promote proper airflow over the strake-like member 42 and over the rear inboard portion 40. While the aerodynamic characteristics which the strake-like portion 42 impart to the ruddevator will be discussed more fully later herein, at this point in the description it can be stated quite briefly that the general function of the strake-like portion 42 is for the sharp leading edge portions 44b and 44c to generate vortices which travel over the ruddevator 24 to increase lift and produce other desired flow characteristics.
Before discussing further the aerodynamic characteristics which are believed to be present in the ruddevators 24 of the present invention, it is believed that it would be profitable to first discuss generally the operating characteristics of the ruddevators 24 in different positions with reference to FIGS. 7A-7C through 9A-9C. In those figures, the boom 12 with its ruddevators 24 is shown in three views in three different operating conditions.
In FIGS. 7A through 7C, the boom 12 is shown extending horizontally behind the airplane 10 so as to be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the airplane 10, 7A being a side elevational view, FIG. 7B being a top plan view and 7C being a rear view.
In FIGS. 8A through 8C, the boom 12 has been moved down to an angle of 40.degree. from the horizontal, this angle being indicated as ".theta." in FIG. 8A. As can be seen from the top view of FIG. 8B and the rear view of FIG. 8C, the boom 12 has not been shifted laterally, so the azimuth angle is zero. In this position, the drag force, indicated at 48 in FIG. 8A, of the air flowing against the boom 12 and the ruddevators 24 tends to swing the boom upwardly and rearwardly. Thus, to hold the boom 12 in position, the two ruddevators 24 must exert lift forces in a downward direction to counteract this drag force. (Note: As used herein, the term "lift" designates the forces generated generally perpendicular to the plane of each ruddevator 24, which have the net effect of producing a downward force on the boom 12 against the action of the drag force 48). As shown in FIG. 8C, the lift forces 50 exerted on the two ruddevators are normal to their respective ruddevator surfaces and can be broken into two oppositely directed lateral force components 52 and two downwardly directed force components 54 which are parallel to one another. The net effect in this particular situation is that the lateral forces 52 cancel each other out, and the downward forces 54 are additive and reach a level adequate to counteract the effect of the drag force 48 and hold the boom 12 in its downwardly angled position.
In FIGS. 9A through 9C, the boom 12 is shown operating at a more extreme condition, where not only is it deflected downwardly at an angle of .theta. of 40.degree., but it is also deflected laterally at an azimuth angle of 15.degree., indicated at .PSI. in FIG. 9B. The forces exerted by the two ruddevators 24 to maintain the boom 12 in that position are indicated in FIG. 9C. It can be seen that the lift force generated by the left ruddevator 24 indicated at 50a, is substantially greater in magnitude than the lift force 50b generated by the right ruddevator 24. This is necessary to cause a differential in the lateral force components 52a and 52b to counteract the drag force 48 exerted against the boom and the ruddevators which force 48 tends to move the beam 12 laterally toward its center position, in addition to tending to swing the boom upwardly. As in the situation of FIGS. 8A-8C, this latter tendency is counteracted by the total force generated by the two downward components 54a and 54b, as indicated in FIG. 9C.
To explore another facet of the positioning of the boom 12 in the three different positions shown in FIGS. 7A-C through 9A-C, reference is first made to FIG. 7B, where it can be seen that with the boom positioned horizontally (i.e., parallel to the flight path), the leading edges 36 of the two outboard ruddevator sections are perpendicular to the path of the air flow. However, since the two ruddevators 24 are hinge mounted about a dihedral axis of 42.degree., in the position of FIGS. of 8A through 8C, where the two ruddevators 24 are rotated so that the forward ends thereof move downwardly relative to the axis of the boom 12 to assume the proper angle of attack, the outboard leading edges 36 are in a swept wing configuration. Further, the two inboard strake-like leading edge portions 44b become positioned at a forward and outward slant at a high sweep angle, and at the same time the two outboard strake-like leading portions 44c assume an angle of yet higher sweep, in comparison with the position shown in FIG. 7B.
To proceed further with this analysis, reference is now made to FIG. 9B, where in addition to the boom 12 being deflected downwardly at an angle of 40.degree. from the horizontal, the boom 12 is also deflected laterally to an azimuth angle of 15.degree. from the longitudinal axis. It will be recalled from the earlier examination of FIG. 9C that for the boom 12 to assume this position, the left ruddevator 24 must exert substantial lift forces. In this position, the inboard strake-like edge 44b of the left ruddevator 24 has increased its sweep angle somewhat, while the outboard strake-like 44c has decreased its sweep angle to the same degree. It will be noted that as the azimuth (.PSI.) angle is increased or decreased by the ruddevator swinging laterally, the two strake-like edges 44b and 44c continue to have substantial exposure at a high sweep angle to continue to provide the desirable vortex flow throughout various azimuth angles. The foregoing analyses made with reference to FIGS. 7A-7C through 9A-9C are presented to illustrate the lift forces which must be generated by the ruddevators 24 in different operating positions, and also the position of the ruddevators 24 relative to the airstream.
To proceed now to an analysis of the aerodynamic effects created by the ruddevators 24 of the present invention, reference is made to FIG. 10 which is a bottom planform view of the left ruddevator, as seen in the position of FIG. 8A-C. As indicated earlier, the leading edge portions 44a-c of the strake-like member 42 are made sufficiently sharp (i.e., of a sufficiently small radius) to cause separation of air which flows over such edge portions 44a-c. The precise degree of sharpness which is required to cause such separation will vary, depending upon a number of circumstances, but it is well within the skill of the art for an aerodynamicist to be able to design edge portions of sufficient sharpness to cause such separation. As the air flow passes by the forward edge 44a, it separates along the two lateral edges 44b and 44c, and flows rearwardly in the form of two counter-rotating vortices over the inboard ruddevator portion 38 indicated by arrows 56. With the spanline of the ruddevator 24 slanted at a moderate sweep angle with respect to the air flow, the two strake-like edges 44b and 44c are both exposed to the air flow at a rather steep sweep angle, thus enhancing the desirable vortex flow. Also, it is believed that the vortex along the inboard edge 44b sweeps the side of the boom housing 22, as indicated at 58, to improve flow in that region.
With regard to the outboard portion 34 of the ruddevator 24, the angle of the rake of the wingtip is such so as to be generally parallel with the direction of the air flow, thus enhancing air flow in the tip region and providing an added improvement to the overall lift force exerted by the ruddevator 24.
To demonstrate the operating characteristics of the present invention, a model of a typical refueling boom was constructed and tested in the Boeing wind tunnel in Seattle, WA. A series of tests were run with ruddevators of various configurations, with an air flow at various Mach numbers, azimuth angles and angles of deflection from the horizontal. The various ruddevators were mounted to the boom and operated at various angles of attack to determine the net boom elevation moment exerted by the ruddevators. The test results of five ruddevators tested are shown in the graph of FIG. 11, where the boom elevation moment coefficient is plotted against the ruddevator incidence angle, which is the angle of attack with respect to the air stream.
An advanced technology airfoil with a moderate reverse camber, having a raked tip of 30.degree. was tested, with the results given in Curve A. This airfoil did not have the strake-like member 42. Then the same airfoil planform was again used, but with an advanced technology airfoil with a relatively high camber, and the results of this test are given in Curve B. It can be seen that somewhat improved results are obtained.
Then, three ruddevator configurations were tested, with the strake-like member 42 added to the inboard leading edge. First, in Curve C, there is shown the results of adding a relatively small strake-like member to the moderate reverse camber airfoil, such as that of Curve A. It can be seen that the performance is substantially better than the same airfoil without the strake. Then a larger strake-like member was added to the advance technology moderate reverse camber airfoil and tested, with the results given in Curve D. Finally, the larger strake-like member was added to the high camber advanced technology airfoil with the results being given in Curve E. It can be seen from an examination of Curves D and E that yet higher performance was obtained with the larger strake-like member, in that the net force on the boom continued to increase with the angle of incidence being up to as high as 20.degree..
From these test results, the following conclusions can be drawn:
a. with both types of advanced technology airfoils tested, the addition of the strake-like member improved performance with regard to the net force imparted to the boom, in that the ruddevators with the strake-like extension improved lift over a wider range of angles of attack,
b. the addition of a larger strake-like member improved lift performance beyond what was achieved by the smaller strake-like member.
It should be noted that what was measured in these testes was the net effect of the moments exerted in the boom. Thus, these test results take into account any increased drag which might result by the addition of the strake-like members and of increased drag resulting from increased angle of incidence, which would tend to cancel out the effects of the increased lift.
To provide graphic representation of the aerodynamic effects of the ruddevator of the present invention, lampblack oil was placed upon the surfaces of a ruddevator such as that whose test results were given in Curve E of FIG. 11. The Mach number was 0.80, the .theta. angle (angle of deflection from the horizontal) was 40.degree.; the azimuth angle was zero; and the angle of attack was only 1.degree., which was adequate to balance the drag loads on the boom. The flfow lines, as indicated by the effects on the lampblack, are illustrated in FIG. 12. It can be seen that the flow remains attached and well behaved. There is some evidence of vortex roll-up at the wing tip which should result in increased lift.
Reference is now made to FIG. 13 where the same ruddevator as seen in FIG. 12 was tested in the wind tunnel under the same conditions, except that the azimuth angle of the boom was shifted 15.degree. from the center, and the angle of attack of the ruddevator which was most heavily loaded (i.e., the ruddevator on the side of the boom toward which the boom was shifted) was 8.2.degree.. It can be seen from the patterns left in the lampblack spread on the surface of the ruddevator that the outboard portion of the ruddevator is experiencing massive flow separation. Some separation is also evident on the inboard portion between the trailing vortices from the strakes. The regions of the ruddevator beneath the vortices from the strake and the raked tip exhibit a more behaved flow without separation.
To describe more particularly the physical configuration of the ruddevator of the present invention, on the assumption that the length of the refueling boom to which the ruddevator is to be mounted is about 40 feet extended, and its refueling capability is approximately 1200 gallons per minute, a ruddevator capable of providing proper control for such a boom at flight speeds of Mach 0.80 within the extremes of the refueling envelope would be as follows. The span of the ruddevator (shown at "c" in FIG. 10) would be 8.5 feet, the chord length of the outboard section 34 (indicated at "d" in FIG. 10) would be 2.5 feet. The length of the forward extension of the strake-like member 42 (indicated at "e" in FIG. 10) would be 2.3 feet. The angle between the two strake-like lateral edge portions 44b and 44c (indicated at "f" in FIG. 10) would be 41.degree.. The radius of curvature of the forward strake-like edge portion 42a in plan view (indicated at "g" in FIG. 10) would be about 8 inches. The radius of cross-sectional curvature of the leading edge 36 of the outboard ruddevator portion 34 (indicated at "h" in FIG. 6) would be about 11/2 to 2 inches. The radius of cross-sectional curvature of the strake-like leading edge portions 44a-c would be about 0.05 to 0.1 inch.
With regard to the angle "f" made between the two strake-like lateral leading edge portions 42b and 42c, this angle will vary depending upon the particular design requirements. For example, if the yaw angle over which the ruddevator 24 operates varies within a wider range, it can be expected that the angle "f" would be increased to give both lateral strake-like edge portions 44b and 44c adequate exposure to the air stream over a generator range of yaw angles. On the other hand, if the airfoil which forms the ruddevator 24 is used in an application where the yaw angle is expected to be of a substantially lesser magnitude, the angle "f" could be placed within closer limits to optimize the aerodynamic effect of the vortexes created. In general, within the operating conditions of a refueling boom such as shown herein, it can be expected that the angle "f" would be as great as possibly 90.degree. and as small as possibly 20.degree., and desirably between about 35.degree. to 60.degree..
With regard to the rake angle "b" of the outboard portion of the ruddevator, this angle would be between about 15.degree. to 45.degree. and desirably about 30.degree. in the particular arrangement shown herein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a refueling boom having a longitudinal axis and mounted to an aircraft, a ruddevator assembly to act on flow of air over the ruddevator assembly to control movement and position of the boom, said ruddevator assembly comprising: a pair of ruddevators mounted to said boom at a dihedral angle to create both vertical and lateral lift components, each of said ruddevators having a spanwise axis and a chordwise axis, each ruddevator being mounted for rotation about an axis generally aligned with its spanwise axis, each ruddevator comprising: a. an outboard ruddevator section having an airfoil configuration with a leading edge shaped to cause attached flow over the outboard ruddevator section to create a lifting force caused by airflow over said outboard ruddevator section, b. an inboard ruddevator section having an airfoil configuration to create a lifting force caused by airflow over said inboard ruddevator section, c. said inboard ruddevator section having a forwardly extending strake-like member mounted to the forward end of the inboard ruddevator section, d. said strake-like member having a relatively sharp leading edge of a sufficiently small cross sectional radius to create detached flow of the air flow over said sharp leading edge, said sharp leading edge having three portions, namely, 1. a forward edge portion positioned generally transverse to the flow of air thereover, 2. an outboard lateral edge portion extending from the forward edge portion to the leading edge of the outboard ruddevator section at a sweep angle sufficient to create vortex flow of air passing over said outboard lateral edge portion, 3. an inboard lateral edge portion extending from the forward edge portion rearwardly along the inside edge of the ruddevator, the angular position of the inboard lateral edge portion being such that with the refueling boom extending at a downward angle from its associated aircraft so as to be positioned at an angle to the airstream, and with each ruddevator being positioned at an angle of attach such that the chordwise axis of each ruddevator is slanted with respect to a plane containing the lengthwise axis of the boom, the inboard lateral edge portion of the strake-like member extends into the airstream at a sweep angle sufficient to create vortex flow of air passing over said inboard lateral edge portion, whereby said ruddevators are able to create relatively high lift forces at relatively high angles of attack and under conditions of yaw of the boom where the sweep angles of the ruddevators are subject to variation.
2. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the forward edge portion of the strake-like member is in planform rounded so as to curve into tangential alignment with the outboard and inboard lateral edge portions of the strake-like member.
3. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said inboard and outboard lateral edge portions of the strake-like member diverge from each other at an angle of between about 20.degree. to 90.degree..
4. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said inboard and outboard lateral edge portions of the strake-like member diverge from each other at an angle of between about 35.degree. to 60.degree..
5. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the inboard lateral edge portion of the strake-like member is spaced laterally in an outboard direction from a boom housing to which the strake-like member is mounted, so that there is adequate spacing for proper airflow over said inboard edge.
6. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the outboard end of each ruddevator is raked at a rearward and outward angle to improve airflow characteristics over the outer outboard edge portions under conditions where the refueling boom is at a lower elevation angle so as to increase sweep angle of the ruddevators.
7. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein the rake angle of each ruddevator is between about 15.degree. to 45.degree..
8. The ruddevator assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein, a. the forward edge portion of the strake-like member is in planform rounded so as to curve into tangential alignment with the outboard and inboard lateral edge portions of the strake-like member, b. said inboard and outboard lateral edge portions of the strake-like member diverge from each other at an angle of about 35.degree. to 60.degree.; c. the inboard lateral edge portion of the strake member is spaced laterally in an outboard direction from a boom housing to which it is mounted, so that there is adequate spacing for proper airflow over said inboard edge.
9. The ruddevator as recited in claim 8, wherein the outboard end of each ruddevator is raked at a rearward and outward angle between about 15.degree. to 45.degree. to improve airflow characteristics over the outboard edge portions under conditions where the refueling boom is at a lower elevation angle so as to increase the sweep angle of the ruddevators.
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