Peak Deviation Sampling

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for compression of waveform sampled data, and particularly to such a system for a digital data processor for a sampled video signal.

The customary method of sampling a waveform, such as a video signal for digital processing, does not take into consideration all of the data contained in a sample period for maximum fidelity of the sample data. Usually periodic point sampling is performed, often with an averaging effect due to the speed of the sampling circuit. This point sampling technique is commonly used for digital control of video display because the display is customarily comprised of a matrix of picture elements (pixels) arranged in rows and columns. For each pixel, all that can be encoded in digital form is one sample value. This is not adequate to yield maximum fidelity even if the sampling rate is at the Nyquist limit of 2 f where the essential frequency range of the video signal is limited to f cycles per second, i.e., even if the sampling (pixel) interval is the Nyquist interval of 1/2 f. In a practical application, the sampling rate is usually much less than the Nyquist limit of 2 f because of the limited number of pixels in the array, typically 265.times.265 or 512.times.512 pixels. It would be desirable to encode for pixel display a value which has more information about the signal during the pixel interval than just its amplitude at the sampling point in order to enhance the video display.

In accordance with the present invention, a number of successive samples are taken of an input signal during a periodic interval, and one of those samples which has the greatest deviation from the selected sample of the previous interval is selected for the present interval as the maximal, or minimal, value of the interval. At the beginning of each interval sequence, the first sample is stored as the maximal and minimal references for comparison with succeeding samples. If at any time a sample of greater value then the maximal reference is received, it replaces the maximal reference, but not the minimal reference, and if at any time a sample of smaller value then the minimal reference is received, it replaces the minimal reference, but not the maximal reference. In that manner the maximal (MAX) and minimal (MIN) samples occurring during the interval are selected as candidates for the value that best represents the input waveform for that interval. Which of the candidates is selected and stored as the LAST sample of the signal waveform is determined by determining which of the maximal or minimal has the greatest deviation from the sample selected for the last interval. If they have equal deviation, one or the other is consistently selected, preferably the minimal. That may be implemented by first subtracting the previous last sample from the maximal to determine the extent of positive deviation, P.DELTA., from the last sample in accordance with the equation:

and subtracting the minimal from the previous last sample to determine the extent of negative deviation, N.DELTA., from the last sample in accordance with the equation:

and then selecting the maximal or the minimal according to which represents the greatest deviation in accordance with the criteria:

While the choice in the last case may be MIN or MAX, according to which was updated last, it could always be the same choice, such as MIN.

The novel features that are considered characteristic of this invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will best be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 2a and 2b show waveforms useful in understanding the advantages of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a typical video waveform input and waveforms resulting from modulation with encoded peak deviation sampling and encoded point sampling data for comparison.

The organization and operation of a preferred embodiment will first be described with reference to FIG. 1, following which advantages of the invention will be discussed. As noted hereinbefore, the invention relates to a system for compressing waveform sampled data such as from a sampled video signal.

The video signal is sampled and converted to digital form by conventional means (not shown) and entered into a new data buffer register 10 under control of a sample clock from a source 12 operating at a frequency of 10 MHz. A counter 14 divides the clock by some convenient number, such as 10, to produce a sample interval boundary clock applied to an output buffer register 16 to select one out of every ten samples entered into the input buffer register 10. However, the one sample selected is not every tenth input sample, but rather that one sample in the boundary interval which is the maximal or minimal sample occurring during the interval, depending upon which of the two has the greatest deviation from the sample selected during the last interval.

The maximal and minimal samples are selected by storing the first sample of the current interval in both a minimal register 18 and a maximal register 20 under control of a sample interval boundary clock pulse applied via gates G.sub.1, G.sub.2 and G.sub.3, G.sub.4. Thereafter, the contents of the registers 18 and 20 are compared with subsequent samples in adders 22 and 24. Adder 22 adds the new sample (NEW) to the 2's complement of the old sample (MIN) in the minimal register to form the sum NEW-MIN. The sign of the sum will be negative (1) when NEW<MIN, in which case the sign (carry) at the output of the adder enables the minimal register to be updated. That is accomplished by enabling gate G.sub.4 via gate G.sub.3. Similarly, adder 24 adds the 2's complement of the old sample (MAX) in the maximal register 20 to the new sample (NEW) to form the sum MAX-NEW. The sign of the sum will be negative (1) when the MAX<NEW, in which case the sign (carry) at the output of the adder enables the maximal register to be updated via gates G.sub.1 and G.sub.2. In that manner the maximal (MAX) and minimal (MIN) samples occurring during a sample interval defined by the boundary clock from the counter 14 are latched in the registers 20 and 18, respectively, by the end of the interval. Next, the last sample (LAST) latched in the output buffer register 16 is compared with the MIN and MAX of the interval using adders 26 and 28 to form the sums N.DELTA.=LAST-MIN and P.DELTA.=MAX-LAST. These sums represent the respective minimal deviation, N.DELTA., and maximal deviation, P.DELTA., of the interval. These deviations are then compared in an adder 30 which adds N.DELTA. to the 2's complement of P.DELTA. to form the sum N.DELTA.-P.DELTA., the sign of which will be negative (1) when P.DELTA.>N.DELTA., indicating that MAX represents a greater deviation than MIN from the last sample LAST, in which case MAX is entered into the output buffer register via a multiplexer 32. At all other times, the sign is positive (0), indicating that MIN represents a greater deviation than MAX, in which case MIN is entered into the output buffer register unless the sum is zero, the case where P.DELTA.=N.DELTA.. For that condition, either MIN or MAX is chosen to be entered into the output buffer register 16 according to which was updated last under control of logic gates G.sub.5 and G.sub.6, which receive two inputs A and B from the adder 30 and a third input from a J-K flip flop 36 which is set or reset with each sample clock according to whether a new sample establishes a new minimal or maximal. When the inputs are defined as follows:

A: P.DELTA.>N.DELTA.,

B: P.DELTA.=N.DELTA.,

C: last sample was stored in MIN REG., and

C: last sample was stored in MAX REG.,

the logic gates select MAX from the register 20 via the multiplexer 32 according to the following logic equation MAX=A+BC. When A is not true because N.DELTA.>P.DELTA., MIN is selected, unless B is true because P.DELTA.=N.DELTA., in which case MAX is selected if C is true because MAX was updated last; otherwise MIN is selected. Thus, the logic equation may be implemented with a simple AND gate G.sub.5 and an OR gate G.sub.6, as shown. The single output applied to the multiplexer 32 from the OR gate G.sub.6 will select MAX when true, and MIN when false. The multiplexer 32 which may be comprised of two sets of AND gates, one for selecting MAX and the other for selecting MIN from respective registers 20 and 18. The output of the OR gate G.sub.6 enables one set directly to transmit MAX to the output buffer register 16 when true, and enables the other set via an inverter (not shown) to transmit MIN to the output buffer register 16. In that manner, peak deviation in a sampling interval is used as the criterion for the sample value to be used as best representative of the input waveform during the sampling interval.

Advantages of this peak deviation sampling technique will be better appreciated from the following comparison with point sampling. The object is to encode information from an analog-to-digital converter in a format which maximizes fidelity. This is achieved by examining a number of samples per sampling interval and encoding in each sampling interval the maximum deviation from the previous sample, either positive or negative with respect to the last sample. Assuming a sinusoidal waveform and a sampling rate FS just twice the frequency f.sub.1 of the waveform, with the sampling points at the center of each half cycle as shown in FIG. 2a. The result is peak sampling and results in 100% modulation, as shown by a dotted square waveform over the first few cycles. The result would be the same for the peak deviation sampling technique of the present invention as shown over the last two cycles of FIG. 2a using a sampling rate of N2 f, where N is a whole integer, such as 10. But the same result is achieved only because the sampling point at the rate FS has been selected at the peak of the sinusoidal waveform. FIG. 2b shows the result of sampling and encoding a signal phase shifted 90.degree. at the rate FS. Under those conditions, the point sampling modulation goes to 0%, as shown in the first few cycles of FIG. 2b, but the peak deviation sampling modulation remains 100%, as shown in the last two cycles of FIG. 2b. This is because a sample is still being taken for selection at the peak. It is thus demonstrated that point sampling is very phase sensitive, while peak deviation sampling minimizes phase effects on the output represented by the dotted line waveforms.

To compare point sampling with peak deviation sampling, reference will now be made to FIG. 3 which shows in a solid line waveform a typical video signal. This is an arbitrary waveform having components at or above the Nyquist limit as well as lower frequencies. If it is encoded using point sampling, the solid line step waveform is the result of modulation with the point samples, assuming the sampling point is selected at the center of each sampling interval. If a number of samples are examined (such as ten) during each sampling interval, and the peak deviation technique is employed to select the sample to be used for modulation over the entire sampling interval, the result is as shown in the dotted line waveform. The actual performance of this peak deviation sampling technique can be seen to yield higher modulation that is more representative of the input, thus maximizing the fidelity of the encoded data from the analog-to-digital converter. The encoded sample output from the buffer register 16 may be displayed directly on a cathode ray tube, or stored in a digital memory for scan conversion before display.

Operation of the system shown in FIG. 1 will now be summarized with reference to the following chart ##STR1##

A video signal is sampled through two sampling intervals during which five samples per interval are taken and converted to digital form by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter to produce the first row of digits. These samples are entered into the new data buffer register 10 at the end of each sample clock period as represented by the second row of digits. (For convenience, the video input is assumed to be zero for the video sample shown on the left.) The first sample of a sampling interval is entered into the MIN and MAX registers at the end of the first sample clock period. Thereafter, each sample latched into the register 10 is then latched into the MIN or MAX register according to whether it is less than or greater than the last sample latched in the MIN and MAX registers. At the end of the sampling interval, either the MIN or the MAX is selected as the encoded sample according to which has the greatest deviation from the last encoded sample (LAST) selected for entry into the output buffer register 16. At the end of the first sampling interval, the difference P.DELTA. between the LAST and MAX is 13, which is greater than 0, the difference N.DELTA.. The MAX is therefore selected and entered into the register 16. Note that there are three registers in cascade, namely the new data buffer register, the MIN or MAX register, and the output buffer register. There are therefore three clock period delays in shifting a new video value to the output buffer register.

During the next sampling interval, the first new video value (6) is stored in both the MIN and MAX registers. Thereafter a new value is stored in the MAX register only if it is greater than 6, and in the MIN register only if it is less than MIN. At the end of that sampling interval a new MAX and a new MIN are available for comparison with the last sample (13) to determine which yields the greatest deviation by first comparing LAST with MIN and with MAX in adders 26 and 28 to form P.DELTA. and N.DELTA., and then comparing the deltas to determine which is greater. Here LAST is greater than MAX, so the P.DELTA. is found to be less than N.DELTA.. The negative sign from the adder 28 is indicated in the chart during each clock period, and could be used to conclude without comparing the deltas, that the content of the MIN register should be selected. The MIN is always less than the LAST during this second sampling interval so the output N.DELTA. of the adder is a positive number which, at the end is a result of MIN being equal to 2. Therefore MIN is selected for the next LAST.

As further examples, consider the following chart for third and fourth sampling intervals assumed to follow immediately after the two sampling intervals in the chart above. ##STR2## In the third sampling interval, the new value entered as the MIN and MAX is 0, so that initially P.DELTA. is still negative and N.DELTA. equals 2, but by the end of the third sampling interval both P.DELTA. and N.DELTA. are equal to 2. In that case, as described hereinbefore, the last MIN or MAX update is selected. Here it is the MIN=0.

In the last sampling interval in the chart immediately above, the first sample of 6 is entered as the new MIN and MAX. Thereafter, the MAX is updated until 15 is reached, the maximum for the interval. The MIN value of 6 is carried until the last clock period, at which time a new MIN equal to 5 is entered into the register 18. Throughout the sampling interval, the MIN is greater than LAST so the sign out of the adder 26 is negative, as shown. At the same time MAX is greater than LAST. That is indicated by the actual differences of 6, 14, 15, 15, and 15. Consequently, the MAX of 15 is selected as the next LAST encoded sample.

This peak deviation technique for encoding sampled data is important in such applications as display systems where the video typically contains all frequencies up to Fc, the system cut-off frequency and it is desired to maintain fidelity with minimum encoded samples resulting in memory size savings. Other areas include bandwidth reduction systems and multiplexed data acquisition systems. Consequently, although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described with reference to a video input signal, it is recognized that modifications and equivalents for video and other applications may readily occur to those skilled in the art. Consequently, it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications and equivalents.