US 4,173,783 AGrant
Method of Accessing Paged Memory by an Input-Output Unit
Issue Date:1979-11-06
•2 Claims
•14 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
In a data processing system employing paging and segmentation for storing information in memory, the input-output unit is provided with addressing capability for addressing and accessing memory without the intervention of the central processing unit to convert virtual addresses to absolute addresses. Paged tables are set up in memory by the central processing unit prior to input-output operations containing page table words, and a page table is assigned to each peripheral. A peripheral control word assigned to each peripheral includes a pointer to the start of the peripheral's page table whereby the peripheral through the I/O unit and without central processing intervention can locate its assigned page table, and page table words therein are used independent of any central processor virtual to absolute address conversion to access paged memory locations.
Metadata
Assignee
- Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.
Inventors
- John F. Couleur
- Robert E. Scriver
Application Information
Application Number:US 7929641
Filing Date:1977-05-02
Priority Date:1975-06-30
Art Unit:237
Classifications
IPC:
G06F 300G06F 920
Field of Search:
364200
Patent Drawings (14 sheets)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to electronic data processing systems, and more particularly to paged memory storage and the accessing of paged memory by the input-output unit in a data processing system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electronic data processing systems comprise several basic units: a central processing unit, a main memory, an input-output unit, and a system controller. The processor performs arithmetic and logic functions, the main memory stores program instructions and data, the I/O unit interfaces peripheral devices and remote users to the system, and the controller coordinates all operations. Typically, as in the Honeywell 6000 system, for example, all I/O operations including main memory access are handled through the system controller.
As the role of data processing has grown larger, the demand has increased for larger capacity computer systems to handle the ever increasing processing requirements. Processing speeds as well as data capacity have increased. One limitation of system size has been the cost of high-speed main memories. Such memories, whether core or semiconductor, are considerably more expensive than larger capacity but slower bulk memories such as magnetic disks or tapes.
Since a user needs only a portion of his program and data in storage for execution at any given time, the concept of program segmentation and memory paging evolved. The Honeywell 6800 system and its predecessors are examples of computer systems which have successfully employed segmentation and paging techniques. With these techniques, extended memories may be employed with main memory with users seeing a "virtual memory" of greater capacity than the real main memory.
More specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 3,525,080 issued to Couleur et al discloses a data storage control apparatus for a multi-programmed data processing system. Couleur et al utilizes peripheral control word and data control word addressing to achieve relative addressing, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
By calling only a portion of the user's program and data into execution at any given time, the capacity requirements of main memory are reduced. Further, the use of pages for memory storage permits greater flexibility in memory use since a page may be stored wherever space permits, without the need for storing all related pages together. Such overhead functions as periodic memory compacting, for example, are eliminated. User security is also enhanced through the use of memory paging.
Since pages of data or instructions may be stored wherever available space is found, page tables must be maintained for locating the stored pages. Memory addresses are provided by page table lookup, and by adding an offset to the desired page address if only a portion of the page is to be accessed. Further, a limit or bound may be expressed which further limits the accessible portion of the page. A secure method of accessing memory through use of descriptor-defined base, bounds, and access rights is disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 462,144, filed Apr. 18, 1974, and assigned to the present assignee.
The development and verification of addresses for paged memory, with or without bounds verification, require considerable time which has heretofore limited the system processor time for program execution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is an improved method of accessing paged memory by peripherals through I/O apparatus.
Another object of the invention is a method of peripheral access of paged memory without processor assistance.
Still another object of the invention is a method of securely addressing paged memory by peripheral devices.
Briefly, in accordance with the invention, peripheral access to paged memory is effected by providing a page table in memory for each peripheral device connected to the I/O unit. For an I/O operation involving a particular peripheral, a page table pointer associated with the peripheral points to the beginning of the peripheral's page table, which is used as a base or starting point, to which an offset may be added to obtain the page table word representing the address of the desired page from which or to which instructions or data is to be sent.
More particularly, in a preferred embodiment each peripheral channel of the I/O unit is provided with, as part of a peripheral control word (PCW), a page table pointer (PTP) which identifies the memory location for the start of the page table associated with the instructions and data for the peripheral connected to such channel. The PCW for a particular channel may be stored in a portion of a scratchpad memory located in the I/O unit which is assigned to said channel. The I/O scratchpad memory may also provide storage, on a channel-by-channel basis, for various other control words used to carry out an I/O operation with a peripheral device, including a list pointer word (LPW), a list pointer word extension (LPWX), a data control word (DCW), and two page table words (PTW). The LPW, LPWX, and DCW may be stored in scratchpad memory mailboxes as described below. The PCW, LPWX LPW, DCW, and PTWs are provided by the operating system software.
Four types of addressing services are performed by the preferred embodiment of the present invention. List pointer word (LPW) addressing is one of these types of addressing services and constitutes the process whereby the beginning of a list of data control words (DCWs) or instruction data control words (IDCWs) is identified for a particular peripheral, which DCWs or IDCWs are to be utilized in controlling the operations of the peripheral and the transfer of data to or from the peripheral. In an LPW addressing service, the page table pointer and a first portion of the list pointer word, representing a page table offset, contained in the mailbox associated with the particular peripheral are combined to identify a page table word representing the location of a page containing DCWs and IDCWs for that peripheral. A second portion of the list pointer word, representing a page offset, is then combined with the page table word obtained in the previous step to provide an absolute address for the desired DCW or IDCW within the page of DCWs and IDCWs.
Data control word addressing, which comprises the second and third types of addressing services performed by the present invention, serves to locate the absolute address in main memory at which data is to be stored from the peripheral or from which data is to be accessed and sent to the peripheral. In the second type, known as an indirect data service, it includes combining the page table pointer assigned to the particular peripheral channel with the data control word previously identified in the list pointer word addressing service. The page table pointer is first combined with a first portion of the DCW, representing a page table offset, to locate in the peripheral's page table the page table word representing the location of the desired page in main memory. A second portion of the DCW, representing a page offset, is then combined with the located page table word to provide the absolute address of the memory location to which or from which data is to be sent.
A third addressing service which may be performed by the present invention is one in which the data control word which is to control the particular data transfer is provided to the I/O unit directly by the peripheral channel, eliminating the necessity for a list pointer word service. According to this type of service, referred to as a direct data service, a first portion of the direct channel word, representing a page table offset, is combined with the page table pointer associated with the particular peripheral channel to identify a page table word in the page table assigned to the peripheral channel. Next, a second portion of the direct channel word, representing a page offset, is combined with the previously identified page table word to indicate the absolute address of the desired memory location.
The invention and objects and features thereof will be more fully understood from the following description and appended claims when taken with the drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a functional diagram illustrating the major components of a data processing system in which the present invention is employed.
FIGS. 2-8 are flow diagrams illustrating the method of accessing paged memory for I/O operations in accordance with the illustrative preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a functional diagram of a Honeywell 6600 Input-Output Multiplexer (IOM) in which the present invention may be employed.
FIG. 10 is a representation of a first portion of a list pointer word addressing service.
FIG. 11 is a representation of a second portion of a list pointer word addressing service.
FIG. 12 is a representation of a first portion of an indirect data control word addressing service.
FIG. 13 is a representation of a second portion of an indirect data control word addressing service.
FIG. 14 is a functional diagram of the operation of a central processing unit in accordance with the teachings of the present invention prior to the commencement of I/O data transfer.
DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system, such as the Honeywell 6600 system, for example, in which the present invention may be employed. Typically, the system has a central processing unit (CPU) 10 which performs arithmetic and logic functions on data in response to program instructions, a main memory 12 in which program instructions and data are stored for program execution, and an input-output (I/O) unit 14 with a plurality of channels through which data and programs are exchanged between peripheral users and the processing system. Additionally, bulk storage 16 serves as an extended memory and comprises a bulk storage controller and a plurality of bulk storage units. Coordination of system operations is provided by a system controller (SCU) 18 through which all communications with main memory 12 are passed.
Since communication between I/O 14 and SCU 18 may be at a much higher rate than communication between I/O 14 and peripheral devices, each I/O device can accommodate a plurality of channels on a multiplexed basis. In the Honeywell 6600 system, for example, the input-output multiplexer (IOM) may have up to 47 channels and each channel may communicate with a plurality of peripheral devices through a microprogrammed peripheral controller, or a direct channel may communicate with a single peripheral device such as a Honeywell Datanet 355 Communication Processor. Each IOM operates essentially as a stored program device controlled by, and sharing memory accesses with, the CPU. Data block transfer operations are initiated by the operating system software. Peripheral device operations are controlled by a processor prepared data control word list for each peripheral channel, consisting of either instruction data control words (IDCW) or data control words (DCW), or both, which are stored in pages in memory 12. The data control words (DCWs) specify the areas of memory to or from which data is to be transferred. A list pointer word (LPW) indicating the location of the DCW list is stored in the LPW mailbox associated with the particular peripheral channel. The IOM is provided with scratchpad memory "mailboxes" for storing DCWs and LPWs for each channel. Reference may be made to the disclosure contained in U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,609 and to the patents referenced therein for a thorough description of an input-output unit similar to that employed by the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of the Honeywell 6600 IOM. Port interfaces to the system controller are shown generally at 300, the I/O bus to the peripheral control unit channels are shown generally at 302, and the IOM central portion is shown generally at 304. Information flows from the system controller through holding register 306 to peripherals, and information from peripherals flows through data register 308 and packing switch 310 to the system controller. Data to and from the system controller is in 72 bit words while data to and from peripheral control channels is in 36 bit words. Data flows through bus 312 wherein switching, parity checking, and parity generation are performed. Also connected to bus 312 are scratchpads 314 and a maintenance channel 316 including maintenance panel 318 and overhead channels 320. Page addressing, in accordance with the present invention, and other address and command functions are performed in unit 322. Control word register 324, channel register 326, and transaction register 328, functions of which are described further below, are interconnected along with a timing and control logic unit 330.
As above described, the Honeywell 6600 system and the 6600 IOM are commercially available, and only so much of the details thereof are given as to understand the I/O page address development in accordance with the present invention.
IOM REGISTERS AND DATA FLOW
The logic circuitry in the IOM basically performs the task of transferring information between the payload channels (which are in turn transferring information to and from the peripheral devices) and the system controller(s).
The information which is transferred is in one of three forms:
(1) control information being sent to a channel to control the channel's next sequence of operations; (2) data information which is being exchanged between the 6600 system's primary storage (core memory) and the input-output device storage (card readers, tapes, disks, etc.); and (3) status information originated by a channel to indicate channel/peripheral device conditions.
Active operation of the IOM is initiated by a request for service from one of the channels (either a payload channel or an overhead channel). The IOM will perform the service requested, then return to an idle condition until another request for service is generated. The first word of information transmitted to the IOM central 304 from a channel which has asked for service is the transaction command word, which word is stored in the 36-bit transaction command register 328. The contents of the transaction command register 328 are used to control the operation of the IOM central during the service. The transaction command word is basically formatted as follows: ##STR1##
Most of the information transferred by the IOM is done in an indirect mode; that is, the source or destination within the primary storage module (core memory) of the information to be transferred is specified by a data control word. Therefore, every indirect service involves fetching the appropriate data control word from its mailbox in either core storage or scratchpad storage and placing it in IOM control word register 324.
The control word register 324 (C-REG) comprises two 36-bit segments, C 0-35 and C 36-71. C 0-35 is used to hold the first word of a double-precision control word such as a list pointer word (LPW), or the only word of a single-precision control word such as a DCW or a status control word (SCW). C 0-35 is implemented for the most part as a storage register. The control word addresses (bits 0-17) and character position fields (bits 18-20) are incremented and the tallies (bits 24-35) are decremented by use of adder chips. C 36-71 is implemented only as a storage register, since no counting operations are required on this portion of the control word. The C-register 0-17 is used to provide a stable address base for the indirect service in progress.
The holding register 306 (H-REG) is a 72-bit-plus-2-parity storage register which serves two functions: (1) Its primary function is to place the information on the I/O bus 302. This information can be in the form of data or in the form of either a PCW or a DCW; and (2) its secondary function is to temporarily store information which will later be placed in either core storage or scratchpad storage. Insofar as the present invention is concerned, the H-register stores a DCW obtained during a list service, or the data from scratchpad storage obtained during a scratchpad access service.
The IOM central 304 provides capability for handling three byte sizes during data transfer operations. The primary byte is either a 72-bit (plus 2 parity bits) double-precision word or a 36-bit (plus 1 parity bit) single-precision word. However, a 9-bit byte can also be transferred. If a 9-bit byte is being transferred from core storage to a peripheral device, the unpack switch will select the appropriate byte and right-justify it before it is stored in the H-register 306.
The IOM is capable of creating absolute DCW addresses during a list service by using information from the List Pointer Word Extension LPWX (stored in the C-register 324) and the relative DCW (stored in the H-register 306). In addition to creating absolute DCW addresses, various tests are made to insure that the resulting DCW will not result in data being transferred to or from a restricted area of core storage.
The channel number register 326 is a 6-bit storage register which temporarily stores the channel number of the channel to which a PCW is being directed. The contents of this register are gated out to the I/O bus 302 at the appropriate time during service for the connected channel.
The data register 308 (D-REG) is a 36-bit-plus parity storage register which is used to hold: (1) data from a channel for single-precision 36-bit data store services; (2) the first word of data from a channel for double-precision data store services; and (3) a status word from a channel for status services. Since a double-precision data word comes from a 36-bit wide bus, the first word is stored in the D-register, allowing the second word to be put on the bus. At this point, the data is transferred to the ports as a 72-bit wide (plus 2 parity bits) pattern, taking 36-bits plus parity from the D-register and 36-bits plus parity from the I/O bus.
Since the scratchpad storage is optional, the scratchpad address used may be greater than the address associated with the last available scratchpad word. In this event, the data will be read from (or written into) the core location which corresponds to that address; that is, the scratchpad access channel can be used to read from or write into any address specified in the PCW, ORed with the IOM base address. If there is scratchpad storage corresponding to that address, the scratchpad storage will be accessed; if there is no corresponding scratchpad storage, core storage will be accessed.
BASIC OPERATION
IOM Operation:
The IOM processes requests for service from channels on a demand/priority basis. The IOM is idle until a request for service is seen (demand), and for concurrent requests the highest ranking request will be processed first (priority).
The IOM moves information between core storage and various peripheral devices as controlled by demand from the peripheral control units associated with the peripheral devices. These operations do not occur continuously, but are initiated by connects, controlled by control words, and their completions are indicated by program interrupts.
All operations of the IOM are performed for a particular overhead or payload channel. Each channel has assigned to it, based on its channel number and the IOM base address, a group of four control word locations in core memory, called main memory mailboxes. The mailboxes are arranged as follows: ##STR2##
Certain channels may also have assigned to them auxiliary scratchpad storage for the four control words. If a channel has this auxiliary store assigned, it is referred to as a scratchpad channel. The two sets of mailboxes for a scratchpad channel appear as follows: ##STR3##
The list pointer word (LPW) may have the basic format shown in FIG. 2n of above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,609 and more fully described in column 234 of such patent. That is, it may comprise an address field pointing to the location of a particular data control word (DCW) in a list of DCWs, and a tally or count field representing the number of DCWs in the DCW list. As will be seen from the description below of the present invention, the LPW format may also include an address extension (SEG) field (LPW bit 20) and an auxiliary service control flag (LPW bit 23). With regard to the address field, a first portion (bits 2-7) represents a page table offset while a second portion (bits 8-17) represents a page offset; the specific utilization of the first and second portions of the LPW address field will be seen from the detailed description which follows.
INDIRECT DATA SERVICE
An indirect data service transfers data, under control of a DCW, from core storage to a peripheral device (Load), or from the peripheral device to core storage (Store).
The quantity of data to be transferred per service is specified by the requesting channel's transaction command word as one of the following: 72 bits (a double-precision transfer); 36 bits (a single-precision transfer); 9 bits.
An indirect data service consists of three memory cycles: (1) fetch the channel's DCW from its mailbox (in scratchpad storage if this is a scratchpad channel, otherwise from core storage); (2) transfer the data to or from the location specified by the DCW, with or without address extension depending on mode and control bits in DCW; and (3) update the address and tally fields (and also the character position field for 9-bit transfers) of the DCW and restore it to the channel's DCW mailbox.
DIRECT DATA SERVICE
A direct data service likewise transfers data from core storage to a peripheral device (Load), or from the peripheral device to core storage (Store). It differs from an indirect data service in that the core storage address is specified in the channel's transaction command word.
The channel must specify the core storage address to be used, so only a "direct" channel can request direct data services. In general, a direct channel is more sophisticated than an indirect channel, since it must be provided with the logic circuitry for accessing, storing and updating the DCW.
A direct data service can transfer either 36 bits or 72 bits of data and consists of a single memory cycle: transfer the data to or from the location specified in the transaction command word. A direct read single-precision service may also be modified to perform a read clear service at the address specified in the transaction command word.
DATA CONTROL WORD (DCW)
The IOM utilizes five different types of DCWs. These are:
Instruction DCW: (IDCW)
Transfer DCW: (TDCW)
I/O Transfer & Disconnect: (IOTD)
I/O Transfer & Proceed: (IOTP)
I/O Nontransfer & Proceed: (IONTP)
The operating system software or user program generates appropriate DCW's for each data channel, and arranges the DCW's for each channel in a list. The list of DCW's for a channel must occupy sequential storage locations, except where one list is linked to another list by means of a TDCW.
INSTRUCTION DCW
The IDCW is used by the operating system software and by unrestricted user programs to provide instructions for a peripheral device at an appropriate predetermined place in the peripheral's DCW list. The format of the IDCW is similar to the format of the PCW (See below). However, there is no counterpart in the IDCW for the PCW second word (which specifies the number of the channel that is to receive the PCW). ##STR4##
The only field in the IDCW that is interpreted by the IOM central 304 is bits 18-20, which must be coded 111.sub.2 to identify the DCW as an IDCW. When a IDCW is encountered during a list service, all 36 bits of the IDCW are sent to the peripheral's channel. In general, the channel uses the information for such things as device instruction, channel instruction, record count, single character, core address (direct channels), and peripheral storage address.
TRANSFER DCW
The TDCW provides the operating system software and the unrestricted user with the ability to transfer from one DCW list to another DCW list. The format of the TDCW is shown below. Bits 24-32 are not used by IOM central and must be zero (MBZ). ##STR5##
The DCW Pointer (0-17) specifies bits 6-23 of the address (absolute or relative, depending on the REL bit in the LPW) of the next DCW. The IOM central transforms the address into an absolute address, if necessary, and places bits 6-23 of the absolute address in the DCW pointer field of the LPW, so that subsequent DCWs will be obtained from the new list of DCWs. The most significant six bits (address extension) of the next DCW address are implied to be zero if LPW 20=0. If LPW 20=1, the address extension will be the present address extension held by the channel.
Bits 18-20--some code other than 111.
Bit 21--must be zero.
Bits 22-23--must be coded 10.sub.2 to identify the DCW as a TDCW.
Bits 24-31--must be zero.
Bit 32--the nineteenth address bit for a TDCW.
Bit 33--may be used to conditionally change LPW 20 from a zero to a one. That is, if TDCW 33=1 and if bit 18 of the present LPW is zero (unrestricted), LPW 20 will be set to a one. This will allow the operating system software to control when the page table will be used for accessing the user's DCW list.
Bit 34--is logically ORed into LPW bit 18 by the IOM to provide the program with a way to switch from unrestricted to restricted operation.
Bit 35--is logically ORed into LPW bit 23 by the IOM to provide the program with a way to switch from absolute to relative operation.
I/O Transfer and Disconnect (IOTD)
I/O Transfer and Proceed (IOTP)
I/O Nontransfer and Proceed (IONTP)
These DCWs define the address of a block of data in core which is to be transferred. The DCW format is shown below: ##STR6##
The Data Address (0-17) specifies the least significant 18 bits of the starting address of the block of data, and is treated as either absolute or relative, depending on the REL bit in the LPW. The address extension, Bits 0-5, is obtained from the channel and appended to form a 24-bit address.
Character Position (18-20) specifies the position of the first character within the first word of the block. The byte size, defined by the channel, determines what CP values are valid.
Mod 64 Bit (21)--Not used.
Type (22-23) is coded to identify the type of DCW.
00 IOTD I/O Transfer and Disconnect. The current device instruction is ended (terminated) when the channel detects the tally run-out condition of the tally.
01 IOTP I/O Transfer and Proceed. The current device instruction proceeds to a new DCW when the channel detects the tally run-out condition of the tally.
10 Transfer DCW (TDCW). See above for description of TDCW operation.
11 IONTP Same as IOTP except that no core accesses are made. If data is being read from a peripheral device, the block of data is discarded. If data is being written to a peripheral device, the IOM central generates a block of zeros.
Tally (24-35)--Defines the number of words stored in the data block.
PAGED MEMORY ADDRESSING
In accordance with this invention paged memory addressing is performed by the I/O unit without CPU intervention. In the illustrative embodiment with the Honeywell 6600 system, 512 pages each having 1024 words may be located in random areas in main memory. Reference to page locations is maintained in a page table set up by the operating system software prior to activating and I/O channel operation. The absolute address of the beginning location of the channel page table, provided by the page table pointer, is given to the I/O channel as part of a two-word peripheral control word, which is used to activate the channel, and which is stored in the I/O scratchpad associated with the particular channel, assuming the channel is provided with an I/O scratchpad. Thereafter, a data control word or instruction data control word is obtained using a list pointer word pulled from a main memory mailbox, in conventional manner, and the DCW or IDCW is combined first with the PTP and then with a particular page table word of the channel page table to locate the real main memory address of the desired information block, as described in further detail below.
A page table pointer (PTP) has the following format as part of a double-precision peripheral control word (PCW): ##STR7##
Parity is generated and stored for the page table pointer.
A comparator compares the incoming page table pointer with the information stored after the scratchpad has been written. A miscompare causes a scratchpad parity error system fault to be reported. The system fault logic prevents the PCW from being received by the channel by inhibiting the transfer of the contents of the channel number register 326 to the payload channel bus 302.
For a normal list service, the channel's page table pointer (PTP) is combined with a portion of the channel's list pointer word (LPW) to locate from the channel's page table a page table word identifying the location of a list of DCWs. ##STR8##
The SEG and LPW0-LPW7 bits are added to page table pointer bits 00-17 to generate ADDR 00-23, representing the desired page table word address. Refer to FIG. 10. The obtained page table word is subsequently combined with bits 8-17 of the channel's LPW, representing the page offset, to provide the absolute memory address of the desired DCW, as further described below in the detailed description of page table words.
For an indirect data service the I/O unit combines the PTP and the DCW which was obtained through a list service as previously described to locate by means of the channel page table the absolute memory address for the data. A new data page must be accessed in this fashion for each indirect data service following a list service or when a page overflow occurs. ##STR9##
The DSEG DCW0-DCW7 bits are added to page table pointer bits 00-17 to generate ADDR 00-23 representing the desired page table word address. Refer to FIG. 12. The obtained page table word is subsequently combined with bits 8-17 of the DCW, representing the page offset, to provide the absolute memory address of the desired data location, as further described below in the detailed description of page table words.
For a direct data service, the data control word is provided to the I/O unit directly by the peripheral, and the channel page table is accessed by combining the page table pointer and the data control word. ##STR10##
The direct channel address bits 06 and 07 are logically ORed with PTP bits 16 and 17 to generate ADDR 16, 17 of ADDR 00-23, representing the desired page table word address. The manner in which the direct channel address bits are logically combined with the PTP bits to generate ADDR 00-23 is substantially identical to the way in which ADDR 00-23 is generated for an indirect data service as described above with reference to FIG. 12, except that no SEG bit is involved and the overlapping bits are logically ORed instead of being added together. The obtained page table word is subsequently combined with bits 14-23 of the direct channel address, representing the page offset to provide the absolute memory address of the desired data location, as further described below.
For indirect data service up to 512 page table words may be accessed by reference to either of two page tables each having 256 PTW capacity. In the illustrative embodiment, an LPW or DCW seg-bit is provided in the LPW and DCW word formats to identify which of the two page table portions to use for memory addressing.
An address to an auxiliary page, i.e., a page not located in the page table, is obtained by combining an I/O unit base address located in a main memory mailbox with the I/O channel number. ##STR11##
This auxiliary service is employed in the first list service to locate a DCW list for the channel. Thereafter, the DCWs are used as above described to access the memory unit until a transfer data control word (TDCW) is encountered in the list when LPW bit 23=1. A new DCW list is then obtained from the channel's page table.
In the illustrative embodiment a page table word (PTW) has the following format: ##STR12## The IOM is inhibited from writing only if LPW bit 23 is set (data is segmented) or a direct service is being requested. Bit 32 Housekeeping bit--identifies a page which contains processor information which may be accessed by the processor with privileged instructions only. The IOM is inhibited from writing in these pages only if it is a direct service or LPW bit 23 is set (data is segmented). It may read these pages at any time.
=0, nonhousekeeping page
=1, housekeeping page
Bit 33 IOM page present/missing bit--provides an indication that the PTW contains a valid address.
=0, page not in memory (missing)
=1, page in memory (present)
Bits 0-13 Page table word proper, representing the effective address of the beginning of a page in main memory.
The page table word is used to assist in determining the effective address of data or a DCW within a particular memory page as follows: ##STR13##
Reference may be had to FIG. 11 which illustrates the manner in which bits 0-13 of the page table word (obtained through the manner illustrated in FIG. 10), representing the beginning of the desired page of DCWs, are concatenated with bits 8-17 of the list pointer word to form ADDR 00-23, representing the absolute address of the desired DCW.
FIG. 13 illustrates, in similar fashion, how bits 0-13 of the page table word (obtained through the manner illustrated in FIG. 12), representing the beginning of the desired page of data, are concatenated with bits 8-17 of the data control word to produce ADDR 00-23, the absolute address of the desired data word. The manner in which bits 14-23 of the Direct Channel Address are concatenated with bits 0-13 of the page table word to give ADDR 00-23 is substantially identical to that shown in FIG. 13. The result of this operation is that LPW 8-17, DCW 8-17 or DIRECT CHAN ADDR 14-23 determine the offset within a 1024 word page selected by a page table word obtained from a page table, which page was located by combining LPW 0-7, DCW 0-7 or DIRECT CHAN ADDR 6-13 with the page table pointer and seg-bit. ##STR14## In summary, the present invention involves a method of operating an electronic data processing system for accessing paged data locations, the system employing a main memory having data locations defined by absolute addresses, a central processing unit, an input/output unit having a plurality of peripheral channels, and a plurality of perpheral devices each communicating with the main memory through one of the peripheral channels of the input/output unit.
In accordance with the invention, the method comprises the step of segregating by operation of the central processing unit data locations in a portion of the main memory into memory pages, with each page comprising a plurality of contiguous memory locations and with the address location of each page in the main memory being identified by a page table word. As illustratively shown in FIG. 14, CPU 10 accomplishes the segregating of a portion of the data locations within main memory 12 into pages, for example first page 452 and second page 905, with each page comprising a plurality of contiguous memory locations. As is well-known to those skilled in the art, the address location of each page in main memory 12 is identified by a page table word. The particular configuration of page table words for use in connection with the subject invention has been described above, especially in connection with FIGS. 10-13.
The method of the present invention further comprises the step of denoting by operation of the central processing unit the address location of a first memory page by a first page table word. The first memory page contains data locations to be accessed by a selected one of the peripheral channels. The first page table word is then loaded into a page table in another portion of the main memory. These steps of denoting and loading are illustratively shown in FIG. 14 as providing a first page table word (PTW Y) indicating the location of first page 452 in main memory 12. PTW Y is also illustrated in FIG. 14 as being loaded into page table one.
The method of the present invention further comprises the step of assigning through operation of the central processing unit a unique peripheral control word to the selected peripheral channel and storing the peripheral control word in the main memory. The peripheral control word includes as a portion thereof a page table pointer for identifying the address location in the main memory of the page table. As illustratively shown in FIG. 14 the peripheral control word assigned by CPU 10 for input/output channel one includes in bits 45 through 62 a page table pointer which page table pointer contains the address in main memory 12 of page table one. The specific make-up of a peripheral control word suitable for use in connection with the subject invention has been described above in detail, especially in connection with FIGS. 10 and 12.
The method of the present invention further comprises the step of assigning through operation of the central processing unit a data control word to the selected peripheral channel. The data control word includes a first portion which identifies an offset location of the first page table word in the page table and the data word further includes a second portion which identifies an offset location of a specific data location to be accessed within the first memory page. As illustratively shown in FIG. 14 a data control word is assigned by CPU 10 and contains a first portion comprising bits 0 through 7 and 32 and a second portion comprising bits 8 through 17. As explained above, the first portion identifies a page table offset to first page table word PTW Y in page table one and the second portion identifies a page offset of data locations in first page 452.
In accordance with the method of the present invention the data control word is loaded into the second memory page of the main memory. This step is illustratively shown in FIG. 14 as the loading of the data control word for I/O channel one into second page 905 in main memory 12.
Further in accordance with the present invention there is denoting, by operation of the central processing unit, of the address location of the second memory page containing the data control word by operation of a second page table word and there is loading of the second page table word into the page table. FIG. 14 illustrates an example of these steps wherein there is denoting by the CPU 10 of a second page table word PTW X locating second page 905. Second page table word PTW X is shown loaded into page table one.
The method of the present invention may further comprise the step of assigning by operation of the central processing unit and storing in main memory a list pointer word. The list pointer word includes a first portion denoting an offset location of the second page table word in the page table and a second portion denoting an offset location of the data control word within the second memory page. The method containing these steps is specifically directed toward the above described "list pointer word addressing service." As illustratively shown in FIG. 14 a list pointer word may comprise a first portion comprising bits 0 through 7 and 20 and a second portion comprising bits 8 through 17. As is explained in detail above, the first portion of a list pointer word may comprise a page table offset of second page table word PTW X in page table one and the second portion may comprise a page table offset of data control word locations in second page 905.
All of the above steps of the present invention may be undertaken and completed by the central processing unit prior to any actual transfer of data involving the input/output units. The steps may, for example, be performed in the Honeywell 6800 system by one skilled in the art given the detailed information contained herein.
In accordance with the present invention, the method further comprises combining in the input/output unit the first portion of a list pointer word with the page table pointer to determine the absolute address in memory of the second page table word. This step is illustratively shown in FIG. 10 and, as is explained above, results in determining the absolute address of the second page table word PTW X without intervention of CPU 10.
In accordance with the present invention there is included a step of combining in the input/ouput unit the second portion of the list pointer word with the second page table word to determine the absolute address of the data control word. An illustrative demonstration of this step is shown in FIG. 11 and, as is explained above, results in determining the absolute address of the desired data control word (DCW) from the second page, page 905.
Further in accordance with the present invention is the step of combining in the input/output unit the first portion of the data control word with the page table pointer to determine the absolute address in the main memory of the first page table word. This step is illustrated in FIG. 12 and, as is explained above, results in determining the absolute address of the first page table word, PTW Y, located in page table one, again without intervention of CPU 10.
Finally, in accordance with the present invention there is the step of combining in the input/output unit the second portion of the data control word with the first page table word to determine the absolute address in main memory of the specific data location to be accessed within the first memory page. This step is illustratively shown in FIG. 13 and, as is explained above, results in determining the absolute address of the desired data word within first page 452 of main memory 12.
From the above description, it should be appreciated that the present invention sets forth a method of accessing paged memory by an input/output unit wherein the central processing unit is not involved in the time consuming conversion of virtual addresses to absolute addresses, but rather this operation is performed directly within the input/output unit itself without central processing unit intervention.
FLOW DIAGRAMS
FIGS. 2-8 are flow diagrams illustrating the steps of a specific embodiment of the IOM addressing paged memory in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a portion of a list service for a data control word pull wherein the DCW is first checked for a transfer and, if not a TDCW, is checked for 256K overflow (one-half of page table reference capacity) and seg-bit flag. If the seg-bit is set then the data addressed from the page table is limited to 256K; if not set then 512K of data may be addressed. Absolute addressed data is limited to 256K; relative (paged) addressed data may be 512K words.
FIG. 3 is an LPW pull and a PTW pull, including checks for an auxiliary service, a retry (requiring reference to a back-up list), and whether the list is paged or not.
FIG. 4 is a portion of a list service for a DCW pull, using either a paged or real address, and check for a transfer. The DCW is checked for a boundary fault, and if no fault exists the DCW is stored.
FIG. 5 is a portion of a list service cycle for a transfer data control word (TDCW) whereby a transfer from one list to another list is effected.
FIG. 6 is a portion of a list service for the storing of the new DCW and restoring of the LPW.
FIG. 7 is an indirect data service including a DCW pull, PTW pull and checks, data access, and restoring of the DCW.
FIG. 8 is a portion of a data service, including a check for overflow faults.
FIG. 2--LIST SERVICE FOR DCW PULL, SEG AND 256K OVERFLOW
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a portion of a data control word pull procedure and the checking of seg (page table) of 256K (memory) overflow faults.
41. Is the pulled word from the mailbox a TDCW? If yes, exit to point C in FIG. 5.
42. If not a TDCW, then await the signal to store the LPW in the C-Reg.
43. Is the request a first list or a retry?
44. If yes, then reset the seg-bit.
45. If no, then set the seg-bit if a DCW or data seg-bit is set (hardware scratchpad read out to latch).
46. Is this a first list?
47. If yes, then check for 256K overflow. If no overflow then exit this procedure.
48. If a 256K overflow then set the 256K overflow system fault and exit.
49. If this is not a first list then check for a relative (paged) or absolute DCW. If absolute, then proceed to 47 for 256K overflow check.
50. If a paged DCW then check for 256K overflow. If no overflow then exit.
51. If a 256K overflow then check the seg-bit, if not set then the 256K overflow can be accommodated by use of two page tables, if set then the second page table cannot accommodate the overflow and a system fault is set at 48.
FIG. 3--LIST POINTER WORD PULL AND PAGE TABLE WORD PULL
60. Is this the first list?
61. If yes, then pull the LPW from core and proceed to 69.
62. If no, is this a retry?
63. If no, check bit C-20 to determine if the DCW list is addressed real or paged.
64. If a retry, then the LPW is pulled from the back-up list address.
65. Check the back-up list address for parity error.
66. If a parity error, set the scratchpad parity error system fault and exit.
67. If no parity error, check bit C-19 for requirement for reaccess of the auxiliary PTW (reset means reaccess required). If set, then proceed to point 63.
68. If reaccess required, then reset the auxiliary PTW inhibit.
69. Is the auxiliary PTW flag set? If no, then proceed to point 63.
70. If yes, then pull the auxiliary PTW from the DCW mailbox in core.
71. Is there a PTP or PTW fault. If no, then proceed to point 63.
72. If a PTP or PTW fault, then set a system fault and exit.
63. If bit C-20 indicates the DCW list is not paged, then proceed to point A in FIG. 4.
74. If the DCW list is paged then check bit C-23 for segmented data.
75. If the data is segmented then set the control word pull-relative flag and proceed to 76.
76. Check the PTW-LPW flag for validity of the word.
77. If the PTW-LPW is valid then check for a first list or retry. If no, then go to point B of FIG. 4.
78. If the PTW-LPW flag indicates an invalid PTW-LPW, or if a first list or retry, check for an auxiliary PTW. If an auxiliary PTW then proceed to point B of FIG. 4.
79. If not an auxiliary PTW check for a retry.
80. If a retry, load the PTP address with the back-up list seg-bit.
81. If not a retry, load the PTP address with the pulled word seg-bit.
82. Pull the PTW from the page table using the resultant address.
83. Check the PTP and PTW fault bit, if no fault then proceed to point B of FIG. 4.
84. If a PTP or PTW fault then set the system fault and exit.
FIG. 4--LIST SERVICE FOR NEW DCW PULL
90. Use the real address for the DCW.
91. Use the page address for the DCW.
92. Pull the DCW from core.
93. Check for an IDCW; if yes, then proceed to point ICW2 in FIG. 6.
94. If not an IDCW, check for a TDCW; if yes, then proceed to point C of FIG. 5.
95. If not a TDCW, then check bit C-23 for segmented data.
96. If not segmented then check for paged data. If not paged then proceed to point ICW2 in FIG. 6.
97. If data is paged, check the address for being within the lower bound plus size for the data.
98. If the address exceeds the lower bound plus size, then set the boundary fault.
99. If the address is within the lower bound plus size, check the DCW address plus tally being greater than the lower bound plus size. If yes, go to point 98 and set the boundary fault.
100. If no, then check the lower bound plus size being greater than 512K words (outside of a page table reference capacity); if yes, set the boundary fault at 98; if no, then proceed to point ICW2 of FIG. 6.
101. If bit C-23 indicates a segmented mode (point 95), check the DCW address plus tally being greater than the segment size; if yes proceed to point 98; if no proceed to point 100.
102. If a boundary fault is detected, set DCW 18, 19, 20 to 111 so that if the channel attempts to use this DCW a system fault "Illegal Character Position" will occur.
FIG. 5--TDCW LIST SERVICE
110. Was the control word pulled absolute or relative?
111. If relative, then DCWs are in the user's list.
112. Does the absolute address overflow?
113. If no, then the DCWs are in the first 256 page table, and the seg-bit is reset.
114. If yes, then DCWs are in the second 256 page table, and the seg-bit must be set.
115. The TDCW address and lower bounds give the list pointer word address.
116. Set the auxiliary PTW inhibit as the PTW will be obtained from the page table.
117. If the pulled control word is not in the user's list, are C-23 and TDCW-33 set?
118. If yes, load TDCW bit 31 into the seg-bit, and go to 121.
119. If no, are C-20 and TDCW35 set? If yes, go to 118.
120. If no, are TDCW33 and TDCW35 set? If yes, go to 118.
121. If no, load TDCW address into the LPW address.
122. Submode of the IOM is established by loading TDCW bits 33, 34, 35 into C-20, C-18, C-23, respectively.
123. Check C-20 or C-23 for data absolute. If yes, proceed to 126.
124. If no, check TDCW33, 35 for DCW paged or data segmented.
125. If no, load TDCW32 into the page data flag, and proceed to 126. If yes, proceed to 126.
126. Check C-20 for DCW list paged.
127. If yes, check the auxiliary PTW flag.
128. If yes, use the page address for the DCW.
129. Pull the DCW from core.
130. If the DCW list is not paged, then use the real address for the DCW, and pull from core at 129.
131. If the pulled DCW is an IDCW, then go to ICW2 in FIG. 6.
132. If not an IDCW, check for a TDCW; if no go to BNDY1 in FIG. 4 for boundary fault check.
133. If a TDCW, then set a user fault for two TDCWs, and proceed to 134.
134. Force the DCW bits 18, 19, 20 to 111 and proceed to ICW2 in FIG. 6.
135. If the auxiliary PTW flag is not set, then check for lower bound plus size exceeding 512K words.
136. If yes, set boundary fault.
137. Set DCW 18, 19, 20 to 111 and go to ICW2 of FIG. 6.
138. Check whether data is segmented.
139. If no, then check the TDCW address being outside the lower bound plus size.
140. If no, pull the PTW from the page table using the new LPW address obtained from 118 and 121.
141. If yes, set a boundary fault and proceed to 134.
142. If data is segmented, is the TDCW address greater than a segment size. If yes proceed to a boundary fault at 141.
140. If no, then pull the PTW from the page table using the new LPW address obtained from 115.
143. Check the PTP or PTW fault flag. If a PTP or PTW fault, then exit. If no fault, then proceed to 128 and use the page address for the DCW.
FIG. 6--LIST SERVICE FOR STORING NEW DCW AND RESTORING LPW
150. Beginning at the ICW2 entry point, reset control lines for CWP-relative and the PTW-LPW enable.
151. Check bit C-23 for segmented data.
152. If yes, then DT 00-17 is loaded with the result of the DCW plus lower bound addition. The state of the overflow of this addition is stored in a latch, ADR>256K, in order to indicate first 256 or second 256 word half of page table.
153. If data is not segmented then the DCW address is placed into DT 00-17.
154. DCW 18-35 is loaded into DT 18-35.
155. DT 00-35 is stored in DCW scratchpad and the PTW-DCW flag is reset.
156. Is this a first list?
157. If no, is the DCW or data seg bit true? If no go to 159.
158. If yes, check the absolute address overflow. If yes, go to 160; if no go to 159.
159. Set the DCW or data seg-bit to the same logical state as the ADR>256K latch.
160. Set the PTW-LPW enable.
161. Is this a first list or IDCW? If no go to 163.
162. If yes, the back-up list address is loaded from the LPW.
163. The LPW scratchpad is loaded, the REL DCW and PAGE DCW flags are loaded.
164. Is this a retry?
165. If yes, then DCW or data seg must be set to the same logical state as the back-up list seg, proceed to 169.
166. If not a retry, check for a control register overflow.
167. If an overflow, then a 1 is placed into the DCW or data seg bit to indicate that the DCW list has flowed through the 256K boundary.
168. If no overflow, the old seg-bit is transferred to the DCW or data seg-bit.
169. Is there a 1K overflow of the page?
170. If yes, the PTW-LPW flag is reset and proceed to 171.
171. The list service is reset and exit.
FIG. 7--INDIRECT DATA SERVICE
180. Is the PTW-DCW flag set indicating a valid page?
181. If yes, is there a parity error?
182. If yes, set the parity error in scratchpad and exit.
183. If no, access data using page address.
184. If an invalid PTW at 180 is the DCW segmented?
185. If yes, pull the PTW from the page table.
186. Is there a PTP fault?
187. If yes, set the fault flag and exit.
188. If no, then check the write permit flag.
189. If no write permit, check if this is a data store.
190. If yes, then set a PTW-flag fault and exit.
191. If not a data store then check the IOM page present flag. If not present, then proceed to 190 and set the PTW fault flag. If present, access data at 183.
192. If write permit flag is present, check the housekeeping flag for a housekeeping page. If so go to 189. If not go to 191.
193. If no REL-DCW flag and data is not segmented, is then a page-DCW flag?
194. If yes, then pull the PTW from the page table.
195. If no, check for a page-data flag; if yes, then pull the PTW from the page table at 194.
196. If no, data is accessed using real address.
197. Data is accessed and the control register is checked for overflow.
198. If yes, a 1 is loaded in the DCW or data seg-bit.
199. If no, the 1K overflow is checked, if no then exit.
200. If yes, reset the PTW-DCW flag and exit.
FIG. 8--DATA SERVICE CHECK FOR OVERFLOW FAULTS, INCLUDING SEG AND 256K OVERFLOW
210. Await the C-register strobe.
211. Scratchpad DCW or data seg is read into seg-bit flag.
212. Is there a 256K memory overflow? If no then exit.
213. If yes, is the data segmented?
214. If no, set the 256K overflow fault.
215. If yes is the seg-bit set? If yes then data is in the second half of the page table and thus a data overflow; set fault and exit. If no, then no overflow fault, exit.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed Method of Accessing Paged Memory By An Input-Output Unit may be modified in numerous ways and may assume many embodiments other than the preferred form specifically set out and described above. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all modifications of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of operating an electronic data processing system for accessing paged data locations, said system employing a main memory having data locations defined by absolute addresses, a central processing unit, an input-output unit having a plurality of peripheral channels, and a plurality of peripheral devices each communicating with said main memory through one of said peripheral channels of said input-output unit, said method comprising the steps of: (a) segregating by operation of said central processing unit data locations in a portion of said main memory into memory pages, with each page comprising a plurality of contiguous memory locations and with the address location of each page in said main memory being identified by a page table word; (b) denoting by operation of said central processing unit the address location of a first memory page containing data locations to be accessed by a selected one of said peripheral channels by a first page table word and loading said first page table word into a page table in another portion of said main memory; (c) assigning through operation of said central processing unit a unique peripheral control word to said selected peripheral channel and storing said peripheral control word in said main memory, said peripheral control word including as a portion thereof a page table pointer for identifying the address location in said main memory of said page table; (d) assigning through operation of said central processing unit a data control word to said selected peripheral channel, said data control word including a first portion denoting an offset location of said first page table word in said page table and said data control word further including a second portion denoting an offset location of a specific data location to be accessed within said first memory page; (e) loading said data control word into a second memory page in said main memory; (f) denoting by operaton of said central processing unit the address location of said second memory page containing said data control word by a second page table word and loading said second page table word into said page table; (g) assigning by operation of said central processing unit and storing in said main memory, a list pointer word, said list pointer word including a first portion denoting an offset location of said second page table word in said page table and a second portion denoting an offset location of said data control word within said second memory page; (h) combining in said input-output unit said first portion of said list pointer word with said page table pointer to determine the absolute address in said memory of said second page table word; (i) combining in said input-output unit said second portion of said list pointer word with said second page table word to determine the absolute address of said data control word; (j) combining in said input-output unit said first portion of said data control word with said page table pointer to determine the absolute address in said main memory of said first page table word; and (k) combining in said input-output unit said second portion of said data control word with said first page table word to determine the absolute address in said main memory of said specific data location.
2. A method of operating an electronic data processing system for accessing paged data locations, said system employing a main memory having data locations defined by absolute addresses, a central processing unit, an input-output unit having a plurality of peripheral channels, at least one peripheral device communicating with said main memory through one of said peripheral channels of said input-output unit, said method comprising the steps of: (a) segregating data locations in a portion of said main memory into pages, each page comprising a plurality of contiguous memory locations with the address location of each page in said main memory being identified by a page table word; (b) denoting by operation of said central processing unit the address location of a first memory page containing data locations to be accessed by a selected one of said peripheral channels by a first page table word and loading said first page table word into a page table in another portion of said main memory; (c) assigning through operation of said central processing unit a unique peripheral control word and storing said peripheral control word in said main memory, said peripheral control word including as a portion thereof a page table pointer for identifying the address location in said main memory of said page table; (d) providing a data control word to said selected peripheral channel, said data control word including a first portion denoting the location of a specific page table word in the page table and a second portion denoting the location of a specific data location to be accessed within said page containing data locations to be accessed; (e) combining in said input-output unit said first portion of said data control word with said page table pointer of said peripheral control word to locate in said main memory said specific page table word; (f) combining said second portion of said data control word with said specific page table word to locate in said main memory the specific data location to be accessed; and (g) transferring said data between said specific data location and a peripheral device communicating with said selected channel.