Method and Apparatus for Fiber-Optic Cardiovascular Endoscopy

1. Field of the Invention

This invention pertains to cardiovascular fiber-optic endoscopy systems and methods, and to fiber-optic catheters employed therewith.

2. Prior Art

Fiber-optic catheters are well known and have been employed for a variety of purposes. Among such purposes are the monitoring of blood oxygen saturation and the measurement of intra-cardiac or intra-vascular pressure. Catheters suitable for such use are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,123,006, 3,822,695 and 3,814,081. It is also known to include a longitudinally extending lumen in a catheter which may be used for monitoring blood pressure, withdrawing samples of blood, or introducing medication. Such catheters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,498,286, 3,807,390 and German Patent Publication No. 2,023,318.

Heretofore, the use of fiber-optic catheters for visual inspection of the cardiovascular system, as opposed to their use as tools for permitting intra-cardiovascular measurement of certain blood characteristics, has been severely restricted by the opaque quality of blood. None of the prior art known to applicant discloses a fiber-optic endoscopic catheter system which has overcome this problem. Such optical inspection is extremely useful as it would permit a search for constrictions, blockages, etc. without the necessity of complicated and hazardous surgical procedures.

According to the present invention, I have developed a fiber-optic catheter system and method of employing same particularly adapted for visual inspection of the intra-cardiovascular system. One of the principal components of the system is an improved fiber-optic catheter which includes the usual afferent and efferent light conducting fiber-optic bundles. A preferably centrally located lumen extends the length of the catheter from the distal to the proximal end thereof. A flexible tube having a preferably removable rigid head is slidably received in the lumen, the tube being movable between an extended position in which the head protrudes beyond the distal end of the catheter and a retracted position in which the head is substantially flush with the distal end of the lumen. The head is apertured to permit injection of a clear solution, such as, for example, a saline solution through the tube and into the blood whereby to reduce the opacity of the blood to permit visual or photographic inspection of a part of the cardiovascular system.

In preferred use, fluid injection into the blood is controlled by an injector which is synchronized with the patient's heartbeat whereby injection occurs a brief interval after the R-wave portion of the patient's EKG. Thus, as the clear saline solution enters the blood, it is immediately carried back toward the distal end of the catheter thereby momentarily creating a clear pocket between the optics located at the distal face of the catheter and the region of the cardiovascular system to be explored. This permits viewing through a clear medium (saline solution) as opposed to an opaque medium (blood) thus greatly enhancing the quality of visualization that is obtainable.

In one modification specially adapted for intravenous endoscopy, a first aperature is provided in the wall of the tubular member proximally of the head thereof, and a second aperture is provided in the wall of the catheter sheath to be aligned with the first aperture when the tubular member is in a position intermediate the retracted and extended positions. When the catheter is disposed intravenously and the tubular member is in the intermediate position, a substantial portion of the injected fluid will exit through the aligned apertures. Thus, the blood flow, which in the case of intravenous endoscopy will be from the aligned apertures toward the distal end, will once again carry the clear fluid pocket to a position between the catheter optics and the region to be explored.

Preferably, a camera, synchronized with the injection apparatus, photographs the image conveyed from the distal end of the catheter upon each injection of the saline solution. In the preferred embodiment, angulation cords extending from the proximal to the distal end of the catheter are employed whereby the cords may be tensioned at the proximal end to avoid jerking of the head and possible damage to the patient during the injection procedure.

Further features and advantages of the system and method in accordance with the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description and the annexed drawings which disclose certain non-limiting examples of embodiments preferred at present.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a fiber-optic catheter system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a view in front elevation of the preferred catheter of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along the lines 3--3 in FIG. 2 showing the spray head in the extended position and also showing the viewing apparatus;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the preferred catheter of the present invention inserted into the left ventricle;

FIG. 5 is a graph qualitatively illustrating the improved visibility which may be obtained by employing cardiovascular endoscopic techniques in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view similar to FIG. 3 in which the catheter is being employed to observe a valve, and also showing an alternative catheter spray head;

FIG. 7 is a view in front elevation of the catheter illustrated in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary sectional view of a modified catheter adapted for intravenous endoscopy;

FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 showing the spray head of the modified catheter situated within a vein with the spray head in the intermediate position; and

FIG. 10 is another view similar to FIG. 8 showing the modified catheter with the spray head in the fully extended position.

Referring now to the drawings in detail and particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, the preferred synchronized fiber-optic endoscope system 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown.

As illustrated, the system includes a fiber-optic catheter 12, a fluid injecting apparatus 3, an EKG unit 4, a delay unit 5, a camera 26, a synchronization unit 7 and ocular 8.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, fiber-optic catheter 12 comprises a length of standard cardiac catheter tubing having preferably two bundles 14 of afferent light-conducting fibers 16 and preferably one bundle 18 of efferent light-conducting fibers 20. As shown, bundles 14, 18 are enclosed within a flexible sheath 22, which has a preferably centrally located lumen 24 extending longitudinally therethrough. The construction of a suitable flexible catheter sheath 22 is well known in the art. By way of example, sheath 22 may be comprised of rubber, a synthetic plastic or, preferably, a silicone rubber laminate.

Preferably, the cross section of lumen 24 is circular and is stepped outwardly near the distal end of the catheter 12 to define a shoulder 26 and a widened lumen portion 28. In the preferred embodiment, the outside diameter of the catheter 12 is approximately 8 mm., while the diameter of the lumen 24 is approximately 4 mm. Preferably, the distance from shoulder 26 to the distal end of catheter 12 is about 2 cm.

As shown, a length of flexible tubing 30 is disposed for sliding movement within the lumen 24. As will be more fully described hereinafter, tubing 30 serves to carry a liquid solution from the proximal end of the catheter 12 to the distal end thereof. Tubing 30 is preferably stepped outward at the distal end to define a shoulder 32 that is complementary to catheter shoulder 26. As will become more fully apparent hereinafter, as tubing 30 is retracted toward the proximal end of the catheter 12, shoulder 32 engages shoulder 26 and thereby defines the fully retracted position of the tubing 30. Preferably, the widened portion of tubing 30 past shoulder 32 is internally threaded at 34 whereby spray head 36, having an externally threaded narrow base portion 37, may be removably secured to the distal end of the tubing 30.

Tubing 30, like sheath 22, must be flexible to permit bending as the catheter 12 is fed through the blood vessels. Thus, tubing 30 is also preferably constructed of a silicone rubber laminate and is desirably reinforced with wire mesh. Unlike sheath 22 and tubing 30, however, head 36 is preferably rigid, although not necessarily, and comprised of plastic, stainless steel, or other non-reactive material such as, for example, other nickel or chromium or nickel-chromium steels. As shown, the outside diameter of the head 36 is substantially equal to the diameter of the widened portion 28 of lumen 24 while the length of head 36 is approximately equal to the distance from shoulder 26 to the distal end of catheter 12. In addition, and is best as shown in FIG. 6, the curvature of terminus 38 of head 36 is such that when the tubing 30 is in the fully retracted position the terminus of the head and the distal end of the sheath 22 together define a smooth rounded surface which permits the catheter to be fed into the cardiovascular system without damaging the interior walls thereof. As illustrated, terminus 38 of head 36 is provided with a plurality of apertures 40 for reasons that will be more fully explained hereinafter, although one aperture may be employed.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 4 in detail, the use of system 10 in conjunction with intra-cardiac endoscopy will now be described. Catheter 12 is first inserted into the heart 48 by making, for example, a left femoral cut down 42 and then feeding catheter 12 through the left femoral artery 44, the aorta 46 and then into the heart 48.

During the insertion procedure, head 36, which, being constructed of a rigid material capable of causing damage to the interior side walls of the patient's cardiovascular system, is held in the retracted position in which shoulder 32 engages shoulder 26. Light from a suitable light source 65 is introduced into the optical fibers 16 which comprise the bundles 14 for conductance through the catheter 12 and emission at the distal end thereof into the blood stream. Preferably, the distal ends of the bundles 14 confront suitable wide angle lens arrays 52 which provide wide angle dispersion of the emitted light. Since such lenses 52 are well known in the art and capable of ready construction by the skilled art worker, further description thereof is deemed unnecessary. Light from source 65, upon entering the blood, becomes diffusely reflected back toward the distal end of catheter 12 where part of it is received by the optical fibers 20 which define fiber-optic bundle 18. Preferably, a conventional wide angle objective lens system 54 is disposed at the distal end of the bundle 18 to permit wide angle viewing. The light thus received is transmitted through fibers 20 to the proximal end of bundle 18 and then to suitable observing means which may comprise, for example, a camera 6, ocular 8 or any other means for either viewing or recording the image conveyed from the distal end of the catheter. As presently preferred and shown, both camera 6 and ocular 8 are included in the preferred system 10. During insertion, the visibility is sufficient to monitor the position of the distal end of catheter 12 through the ocular 8.

When the distal end of the catheter 12 has reached the location at which exploration is desired, shown by way of example in FIG. 4 as the left atrium 58, the tubing 30 is then moved from the retracted position to an extended position in which the terminus of the head 36 protrudes at a distance of approximately 2 cm. beyond the distal end of the sheath 22. Movement of the tubing may be accomplished by a variety of means 61. For example, the proximal end of the tubing 30 may be secured to a suitable worm-gear arrangement (not shown) which may be operated by a calibrated knob 60.

It will be appreciated that during conventional cardiovascular endoscopy, the ability of the viewer to examine the cardiovascular system for constrictions, blockages, etc. has been impaired by the opaque medium, namely, blood, through which light from the source 65 must be transmitted and reflected to permit viewing. Because of such impaired viewing, the usefulness and reliability of prior art cardiovascular endoscopes has been greatly reduced. According to the present invention, however, a suitable physiologically innocuous clear solution, which may comprise for example, a nine-tenths of one percent (0.9%) NaCl solution in distilled water is injected through the tubing 30 by a conventional injection apparatus 3 where it is dispersed into the bloodstream through the apertures 40 in head 36. Because head 36 may be moved to an extended position, the clear solution may be dispersed in front of the distal end of the sheath 22. By suitably synchronizing the solution injections to coincide with pulsations of blood out from the heart 48 through aorta 46, the solution will be carried back toward the distal end of sheath 22 whereby the blood medium through which light from source 50 is normally transmitted and reflected will be momentarily replaced by the clear saline solution, thus permitting greatly improved viewing of the vessels and organs within the cardiovascular system.

In FIG. 1, injection apparatus 3 is in communication with the proximal end of the tubing 30. Pulse injection of the saline solution into the tubing 30 by injector 3 is controlled by a trigger pulse supplied by the EKG unit 4. EKG unit 4 is conventional, and may include, for example, a scope 17 for permitting visual display of the patient's EKG. Typically, the trigger pulse from the EKG will comprise the R portion of the ORS wave which may be detected, for example, by a conventional level detector. This trigger pulse is then delayed approximately 0.05 seconds by a conventional delay unit 5 before being transmitted to the injector 3. This delay is preferable since it permits injection of the saline solution into the blood stream when the flow rate of blood out from the heart 48 is at its maximum. Thus, injection of the saline solution into the bloodstream at this point insures that the solution will be carried rapidly back toward the distal end of the sheath 22 before the solution becomes dispersed thereby permittng viewing through a clear pocket of solution as the solution displaces the blood in front of the lens array 54. Typically, pressures in the aorta reach about 120 mm./hg. after the R-wave which means that injection pressures must exceed this pressure level. Injection pressures will preferably be about 300 mm./hg.

Medical equipment well known in the art is available to accomplish solution injection at a fixed point in the cardiac cycle. Thus, injector 3, EKG unit 4 and delay unit 5, which have been illustrated diagrammatically as separate components for purposes of illustration, may be replaced by U. H. Angiomat's model 3000 which includes a scope for displaying the patient's EKG, an injector head, and an adjustable delay for operating the injector at a fixed point during the cardiac cycle. The exact point in the cardiac cycle at which injection occurs is easily determined since the 3000 provides a marker, which appears as a negative spike in the cardiac trace upon each activation of injector head 3. Such equipment is designed to provide automatic control in which case injection occurs continuously at a fixed point in the cardiac cycle, or manual control, typically comprised of a push button or foot pedal, which permits manual triggerng of the injection apparatus. Preferably, the operation of camera 6 will be synchronized with injection apparatus 3 by a conventional linear synchronization unit 7 such that images conveyed through the fiber-optic bundle 18 will be photographed only during periods of optimum viewing, i.e., as the saline solution is carried past the distal end of sheath 22.

Referring now to FIG. 5, visibility through ocular 8 is plotted as a function of time. Point A in FIG. 5 shows that the visibility is maximized just after injection of the saline solution into the bloodstream. Just before and just after injection, points B and C respectively, visibility is greatly reduced. Thus, Graph 5 qualitatively illustrates the improved visibility which may be attained by employing the fiber-optic endoscopic catheter 12 of the present invention.

Skilled art workers will immediately recognize that each injection of solution into the bloodstream will tend to impart a jerking motion to the distal end of the catheter 12. Since the head 36 is extended during solution injection, such motion could cause the terminus 38 of head 36 to contact the endocardium with potentially damaging effect. To solve this problem the distal portion of catheter 12 is preferably made more flexible than the remainder of the catheter. By way of example, the distal portion may be 12 cm. long. In addition, catheter 12 is preferably provided with two pairs of conventional angulation cords 72, 74 which extend between the distal and proximal ends of the catheter. Thus, once the catheter 12 has reached its desired location and the head 36 has been moved to the extended position, equal tensile forces may be applied to cord pairs 72, 74 at their proximal ends whereby the portion 70 may be secured in place during the injection procedure. Portion 70 is preferably made more flexible than the remainder of catheter 12 so that the distal end of the catheter will bend easily as it winds its way through the blood vessels and into the heart.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, a modified head 36' is shown. Head 36' is quite similar to head 36 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4, excepting that apertures 40' are located on the lateral sides of the head 36' instead of at the terminus thereof. This embodiment is useful when viewing locations disposed laterally of the catheter 12 since the particular arrangement of the apertures 40' shown in FIG. 6 insures that the saline solution will be dispersed radially outward from the head 36'. Thus, as the solution is carried back towards catheter 12, the solution will displace the blood in the region laterally spaced from the distal end of the sheath 22. Clearly, other arrangements of the apertures about head 36 to accommodate viewing other particular regions of the cardiovascular system are also possible.

Referring now to FIGS. 8-10, a modified catheter 12" adapted for intravenous as well as intraarterial endoscopy is shown. Catheter 12" is in all respects similar to the catheters of FIGS. 1-7 excepting for the inclusion of two additional apertures 80" and 82".

As shown, the aperture 80" extends laterally through the wall of the head 36" intermediate the apertures 40" and the shoulder 32". As presently preferred and shown, aperture 80" is closely adjacent shoulder 32". Aperture 82" extends through sheath 22" and is alignable with aperture 80" when the tubular member 30" is moved to a position intermediate the fully retracted and fully extended positions. Thus, when the tubular member 30" is in the intermediate position, a substantial portion of the saline solution injected through the tubular member will exit laterally of the catheter 12" through the aligned apertures 80" and 82".

Referring specifically to FIG. 9 wherein catheter 12" is disposed in a vein 84" and the arrows indicate the direction of blood flow, it will be apparent that as the saline solution enters the bloodstream through aperture 82", it will be carried toward the distal end of the catheter 12". Thus, a clear pocket comprising the injected saline solution will be carried past the optics at the distal face of the sheath 22" to permit visual inspection as is more fully described above.

The catheter 12" may be employed for intraarterial endoscopy as well. Thus, with particular reference to FIG. 10, it will be apparent that when the tubular member 30" is moved to the fully extended position, the aperture 80" will no longer be aligned with aperture 82" but rather will be blocked by the internal wall of the sheath 22". Thus, the only exit for the saline solution injected through the tubular member 30" will be through the apertures 40" in which case the catheter 12" will function in the manner of the catheters described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1-7.

Clearly, however, catheter 12" need not include the apertures 40" in which case it would be particularly suited for intravenous rather than both intravenous and intraarterial endoscopy. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that even if the apertures 40" are eliminated, the catheter 12" could still be used for intraarterial endoscopy by simply sliding the tubular member 30" to a position wherein the aperture 80" is disposed distally of the distal end of sheath 22".

Moreover, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that additional apertures 80" and 82" distributed about the circumference of the tubular member 30" and sheath 22", respectively, may be provided. When such additional apertures are employed, saline solution may be introduced into the bloodstream substantially about the entire circumference of the sheath 22". In any event, at least one set of apertures 80", 82" should be aligned with the optics at the distal face of the sheath 22" to insure that the injected saline solution will pass between said optics and the region to be explored.

It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that a variety of indicating means may be disposed at the proximal end of the tubular member 30" to indicate when the head 36" is in the intermediate position in which the aperture 80" is aligned with aperture 82". For example, such indicating means may comprise a pair of arrows 85" and 86" on the proximal face of the sheath 22" and the outer wall of the tubular member 30", respectively (FIG. 9). Thus, feeding the tubular member 30" into the catheter 12" until the arrows 85" and 86" are aligned would indicate that the aperture 80" is aligned with the aperture 82". Of course, other means for positioning the aperture 80" for alignment with the aperture 82" will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

It will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications in the construction of system 10 and catheter 12 may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. For example, while lumen 24 has been shown and described as being centrally located within catheter 12, lumen 24 may be disposed at other locations, such as, for example, to one side of the center of the catheter. Moreover, while two afferent fiber-optic bundles 14 are shown and preferred in order to prevent head 36, when in the extended position, from blocking the radiation of light throughout the entire viewing region, a catheter constructed with one afferent fiber-optic bundle or more than two such bundles may also be employed. Similarly, more than one efferent fiber-optic bundle 18 may also be used. Moreover, while the particular arrangement of angulation cord pairs 72, 74 is preferred, skilled art workers will immediately recognize that other arrangements are also possible.

It is also possible to completely eliminate the head 36 and inject the solution into the cardiovascular system directly through the distal end of the tubing 30. Further, if desired, the distal end of the tubing 30 could be closed in which case the distal portion of the tubular member may be apertured which apertures would serve the same purpose as the apertures 40 in FIGS. 2 and 3.

Also, while the preferred system includes EKG unit 4, delay unit 5, camera 6 and linear synchronization unit 7, all or some of these components may be eliminated in which case system 10 would still have the capacity to perform its intended function. Of course, inasmuch as a visual record of the image conveyed to the ocular is desirable, a camera will normally be included. The camera, however, may be operated in ways other than those described above. For example, the shutter of the camera may be left open and the light source strobed at appropriate intervals. Strobing could be synchronized, for example, with fluid injections or, in the event injection is continuous, with a suitably selected point during the patient's heartbeat cycle. Preferably, manual control of the camera will be provided in order that pictures may be taken as and when desired by the operator of system 10.

Further, while the preferred system 10 has been described in conjunction with intracardiac endoscopy, it will be appreciated that the system 10 permits viewing at other locations. For example, through the cardiovascular system in FIG. 6, catheter 12 is being used to observe the operation of a valve 80 disposed in blood vessel 82. As shown, sheath 22 has been inserted into the blood vessel 82 until the distal face of the sheath is in confronting relation with valve 80. Head 36' is then moved into the extended position as is more fully described above until it protrudes through the valve. Because solution injection is synchronized with the R-wave portion of the EKG, the solution is carried along with the blood as the valve 80 opens to permit passage of blood therethrough thus insuring that the injected solution passes in front of lens array 54 during operation of valve 80.

Since these and other changes and modifications are within the scope of the present invention, the above description should be construed as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.