US 4,195,069 AGrant
Preparation of Violet TiCl.sub.3
Issue Date:1980-03-25
•9 Claims
Abstract
A process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with an organo-aluminum compound, characterized in that: (a) the TiCl.sub.4 is premixed with a complexing agent in an inert organic solvent, the molar ratio complexing agent:TiCl.sub.4 being within the range from 0.3:1 to 2:1; (b) the organo-aluminum compound is premixed with a complexing agent in an inert organic solvent, the molar ratio complexing agent:organo-aluminum compound being at least 0.25:1; (c) the reduction to TiCl.sub.3 and precipitation of TiCl.sub.3 are carried out by combining at least one stoichiometric equivalent of TiCl.sub.4 in the premixed composition of step (a) with one stoichiometric equivalent of the organoaluminum compound in the premixed composition of step (b) over a period of less than one hour at a temperature within the range 60.degree. to 110.degree. C.; and (d) the final concentration of violet TiCl.sub.3 in the reaction mixture is at least 0.2 mol./liter.
Metadata
Assignee
- Shell Oil Company
Inventors
- Andras G. Th. G. Kortbeek
- Adrianus A. van der Nat
- Wilhelmina J. M. van der Linden Lemmers
- Willem Sjardijn
Application Information
Application Number:US 8076960
Filing Date:1977-06-17
Priority Date:1976-07-12
Art Unit:113
Classifications
IPC:
C01G 2302
Field of Search:
423252492429 A;429 B
Patent Drawings
This patent does not have any drawings.
Description
This invention relates to a process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 which may be used as a component of a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, in particular for the stereospecific polymerization of alpha-olefins.
It is well known that titanium tetrachloride (TiCl.sub.4) can be reduced with an organo-aluminum derivative to give brown (beta-) TiCl.sub.3. This form of TiCl.sub.3 is unsuitable for the stereospecific polymerization of alphaolefins to give polymers having a high isotacticity. The brown form is therefore converted to the violet form by means of a heat treatment at a temperature up to 250.degree. C., for example 150.degree. to 200.degree. C. In such preparations it is desirable to maintain the elevated temperature conditions for a sufficient period of time to ensure adequate conversion to the violet form. Violet TiCl.sub.3 may also be prepared directly by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with an alkyl aluminum compound at an elevated temperature, for example 150.degree. to 200.degree. C. Examples of both of these methods of preparation are described in U.K. patent specification 1,152,192 or equivalent U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,271, which deals more specifically with the use of certain ethers as the reaction medium.
It is observed, however, that at the elevated temperatures generally used for these preparations the crystallites of violet TiCl.sub.3 tend to grow in size; this means that the catalytic surface area per gram TiCl.sub.3 and hence the catalytic activity will decrease gradually. The rate of crystallite growth depends on the time and temperature conditions employed, i.e., the longer the exposure and the higher the temperature, the greater will be the reduction in catalytic activity. A general discussion of the relationships between crystallite size, catalytic surface area and catalytic activity of TiCl.sub.3 is given, for example, in Chapter 2 of "Kinetics of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization" by Keii, Kodunsha, Tokyo 1972.
A number of substances have been found to catalyze the conversion of brown to violet TiCl.sub.3 so that the formation of the violet form may be completed more rapidly and/or at lower temperatures. Examples of such substances are organic halides (see published Netherlands patent application 76 06139 or related U.K. Patent Specification 1,484,086) and TiCl.sub.4 (see U.K. patent specification No. 1,337,764 or equivalent U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,233). A particular method of preparing an active form of violet TiCl.sub.3 incorporating a TiCl.sub.4 -catalyzed conversion is described in U.K. patent specification No. 1,391,067. In this method brown TiCl.sub.3 is prepared by a low temperature reduction of TiCl.sub.4 with an organo-aluminum compound, then washed with a complexing agent and finally converted to the violet form in the presence of TiCl.sub.4, preferably at a temperature between 20.degree. and 120.degree. C.
The published Netherlands patent application 75 09129 or equivalent U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,593 describes an alternative procedure in which the TiCl.sub.3 is completely solubilized by the complexing agent and the violet TiCl.sub.3 is precipitated by heating the solubilized TiCl.sub.3 in the presence of an excess of TiCl.sub.4, preferably at 40.degree. to 120.degree. C.
Both of these processes involve at least two separate basic steps, i.e., a reduction step at ambient temperature or below and a violet TiCl.sub.3 formation step at higher temperatures up to 120.degree. C. The present invention is concerned with a new, simplified process resulting in the direct formation of violet TiCl.sub.3 at lower temperatures than have been used hitherto.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with an organo-aluminum compound, characterized in that
(a) the TiCl.sub.4 is premixed with a complexing agent in an inert organic solvent, the molar ratio complexing agent:TiCl.sub.4 being within the range from 0.3:1 to 2:1;
(b) the organo-aluminum compound is premixed in an inert organic solvent with a complexing agent, the molar ratio complexing agent:organo-aluminum compound being greater than 0.25:1;
(c) the reduction is carried out over a period of less than one hour at a temperature within the range 60.degree. to 110.degree. C.; and
(d) the final concentration of violet TiCl.sub.3 in the reaction mixture is at least 0.2 mol./liter.
It is surprisingly found that by carrying out the process of the invention as defined above, TiCl.sub.4 may be reduced directly to violet TiCl.sub.3 at lower temperatures than have hitherto been considered practically feasible. The process therefore combines the convenience of a single step process with the improved catalytic activities which stem from the use of a lower temperature for the formation of violet TiCl.sub.3. A further advantage of the process of the invention is that it enables the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 with very good stereospecific properties in polymerizations of alpha-olefins.
An essential requirement of the process of the invention is that both the TiCl.sub.4 and the organo-aluminum compound should be premixed with certain defined amounts of the complexing agents. If one or other of the reactants is not so premixed then brown TiCl.sub.3 is formed instead, even when the other conditions used are according to the invention. Furthermore, once the brown form has been produced in this way it does not appear possible to convert it to the violet form, for example, in the presence of excess TiCl.sub.4. This appears to provide support for the view that the violet TiCl.sub.3 is produced in one step by the process of the invention and not via the intermediate formation of brown TiCl.sub.3.
The term "complexing agent" as used herein means a compound capable of forming a complex with titanium and/or aluminum atoms. The complexing agent contains one or more atoms or groups which have one or more free electron pairs which will produce co-ordination with the metal. Atoms having one or more free electron pairs include the atoms of non-metals of groups 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, for example, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus, antimony and arsenic. Examples of compounds containing such atoms are ethers, thioethers, thiols, phosphines, stibines, arsines, amines, amides, ketones and esters.
Preferably the complexing agent is a compound of one of the following general formulae:
R'--O--R", R'--S--R",
R'--SH, R'R"R'"N,
R'R"NH and R'--NH.sub.2,
in which each of the groups R', R" and R'" is an alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl group of up to 15 carbon atoms.
Particularly preferred complexing agents are dialkyl ethers of the general formula R'--O--R' in which each R' group is an alkyl group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, for example n-butyl.
The complexing agent with which the TiCl.sub.4 is premixed may be the same as or different from that with which the organo-aluminum compound is premixed. The preferred range for the molar ratio complexing agent:TiCl.sub.4 is from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1, in particular from 0.7:1 to 1.5:1. The preferred range for the molar ratio complexing agent:organo-aluminum compound is from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1, with the use of equimolar portions of the two components being particularly preferred.
The organo-aluminum compound is preferably an aluminum alkyl derivative of empirical formula:
in which R is an alkyl group of 2 to 12, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example ethyl; X is a hydrogen atom or halogen, preferably chlorine, atom; and n has a value from 0.1 to 3, preferably from 1.5 to 3. Particularly preferred aluminum alkyl derivatives are triethylaluminum and the diethylaluminum chloride.
The relative amounts of TiCl.sub.4 and the organo-aluminum compound used are preferably such that substantially all of the latter is consumed during the reduction. In the case of a trialkylaluminum derivative this means that the molar ratio TiCl.sub.4 :aluminum compound is preferably at least the stoichiometric ratio of 3:1. A relatively small excess of TiCl.sub.4 may also be used, for example up to 100% molar excess over the stoichiometric amount required. However, a large excess of TiCl.sub.4, for example a 500% molar excess, is not only unnecessary and wasteful, but in some cases may unexpectedly give rise to the formation of brown TiCl.sub.3 instead of the violet form. This latter phenomenon is surprising in view of the known influence of TiCl.sub.4 on the brown to violet conversion.
The inert organic solvent may comprise an optionally halogenated aliphatic, alicyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. Preferred aliphatic or alicyclic solvents are optionally chlorinated alkanes or cyclo-alkanes of up to 12 carbon atoms. Preferred aromatic solvents are optionally alkylated benzene derivatives, in particular toluene or xylene. In one preferred embodiment of the invention the TiCl.sub.4 is premixed in an aromatic hydrocarbon and the organo-aluminum compound is premixed in an aliphatic hydrocarbon. In this case the relative amounts of the two solvents appear to influence the size and morphology of the TiCl.sub.3 particles.
The concentrations of TiCl.sub.4 and organo-aluminum compound respectively in the starting solutions may vary within wide limits provided these are chosen to give a final TiCl.sub.3 concentration of at least 0.2 mol./liter, preferably from 0.3 to 1.0 mol./liter.
As mentioned above the reduction is carried out over a period of less than one hour. The reduction period is determined by the time taken to add one reactant solution completely to the other. This addition time may be varied widely within the required range, for example from 1 to 45 minutes. It is found in practice that it is convenient to add the solution of the organo-aluminum derivative to the TiCl.sub.4 solution, the so-called forward addition, although equally satisfactory results may be obtained by the reverse addition.
It is surprising that the preparation of the violet TiCl.sub.3 by the process of the invention involves the use of relatively short addition times and that longer addition times give the brown form. A slow forward addition, for example, would give a longer period of relatively high TiCl.sub.4 concentration, and such a situation would be expected to favor the formation of solid violet TiCl.sub.3.
The temperature of the reduction is between 60.degree. and 110.degree. C. Preferred temperatures are from 70.degree. to 90.degree. C. Although very short addition/reduction times may be used at these temperatures to obtain active violet TiCl.sub.3, it is found that the stereospecific properties of the violet TiCl.sub.3 may be improved by maintaining the violet TiCl.sub.3 at the reduction temperature after the reduction has been completed. This aftertreatment may be carried out over a period of 10 to 60 minutes.
The violet TiCl.sub.3 is separated from the liquid reaction mixture, for example, by decantation or filtration, and may then be washed with an aliphatic, alicyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbon.
The violet TiCl.sub.3 may be stabilized against deterioration of its catalytic activity by, for example, washing with an aluminum alkyl compound such as diethyl aluminum chloride, by storing at a temperature below 0.degree. C., and/or by a prepolymerization as described below.
As mentioned above the invention includes a process for the polymerization of olefins in which the violet TiCl.sub.3 prepared according to the invention is used as catalyst together with an aluminum alkyl derivative, for example a trialkyl aluminum or a dialkylaluminum halide, as an activator. The activator is preferably diethylaluminum chloride. The molar ratio of the aluminum compound to TiCl.sub.3 may be from 0.5:1 to 10:1, preferably from 2:1 to 5:1.
If desired, before the polymerization, the violet TiCl.sub.3 together with some or all of the activator may be prepolymerized with a small amount of the olefin, e.g., 2-20 g per g TiCl.sub.3. The prepolymerization is carried out under relatively mild conditions; for example, with propylene the temperature is preferably below 60.degree. C. and the pressure below 2 bar abs.
The olefins which may be polymerized according to the invention are preferably alpha-olefins of up to 8 carbon atoms, for example, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene or 1-pentene. The invention is of particular interest for the homopolymerization of propylene and the copolymerization of ethylene and propylene.
The polymerization may be carried out using any of the conventional procedures. Thus, the polymerization may be carried out in an inert liquid diluent medium such as an aliphatic hydrocarbon, or, in the absence of a diluent, in the vapor phase or in the liquid olefin monomer. Polymerization temperatures may be from 20.degree. to 90.degree. C., preferably from 55.degree. to 75.degree. C. and pressures from 1 to 50 bar abs. The polymerization may also be carried out in the presence of substances which lower the molecular weight of the polymer, for example gaseous hydrogen, or substances which decrease the soluble (nonstereospecific) polymer content of the polymer, for example amine or phosphine derivatives.
The invention is illustrated further in the following Examples.
EXAMPLES I-XXXIX
(a) Preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3
The same basic method was used in all of these Examples. Titanium tetrachloride was dissolved in the organic solvent and to the stirred solution was added an ether-complexing agent. The mixture was warmed to the desired reduction temperature and then a mixture of an aluminum alkyl and an ether-complexing agent in an organic solvent was added over a period which was not more than 1 hour. In all but one Example the reaction mixture was stirred for a further period at the reduction temperature (after treatment), and then cooled to 25.degree. C. The violet TiCl.sub.3 was then filtered off, washed with isooctane and dried. The precise reaction conditions used in each Example are summarized in the following Table, in which the following abbreviations are used.
IO=iso-octane; DBE=di-n-butyl ether;
DDE=di-n-dodecyl ether; DEE=diethyl ether
(b) Polymerization
The violet TiCl.sub.3 thus obtained was tested in homopolymerizations of propylene at 70.degree. C. in the presence of 0.6%v hydrogen. Aluminum diethyl chloride (9 mmol.) was added to iso-octane (1.5 l) at 70.degree. C. in a 3 liter reactor, and to this mixture was added the TiCl.sub.3 (1.7 mmol.). The reactor was then pressurized with propylene to 2.6 bar abs. The reactor was maintained at 70.degree. C. for 4 hours and then the pressure was released. Butanol was added to inactivate the catalyst and the polymer was washed first with 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid and then three times with water. The polymer suspension was then steam-distilled and the polymer was filtered off. The results of the polymerization experiment are also summarized in the following Table. The activity of the violet TiCl.sub.3 is expressed as grams polymer per gram TiCl.sub.3 per hour per bar of propylene. The value of the xylene solubles is in each case the total amount of polymer which is soluble in xylene and represents the total amount of atactic material produced.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES A-L
(a) Preparation of TiCl.sub.3
In each of these examples, the TiCl.sub.3 was prepared by the general procedure described above with modifications which caused the preparation not to be according to the invention. These modifications, as evident from the data in the following Table, are summarized as follows: In Comparative Examples A-E no complexing agent was present in one or both of the catalyst components; in Comparative Examples F and G the molar ratios of complexing agent to TiCl.sub.4 are outside the effective range at 0.19:1 and 0.27:1, respectively; in Comparative Examples H, J and K, the addition time was a full hour or more; in Comparative Example L, the preparation was carried out in a large amount of the ether as solvent.
(b) Polymerization
The method of carrying out polymerization in the Comparative Examples was the same as described above.
EXAMPLES XL and XLI
The violet TiCl.sub.3 obtained under the conditions of Example XXVII was used as catalyst in a similar propylene polymerization experiment to that described for the previous Examples, the precise conditions being as follows:
The results of this experiment are given as Example XL below.
The polymerization was then repeated in the presence of triethylamine, the molar ratio triethylamine:TiCl.sub.3 being 0.1:1. The results (Example XLI) are also given below.
It is clear that the addition of the amine lowers the percentage of atactic material, i.e., improves the stereospecificity of the catalyst, with only a small accompanying reduction in the activity.
Preparation of catalysts according to this invention is effective, as illustrated, when conducted within the preferred limits of conditions. It is also generally effective when conducted near the outer limits of the broadest disclosed ranges, but under those conditions it may result in active, stereoregulating catalyst which is not a pure violet in color, or in less active and less effectively stereoregulating catalysts and, in some cases, in relatively ineffective brown TiCl.sub.3.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with an organoaluminum compound which comprises: (a) premixing the TiCl.sub.4 with a complexing agent in an inert organic solvent, the molar ratio complexing agent:TiCl.sub.4 being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; (b) premixing the organoaluminum compound with a complexing agent in an inert organic solvent, the molar ratio complexing agent: organoaluminum compound being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; (c) carrying out the reduction to TiCl.sub.3 and precipitation of TiCl.sub.3 in a single step by combining at least one stoichiometric equivalent of TiCl.sub.4 in the premixed composition of step (a) with one stoichiometric equivalent of the organoaluminum compound in the premixed composition of step (b) over a period of less than one hour at a temprature within the range 60.degree. to 110.degree. C.; the final concentration of violet TiCl.sub.3 in the reaction mixture being at least 0.2 mol./liter.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said complexing agent is a dialkyl ether of general formula R'--O'--R', in which each R' is an alkyl group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms and said solvents are selected from the group consisting of optionally chlorinated alkanes and cycloalkanes of up to 12 carbon atoms and optionally alkylated benzene derivatives.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organoaluminum compound is an alkyl aluminum compound of empirical formula: in which R is an alkyl group of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, X is a hydrogen or halogen atom, and n has a value from 0.1 to 3; said complexing agent is a dialkyl ether of general formula R'--O--R', in which each R' is an alkyl group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms; and said solvents are selected from the group consisting of alkanes and cycloalkanes of up to 12 carbon atoms and optionally alkylated benzene derivatives.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the final TiCl.sub.3 concentration is from 0.3 to 1.0 mol./liter.
5. A process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with an organoaluminum compound, which comprises: (a) premixing the TiCl.sub.4 in an inert organic solvent with a dialkyl ether in which each alkyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, the molar ratio of ether to TiCl.sub.4 being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; (b) premixing an organoaluminum compound of empirical formula: in which R is an alkyl group of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, X is a hydrogen or halogen atom, and n has a value from 0.1 to 3, in an inert organic solvent with a dialkyl ether in which each alkyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, the molar ratio of ether to organoaluminum compound being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1: (c) carrying out the reduction to TiCl.sub.3 and precipitation of TiCl.sub.3 in a single step by combining from 1 to 2 stoichiometric equivalents of TiCl.sub.4 in the premixed composition of step (a) with one stoichiometric equivalent of the organoaluminum compound in the premixed comositions of step (b) over a period of less than one hour at a temperature within the range 60.degree. to 110.degree. C.; said solvents being selected from the group consisting of alkanes and cycloalkanes of 2 to 12 carbon atoms and optionally alkylated benzene derivatives and the final concentration of violet TiCl.sub.3 in the reaction mixture being at least 0.2 mol./liter.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the violet TiCl.sub.3 is maintained at a temperature in the range from 60.degree.-110.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes after completion of the step of combining the premixed compositions.
7. A process for the preparation of violet TiCl.sub.3 by reducing TiCl.sub.4 with triethylaluminum or aluminum diethylchloride, which comprises: (a) premixing the TiCl.sub.4 in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent with di-n-butyl ether, the molar ratio of ether to TiCl.sub.4 being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; (b) premixing the triethylaluminum or aluminum diethylchloride in an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent with di-n-butyl ether, the molar ratio of ether to aluminum compound being within the range from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; (c) carrying out the reduction to TiCl.sub.3 and precipitation of TiCl.sub.3 in a single step by combining from 1 to 2 stoichiometric equivalents of TiCl.sub.4 in the premixed composition of step (a) with one stoiciometric equivalent of the organoaluminum compound in the premixed composition of step (b) over a period of 1 to 45 minutes at a temperature within the range 70.degree. to 90.degree. C.; the final concentration of violet TiCl.sub.3 in the reaction mixture being within the range of 0.3 to 1.0 mol./liter.
8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein said aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is toluene or xylene and said aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent is iso-octane.
9. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the violet TiCl.sub.3 is maintained at a temperature in the range from 70.degree. to 90.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes after completion of the step of combining the premixed compositions.
Patent Citations (5)
Non-Patent Literature (1)
- Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 2d. Ed. 1969, pp. 385-387 & 392-398.