US 4,201,588 AGrant
Radiation Sensitive Co(III)complex Photoreduction Element With Image Recording Layer
Issue Date:1980-05-06
•6 Claims
•3 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A radiation-sensitive element is disclosed including a radiation-sensitive layer comprised of a cobalt(III)complex and a photoreductant. A process is disclosed in which the photoreductant is converted to a reducing agent by exposure to electromagnetic radiation longer than 300 nanometers. The reducing agent is then reacted with a cobalt(III)complex. Images can be recorded directly within the radiation-sensitive layer or in a separate image-recording element or layer by use of the residual cobalt(III)complex not exposed or one or more of the reaction products produced by exposure. By using the ammonia liberated from ammine ligand containing cobalt(III)complexes on exposure in combination with imagewise and uniform exposures, positive or negative images can be formed in diazo image-recording layers or elements associated with the radiation-sensitive layer. By the selection of amine-responsive reducing agent precursors, the amines released by the cobalt(III) complexes cause an amplified image.
Metadata
Assignee
- Eastman Kodak Company
Inventors
- Anthony Adin
- James C. Fleming
Application Information
Application Number:US 7208731
Filing Date:1976-09-07
Priority Date:1974-04-15
Art Unit:166
Classifications
IPC:
G03C 148G03C 149G03C 152G03C 172
Field of Search:
9629 R;76;75;91 R;91 D;91 N;68
Patent Drawings (3 sheets)
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed to a process and element capable of forming a useful redox couple in response to actinic radiation in excess of 300 nanometers in wavelength. More specifically, this invention is directed to a photographic process and element capable of selectively generating a useful redox couple through the interaction of a cobalt(III)complex and a photoreductant. The present invention is further concerned with a photographic element and process capable of forming a photographic image in either a photographic element or layer containing the redox couple or in a separate, contiguous photographic element or layer.
Classically, photographic elements have incorporated silver halide as a radiation-sensitive material. Upon exposure and processing the silver is reduced to its metallic form to produce an image. Processing, with its successive aqueous baths, has become increasingly objectionable to users desiring more immediate availability of a photographic image. Despite the processing required, silver halide photography has remained popular, since it offers a number of distinct advantages. For example, although silver halide is itself photoresponsive only to blue and shorter wavelength radiation, spectral sensitizers have been found which, without directly chemically interacting, are capable of transferring longer wavelength radiation energy to silver halide to render it panchromatic. Additionally, silver halide photography is attractive because of its comparatively high speed. Frequently, silver halide is referred to as exhibiting internal amplification--i.e., the number of silver atoms reduced in imaging is a large multiple of the number of photons received.
A variety of nonsilver photographic systems have been considered by those skilled in the art. Typically these systems have been chosen to minimize photographic processing and to provide useable photographic images with less delay than in silver halide photography. Characteristically, these systems require at least one processing step to either print or fix the photographic image. For example, ammonia or heat processing has been widely used in diazo imaging systems. While advantageously simple in terms of processing, these systems have, nevertheless, exhibited significant disadvantages. For example, many nonsilver systems are suitable for producing only negative images (or only positive images). Further, these systems have been quite slow, since they have generally lacked the internal amplification capability of silver halide. Many systems have also suffered from diminishing image-background contrast with the passage of time.
The use of cobalt(III)complex compounds in photographic elements is generally known in the art. For example, Shepard et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,152,903 teaches imaging through the use of an oxidation-reduction reaction system that requires a photocatalyst. The solid reducing agent is taught to be any one of a number of hydroxy aromatic compounds, including dihydrophenols, such as hydroquinone. The oxidant is taught to be chosen from a variety of metals, such as silver, mercury, lead, gold, manganese, nickel, tin, chromium, platinum, and copper. Shepard et al does not specifically teach the use of cobalt(III)complexes as oxidants. Instead, Shepard et al teaches that photochromic complexes, such as cobalt ammines, can be employed as photocatalysts to promote the oxidation-reduction reaction.
Cobalt(III)complexes are known to be directly responsive to electromagnetic radiation when suspended in solution. While most cobalt(III)complexes are preferentially responsive to ultraviolet radiation below about 300 nanometers, a number of cobalt(III)complexes have been observed in solution to be responsive to electromagnetic radiation ranging well into the visible spectrum. Unfortunately, these same complexes when incorporated into photographic elements lose or are diminished in their ability to respond directly to longer wavelength radiation. For example, Hickman et al in U.S. Pat. No. 1,897,843 teaches mixing thio-acetamide with hexamino cobaltic chloride to form a light-sensitive complex capable of interacting with lead acetate to produce a lead sulfide image. Hickman et al U.S. Pat. No. 1,962,307 teaches mixing hexammine cobaltic chloride and citric acid to form a light-sensitive complex capable of bleaching a lead sulfide image. Weyde in U.S. Pat. No. 2,084,420 teaches producing a latent image by exposing Co(NH.sub.3).sub.2 (NO.sub.2).sub.4 NH.sub.4 to light or an electrical current. A visible image can be formed by subsequent development with ammonium sulfide. In each of the above patents there is no photoreductant present.
Borden in U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,453, issued Mar. 2, 1971, and in his article "Review of Light-Sensitive Tetraarylborates", Photographic Science and Engineering, Volume 16, No. 4, July-August 1972, discloses that aryl borate salts incorporating a wide variety of cations can be altered in solvent solubility upon exposure to actinic radiation. Borden demonstrates the general utility of aryl borate salts as radiation--sensitive compounds useful in forming differentially developable coatings, as is typical of lithography, by evaluating some 400 different cations ranging from organic cations, such as diazonium, acridinium and pyridinium salts, to inorganic cations, such as cobalt hexammine. Borden discloses that the aryl borate salts can be spectrally sensitized with a variety of sensitizers, including quinones. In its unsensitized form the cobalt hexammine tetraphenyl borate of Borden is reported to be light sensitive in the range of from 290 to 430 nanometers. Borden notes in his report that hexammino cobalt chloride, although bright orange and therefore absorptive in the visible spectrum, is not useful in the lithographic system discussed in his article. Thus, Borden relies upon the light-sensitive aryl borate anionic moiety to provide radiation sensitivity.
In patent applications Ser. Nos. 384,858, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,372; 384,859, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,374; 384,860, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,880,659 and 384,861, now abandoned; all filed Aug. 2, 1973, it is taught to reduce tetrazolium salts and triazolium salts to formazan and azo-amine dyes, respectively, employing in the presence of labile hydrogen atoms a photoreductant which is capable of forming a reducing agent precursor upon exposure to actinic radiation. The reducing agent precursor is converted to a reducing agent by a base, such as ammonia.
Imaging systems have been developed which rely upon the oxidation of leuco dyes or upon the unblocking of a blocked color coupler or dye to form an image. Representative examples can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,565, British Pat. No. 975,457 and Research Disclosure, vol. 126, October 1974, Publication No. 12617, Para. III(E)2). These do not however achieve amplification by reason of the oxidation or the unblocking mechanisms.
RELATED CASES
An amplification system is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 461,172, filed Apr. 15, 1974, by T. DoMinh, entitled "High Gain Transition Metal Complex Imaging", now abandoned in favor of a continuation-in-part application Ser. No. 627,416, filed on Oct. 30, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,221. The amplification in that case was achieved by incorporating in the element compounds capable of forming at least bidentate chelates with cobalt(II), which act as a catalyst for the reduction of remaining cobalt(III) complexes, thus amplifying the image. However, in such a system care must be taken to exclude acid anions having pKa values high enough to deprotonate the cobalt(II) chelates.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a radiation-sensitive element and process capable of imagewise forming, without processing, a redox couple useful in photographic imaging. It is a more specific object to provide elements and processes capable of producing positive or negative photographic images either in a radiation-sensitive layer or within a separate internal or external imaging layer. It is another object of this invention to provide photographic elements useful with only thermal processing. It is a specific object to provide a radiation-sensitive element exhibiting an internal amplification capability upon exposure.
These and other objects of this invention can be achieved in one aspect by providing a radiation-sensitive element comprising a support and, as a coating, a radiation-sensitive layer comprised of a cobalt(III)complex free of a sensitizable anion, a photoactivator capable, upon exposure to actinic radiation longer than 300 nanometers in wavelength, of causing a reduction of the cobalt(III)complex and in chemical association with said complex, an amine-responsive reducing agent precursor selected from the group consisting of o-phthalaldehyde, thiosemicarbazides, an aminophenol having the structure ##STR1## wherein R is a lower alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms of an aralkyl group containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms in the aromatic nucleus, a hydroquinone having the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 is a lower alkyl group or an acetyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a quinone unsubstituted in at least one quinoid ring position adjacent a carbonyl group.
In another aspect this invention is directed to a process comprising converting a photoreductant to a reducing agent by exposure to electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than 300 nanometers. The reducing agent is then reacted with a cobalt(III)complex free of a sensitizable anion.
In still another aspect this invention is directed to a process comprising exposing a radiation-sensitive layer containing a photoreductant and a ligand containing cobalt(III)-complex to electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than 300 nanometers to convert the photoreductant to a reducing agent. The radiation-sensitive layer is associated with an image-recording layer which is visibly responsive to at least one ligand contained within the cobalt(III)complex upon release thereof. The radiation-sensitive layer is then heated to stimulate reduction of the cobalt(III)complex with concomitant ligand release and transfer of the released ligand to the image-recording layer.
In yet another aspect of this invention, such process of reaction with cobalt(III)complex is modified to cause amplification of the image ultimately produced, by using a reducing agent percursor capable of reacting, in the presence of an amine, such as ammonia, with remaining unreacted cobalt(III)complex. Particularly preferred are those reducing agent precursors which, upon conversion to a reducing agent are themselves oxidized to a dye form or a compound which, in the presence of a color coupler, forms a dye.
Another highly preferred form of such amplification process is one that follows the steps of
(a) imagewise exposing a photoactivator to activating radiation, and
(b) reducing the complex to release an amine such as ammonia, whereby the precursor is converted to a reducing agent, the reducing agent undergoes a redox reaction with remaining, unreacted transition metal(III)complex to release ligands and to thereby form additional amine, and the additional amine repeats the preceding steps to amplify the reaction.
In an additional aspect this invention is directed to a process of forming positive images by imagewise exposing a radiation-sensitive layer containing a photoreductant and a cobalt(III)complex to radiation longer than 300 nanometers in wavelength to convert the photoreductant to a reducing agent. The radiation-sensitive layer is heated to stimulate reduction of the cobalt(III)complex in exposed areas. Thereafter, leuco dye means is introduced into the radiation-sensitive layer and the leuco dye means is imagewise oxidized to a colored form by the cobalt(III)complex remaining in unexposed areas of the radiation-sensitive layer to form a positive image.
This invention can be better understood by reference to the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a radiation-sensitive element according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the radiation-sensitive element in combination with an original image-bearing element receiving a reflex exposure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the radiation-sensitive element in combination with a copy sheet receiving thermal processing;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the imaged copy sheet;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a composite radiation-sensitive imaging element;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic diagrams of an original image-bearing element and an image-bearing radiation-sensitive composite.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of yet another form of the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a test element incorporating a radiation-sensitive layer constructed in accordance with another aspect of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Transition Metal(III) Complexes
The transition metal(III) complexes employed in the practice of this invention are those which feature a molecule having a Group VIII atom or ion, from the Periodic Table, surrounded by a group of atoms, ions or other molecules which are generically referred to as ligands. The transition metal atom or ion in the center of these complexes is a Lewis acid while the ligands are Lewis bases. Highly preferred among the transition metals, for such complexes, is cobalt. While it is known that cobalt is capable of forming complexes in both its divalent and trivalent forms, trivalent cobalt complexes--i.e., cobalt(III)complexes--are employed in the practice of this invention, since the ligands are tenaciously held in these complexes as compared to corresponding cobalt(III)complexes. Preferred cobalt(III)complexes are those which are inert. Inert complexes are defined as those which, when a test sample thereof is dissolved at 0.1 molar concentration at 20.degree. C. in an inert solvent solution also containing a 0.1 molar concentration of a tagged uncoordinated ligand of the same species as the coordinated ligand, exhibit essentially no exchange of uncoordinated and coordinated ligands for at least one minute, and preferably for at least several hours, such as up to five hours or more. This test is advantageously conducted under the conditions existing within the radiation-sensitive elements of this invention. Many cobalt(III)-complexes show essentially no change of uncoordinated or coordinated ligands for several days. The definition of inert complexes, and the method of measuring ligand exchange using radioactive isotopes to tag ligands are well known in the art. See, for example, Taube, Chem. Rev., Vol. 50, p. 69 (1952) and Basolo and Pearson, Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions, A Study of Metal Complexes and Solutions, 2nd Edition, 1967, published by John Wiley and Sons, page 141. Further details on measurement of ligand exchange appear in articles by Adamson et al, J. Am. Chem., Vol. 73, p. 4789 (1951).
Preferred cobalt(III)complexes useful in the practice of this invention are those having a coordination number of 6. A wide variety of ligands can be used with cobalt(III) to form cobalt(III)complexes. Nearly all Lewis bases (i.e. substances having an unshared pair of electrons) can be ligands in cobalt(III)complexes. Some typical useful ligands include halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, fluoride), nitrate, nitrite, superoxide, water, amines (e.g., ethylenediamine, n-propylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, diaminodiacetate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, etc.), ammine, azide, glyoximes, thiocyanate, cyanide, carbonate, and similar ligands, including those referred to on page 44 of Basolo et al, supra. It is also contemplated to employ cobalt(III)complexes incorporating as ligands Schiff bases, such as those disclosed in German OLS Pat. Nos. 2,052,197 and 2,052,198.
The cobalt(III)complexes useful in the practice of this invention are those which are free of sensitizable anions. In one form the cobalt(III)complex can be a neutral compound which is entirely free of either anions or cations. The cobalt(III)complexes can include one or more cations or nonsensitizable anions as determined by the charge neutralization rule. Useful cations are those which produce readily solubilizable cobalt(III)complexes, such as alkali and quaternary ammonium cations. Anions are considered to be sensitizable for purposes of this invention if their use in combination with known sensitizers for silver halide emulsions stimulates their photographic response upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation longer than 300 nanometers in wavelength. Such anions can, of course, be readily identified to be sensitizable by observing their behavior in combination with photolytically inactive cations with and without known spectral sensitizers being present. Especially useful with cobalt(III)complexes are nonsensitizable anions, such as halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, fluoride, etc.), sulfite, sulfate, alkyl or aryl sulfonates, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, carboxylates (e.g., halocarboxylates, acetate, hexanoate, etc.), hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, as well as other, similar, nonsensitizable anions. Preferred cobalt(III)complexes are those which, in accordance with the charge neutralization rule, incorporate nonsensitizable anions having a net negative charge of 3.
In systems of the type disclosed by Thap DoMinh in concurrently filed, commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 461,172, titled HIGH GAIN TRANSITION METAL COMPLEX IMAGING, cobalt(III)complexes incorporating anions of acids having pKa values of 3.5 or less (preferably from 3.0 to 0.0), when employed with certain compounds containing conjugated .pi. bonding systems capable of forming Co(III) ligands, exhibit remarkable increases in imaging capabilities, probably due to catalysis of image-producing cobalt(III)complex generation.
Exemplary preferred cobalt(III)complexes useful in the practice of this invention are those set forth in Table I.
TABLE I
Exemplary Preferred Cobalt(III)Complexes
C-1 hexa-ammine cobalt(III) acetate
C-2 hexa-ammine cobalt(III) thiocyanate
C-3 hexa-ammine cobalt(III) trifluoroacetate
C-4 chloropenta-ammine cobalt(III) bromide
C-5 bromopenta-ammine cobalt(III) bromide
C-6 aquopenta-ammine cobalt(III) nitrite
C-7 bis(ethylenediamine) di-ammine cobalt(III) perchlorate
C-8 bis(ethylenediamine) diacetato cobalt(III) chloride
C-9 triethylenetetramine dichloro cobalt(III) acetate
C-10 bis(methylamine) tetra-ammine cobalt(III) hexafluorophosphate
C-11 aquopenta(methylamine) cobalt(III) nitrate
C-12 chloropenta(ethylamine) cobalt(III) chloride
C-13 trinitrotris-ammine cobalt(III)
C-14 trinitrotris(methylamine) cobalt(III)
C-15 tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) acetate
C-16 (tris(1,3-propanediamine) cobalt(III) trifluoroacetate
C-17 bis(dimethylglyoxime) bispyridine cobalt(III) trichloroacetate
C-18 N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylideneimine) bis-ammine cobalt(III) bromide
C-19 bis(dimethylglyoxime) ethylaquo cobalt(III)
C-20 .mu.-superoxodeca-ammine dicobalt(III) perchlorate
C-21 sodium dichloro ethylenediamine diacetato cobalt(III)
C-22 penta-ammine carbonato cobalt(III) nitrite
C-23 tris(glycinato) cobalt(III)
C-24 trans[bis(ethylenediamine) chlorothiocyanato cobalt(III)] sulfite
C-25 trans[bis(ethylenediamine) diazido cobalt(III)] chloride
C-26 cis[bis(ethylenediamine) ammine azido cobalt(III)hexanoate
C-27 tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) chloride
C-28 trans[bis(ethylenediamine) dichloro cobalt(III)] chloride
C-29 bis(ethylenediamine) dithiocyanato cobalt(III) fluoride
C-30 triethylenetetramine dinitro cobalt(III) iodide
C-31 tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) 2-pyridylcarboxylate
Photoreductants
As employed herein, the term "photoreductant" designates a material capable of molecular photolysis or photo-induced rearrangement to generate a reducing agent, which forms a redox couple with the cobalt(III)complex. The reducing agent spontaneously or with the application of heat reduces the cobalt(III)complex. The photoreductants employed in the practice of this invention are to be distinguished from spectral sensitizers, such as those disclosed in commonly assigned, concurrently filed patent application Ser. No. 461,171, titled Spectral Sensitization of Transition Metal Complexes. While spectral sensitizers may in fact form a redox couple for the reduction of cobalt(III)complexes (although this has not been confirmed), such sensitizers must be associated with the cobalt(III)complex concurrently with receipt of actinic radiation in order for cobalt(III)complex reduction to occur. By contrast, when a photoreductant is first exposed to actinic radiation and thereafter associated with a cobalt(III)complex, reduction of the cobalt(III)complex still occurs.
Any photoreductant as defined above can be usefully employed in the practice of this invention. A variety of compounds are known in the art to be photoreductants. For example, diazonium salts are known photoreductants. In copending, commonly assigned patent applications Ser. Nos. 384,858; 384,859; 384,860 and 384,861, cited above and here incorporated by reference, a large variety of photoreductants are disclosed which are useful in the practice of this invention. We have observed quinone, disulfide, diazoanthrone, diazonium salt, diazophenanthrone and aromatic azide, carbazide, and diazosulfonate photoreductants to be particularly preferred for use in the practice of this invention.
The disulfide photoreductants of this invention are preferably aromatic di-sulfides containing one or two aromatic groups attached to the sulfur atoms. The nonaromatic group can take a variety of forms, but is preferably a hydrocarbon group, such as an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 6) carbon atoms. The aromatic groups of the di-sulfide, azide, carbazide and diazosulfonate photoreductants can be either single or fused carbocyclic aromatic ring structures, such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, etc. They can, alternatively, incorporate heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, such as those having 5- or 6-membered aromatic rings including oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen heteroatoms. The aromatic rings can, of course, bear a variety of substituents. Exemplary of specifically contemplated ring substituents are lower alkyl (i.e., 1 to 6 carbon atoms), lower alkenyl (i.e., 2 to 6 carbon atoms), lower alkynyl (i.e., 2 to 6 carbon atoms), benzyl, styryl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, etc.), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), carboalkoxy (e.g., carbomethoxy, carboethoxy, etc.), carboaryloxy (e.g., carbophenoxy, carbonaphthoxy), acyloxy (e.g., acetoxy, benzoxy, etc.), acyl (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, etc.), halogen (i.e., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide), cyano, azido, nitro, haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, etc.), amino (e.g., dimethylamino), amido (e.g., acetamido, benzamido), ammonium (e.g., trimethylammonium), azo (e.g., phenylazo), sulfonyl (e.g., methylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl), sulfoxy (e.g., methylsulfoxy), sulfonium (e.g., dimethyl sulfonium), silyl (e.g., trimethylsilyl) and thioether (e.g., methyl mercapto) substituents.
Specific exemplary di-sulfides, diazoanthrones, diazophenanthrones, aromatic carbazides, aromatic azides, diazonium salts and aromatic diazosulfonates are set forth in Table II.
TABLE II
Exemplary Photoreductants
PR-1 1-naphthyl disulfide
PR-2 .beta.-naphthyl disulfide
PR-3 9-anthryl disulfide
PR-4 cyclohexyl 2-naphthyl disulfide
PR-5 diphenylmethyl 2-naphthyl disulfide
PR-6 2-dodecyl 1'-naphthyl disulfide
PR-7 thioctic acid
PR-8 2,2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)diphenyl disulfide
PR-9 10-diazoanthrone
PR-10 2-methoxy-10-diazoanthrone
PR-11 3-nitro-10-diazoanthrone
PR-12 3,6-diethoxy-10-diazoanthrone
PR-13 3-chloro-10-diazoanthrone
PR-14 4-ethoxy-10-diazoanthrone
PR-15 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-diazoanthrone
PR-16 2,7-diethyl-10-diazoanthrone
PR-17 9-diazo-10-phenanthrone
PR-18 3,6-dimethyl-9-diazo-10-phenanthrone
PR-19 2,7-dimethyl-9-diazo-10-phenanthrone
PR-20 4-azidobenzoic acid
PR-21 4-nitrophenyl azide
PR-22 4-dimethylaminophenyl azide
PR-23 2,6-di-4-azidobenzylidene-4-methylcyclohexanone
PR-24 2-azido-1-octylcarbamoyl-benzimidazole
PR-25 2,5-bis(4-azidophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole
PR-26 1-azido-4-methoxynaphthalene
PR-27 2-carbazido-1-naphthol
PR-28 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-diazidobiphenyl
PR-29 4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-30 2,5-dimethoxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-31 2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-32 2,5-diethoxy-4-morpholinobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-33 4-chloro-2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-34 4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-35 2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-36 4-(ethylamino)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-37 4-[bis(hydroxypropyl)amino]benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-38 2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-39 4-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-40 4-(diamylamino)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-41 2-methyl-4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-42 4-(oxazolidino)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-43 4-(cyclohexylamino)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate
PR-44 2-nitro-4-morpholinobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-45 4-(9-carbazolyl)benzenediazonium hexfluorophosphate
PR-46 4-(dihydroxyethylamino)-3-methylbenzenediazonium hexfluorophosphate
PR-47 4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium hexachlorestannate
PR-48 4-dimethylamino-3-methylbenzenediazonium hexachlorostannate
PR-49 2-methyl-4-(N-methyl-N-hydroxypropylamino)benzenediazonium hexachlorostannate
PR-50 4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrachlorozincate
PR-51 4-dimethylamino-3-ethoxybenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-52 4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrachlorozincate
PR-53 4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-54 2-carboxy-4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-55 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-pyrrolidinobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-56 4-methoxybenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-57 2,5-diethoxy-4-acetamidobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-58 4-methylamino-3-ethoxy-6-chlorobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-59 3-methoxy-4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-60 2,5-dichloro-4-benzylaminobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-61 4-phenylaminobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-62 4-(tert.-butylamino)benzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-63 4-morpholinobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-64 4-morpholino-3-methoxybenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-65 1-piperidinoisoquinolin-4-yldiazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-66 4-morpholino-2,5-dimethoxybenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-67 4-morpholino-2-ethoxy-5-methoxybenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate
PR-68 4-(4-methoxyphenylamino)benzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-69 4-morpholino-2,5-dibutoxybenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-70 2,5-diethoxy-4-benzoylaminobenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-71 2,5-dibutoxy-4-benzoylaminobenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-72 4-ethylmercapto-2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-73 4-tolymercapto-2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium chlorozincate
PR-74 potassium 4-(N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylamino)-benzenediazosulfonate
PR-75 sodium 4-(diethylamino)benzenediazosulfonate
PR-76 potassium 2-chloro-4-morpholinobenzenediazosulfonate
PR-77 tetramethylammonium 3-methoxy-4-piperidinobenzenediazosulfonate
Quinones are useful as photoreductants in the practice of this invention. Preferred quinones include ortho- and para-benzoquinones and ortho- and para-naphthoquinones, phenanthrenequinones and anthraquinones. The quinones may be unsubstituted or incorporate any substitute or combination of substituents that do not interfere with the conversion of the quinone to the corresponding reducing agent. A variety of such substituents are known to the art and include, but are not limited to, primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, alkaryloxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, acyloxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aroyloxyalkyl, aryloxyalkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, primary and secondary amino, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, anilino, piperidino, pyrrolidino, morpholino, nitro, halide and other similar substituents. Such aryl substituents are preferably phenyl substituents and such alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl substituents, whether present as sole substituents or present in combination with other atoms, typically incorporate 20 (preferably 6) or fewer carbon atoms.
Specific exemplary quinones intended to be used in combination with a separate source of labile hydrogen atoms are set forth in Table III.
TABLE III
Exemplary Quinones Useful With External Hydrogen Source
PR-78 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-79 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-80 duroquinone
PR-81 2-(1-formyl-1-methylethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-82 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-83 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-84 2,5-dimethyl-6-(1-formylethyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-85 2-(2-cyclohexanonyl)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-86 1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-87 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-88 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-89 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-90 2-thiomethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-91 2-(1-formyl-2-propyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-92 2-(2-benzoylethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-93 9,10-phenanthrenequinone
PR-94 2-tert-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone
PR-95 2-methyl-1,4-anthraquinone
PR-96 2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone
A preferred class of photoreductants are internal hydrogen source quinones; that is, quinones incorporating labile hydrogen atoms. These quinones are more easily photoreduced than quinones which do not incorporate labile hydrogen atoms. Even when quinones lacking labile hydrogen atoms are employed in combination with an external source of hydrogen atoms while incorporated hydrogen source quinones are similarly employed without external hydrogen source compounds, the internal hydrogen source quinones continue to exhibit greater ease of photoreduction. When internal hydrogen source quinones are employed with external hydrogen source compounds, their ease of photoreduction can generally be further improved, although the improvement is greater for those internal hydrogen source quinones which are less effective when employed without an external hydrogen source compound.
Using quinones exhibiting greater ease of photoreduction results in photographic elements which exhibit improved image densities for comparable exposures and which produce comparable image densities with lesser exposure times. Hence, internal hydrogen source quinones can be employed to achieve greater photographic speeds and/or image densities.
Particularly preferred internal hydrogen source quinones are 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinones having at least one hydrogen atom in each of the 5 and 8 ring positions. Other preferred incorporated hydrogen source quinones are those which have a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom to which is also bonded the oxygen atom of an oxy substituent or a nitrogen atom of an amine substituent with the further provision that the carbon to hydrogen bond is the third or forth bond removed from at least one quinone carbonyl double bond. As employed herein the term "amine substituent" is inclusive of amide and imine substituents. Disubstituted amino substituents are preferred. 1,4-Benzoquinones and naphthoquinones having one or more 1'- or 2'-hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy (including alkoxyalkoxy--particularly 1'- or 2'-alkoxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, etc.), 1'- or 2'-alkoxyalkyl, aralkoxy, 1'- or 2'-acyloxyalkyl, 1'- or 2'-aryloxyalkyl, aryloxyalkoxy, 1'- or 2'-aminoalkyl (preferably a 1'- or 2'-aminoalkyl in which the amino group contains two substituents in addition to the alkyl substituent), 1'- or 2'-aroyloxyalkyl, alkylarylamino, dialkylamino, N,N-bis-(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N,N-bis(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N,N-bis(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N,N-bis-(1-acylalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-acylalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-acylalkyl)amino, pyrrolino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, and/or morpholino substituents in the 2 and/or 3 position are particularly preferred. Other substituents can, of course, be present. Unsubstituted 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinones substituted at least in the 2 and/or 3 position with one or more of the above-listed preferred quinone substituents also constitute preferred internal hydrogen source quinones. It is recognized that additional fused rings can be present within the incorporated hydrogen source quinones. For example, 1,4-dihydro-anthraquinones represent a useful species of 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinones useful as incorporated hydrogen source quinones. The aryl substituents and substituent moieties of incorporated hydrogen source quinones are preferably phenyl or phenylene while the aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents and substituent moieties preferably incorporate twenty or fewer carbon atoms and, most preferably, six or fewer carbon atoms. Exemplary preferred internal hydrogen source quinones are set forth in Table IV.
TABLE IV
Exemplary Internal Hydrogen Source Quinones
PR-97 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-98 5,8-dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-99 2,5-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-100 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-101 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bispyrrolidino-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-102 2-ethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-103 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-104 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-105 2,6-diethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-106 2,5-diethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-107 2,5-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-108 2,5-bis(.beta.-phenoxyethoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-109 2,5-diphenethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-110 2,5-di-n-propoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-111 2,5-di-isopropoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-112 2,5-di-n-butoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-113 2,5-di-sec-butoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-114 1,1'-bis(5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)diethyl ether
PR-115 2-methyl-5-morpholinomethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-116 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-morpholinomethyl-1,4benzoquinone
PR-117 2,5-bis(morpholinomethyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-118 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-119 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-120 2-(1-hydroxy-n-propyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-121 2-(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-n-propyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-122 2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-123 2-(1-acetoxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-124 2-(1-methoxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-125 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-126 2-ethoxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-127 2-i-propoxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone
PR-128 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dimethyl-9,10-anthraquinone
PR-129 2-dimethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-130 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-131 2-benzyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-132 2-methoxy-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-133 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-134 2,3-diethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-135 2-ethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-136 2-phenethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-137 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-138 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-139 2-(2-phenoxy)ethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-140 2-ethoxy-5-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-141 2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-142 2-ethoxy-7-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-143 2-n-propoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-144 2-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-145 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-146 7-methoxy-2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-147 2-n-butoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-148 2-sec-butoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-149 2-n-pentoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-150 2-n-hexoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-151 2-n-heptoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-152 2-acetoxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-153 2-methoxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-154 2-(.beta.-acetoxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-155 2-N,N-bis(cyanomethyl)aminomethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-156 2-methyl-3-morpholinomethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-157 2-hydroxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-158 2-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-159 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-160 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-161 2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-162 2-bromo-3-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-163 2-ethoxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-164 2-chloro-3-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-165 2-morpholino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-166 2,3-dipiperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-167 2-dibenzylamino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-168 2-methyloxycarbonylmethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-169 2-(N-ethyl-N-benzylamino)-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-170 2-morpholino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-171 2-pyrrolidino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-172 2-diethylamino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-173 2-diethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-174 2-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-175 2-pyrrolidino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-176 2-(2-hexyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-177 2-neo-pentyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-178 2-(2-n-pentyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-179 2-(3-methyl-n-butoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-180 2-(6-hydroxy-n-hexoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-181 2-ethoxy-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-182 2-di(phenyl)methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-183 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-184 2-methyl-3-(1-hydroxymethyl)ethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-185 2-azetidino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-186 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-187 2,3-dimorpholino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-188 2-ethylamino-3-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-189 2-ethoxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
PR-190 2-phenoxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
While each of the various categories of photoreductants noted above form a redox couple with cobalt(III)complexes upon exposure to actinic radiation in excess of 300 nanometers in wavelength, the photoreductants vary somewhat in the manner and mechanism through which they react. Many of the photoreductants react rapidly with the cobalt(III)complex upon exposure to actinic radiation. Certain of the quinone photoreductants exhibit this reaction characteristic. Other of the photoreductants form a redox couple upon exposure, but require an extended period to reduce the cobalt(III)complex. In most instances it is desirable to heat the redox couple formed by the exposed photoreductant and cobalt(III)complex to drive the reaction to a more timely completion. Although optimum levels of heating vary considerably, depending upon specific choices of photoreductants, cobalt(III)complexes, other materials present and desired photographic speeds, typically, heating the redox couple in the temperature range of from 80.degree. to 150.degree. C. is preferred.
Photoreductant Adjuvants
The photoreductants employed in the practice of this invention shift the position of or change the number of atoms contained within the molecule in the course of conversion to the corresponding reducing agent. Internal hydrogen source quinones are exemplary of photoreductants capable of relying entirely on the atoms initially present within the molecule to permit conversion to the corresponding reducing agent. In other photoreductants conversion to the corresponding reducing agent may require that an adjuvant be present in intimate association with the photoreductant to donate the necessary atoms to permit formation of the reducing agent. For example, in quinones lacking an internal hydrogen source it is necessary to employ in combination an adjuvant capable of functioning as an external source of hydrogen atoms. In most instances we have observed significant improvements in performance by employing in combination with our photoreductants an adjuvant, such as an external hydrogen source, to facilitate conversion of the photoreductant to a reducing agent, whether or not the photoreductant itself contains the requisite atoms for its conversion to a reducing agent.
Any conventional source of labile hydrogen atoms that is not otherwise reactive with the remaining components or their reaction products contained within the photographic element can be utilized as an adjuvant. Generally preferred for use are organic compounds having a hydrogen atom attached to a carbon atom to which a substituent is also attached which greatly weakens the carbon to hydrogen bond, thereby rendering the hydrogen atom labile. Preferred hydrogen source compounds are those which have a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom to which is also bonded the oxygen atom of an oxy substituent and/or the trivalent nitrogen atom of an amine substituent. As employed herein the term "amine substituent" is inclusive of amide and imine substituents. Exemplary preferred substituents which produce marked lability in a hydrogen atom associated with a common carbon atom are oxy substituents, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkaryloxy and aralkoxy substituents and amino substituents, such as alkylarylamino, diarylamino, amido, N,N-bis(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-cyanoalkyl)amino, N,N-bis(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-carbalkoxyalkyl)amino, N-N-bis(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N-(1-nitroalkyl)amino, N,N-bis(1-acylalkyl)amino, N-alkyl-N-(1-acylalkyl)amino, N-aryl-N(1-acylalkyl)amino, and the like. The aryl substituents and substituent moieties are preferably phenyl or phenylene while the aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents and substituent moieties preferably incorporate twenty or fewer carbon atoms and, most preferably, six or fewer carbon atoms. Exemplary of compounds which can be used in the practice of this invention for the purpose of providing a ready source of labile hydrogen atoms are those set forth in Table V. Compounds known to be useful in providing labile hydrogen atoms are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,212, issued May 14, 1968, the disclosure of which is here incorporated by reference.
TABLE V
Exemplary External Hydrogen Source Compounds
HS-1 poly(ethylene glycol)
HS-2 phenyl-1,2-ethanediol
HS-3 nitrilotriacetonitrile
HS-4 triethylnitrilotriacetate
HS-5 poly(ethylene glycol)
HS-6 poly(vinyl butyral)
HS-7 poly(vinyl acetal)
HS-8 1,4-benzenedimethanol
HS-9 methyl cellulose
HS-10 cellulose acetate butyrate
HS-11 2,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acid
HS-12 1,3-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-urea
HS-13 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol
HS-14 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
HS-15 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol
HS-16 3,4-dichlorophenylglycol
HS-17 N-(hydroxymethyl)-benzamide
HS-18 N-(hydroxymethyl)-phthalimide
HS-19 5-(hydroxymethyl)-uracil hemihydrate
HS-20 nitrilotriacetic acid
HS-21 2,2',2"-triethylnitrilotripropionate
HS-22 2,2',2"-nitrilotriacetophenone
HS-23 poly(vinyl acetate)
HS-24 poly(vinyl alcohol)
HS-25 ethyl cellulose
HS-26 carboxymethyl cellulose
HS-27 poly(vinyl formal)
The external hydrogen source adjuvants incorporated within the photographic elements of the present invention can, in fact, perform more than one function. For example, the polymers included in Table V can also be used as binders as well as to provide a source of labile hydrogen atoms. These compounds are designated as external hydrogen source compounds only to point up that the labile hydrogen atoms are not incorporated in the photoreductant.
Radiation-Sensitive Composition, Layer and Element
To form a radiation-sensitive composition useful in the present invention it is merely necessary to bring together the photoreductant and the cobalt(III)complex. If required by the choice of photoreductant, an adjuvant should also be included. The radiation-sensitive composition can then be brought into a spacially fixed relationship, as by coating the composition onto a support to form a radiation-sensitive element according to the present invention. For maximum efficiency of performance it is preferred that the components of the radiation-sensitive composition, particularly, the photoreductant, the cobalt(III)complex and the adjuvant, if any, be intimately associated. This can be readily achieved, for example, by dissolving the reactants in a solvent system.
The solvent system can be a common solvent or a combination of miscible solvents which together bring all of the reactants into solution. Typical preferred solvents which can be used alone or in combination are lower alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol and the like; ketones, such as methylethyl ketone, acetone and the like; water; liquid hydrocarbons; chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, ethylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and the like; ethers, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and the like; acetonitrile; dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide.
For ease of coating and for the purposes of imparting strength and resilience to the radiation-sensitive layer it is generally preferred to disperse the reactants in a resinous polymer matrix or binder. A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers can be used as binders. In order to be useful it is only necessary that the binders be chemically compatible with the reactants. In addition to performing their function as a binder the polymers can also serve as adjuvants such as external hydrogen sources to supplement or replace other adjuvants such as hydrogen sources as described above. For example, any of the polymers set forth in Table V can be used both as binders and as external hydrogen sources.
It is preferred to employ linear film-forming polymers such as, for example, gelatin, cellulose compounds, such as ethyl cellulose, butyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate and the like; vinyl polymers, such as poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), a poly(vinyl acetal) such as poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate), polystyrene, and polymers of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates including copolymers incorporating acrylic or methacrylic acid; and polyesters, such as poly(ethylene glycol-co-isophthalic acid-co-terephthalic acid), poly(p-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid-co-isophthalic acid-co-cyclohexylenebismethanol), poly(p-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid-co-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol) and the like. The condensation product of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol is also a preferred useful binder. Generally any binder known to have utility in photographic elements and, particularly, diazo photographic elements can be used in the practice of this invention. These binders are well known to those skilled in the art so that no useful purpose would be served by including an extensive catalogue of representative binders in this specification. Any of the vehicles disclosed in Product Licensing Index Vol. 92, December 1971, publication 9232, at page 108, can be used as binders in the radiation-sensitive elements of this invention.
While the proportions of the reactants forming the radiation-sensitive layer can be varied widely, it is generally preferred for most efficient utilization of the reactants that they be present in roughly stoichiometric concentrations--that is, equal molar concentrations. One or more of the reactants can, of course, be present in excess. For example, where the external hydrogen source is also used as a binder, it is typically present in a much greater concentration than is essential merely for donation of labile hydrogen atoms. It is generally preferred to incorporate from 0.1 to 10 moles of the cobalt(III)complex per mole of the photoreductant. Adjuvants, such as external hydrogen sources, supplied solely to perform this function are typically conveniently incorporated in concentrations of from 0.5 to 10 moles per mole of photoreductant. The binder can account for up to 99% by weight of the radiation-sensitive layer, but is typically employed in proportions of from 50 to 90% by weight of the radiation-sensitive layer. It is, of course, recognized that the binder can be omitted entirely from the radiation-sensitive layer. The surface or areal densities of the reactants can vary, depending upon the specific application; however, it is generally preferred to incorporate the cobalt(III)complex in a concentration of at least 1.times.10.sup.-7 moles per square decimeter and, most preferably, in a concentration of from 1.times.10.sup.-5 to 1.times.10.sup.-4 moles per square decimeter. The areal densities of the remaining reactants are, of course, proportionate. Typically, the radiation-sensitive layer can vary widely in thickness depending on the characteristics desired for the radiation-sensitive element--e.g., image density, flexibility, transparency, etc. For most photographic applications coating thicknesses in the range of from 2 microns to 20 microns are preferred.
Any conventional photographic support can be used in the practice of this invention. Typical supports include transparent supports, such as film supports and glass supports as well as opaque supports, such as metal and photographic paper supports. The support can be either rigid or flexible. Preferred supports for most applications are paper or film supports. The support can incorporate one or more subbing layers for the purpose of altering its surface properties. Typically subbing layers are employed to enhance the adherency of the radiation-sensitive coating to the support. Suitable exemplary supports are disclosed in Product Licensing Index Vol. 92, December 1971, publication 9232 at page 108.
The radiation-sensitive layer can be formed on the support using any conventional coating technique. Typically the reactants, the binder (if employed) and any other desired addenda are dissolved in a solvent system and coated onto the support by such means as whirler coating, brushing, doctor blade coating, hopper coating and the like. Thereafter the solvent is evaporated. Other exemplary coating procedures are set forth in the Product Licensing Index publication cited above, at page 109. Coating aids can be incorporated into the coating composition to facilitate coating as disclosed on page 108 of the Product Licensing Index publication. It is also possible to incorporate antistatic layers and/or matting agents as disclosed on this page of the Product Licensing Index publication.
As is illustrated in FIG. 1, in a simple form the radiation-sensitive element 100 can be formed entirely of a support 102 and a radiation-sensitive layer 104. In this form the radiation-sensitive element need not exhibit an image-recording capability, rather the radiation-sensitive element merely exhibits a selective response to imagewise exposure with actinic radiation. The selective response can be usefully employed, as in recording the image in a separate photographic element. In a preferred radiation-sensitive element of this type the cobalt(III)complex incorporates one or more ligands which can be volatilized upon reduction of the complex. For example, the cobalt(III)complex can incorporate one or more ammine ligands which are liberated as ammonia upon imagewise reduction of the cobalt(III)complex. For such an application it is preferred to choose a cobalt(III)complex which incorporates a large number of ammine ligands, as are present in cobalt hexa-ammine and cobalt penta-ammine complexes.
Separate Image-Recording Layers and Elements
Where the radiation-sensitive layers employed in the practice of this invention do not incorporate an image-recording capability, it is contemplated that a separate image-recording layer be used with the radiation-sensitive layer. In a simple form a separate image-recording element can be used in combination with a radiation-sensitive element, such as element 100. In this way reaction products released upon imagewise exposure of the radiation-sensitive element can be transferred in an image pattern to produce an image printout or bleachout in the image-recording layer. In one form of the invention it is contemplated that ammonia will be imagewise transferred from the radiation-sensitive layer to a separate image-recording element. In such instance the image-recording element can take the form of any conventional element containing a layer capable of producing an image as a result of ammonia receipt or, more generally, contact with a base.
In a simple form the image-recording element can consist of a support bearing thereon a coating including a material capable of either printout or bleachout upon contact with ammonia. For example, materials such as phthalaldehyde and ninhydrin printout upon contact with ammonia and are therefore useful in forming negative images. A number of dyes, such as certain types of cyanine dyes, styryl dyes, rhodamine dyes, azo dyes, etc. are known capable of being altered in color upon contact with a base. Particularly preferred for forming positive images are dyes which are bleached by contact with a base, such as ammonia, to a substantially transparent form. Pyrylium dyes have been found to be particularly suited for such applications. While the image-recording layer can consist essentially of a pH or ammonia responsive imaging material, in most instances it is desirable to include a binder for the imaging material. The image-recording element can be formed using the same support and binder materials employed in forming the radiation-sensitive element or in any other convenient, conventional manner.
To record an image using separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements, the radiation-sensitive layer of the radiation-sensitive element is first imagewise exposed to radiation of from 300 to about 900 nm, preferably to radiation of from 300 to 700 nm. This can be accomplished using a mercury arc lamp, carbon arc lamp, photoflood lamp, laser or the like. Upon exposure to actinic radiation the photoreductant present in the radiation-sensitive layer is converted to a reducing agent in exposed areas and forms a redox couple with the cobalt(III)complex. Where a redox couple is formed that reacts rapidly at ambient temperatures, it is desirable to have the image-recording layer of the image-recording element closely associated with the radiation-sensitive layer at the time of exposure. Where the redox couple reacts more slowly, as in those instances where it is desirable to drive the redox reaction to completion with the application of heat, the image-recording element can be associated with the radiation-sensitive element before or after exposure. For example, in one form the radiation-sensitive element can be exposed and thereafter associated with the image-recording element, as by feeding the elements with the radiation-sensitive and image-recording layers juxtaposed between heated rolls. After the radiation-sensitive element has been used to produce an image in the image-recording element, it can be discarded or, where a more slowly reacting redox couple is formed, reused with another image-recording element to provide another photographic print.
The practice of this invention employing separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements is illustrated by reference to the following examples:
EXAMPLES 1 THROUGH 20
An image-recording element was in each instance formed by adding a solution of 30 mg of dye, identified below in Table VI, in 0.50 grams of dimethylformamide to 5.0 grams of a 10 percent by weight solution of cellulose acetate butyrate in acetone. The resulting solution was coated at 43.degree. C. on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support to a wet coating thickness of approximately 100 microns and dried.
A radiation-sensitive element was formed by solvent coating onto a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support a composition 8.1 mg/dm.sup.2 of 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (PR-145), 6.2 mg/dm.sup.2 of cobalt hexa-ammine acetate (C-1) and 60.3 mg/dm.sup.2 of cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10) in acetone.
The radiation-sensitive element was given a 20 second imagewise exposure with an ultraviolet light source (commercially available as a Canon Kalfile Printer 340 VC). The exposed radiation-sensitive coating and the image-recording coating were placed face-to-face and passed through a pair of pressure rollers heated to 100.degree. C. and having a linear speed of 0.66 cm/sec. After passing between the rollers, the radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements were separated and the image-recording layer viewed. The observed results are set forth below in Table VI.
EXAMPLE 21
The procedure of Examples 1 through 20 was repeated substituting 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)quinoline monohydrochloride as the dye present. The unexposed area was red and the exposed area was bright yellow.
EXAMPLE 22
The procedure of Examples 1 through 20 was repeated substituting for the dye 30 mg of 3',6'-bis(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)fluoran and 13 mg of p-toluenesulfonic acid (to yield a rhodamine dye of the type disclosed in British Pat. No. 1,286,885). The unexposed area was dark violet and the exposed area was light violet.
EXAMPLE 23
A radiation-sensitive element was formed by coating a mixture of 0.2 gram of PR-145; 0.1 gram of C-1; 0.5 gram HS-10; 5.0 grams of 2-methoxyethanol and 5.0 grams of acetone to a wet coating thickness of approximately 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support.
An image-recording element was formed by coating a mixture of 8.0 grams of 10 percent cellulose acetate butyrate in 80:20 weight ratio acetone/methyl alcohol solvent system; 0.25 g of o-phthalaldehyde and 1.75 grams acetone on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support to a wet coating thickness of approximately 100 microns.
After drying the radiation-sensitive coating was imagewise exposed for 0.5 second using a 400 watt medium pressure mercury arc lamp (commercially available as a Micro Master Diazo Copier) providing light primarily in the 300 to 500 nm wavelength range. The image-recording and exposed radiation-sensitive layers were then placed in face-to-face abutment and passed between a pair of rollers heated to 100.degree. C. Upon separating the radiation-sensitive element, the image-recording element exhibited a neutral image having a density of 1.0 to 1.5. The image-recording element was substantially free of background printout and no printout in background areas was observed during subsequent handling of the image-recording element in room light.
EXAMPLE 24
A composition was prepared consisting essentially of 130 mg of 4-diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (PR-29); 1500 mg of C-3; 30.4 grams of 2-methoxyethanol; and 68.0 grams of 10% by weight solution of HS-10 in a 80:20 mixture of acetone and methyl alcohol. The composition was coated on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support to a wet coating thickness of 100 microns and allowed to dry. The dried coating was imagewise exposed for 2 seconds using as a radiation source a medium pressure mercury lamp providing radiation principally in the range of from 300 to 500 nanometers. The radiation-sensitive element was then placed in face-to-face relationship with an ammonia bleachable image-recording element. The image-recording element was formed by coating a solution consisting essentially of 3.96 grams 2,4-diphenyl-6-(beta-methyl-3,4-diethoxystyryl)pyrylium tetrafluoroborate; 19.80 grams of cellulose acetate butyrate; and 273.0 grams acetone, to a wet coating thickness of 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support. The two elements were passed between rolls heated to 130.degree. C. in face-to-face relationship. The dye was bleached in areas corresponding to the radiation-exposed areas of the radiation-sensitive element to produce a positive magenta image.
EXAMPLES 25 THROUGH 32
The procedure of the preceding example was repeated, but with the substitution of various diazonium salts as photoreductants. The photoreductants and results are set forth below in Table VII. An exposure of 4 seconds was employed.
A further illustrative practice of this invention employing separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements can be appreciated by reference to FIGS. 2 through 4 of the drawings. In FIG. 2 the radiation-sensitive element 100 comprised of support 102, which in this instance is a substantially transparent support, and radiation-sensitive layer 104 is placed in contact with an article 106 to be copied comprised of support 108 and coated image areas 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d. The support is formed to provide a reflective surface. For example, the support can be paper or can be formed with a reflective coating. The image areas are formed using a material which is substantially absorptive within the spectrum of exposure.
With the elements 100 and 106 associated as illustrated the radiation-sensitive element is uniformly exposed to actinic radiation, indicated schematically by arrows 114, through the support 102. Substantially all of the radiation reaches and penetrates the radiation-sensitive layer 104. A significant portion of the radiation reaches the article to be copied and is either absorbed or reflected back into the radiation-sensitive layer, depending upon whether the radiation impinges upon the reflective surface 112 or the image areas. As a result of differential availability of actinic radiation to the radiation-sensitive layer, exposed zones 116 are formed in the radiation-sensitive layer in which a comparatively high concentration of redox couple is formed.
After exposure the radiation-sensitive element is separated from the article to be copied and is brought into contact with an image-recording element comprised of a support 120 and an image-recording layer 122. In the form shown the image-recording is chosen to be initially colored, but capable of being bleached, although an initially colorless image-recording layer that is capable of being colored could be alternatively employed. Upon the uniform application of heat, as is schematically illustrated by the arrows 124, the redox couples formed in the exposed areas 116 of the radiation-sensitive layer are caused to react. The reaction product diffuses from the radiation-sensitive layer 104 to the adjacent image-recording layer 122 and causes the image-recording layer to become bleached in areas 126a, 126b, 126c and 126d. Thus, a positive copy of the article 106 is formed. By employing an initially colorless image-recording layer that is colored by receipt of reaction products from the radiation-sensitive layer a negative copy of the article can be formed. It is thus apparent that either positive or negative copies can be formed by reflex exposure techniques according to the practice of this invention. It is, of course, recognized that the practice of this invention is not limited to reflex exposure techniques, although these are advantageous for many applications.
Reflex exposure is further illustrated by reference to the following example:
EXAMPLE 33
The following solution was prepared: Cobalt(III) hexa-ammine acetate (C-1) 115 mg, 2-morpholino-1,4-naphthoquinone (PR-165) 80 mg, cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10) 1 g, and acetone 10 ml.
The above solution was coated to 100 microns wet thickness on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) support. After drying, a black-on-white document was then placed face down onto the above coating. A reflex exposure was carried out by exposing through the support of the photosensitive intermediate to a 650 watt incandescent lamp (commercially available as a Nashua 120 Multi Spectrum Copier) for 3 seconds. The document was removed and the exposed intermediate was heated in contact with an ammonia sensitive receiver sheet at 100.degree.-110.degree. C. for 10 seconds by passing the composite through a pair of heated rolls. The receiver sheet was coated with an acidified solution of 3,3'-dimethylene-2,2'-spirobi[(2H)naphtho[2,1,6]pyran] in HS-10. A blue-on-white positive copy of the black-on-white document was obtained. When a conventional diazo recording element (commercially available under the tradename RECORDAK Diazo-M) was used, as a receiver sheet, a negative copy of the document was obtained.
Separate Photoreductant Layers and Cobalt(III)Complexes
In addition to the separation of the image-recording element from the radiation-sensitive element, it is also possible for the photoreductant to be separated from the cobalt(III)complex prior to exposure. For example, the photoreductant can be applied, with or without a binder, to a suitable support, and after drying such element, it can be imagewise exposed and thereafter treated by a solution of the cobalt(III)complex, and simultaneously or subsequently treated with an image-generating solution or compound, such as a chelating compound which will chelate with cobalt(II) produced by the reduction of the complex in response to reducing agent formed by the exposure of the photoreductant. Typical compounds suitable for such chelation appear in Table X infra. Treating the element with the solution of the complex and/or the chelating compound can be by spraying, for example. Subsequent processing, such as by heating, suffices to bring up the image.
Alternatively, it is contemplated that the cobalt(III)complex can be coated as a layer on a support for a separate element, and thereafter be brought into contact with an element comprising an imagewise exposed photoreductant applied to its own support, the two layers being heated for example in the presence of a solution bearing an image-generating agent, such as a cobalt(II) chelating compound, discussed in the preceding paragraph.
The practice of the invention in which the photoreductant is separated from the cobalt(II)complex is illustrated by reference to the following Examples 34-41. In each of these, the photoreductant was coated on filter paper by dipping the filter paper into a solution prepared by dissolving 0.1 g of the photoreductant in 10 ml of acetone or methanol, after which the paper was dried. Such element in each case was exposed through a silver original to the light source of the Micro Master Diazo Copier for 8 seconds. The exposed element was then sprayed with an Imaging Reagent prepared from the following components, whereupon it was heated at 120.degree. C. on a hot block to develop the image.
EXAMPLE 34
Phenanthrenequinone, the photoreductant, and Imaging Reagent Type II produced a black on yellow negative image when processed as described above.
EXAMPLE 35
2-Isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone produced, with Imaging Reagent Type I, a red on yellow negative image.
EXAMPLE 36
.alpha.-Naphthyl 1'-phenethyl disulfide produced, with Imaging Reagent Type I, a red on yellow negative image.
EXAMPLE 37
p-Diethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate produced, with Imaging Reagent Type II, a black on yellow negative image.
EXAMPLE 38
9-Diazo-10-phenanthrone produced, with Imaging Reagent Type I, a red on yellow negative image.
EXAMPLE 39
4-Morpholinophenyl azide produced, with Imaging Reagent Type II, a black on white negative image.
EXAMPLE 40
2-Carbazido-1-naphthol produced, with Imaging Reagent Type II, a black on white negative image.
EXAMPLE 41
Potassium 4-(N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylamino)-1-benzenediazosulfonate produced, with Imaging Reagent Type II, a black on yellow negative image.
In the foregoing Examples 34-41, the red images were due to the complexation between the Co (II) and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol and the black images were due to the formation of cobalt sulfide from the Co (II) and thiourea.
Combined Radiation-Sensitive and Image Recording Layers
Instead of employing separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements, separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording layers can be incorporated within a single element. This can be illustrated by reference to FIG. 5. An element 200 is schematically shown comprised of a support 202 and a radiation-sensitive layer 204, which can be identical to support 102 and radiation-sensitive layer 104, described above. Overlying the radiation-sensitive layer is a separation layer 206. An image-recording layer 208, which can be identical to the separate image-recording layers previously discussed, overlies the separation layer. If desired, the relationship of the image-recording and radiation-sensitive layers can be interchanged.
The separation layer is an optical component of the element 200, since in most instances the image-recording and radiation-sensitive layers are chemically compatible for substantial time periods. However, to minimize any degradation of properties of either of the active layers due to migration of chemical components from one layer to the other, as could conceivably occur during extended periods of storage before use, it is preferred to incorporate the separation layer.
The separation layer is chosen to be readily permeable by the reaction product(s) to be released from the radiation-sensitive layer upon exposure while impeding unwanted migration of initially present components of the radiation-sensitive and image-recording layers. For example, the separation layer can be chosen to be readily permeable to ammonia, but relatively impermeable to liquid components. It has been found that a wide range of polymeric layers will permit diffusion of gaseous ammonia from the radiation-sensitive layer to the image-recording layer while otherwise inhibiting interaction of the components of these layers. It is generally preferred to employ hydrophobic polymer layers as separation layers where the radiation-sensitive and image-recording layers incorporate polar reactants whose migration is thought to be inhibited. Most preferred are linear hydrocarbon polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and the like. It is generally preferred that the separation layer exhibit a thickness of less than about 200 microns in order to allow image definition to be retained in the image-recording layer. For most applications separation layers of 20 or fewer microns are preferred.
Photoresponsive Separate Image-Recording Layers and Elements
While the separate image-recording layers heretofore described need not themselves be radiation responsive, image-recording layers which are responsive both to reaction products released by the radiation-sensitive layers and also directly responsive to actinic radiation are recognized to be useful in the practice of this invention. For example, a conventional diazo recording element can be used as an image-recording element in the practice of this invention. Typically diazo recording elements are first imagewise exposed to ultraviolet light to inactivate radiation-struck areas and then uniformly contacted with ammonia to printout a positive image. Diazo recording elements can initially incorporate both a diazonium salt and an ammonia activated coupler (commonly referred to as two-component diazo systems) or can initially incorporate only the diazonium salt and rely upon subsequent processing to imbibe the coupler (commonly referred to as one-component diazo systems). Both one component and two component diazo systems can be employed in the practice of this invention. Subsequent discussions, although directed to the more common two component diazo systems, should be recognized to be applicable to both systems. The photoresponsive image-recording layers can be incorporated in separate image-recording elements or can be incorporated directly within the radiation-sensitive elements of this invention, such as illustrated in FIG. 5.
The use of a radiation-sensitive layer and a separate photoresponsive image-recording layer in combination offers a versatility in imaging capabilities useful in forming either positive or negative images. The production of a positive image with such a combination can be readily appreciated by reference to FIG. 6. In this figure a radiation-sensitive layer 302 and a photoresponsive image-recording layer 304, such as a conventional diazo recording layer, are associated in face-to-face relationship. The layers together with a support and separation layer can, if desired, form a single element, such as element 200, or, in the alternative, the separate layers can be provided by placing a conventional diazo recording element and the radiation-sensitive element 100 in face-to-face relationship. As employed herein the term "face-to-face relationship" means simply that the image-recording and radiation-sensitive layers are adjacent and not separated by a support, as would occur in a back-to-back relationship.
To form a positive image the photosensitive image-recording layer 304 is first imagewise exposed to ultraviolet radiation, as is schematically indicated by transparency 306 bearing the image 308. This photolytically destroys the diazonium salt in the exposed areas of the image-recording layer. The radiation-sensitive layer 302 is preferably uniformly exposed to actinic radiation before it is associated with the layer 304, where separate image-recording and radiation-sensitive elements are employed. Alternately, where a single element is employed incorporating layers 302 and 304, the radiation-sensitive layer is uniformly exposed using radiation in the visible spectrum so as not to destroy the diazonium salt in image areas. Exposures through either major outer surface are contemplated where the layers 302 and 304 form a single element. Transparent or opaque supports can be used with either single or plural element arrangements. Heating of the layers 302 and 304 in face-to-face relationship results in ammonia being released from the radiation-sensitive layer for migration to the diazo layer, thereby activating the coupler in the diazo layer to produce a dye image 310, which is a positive copy of the image 308. If an element bearing a negative image is substituted for transparency 306, the negative image will be reproduced in the layer 304.
The identical photosensitive image-recording and separate radiation-sensitive layer combination employed to form a positive image in FIG. 6 can also be used to form a negative image, as illustrated in FIG. 7. To form a negative image the radiation-sensitive layer is first imagewise exposed, as indicated by the transparency 306 bearing the image 308. Where the layers 302 and 304 are in separate elements the radiation-sensitive element is preferably exposed before association with the image-recording element. Where the layers are in a single element, the radiation-sensitive layer is preferably exposed with visible radiation to avoid deactivating the diazo layer. With the layers associated as shown, they are uniformly heated. This imagewise releases ammonia from the radiation-sensitive layer which migrates to the diazo layer, causing imagewise printout. The area of the diazo layer defining the negative image 312 can then be deactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light, if desired, although this is not required. The image 312 is a negative copy of the image 308. If an element bearing a negative image is substituted for transparency 306, the image will be reversed in the layer 304.
Numerous variations are contemplated and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the photoreductant and photoresponsive image-recording layer can be variously chosen to be responsive to other portions of the spectrum. Instead of the photoreductant being responsive to visible light and the diazo layer being responsive to ultraviolet light, as noted above, a diazonium salt can be chosen which is selectively responsive to visible light and a photoreductant chosen that is selectively responsive to either visible or ultraviolet light. Where both the radiation-sensitive and photoresponsive image-recording layers are present in a single element and are responsive to the same portion of the spectrum, it is necessary to provide a transparent support and it is desirable to include a separation layer that is substantially opaque to that portion of the spectrum. It is also contemplated that for certain applications the separation layer can advantageously be formed of or include an ultraviolet absorbing material. In still another variation, where uniform ammonia release is employed to develop the diazo image, a supplementary base treatment can be used to enhance the diazo image if desired.
The practice of this invention employing a photoresponsive image-recording layer and a separate radiation-sensitive layer in combination is further illustrated by the following examples:
EXAMPLES 42 THROUGH 161
In each instance a coating composition was prepared consisting essentially of 1.0 gram of cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10); 11.3 grams ethylene dichloride; 2.0 grams methanol; 2 drops of water; 0.10 gram hexa-ammine cobalt(III) acetate (C-1) and 1.00 millimole of a photoreductant. Each coating composition was used to prepare two identical coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support each having a wet coating thickness of approximately 100 microns. Where it was desired to expose a coating to an additional light source an additional, identical pair of radiation-sensitive elements was prepared.
Exposure was undertaken using either a predominantly ultra-violet and blue light source or a predominantly visible light source. The ultra-violet and blue light source employed a 400-watt medium pressure mercury arc lamp. A 2-second exposure was given with this light source. This light source is commercially available under the trade name Micro Master Diazo Copier. The predominantly visible light source employed an incandescent lamp of 650 watts, and a 16-second exposure was given using this light source. This light source is commercially available under the trade name Nashua 120 Multi-Spectrum Copier. In each instance exposure was made through a 0.3 log E silver step tablet. Approximately 10 seconds after exposure the radiation-sensitive element was placed in face-to-face relationship with a diazo recording element commercially available under the trademark RECORDAK Diazo M Film. To produce a negative image in the diazo-recording element the face-to-face elements were passed three times between rollers heated to 100.degree. C. at a linear rate of 0.66 cm/sec.
The speed of the radiation-sensitive elements was calculated as the quotient of 100 divided by the time in seconds required to reach neutral image density above gross fog of 0.40. For purposes of comparison those elements exhibiting speeds below 12.5 were considered to be slow; those exhibiting speeds of from 12.5 to 50 were categorized as moderately slow; those exhibiting speeds of from 50 to 100 were considered moderately fast; and those exhibiting speeds above 100 were categorized as being fast. The averaged results with each identically prepared and exposed pair of radiation-sensitive elements are reported below in Table VIII.
EXAMPLE 162
Example 42 was repeated, but with the use of photoreductant PR-27, a 4-second exposure to the ultraviolet and blue light source, and a 2-pass development at 130.degree. C. A diazo print was produced having a "slow" rating as defined in Example 42.
EXAMPLES 163 AND 164
Example 156 was repeated, but with the substitution of photoreductants PR-9 and 24, respectively. Similar results were obtained in each instance.
EXAMPLE 165
A radiation-sensitive element was prepared as described in Example 23. The radiation-sensitive element was placed in face-to-face relationship with a diazo recording element having a transparent base (commercially available under the trademark KODAK Diazo Type M Film). The exposure and development procedure of Example 23 was repeated resulting in a reversed copy of the original image. The diazo recording layer was then fixed against further printout by uniform exposure to ultraviolet light.
EXAMPLE 166
A radiation-sensitive element and diazo recording element identical to those of the preceding example were mounted in face-to-face relationship. The combined elements were first imagewise exposed through the diazo recording element for 2 seconds using the exposure unit of Example 23. Thereafter the combined elements were flash exposed for 0.5 second through the radiation-sensitive element using the same exposure unit and developed as in Example 23. An image was formed in the diazo recording element which was a positive of the image copied.
EXAMPLES 167 THROUGH 170
A composition was prepared consisting essentially of 130 mg of PR-29; 1500 mg of C-3; 30.4 grams of 2-methoxyethanol; and 68.0 grams of 10% by weight solution of HS-10 in a 80:20 mixture of acetone and methyl alcohol. The composition was coated on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support to a wet coating thickness of 100 microns and allowed to dry. The dried coating was imagewise exposed for 8 seconds using as a radiation source a medium pressure mercury lamp providing radiation principally in the range of from 300 to 500 nanometers. The radiation-sensitive element was then placed in face-to-face relationship with a diazo recording element having a transparent base (commercially available under the trademark KODAK Diazo Type M Film), and the two elements so related were passed between rolls heated to 130.degree. C. A negative of the original image was formed in the image-recording element which was fixed by subsequent exposure of the image-recording element to room light.
The procedure of the preceding example was repeated, but with the substitution of various diazonium salts as photoreductants. The photoreductants and results are set forth below in Table IX.
EXAMPLE 171
A coating composition was prepared by dissolving 0.2 gram of C-1 in 9 grams of 10% by weight poly(vinyl alcohol) in water. To this was added a solution of 0.2 gram of PR-160 in 1 gram of n-propanol. The composition was coated to a wet thickness of approximately 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support. The dried coating was imagewise exposed to an ultraviolet and blue radiation source medium pressure mercury arc lamp for 8 seconds. This light source is commercially available under the trademark Micro Master Diazo Copier. The radiation-sensitive element was placed in face-to-face relationship with a diazo recording element having a transparent base (commercially available under the trademark KODAK Diazo Type M Film). The radiation-sensitive element and the image-recording element in face-to-face abutment were then passed between a pair of rollers heated to 100.degree. C. at a linear rate of advance of 0.68 centimeter/sec. A negative diazo image was formed.
EXAMPLES 172 THROUGH 173
The procedure of the preceding example was repeated in each instance with C-6, C-13, and C-16 substituted for C-1. In each instance a negative diazo image was obtained in the image-recording element.
EXAMPLE 174
Following the procedure of Example 171, except as otherwise stated, two coatings were prepared. Both coatings differed from the radiation-sensitive coating of Example 166 in substituting 0.115 gram of C-5 for the 0.2 gram of C-1. One of the coatings further differed from the coating of Example 171 through the omission of the photoreductant. The coating lacking a photo-reductant produced no image even though it was exposed for 32 seconds. The remaining coating produced a negative image in the diazo-recording element having a neutral density of 0.7.
EXAMPLE 175
Following the procedure of Example 171, except as otherwise stated, 0.2 gram of C-20 was substituted for C-1. The coating lacking a photoreductant produced no image in the diazo-recording element while the coating containing PR-160 produced a negative image in the diazo-recording element having a neutral density of 0.7.
EXAMPLE 176
Following the procedure of Example 171, except as otherwise stated, 0.37 gram of C-16 was substituted for 0.2 gram of C-1. After exposure of 4 seconds a negative image was obtained in the diazo-recording element having a neutral density of 0.45.
EXAMPLE 177
Following the procedure of Example 171, except as otherwise stated, 0.2 gram of C-31 was substituted for C-1. After an exposure of 2 seconds a negative image was obtained in the diazo-recording element having a neutral density of 1.0.
EXAMPLE 178
An element 200 was formed using 100 micron poly(ethylene terephthalate) to form the support 202. A radiation-sensitive layer 204 having a wet coating thickness of approximately 75 microns was formed on the support using a coating composition consisting essentially of 0.2 gram PR-145; 0.1 gram C-1; 0.5 gram HS-10; 5.0 grams 2-methoxy ethanol and 5.0 grams acetone. After drying, a separation layer 206 was formed on the photosensitive image-recording layer using as a coating composition 10.0 grams of toluene and 0.5 gram styrene-butadiene copolymer. The separation exhibited a wet coating thickness of approximately 50 microns. Again, after drying, a photosensitive image-recording layer 208 was formed on the support to a wet coating thickness of approximately 100 microns from a composition consisting of 0.02 gram 5-sulphosalicylic acid; 0.066 gram p-(diethylamino)benzenediazonium terafluoroborate; 0.084 gram naphthol AS-D coupler (commercially available from GAF Corporation) and 0.8 gram cellulose acetate butyrate.
A positive image was made by imagewise exposing the element from the diazo side for 7 seconds using a high pressure mercury vapor light source commercially available under the trademark 3M Filmsort Uniprinter Copier. The element was then given a 3-second uniform exposure with the same light source through the support. The element was then heated for 5 seconds, support down, on a heat block maintained at 115.degree. C. A positive image was obtained. The element exhibited a maximum neutral image density of 1.1 and a neutral minimum background density of 0.07.
EXAMPLE 179
The preceding example was repeated, except that a negative image was formed by first imagewise exposing for 3 seconds through the support followed by heating. The residual diazonium salt was destroyed with an overall exposure of 7 seconds from the diazo layer side. Background and image densities were identical to those of the preceding example.
Radiation-Sensitive Layers with Image-Recording Capabilities
In employing a radiation-sensitive layer to also perform the function of image-recording, a radiation-sensitive element, such as element 100, can be employed having a radiation-sensitive layer containing only a cobalt(III)complex and a photoreductant as active components. To record images with a radiation-sensitive element of this type the cobalt(III)complex is employed as an oxidant for a leuco dye which is convertible to a colored form upon oxidation. Alternatively, conventional dye-forming components (e.g., an oxidizable organic color developer and a coupler) can be employed which are converted to a colored dye upon oxidation of the organic color developer and coupling. In this approach the radiation-sensitive layer is initially imagewise exposed to form a redox couple in radiation-struck areas and thereafter heated to insure that the cobalt(III)complex is reduced to a cobalt(II) compound in these areas. Thereafter, the radiation-sensitive layer is brought into contact with a leuco dye or the dye-forming components are brought together within the radiation-sensitive layer. The cobalt(III)complex remaining in the non-irradiated areas then oxidizes the leuco dye or the organic color developer so that a colored image is formed in the non-irradiated areas of the radiation-sensitive layer. The organic color developer and coupler therefor can be introduced into the radiation-sensitive layer together to separately. As is well understood in the art, both the coupler and the oxidizable organic color developer can be contained in the developer solution and concurrently introduced into the radiation-sensitive layer. In a preferred form a ballasted coupler is employed which is initially contained within the radiation-sensitive layer with the organic color developer being later introduced. A wide variety of conventional techniques for introducing the dye-image-forming components into the radiation-sensitive layer can be used ranging from bathing the radiation-sensitive element, after exposure and heating, in dye-forming component solutions to releasing the dye-forming components from pressure rupturable containers such as pods or micro-encapsulation layers contained in the radiation-sensitive element or a separate element abutted therewith.
A wide variety of oxidizable leuco dyes and oxidizable, dye-forming component combinations are known to the art that can be readily employed in the practice of this invention. Exemplary leuco dyes include aminotriarylmethanes, aminoxanthenes, aminothioxanthenes, amino-9,10-dihydroacridines, aminohydrocinnamic acids (cyanoethanes), aminodiphenylmethanes, aminohydrocinnamic acids (cyanoethanes), leucoindigoid dyes, 1,4-diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinones, etc. In addition to these general categories of useful leuco dyes there are numerous other types of amines which can be oxidized to a colored species, such as those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,042,515 and 3,042,517--e.g., 4,4'-ethylenedianiline, diphenylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, triphenylamine, N-vinylcarbazole, and the like. Certain hydrazones and acyl derivatives of these hydrazones can be oxidized to diazonium compounds which will then couple with any of a large number of coupling agents to produce an azo dye. Exemplary compounds of this type are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,076,721, here incorporated by reference. Exemplary of couplers useful with such hydrazones and acyl derivatives thereof are N,N-diethylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine and N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-methyl-2-naphthylamine. Aromatic diamines in combination with a coupling agent can produce upon oxidation azomethine and indoaniline dyes. Exemplary of N,N-dialkylphenylenediamines, which are preferred for use in the practice of this invention, are N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and N,N-dimethyltoluene-2,5-diamine. These amines are useful with couplers such as 2-acetyl-4'-chloroacetanilide, 2-benzoyl-2'-methoxyacetanilide, o-ethylphenol, 2-naphthol, 7-acetylamino-1-naphthol, N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine. Further specific illustrations of oxidizable leuco dyes and dye-forming component combinations useful in the practice of this invention are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,212, here incorporated by reference.
Instead of utilizing the residual cobalt(III)complex remaining after exposure and heating to form an imaging coloration, it is recognized that the reaction products formed on imaging and/or heating can be employed to form an image within the radiation-sensitive layer, if desired. This approach has the advantage of requiring no additional processing. Any compound can be incorporated which is compatible with the remaining components of the radiation-sensitive layer and which is capable of either being bleached or darkened upon contact with or further reaction with one or more of the reaction products formed on imaging and/or heating. In one form such a component can be identical to one of the components previously described for incorporation in a separate image-recording layer. For example, a component such as ninhydrin or o-phthalaldehyde can be incorporated which generates a color upon contact with ammonia released as a reaction product upon imaging and/or heating of the radiation-sensitive layer. Alternatively, bleachable dyes, such as the pyrylium, styryl, cyanine, rhodamine and similar conventional dyes known to exhibit color alterations upon contact with a base can be incorporated into the radiation-sensitive layer.
A cobalt(II) compound produced as a reaction product in the course or reducing a cobalt(III)complex in the radiation sensitive layer can, if desired, be used to record images. To be useful in forming an image within the radiation-sensitive layer it is merely necessary that any cobalt(II) compound formed in exposed areas be visibly distinguishable from the original cobalt(III)complex present in unexposed areas. Typically cobalt(II) compounds produced as reaction products tend to be substantially colorless so that they are best suited to forming image backgrounds. By choosing a cobalt(III)complex of a distinctly differing hue which is reducible to a substantially colorless cobalt(II) compound, useful positive images can be formed within the radiation-sensitive layer. In the preferred form of the invention both the cobalt(III) complex as well as the photoreductant and the oxidation products thereof are substantially colorless. Cobalt(II) compounds can then be imagewise generated which form readily discernible, optically dense images by selecting a compound for inclusion in the radiation-sensitive layer which is compatible with the remaining components of the radiation-sensitive layer and which is capable of forming a visible colored cobalt(II)complex as a ligand thereof. We have discovered that it is possible to produce optically dense cobalt(II) compounds useful in forming negative images by incorporating into the radiation-sensitive layer a compound capable of chelating with the cobalt(II) atom formed on reduction of the cobalt(III) complex. In the preferred practice of this invention the chelating compound is initially present with and chemically compatible with the cobalt(III)complex and the photoreductant within the radiation-sensitive layer.
While a variety of compounds are known to be capable of forming optically dense chelates with cobalt(II) atoms and can be employed in the practice of this invention, preferred chelating compounds include formazan dyes, dithiooxamides, nitroso-arols, azo compounds, hydrazones, and Schiff bases. As is well understood by those skilled in the art all formazan dyes are capable of forming bidentate chelates and are therefore useful in the practice of this invention. Preferred formazan dyes are those having a ring-bonded, aromatic substitutent in the 1 and 5 positions. In formazan dyes it is unnecessary that either of these aromatic substituents exhibit a ligand-forming capability in order for the dye to exhibit a bidentate chelate-forming capability, but chelate ligand-forming, aromatic substituents can be chosen, if desired, to produce additional chelate ligands. Dithiooxamide is a preferred chelating compound as well as derivatives thereof having one or both nitrogen atoms substituted with an alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, or aralkyl group. Preferred nitroso-arol compounds are those in which the nitroso and hydroxy substituents are adjacent ring position substituents (e.g., 2-nitrosophenols, 1-nitroso-2-naphthols, 2-nitroso-1-naphthols, etc.). Preferred azo compounds capable of forming at least bidentate chelates with cobalt(II) are those of the general formula:
Preferred hydrazones capable of forming at least bidentate chelates with cobalt(II) are those of the general formula:
Preferred Schiff bases capable of forming at least bidentate chelates with cobalt(II) are those of the general formula:
In the foregoing formulas each of the Z substituents are chosen to be ring-bonded, aromatic substituents and at least Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5 and Z.sup.6 are chosen to be capable of forming a chelate ligand. The aromatic substituents of the ligandforming compounds can take the form of either homocyclic or heterocyclic single- or multiple-ring substituents, such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, azolyl, etc. In one form the aromatic substituent can exhibit a ligand forming capability as a result of being substituted in the ring position adjacent the bonding position with a substituent which is susceptible to forming a ligand, such as a hydroxy, carboxy or amino group. In another form the aromatic substituent can be chosen to be an N-heterocyclic aromatic substituent which contains a ring nitrogen atom adjacent the azo bonding position--e.g., a 2-pyridyl, 2-quinolinyl, or 2-azolyl (e.g. 2-thiazolyl, 2-benzothiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 2-benzoxazolyl, etc.) substituent. The aromatic substituents can, of course, bear substituents which do not interfere with chelating, such as lower alkyl (i.e., one to six carbon atoms), benzyl, styryl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, etc.), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), carboalkoxy (e.g., carbomethoxy, carboethoxy, etc.), carboaryloxy (e.g., carbophenoxy, carbonaphthoxy), acyloxy (e.g., acetoxy, benzoxy, etc.), acyl (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, etc.), halogen (i.e., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide), cyano, azido, nitro, haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, etc.), amino (e.g., dimethylamino), amido (e.g., acetamido, benzamido), ammonium (e.g., trimethylammonium), azo (e.g., phenylazo), sulfonyl (e.g., methylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl), sulfoxy (e.g., methylsulfoxy), sulfonium (e.g., dimethyl sulfonium), silyl (e.g., trimethylsilyl) and thioether (e.g., methylthio) substituents It is generally preferred that the alkyl substituents and substituent moieties have 20 or fewer carbon atoms, most preferably six or fewer carbon atoms. The aryl substituents and substituent moieties are preferably phenyl or naphthyl groups. Exemplary preferred chelateforming compounds are set forth in Table X.
TABLE X
Exemplary Chelate-Forming Compounds
CH-1 1,3,5-triphenylformazan
CH-2 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazon
CH-3 1-(4-iodophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan
CH-4 1,5-diphenylformazan
CH-5 1,5-diphenyl-3-methylformazan
CH-6 1,5-diphenyl-3-(3-iodophenyl)formazan
CH-7 1,5-(2-carboxyphenyl)-3-cyanoformazan
CH-8 1,5-diphenyl-3-acetylformazan
CH-9 1,3-diphenyl-5-(4-diphenyl)formazan
CH-10 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan
CH-11 1-(2-carboxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan
CH-12 1-phenyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)formazan
CH-13 1,5-diphenyl-3-(2-naphthyl)formazan
CH-14 1-phenyl-3-undecyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)formazan
CH-15 1-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-carboxyphenyl)formazan
CH-16 1,5-diphenyl-3-carbohexoxyformazan
CH-17 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)formazan
CH-18 1-(2-naphthyl)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-5-(3-nitro-5-chlorophenyl)formazan
CH-19 1-(3-pyridyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-phenylformazan
CH-20 1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)formazan
CH-21 1-(4-pyridyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)formazan
CH-22 1-(2-nitro-4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl-5-(4-phenylazophenyl)formazan
CH-23 1,3-diphenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)formazan
CH-24 1-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)formazan
CH-25 1-(2-pyridyl)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-tolyl)formazan
CH-26 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)formazan
CH-27 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-3-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) formazan
CH-28 1,3-diphenyl-5-(benzothiazol-2-yl)formazan
CH-29 1-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)formazan
CH-30 1,3-diphenyl-5-(2-quinolinyl)formazan
CH-31 2-phenylazo-phenol
CH-32 2-phenylazo-5-dimethylamino-phenol
CH-33 2-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-phenol
CH-34 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-35 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-36 2-(2-pyridylazo)-phenol
CH-37 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol
CH-38 1-(2-quinolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-39 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-40 1-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-41 1-(4-nitro-2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-42 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol
CH-43 2,2-azodiphenol
CH-44 1-(3,4-dinitro-2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2,5-phenylene-diamine
CH-45 1-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-46 1-(1-isoquinolylazo)-2-naphthol
CH-47 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-2-pyridylhydrazone
CH-48 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-2-benzothiazolylhydrazone
CH-49 2-thiazolecarboxaldehyde-2-benzoxazolylhydrazone
CH-50 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-2-quinolylhydrazone
CH-51 1-(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-naphthol
CH-52 1-(2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-naphthol
CH-53 1-(2-thiazolecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-naphthol
CH-54 1-(2-benzoxazolcarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-phenol
CH-55 1-(2-pyridine carboxaldehyde-imino)-2-phenol
CH-56 1-(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-pyridine
CH-57 1-(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-quinoline
CH-58 1-(4-nitro-2-pyridinecarboxaldehydeimino)-2-thiazole
CH-59 1-(2-benoxazolecarboxaldehyde-imino)-2-oxazole
CH-60 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
CH-61 2-nitroso-1-naphthol
CH-62 1-nitroso-3,6-disulfo-2-naphthol
CH-63 disodium 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate
CH-64 4-nitrosoresorcinol
CH-65 2-nitroso-4-methoxyphenol
CH-66 dithiooxamide
CH-67 N,N'-dimethyldithiooxamide
CH-68 N,N'-diphenyldithiooxamide
CH-69 N,N'-di-n-hexyldithiooxamide
CH-70 N,N'-di-p-tolyldithiooxamide
In still another form of this invention inorganic metal sulfide images can be formed within the radiation-sensitive layer. This can be achieved by incorporating into the radiation-sensitive layer in combination with the cobalt(III)complex and the photoreductant compounds such as those containing one or more thioamide functional groups--e.g., thiourea, thioacetamide and substituted and/or cyclized derivatives thereof. It has also been discovered that the use of a transparent overlayer incorporating one or more thioamide compounds will increase the optical density of images obtained. The overlayer offers the further advantage that it allows greater concentrations of the thioamides to be employed. It has also been observed that superior results are obtained using thioamides to produce images if the radiation-sensitive layer is heated concurrently with exposure. It is recognized that the use of a cobalt(III)complex and a photoreductant in combination can be used to enhance the radiation sensitivity and spectral response of radiation-sensitive systems such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,897,843; 1,962,307; and 2,084,420, cited above and here incorporated by reference.
All of the compounds added to the radiation-sensitive layer can be introduced similarly as the leuco dye or oxidizable dye-forming component combination. That is, these image-forming compounds can be added to the radiation-sensitive layer by conventional procedures after imagewise exposure, if desired. To minimize processing it is generally preferred to incorporate the image-forming compounds capable of reacting with the reaction products formed on exposure directly into the radiation-sensitive layer at the time it is formed. This can be conveniently accomplished by dissolving the image-forming compound within the coating composition used to form the radiation-sensitive layer. While the proportions of the image-forming compounds incorporated within the radiation-sensitive layer can be widely varied, it is generally preferred that the image-forming compound be present in a concentration of from 0.1 to 10 parts per part by weight of cobalt(III)complex initially present in the radiation-sensitive layer. It is specifically recognized that the radiation-sensitive layers and elements having image-forming capabilities can be employed in combination with image-recording layers and elements similarly as those radiation-sensitive layers and elements lacking image recording capabilities.
The practice of the invention is further illustrated by reference to the following examples:
EXAMPLE 180
A coating composition was prepared consisting essentially of 0.3 gram ninhydrin; 0.2 gram 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (PR-145); 0.1 gram hexa-ammine cobalt(III) acetate (C-1); 0.1 gram water; 6 grams 2-methoxy ethanol; 4 grams acetone; and 0.4 gram cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10). The coating composition was spread to a wet thickness of approximately 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support and allowed to dry. The dried coating was exposed imagewise to a high pressure mercury lamp as a radiation-source. A faint brown negative image was formed which greatly intensified upon heating to 115.degree. C. for 5 to 10 seconds.
EXAMPLE 181
A coating composition was prepared consisting essentially of C-3, 500 mg; CH-43, 65.0 mg; PR-145, 220 mg; HS-10, 1000 mg; and 10 g acetone. A coating was formed using the composition having a wet thickness of 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support. After drying the coating was imagewise exposed to an ultraviolet and blue radiaton source medium pressure mercury arc lamp for 0.5 second. This light source is commercially available under the trademark Micro Master Diazo Copier. The imagewise exposed coating was then heated to 100.degree. C. for 10 seconds by passage between heated rollers. A bright red image was formed in irradiated areas having a density of 1.3.
EXAMPLE 182
A coating composition was prepared consisting essentially of C-15, 210.0 milligrams; CH-35, 120 milligrams; PR-145, 110.0 mg; HS-10, 1000.0 mg; and 10 g acetone. The procedure of the preceding Example was repeated, except that the coating was imagewise exposed for 8 seconds. A magenta image was formed in exposed areas having a density of 1.3.
EXAMPLE 183
A composition was prepared consisting essentially of 20 mg. 4-diethylamino-benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate PR-29; 100 mg. C-3; and 100 mg o-phthalaldehyde in 10 grams of methyl alcohol. The composition was imbibed in a filter paper and after drying was imagewise exposed for 2 seconds using as a radiation source a medium pressure mercury lamp. This radiation source is commercially available under the trademark Micro Master Diazo Copier. The exposed coating was then heated for approximately 5 seconds at 110.degree. C. A black image was formed in irradiated areas.
EXAMPLE 184
A coating composition was prepared consisting essentially of 0.3 gram o-phthalaldehyde; 0.2 gram 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (PR-145); 0.1 gram hexa-ammine cobalt(III) acetate (C-1); 0.1 gram water; 6 grams 2-methoxy ethanol; 4 grams acetone; and 0.4 gram cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10). The coating composition was spread to a wet thickness of approximately 100 microns on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support and allowed to dry. The dried coating was exposed imagewise to a high pressure mercury lamp as a radiation-source. A black negative image was formed which greatly intensified upon heating to 115.degree. C. for 5 to 10 seconds.
EXAMPLE 185
Following the procedure of Example 171, except as otherwise stated, 0.23 gram of C-2 was substituted for 0.2 gram of C-1. A diazo recording element having a transparent base was used of a type commercially available under the trademark KODAK Diazo Type H Film. A negative image was formed in the diazo receiver sheet and a blue negative image was formed in the radiation-sensitive layer.
Amine Amplification
It has been found that the invention as heretofore described is particularly useful in permitting an increase in speed due to the amplification that is achieved by the amines released by a reduced transition metal(III)complex, when that complex comprises amine ligands. Suitable amine-responsive amplifiers or generators have been discovered which are capable of amplifying the amount of amine produced. Included are amine-responsive amine generators, and amine-responsive reducing agent precursors which react with amine in the presence of unreacted cobalt(III)complexes, to form reducing agents capable of undergoing an oxidation-reduction reaction with the remaining, unreacted cobalt(III)complexes. Such precursors can be added to the layer in which the cobalt(III)complex is distributed and the reducing agents resulting from such precursors can themselves by dye formers when oxidized by the cobalt(III)complex. Alternatively, the oxidized form of such reducing agents can be colorless, in which case the image is produced as a result of reactions that occur with dye formers as a result of amine released from the reacted complex, as described above. Because greatly amplified amounts of amine, preferably in the form of ammonia, are produced, even such elements which produce such images have an increased speed.
Preferably, a photoactivator, discussed hereinafter, is distributed within the cobalt(III)complex layer, or is in a layer that overcoats the cobalt(III)complex layer.
As used herein, an "amine-responsive amine generator" means a compound internally capable of releasing an amine, herein used to include ammonia, in the presence of amines supplied from another source. Highly preferred examples include complexes containing amine-releasing ligands.
Also as used herein, "amine-responsive reducing agent precursor" means a compound which, in the presence of an amine such as ammonia, will reduce remaining transition metal(III)complex having amine-releasing ligands, to produce additional amine. The amine released by the reduction of the transition metal(III)complex in response to imagewise exposure, acts to transform the precursor to a form which can reduce more of the transition metal complex. For complexes with amine ligands, such additional reduction in turn releases more amine, causing further reaction.
Useful amine-responsive reducing agent precursors or amine generators include o-phthalaldehyde; protonated primary aromatic amines preferably used in conjunction with suitable dye-forming addenda, such as an image-forming coupler; blocked leuco dyes; thioamides such as thiourea, thioacetamide and thiosemicarbazides such as 1,4-diphenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide; hydroquinones; aminophenols which are not themselves dye formers; quinones; and certain cobalt(III)complexes which are themselves decomposed by the presence of amines alone.
While it is not essential to an understanding of the process of the amplification, it is believed the above-mentioned precursors react in the presence of the amines by one of two mechanisms: either by deprotonation because of the presence of an amine, such as in the case of hydroquinones, or by a reaction with the amine in the form of a nucleophile, such as in the case of the quinones and the thioamides.
Of the protonated primary aromatic amines, preferred examples are those disclosed in commonly owned copending U.S. application Ser. No. 720,874, filed concurrently herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,392 entitled "Amplified cobalt Complex Imaging System," by A. Adin et al, namely para-amino phenols, para-phenylene diamines, and para-sulfonamido anilines all within the formula ##STR3## wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group containing from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms; X is ##STR4## n is 2 or 3 if X is OH and is otherwise 3; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are hydrogen, lower alkyl groups or alkylsulfonyl groups, such as sulfonamidoalkyl, preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and R.sup.7 is a lower alkyl or alkylsulfonyl group, such as one of those listed for R.sup.5 and R.sup.6. The protonation in this class of reducing agent precursors occurs by reason of the extra proton attached to the nitrogen, when n is 3, or the proton attached to the oxygen of X. In the presence of an amine such as ammonia, such precursors deprotonate to an oxidizable form. The reaction, in the case of p-phenylenediamine, is believed to proceed as follows, the complex being for example a cobalt hexamine complex, sometimes hereinafter referred to as "CC": ##STR5## In this case, the image is formed by coupling of the diimido compound with any dye-forming coupler present in the layer containing the transition metal(III)complex during the reaction, either as preincorporated couplers or as solution couplers added prior to development. Typical of the useful couplers are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,895,826; 2,875,057; 2,407,210; 3,260,506; 2,772,162; 2,895,826; 2,474,293; 2,369,489; 2,600,788; and 2,908,073. Thus, representative useful couplers include phenols, naphthols, pyrazolones, .beta.-diketones, .beta.-ketoacylamides, and alkoxyanilides such as alkoxybenzoylacetanilides. Specific useful couplers include 5-[.alpha.-(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)-hexamido]2-heptafluorobutyramidopheny l and 2,4-dichloro-5-p-toluenesulfonamido-1-naphthol, as well as those described in Graham et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,046,129, issued Jan. 24, 1962, Column 15, line 45 through Column 18, line 51. Also useful are Fischer-type incorporated couplers such as those described in Fischer U.S. Pat. No. 1,055,155, issued Mar. 4, 1913, and particularly nondiffusible Fischer-type couplers containing branched carbon chains, e.g., those referred to in the references cited in Frohlich et al, U.S. Pat. No. 2,376,679, issued May 22, 1945, Column 2, lines 50-60.
As with the other protonated primary aromatic amines described in the previous paragraph, when the ammonia-activated phenols are oxidized by the redox reaction in the presence of a color coupler described above, a dye image will result in the conventional manner.
As disclosed in the aforesaid Adin application, any blocked leuco dye can be used, provided it reacts with an amine such as ammonia to become unblocked, permitting it to undergo a redox reaction with remaining transition metal(III)complex. Once the leuco dye is oxidized, the dye of course is formed.
The blocked leuco dyes which are particularly useful in the color-providing layer have the formula ##STR6## wherein COUP is a photographic color-forming coupler linked to said nitrogen atom through a carbon atom at the coupling position, such as, for example, a phenolic coupler, a pyrazolone coupler, a pyrazolotriazole coupler, couplers having open-chain active methylene groups and the like, and soluble couplers which have solubilizing groups attached thereto to provide a diffusible coupler, and the like; Ar is as defined above for primary aromatic amines and is preferably a phenylene group which is preferably substituted with halogen atoms or groups containing halogen atoms in the ortho or meta position of the ring, and X can be an amino group, including substituted amines, or preferably is a hydroxyl group or the radical --O--R.sup.1, wherein R.sup.1 is a carbonyl-containing group such as a group of the formula ##STR7## wherein R.sup.4 is a group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms which can be an alkyl group or an aryl group, wherein a substituted alkyl group or a substituted aryl group are considered to be equivalents of "alkyl" and "aryl", respectively, and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or the same substituent as R.sup.1, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a carbonyl-containing group. Preferably, R.sup.4 is an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms.
As noted above, certain amine-responsive amplifiers do not themselves directly or indirectly lead to a dye image in respnse to the amine supplied. Instead, imaging occurs in adjacent layers in response to the amplified amounts of amine, such as ammonia, produced from the layer containing the amine-responsive amplifier. Included here are reducing agent precursors such as hydroquinones and quinones, and amine-responsive amine generators such as cobalt(III)complexes which themselves are ammonia-responsive to form additional ammonia.
Particularly useful hydroquinones have the formula ##STR8## where R.sup.1 is a lower alkyl group or an acetyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
Of the amino phenols, typical useful aminophenols include p-benzyl-aminophenol, and p-anilinophenol. These do not themselves form a dye, as by reacting with the coupler, but react similarly to the hydroquinone.
With respect to the quinone class of reducing agent precursors, highly preferred are those which are unsubstituted in at least one quinoid ring position adjacent a carbonyl group (e.g., a 2 or 3 ring position in the case of 1,4-benzoquinones and 1,4-naphthoquinones). Ammonia and primary or secondary amines can react with such quinones at the unsubstituted ring position to form the corresponding amino-1,4-hydroquinone. The hydroquinone then reduces the cobalt(III)complex. Where the cobalt(III)complex contains a releasable amine ligand, still more hydroquinone will be generated. The reaction can be initiated by any source of amine. The quinone can function initially as a photoreductant or a separate photoreductant can be incorporated initially to reduce a amine containing cobalt(III)complex and liberate the amine. In another form the amine can be externally supplied. In still another form the reduction of a cobalt(III)complex to liberate amine can be directly stimulated with ultraviolet light or by sensitizing the cobalt(III)complex to visible light. Particularly useful quinones include naphthoquinones and benzoquinones wherein substituted quinones are considered to be equivalents of "quinones." Particularly preferred quinones include 1,4-benzoquinones and, 1,2-naphthoquinones.
With respect to the cobalt(III)complexes class of amine-responsive amine generators, these preferably contain an ammonia cleavable bond, such as a dichalcogenide bond. A particulaly useful example is .mu.-superoxodecammine dicobalt(III), hereinafter "supercohex". Such complexes have the added advantage of functioning both as an amplifier and as base-releasing complexes capable of reduction in the presence of some other reducing agent, which can be a photoactivator or the agent produced from the amine-responsive reducing agent precursors described above. Thus, an ammonia cleavable complex, such as supercohex, can be distributed with a blocked leuco dye, and when photoactivated by exposure in the presence of a suitable photoactivator such as a photoreductant described above, if desired, the supercohex releases, when heated, ammonia which causes two more or less simultaneous reactions. The ammonia itself is sufficient to decompose additional supercohex to generate still more ammonia. The ammonia however generated will also cause unblocking of the leuco dye, which will undergo a redox reaction with remaining supercohex, causing still more ammonia to be generated.
The photoactivator can be either in the form of the photoreductant described above, or of a spectral sensitizer of the type disclosed in Research Disclosure, Vol. 130, Feb. 1975, Publication No. 13023, Paragraphs III(A) through (L), which sets forth a detailed discussion of such spectral sensitizers and which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. The spectral sensitizers preferably are incorporated into the same layer as the cobalt(III)complex.
The amine amplification provided as described above is particularly useful in an imaging element constructed in the manner illustrated in FIG. 8. That is, element 400 comprises a conventional support 402, of the type described above, a layer 404 coated or otherwise formed thereover, and a layer 406 contiguously formed or coated over layer 404. Layer 404 preferably comprises a binder, if desired, of the type described above, and distributed throughout the binder a reducing agent precursor and a transition metal(III)complex such as inert cobalt(III)complex, of which any of those discussed previously will suffice. Layer 406 in turn preferably comprises a binder and a suitable photoactivator distributed throughout, which can be any one of the photoreductants described above. The process of image formation proceeds by imagewise exposure of the photoactivator, designated by arrows 408, which upon development, such as by heating, initiates at the interface 405 of layers 404 and 406 the reduction of the complex. The amine released from the decomposable complex causes the reducing agent precursor at the interface to form a reducing agent, which causes more reduction of the complex and the production of more amine, such as ammonia. The amplification factor thus achieved is sufficient to initiate imagewise reduction of the complex throughout a significant portion of layer 404. The image is formed by the oxidized form of the reducing agent generated from the precursor or as the reaction product of the oxidized reducing agent with a dye-forming addenda, as described above.
The relative concentrations for the photoactivator of layer 406 and the complex of 404 can be as described above for previous embodiments. It is preferable that the reducing agent precursor be present in a concentration of about 0.5 to about 10 moles per mole of inert cobalt complex.
Alternatively, cobalt(III)complex can be included in layer 406. Yet another alternative combines layers 404 and 406 into a single integral layer, the reaction proceeding essentially as described above, the photoactivator in such case being either a photoreductant or a spectral sensitizer.
It is contemplated that any reducing agent precursor can be useful in this process if it responds to a base so as to release still more base, such as by reducing more of the transition metal(III)complex.
In the event it is desired to strip layer 406 from 404, or if the outer layer exhibits a tacky condition, an additional layer can be provided, comprising a binder such as poly(4,4'-isopropylidene diphenylene-1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylidene-4',5-dicarboxylate) (hereinafter "PIPA"). Such a binder will permit ready stripping of the two layers, and/or as an overcoat protects the underlying layers.
The following examples are a non-exhaustive sampling of typical ammonia amplification which can be achieved by the above process:
EXAMPLE 186
As disclosed in the aforesaid Adin et al application, a radiation-sensitive element was prepared by coating onto a polyester film support a layer of 150 mg/ft.sup.2 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 100 mg/ft.sup.2 [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.6 ](CF.sub.3 COO).sub.3, and 65 mg/ft.sup.2 of 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone, and an overcoat of 300 mg/ft.sup.2 of PIPA.
An imaging element was prepared by coating a polyester film support with a layer of 500 mg/ft.sup.2 cellulose acetate butyrate, 100 mg/ft.sup.2 [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.6 ] (CF.sub.3 COO).sub.3, and 100 mg/ft.sup.2 of ##STR9## The first element was exposed in an IBM Microprinter and then placed so that the PIPA overcoat contacted the color-providing layer of the second element to form a sandwich which was passed twice at a speed of 0.35 cm/sec through rollers at a temperature of 120.degree. C. After separation of the element, a good dye image was observed in the second element.
EXAMPLES 187-191
For each of these examples, the procedure set forth for formation of separate radiation-sensitive and image-recording elements as described in Example 1 was followed, with these exceptions:
The radiation sensitive layer in each instance used an amount of the following base solution, to which only more solvent was added in Example 178 (as a control), and to which various amplifiers were added, Examples 188-191. The amounts of the additives are shown in Table XI which follows.
BASE SOLUTION
In 34 g of 2-methoxyethanol were dissolved 0.4 g of Co(NH.sub.3).sub.6 [CF.sub.3 CO.sub.2 ].sub.3, 0.4 g of .alpha.-hydroxyethyl-1,4-anthraquinone and 4.2 g of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone).
After preparing these final solutions, a 4 mil wet coating was made on a subbed poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support, over which a 2 mil overcoat of 10% solution of PIPA was applied. In each example, the above-prepared film was exposed for 4 seconds through an 0.3 log E silver step tablet using a 400 watt medium pressure mercury arc lamp (commercially available as a Micro Master Diazo Copier). The exposed film was placed in face-to-face contact with a diazo recording element (commercially available under the trade name Kodak Diazo Type M) and the sandwich was passed through a set of rollers at a temperature and at a speed set forth in Table XII. The number of steps in the diazo receiver having a red density of 0.4 above fog were counted to determine the increase in log E compared to the control, also set forth in Table XII.
EXAMPLES 192-198
A radiation-sensitive element, such as element 500, and a test element such as element 600, shown in FIG. 9, were prepared as follows:
Radiation sensitive element 500 was prepared by coating a layer 504 on a subbed polyethylene terephthalate support 502 as follows
This solution was coated with a 0.1 mm coating knife at 32.degree. C. on the film support and dried.
Test element 600 was prepared by coating onto a support 602 identical with support 502, a layer 608 comprising a solution of the following
This solution was coated as for layer 504 and dried at 54.degree. C. for five minutes.
Over layer 608 a 3.33% solution of Airco Vinol 325 poly(vinyl alcohol) in water was coated with a 0.05 mm coating knife at 43.degree. C. and dried to form a layer 606 to prevent intermixing of the diazo layer and layer 604 containing the amplifier, discussed below.
The amplifier layer 604 was coated as described for the diazo layer 608 using the following solution:
In Example 198, a control, layer 604 contained no amplifier.
Testing Procedure
A section of element 500, which had been given a 15 second exposure through a 0.15 log E step tablet using a Cannon Kalfile Printer 340 VC, was sandwiched with a section of element 600. The sandwich was passed three times through a pair of heated rollers at 140.degree. C. and a speed of 0.92 cm/sec. The layers were stripped apart, density to red light in the diazo layer 608 was read with a Macbeth TD404 densitometer, and characteristic curves were plotted. The speed increase due to the amplifier was determined by the log exposure difference between the control coating and the amplifier coating at a density of 0.4 above fog. (Fog did not exceed 0.10.) The results for some representative amplifiers are shown in the following Table XIII.
EXAMPLE 199
The procedure of Example 184 was repeated, but with the substitution of a coating composition consisting essentially of 0.2 gram 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (PR-145); 0.66 gram .mu.-superoxodecammine dicobaltate(III) perchlorate (C-20); 0.75 gram cellulose acetate butyrate (HS-10) and 10.0 grams dimethyl formamide. After exposure and heating as in the preceding Example the radiation-sensitive element was immersed in a solution of leuco malachite green in toluene. A green positive image was formed.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but, it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an integral imaging element comprising a support, a radiation-sensitive layer capable of generating amines and an image-recording layer distinct from said radiation-sensitive layer and responsive to said amines to form an image corresponding to imagewise exposure of said radiation-sensitive layer, said layers being disposed on said support; the improvement wherein said radiation-sensitive layer comprises, in chemical association, (a) a reducible, inert cobalt(III) complex free of a sensitizable anion and containing amine ligands, (b) a photoreductant capable of forming in the absence of a cobalt(III) complex, upon exposure to activating radiation longer than 300 nanometers in wavelength, a reducing agent that reduces said complex and releases amines, said photoreductants being selected from the group consisting of disulfides, diazoanthrones, diazophenanthrones, aromatic azides, and carbazides; and (c) an external source of labile hydrogen atoms.
2. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said image recording layer comprises an ammonia-responsive layer.
3. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said ammonia-responsive layer includes ninhydrin, o-phthalaldehyde or a combination thereof.
4. A combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said image-recording layer incorporates an ammonia-bleachable dye.
5. A combination as defined in claim 4, wherein said ammonia-bleachable dye is a pyrylium dye.
6. In an integral imaging element comprising a support, a radiation-sensitive layer capable of generating amines and an image-recording layer distinct from said radiation-sensitive layer and responsive to said amines to form an image corresponding to imagewise exposure to said radiation-sensitive layer, said layers being disposed on said support; the improvement wherein said radiation-sensitive layer comprises, in chemical association, (a) a reducible, inert cobalt(III) complex free of a sensitizable anion and containing amine ligands, (b) a photoreductant capable of forming in the absence of a cobalt(III) complex, upon exposure to activating radiation longer than 300 nanometers in wavelength, a reducing agent that reduces said complex and releases amines, said photoreductant being selected from the group consisting of (1) 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2) 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3) duroquinone (4) 2-(1-formyl-1-methylethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (5) 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (6) 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (7) 2,5-dimethyl-6-(1-formylethyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (8) 2-(2-cyclohexanonyl)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (9) 1,4-naphthoquinone (10) 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (11) 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (12) 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (13) 2-thiomethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (14) 2-(1-formyl-2-propyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (15) 2-(2-benzoylethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (16) 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (17) 2-ethylamino-3-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone (18) 2-ethoxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (19) 2-phenoxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (20) 5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone (21) 5,8-dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (22) 2,5-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone (23) 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone (24) 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bispyrrolidino-1,4-benzoquinone (25) 2-ethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (26) 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (27) 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (28) 2,6-diethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (29) 2,5-diethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (30) 2,5-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone (31) 2,5-bis(.beta.-phenoxyethoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone (32) 2,5-diphenethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (33) 2,5-di-n-propoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (34) 2,5-di-isopropoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (35) 2,5-di-n-butoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (36) 2,6-di-sec-butoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (37) 1,1'-bis(5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)-diethyl ether (38) 2-methyl-5-morpholinomethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (39) 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-morpholinomethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (40) 2,5-bis(morpholinomethyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (41) 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (42) 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (43) 2-(1-hydroxy-n-propyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (44) 2-(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-n-propyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (45) 2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (46) 2-(1-acetoxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (47) 2-(1-methoxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (48) 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (49) 2-ethoxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (50) 2-i-propoxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (51) 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dimethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (52) 2-dimethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone (53) 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (54) 2-benzyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (55) 2-methoxy-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (56) 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (57) 2,3-diethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (58) 2-ethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (59) 2-phenethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (60) 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (61) 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (62) 2-(2-phenoxy)ethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (63) 2-ethoxy-5-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (64) 2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (65) 2-ethoxy-7-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (66) 2-n-propoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (67) 2-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (68) 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (69) 7-methoxy-2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (70) 2-n-butoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (71) 2-sec-butoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (72) 2-n-pentoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (73) 2-n-hexoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (74) 2-n-heptoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (75) 2-acetoxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (76) 2-methoxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (77) 2-(.beta.-acetoxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (78) 2-N,N-bis(cyanomethyl)ainomethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (79) 2-methyl-3-morpholinomethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (80) 2-hydroxymethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (81) 2-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (82) 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (83) 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (84) 2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (85) 2-bromo-3-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (86) 2-ethoxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (87) 2-chloro-3-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone (88) 2-morpholino-1,4-naphthoquinone (89) 2,3-dipiperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone (90) 2-dibenzylamino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (91) 2-methyloxycarbonylmethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (92) 2-(N-ethyl-N-benzylamino)-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (93) 2-morpholino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (94) 2-pyrrolidino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (95) 2-diethylamino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (96) 2-diethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone (97) 2-piperidino-1,4-naphthoquinone (98) 2-pyrrolidino-1,4-naphthoquinone (99) 2-(2-hexyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (100) 2-neo-pentyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (101) 2-(2-n-pentyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (102) 2-(3-methyl-n-butoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (103) 2-(6-hydroxy-n-hexoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (104) 2-ethoxy-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (105) 2-di(phenyl)methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (106) 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (107) 2-methyl-3-(1-hydroxymethyl)ethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (108) 2-azetidino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (109) 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone and (110) 2,3-dimorpholino-1,4-naphthoquinone; and (c) an internal or an external source of labile hydrogen atoms.
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