Specific Binding Assay Method and Test Kit Employing Polyvinyl Alcohol as Separating Agent

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the quantitative determination of substances in or characteristics of liquid media, including body fluids such as serum, based on specific binding assay techniques. In particular, the invention is directed to the detection of antigens or haptens based on immunoassay techniques involving the use of labeled reagents, such as radiolabeled reagents. The present invention provides an improved method of performing the separation of bound- and free label inherent in heterogeneous specific binding assays.

2. Description of the Prior Art

A living system is able to detect, recognize and respond to the presence of foreign material (antigen) such as protein, virus, bacteria, and so forth, within that system. This response takes, inter alia, the form of producing an antibody specific for the particular antigen. There then occurs a specific reaction between the antibody and the antigen to form a complex. An antibody once produced is also capable of binding a hapten, i.e., a relatively small and simple compound which may be the determinant group of a given antigen, which hapten is capable of binding with the specific antibody but incapable itself of giving rise to the production of an antibody, unless it is bound to an antigenic carrier.

The binding interaction between an antigen or a hapten and its antibody is specific and sensitive. Other types of materials that participate in similar specific and sensitive binding interactions are enzymes and their substrates; materials such as hormones, vitamins, metabolities and pharmacological agents, and their receptors and binding substances; and other substances known in the science. These specific and sensitive binding reactions have given rise to a rapidly emerging analytical technique known as the specific binding assay technique. In one such type of assay method, the substance, or group of substances, to be determined (herein referred to as "ligand") in a liquid sample is placed in competition with a labeled form of the ligand or of a binding analog thereof for binding to a binding reagent. Where a radioactive label is used and the binding reagent is an antibody, the method is known as a radioimmunossay method. Recently, several alternative labeling materials have been reported for replacement of radioisotopes, including enzymes, co-enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme modulators such as inhibitors and allosteric effectors, fluorescent molecules, luminescent molecules, and others. For illustrative purposes, the discussion which follows describes one particular type of specific binding assay technique, a competitive binding radioimmunoassay technique.

This system consists of antigen or hapten labeled with a radioactive marker, unlabeled native antigen (in the test sample) and specific antibody whereby there is competition between the unlabeled antigen and the labeled antigen for binding to a limited amount of antibody. Hence, the greater the concentration of unlabeled antigen from the test sample in the system, the less the labeled antigen will be bound by the antibody. This may be diagrammatically represented as follows: ##STR1##

If the concentration of labeled antigen and antibody is fixed and the only variable is the level of unlabeled antigen, it becomes possible to establish an assay system for measuring the unknown level of unlabeled antigen by physically separating the antigen-antibody complex from the remaining free antigen (both labeled and unlabeled). The radioactivity of the unknowns is compared with a standard curve plotting of the values given by a range of known amounts of the antigen treated in the same manner.

There are many known procedures for separating the free unbound antigen or hapten from the complex antigen-antibody. One method known as chromatoelectrophoresis combines techniques of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Paper with a high affinity for the free antigen (such as Whatman 3 MM, Whatman 3 MC and DEAE paper) are used as carriers. While this technique is discriminative and has been used in the assay of insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and other peptide hormones, it has a number of prominent disadvantages which limits its use. A limited amount of material may be applied to the absorbent, and the separation is both laborious and time-consuming.

By another known method the antigen-antibody complex is precipitated by salts, organic material or solvents under conditions that do not affect the free antigen. Among the salts, materials and solvents used are: ethanol, acetone, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, dioxane, trichloroacetic aicd, polyethylene glycol, and so forth. The use of salts, solvents or organic materials has the advantage that the separation is immediate, and a second incubation is not necessary. However, the chemical precipitation technique may cause the co-precipitation of other proteins, often causing an incomplete separation of the two fractions.

There is also known the double antibody technique, which is widely used for the separation of the bound and the free antigen. By this method a second antibody that was raised against the first antibody is used to precipitate the primary antigen-antibody complex. For example, if the first antibody was raised in a rabbit then the second antibody may be an antiserum to rabbit gammaglobulin raised in goats. One disadvantage of this technique is that the use of a second antibody introduces an additional incubation. Specific binding assay methods employing a double antibody separation technique are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,839,153 and 3,872,225.

Furthermore, there are known various solid-phase techniques for the separation of free and bound antigen. These techniques make use of antibodies covalently bound or physically adsorbed to an insoluble matrix (immunosorbents), such as bentonite, cellulose, bromacetyl cellulose, the crosslinked dextrans (Sephadex), sepharose, plastic (non-crosslinked polystyrene or polypropylene) beads, Enzacryl AA, nitro-cellulose membranes, and so forth. The formed antibody-antigen complex is held by the solid phase and the bound fraction can be separated from the free fraction by filtration.

By yet another method the free (unbound) antigens are bound to adsorbents which then can be precipitated by centrifugation. Powdered talc (magnesium silicate), Kaolin (aluminum silicate), QUSO (microgranules of silica), cellulose powder, and so forth, are some of the simple adsorbents used. Many separations are performed by using adsorbent characoal coated with dextran. The dextran behaves rather like a sieve which allows the smaller molecules of free antigen to pass and these are then bound by the charcoal, leaving the bound antigen in solution, after the charcoal has been removed by centrifugation or filtration.

It is also known to use ion exchange and other types of resins to bind free antigens by electrostatic forces and this method has been used so far mainly for the determination of small molecules such as thyroid hormones (T-3 and T-4). Examples of this type of methodology are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,659,104; 3,710,117 and 3,961,894.

One technique of this type used for the separation of the antigen-antibody complex from free antigen employs a column packed with material which preferentially adsorbs either the free antigen or the antigen-antibody complex. The incubated aqueous reaction mixture is applied to the head of such a column and the column is then eluted. The radioactivity of either the column or the eluate is then determined and the content of the antigen in the starting solution is calculated from the count.

Accordingly the present invention provides, in a specific binding assay method for determining a ligand in or the ligand binding capacity of a liquid medium,

wherein said liquid medium is combined with assay reagent means including a binding component incorporated with a label to form a binding reaction system having a bound-species and a free-species of said labeled component,

wherein said bound-species and said free-species of said labeled component are separated, and

wherein said label is measured in one of said separated bound-species and free-species of the labeled component,

the improvement which comprises accomplishing said separation by selectively adsorbing said free-species of the labeled component onto a solid comprising a nonion-exchange cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol.

The novel adsorbent is preferably polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and finds major application to the detection of a nonproteinaceous hapten such as thyroxine, triiodothyronine, estriol, vitamin B.sub.12, and digoxin.

FIG. 1 is an illustrative standard curve used in the determination of thyroxine following a competitive binding radioimmunoassay technique.

FIG. 2 is an illustrative standard curve for use in the determination of estriol following a competitive binding radioimmunoassay technique.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative standard curve for use in the determination of thyroxine following a competitive binding radioimmunoassay technique.

In the context of this disclosure, the following terms shall be defined as follows: "ligand" is the substance, or group of substances, whose presence or the amount thereof in a liquid medium is to be determined; "binding agent for the ligand" is any substance, or group of substances, which has a specific binding affinity for the ligand to the exclusion of other substances; and "binding analog of the ligand" is any substance, or group of substances, which behaves essentially the same as the ligand with respect to the binding affinity of the binding agent for the ligand.

The use of the novel adsorbent as separating means may be applied to any of the various types of heterogeneous specific binding assay formats such as the competitive binding technique discussed above or the sequential saturation technique wherein sample ligand is exposed to an excess amount of binding agent and the resulting unsaturated sites in the binding agent are bound by labeled ligand or analog by exposure to an excess amount of the labeled component. The amount of remaining free-labeled component is separated and is directly related to the amount of unknown ligand in the sample.

Upon completion of the binding reaction, the reaction mixture is exposed to the novel adsorbent allowing the free-species of the labeled component to become selectively adsorbed thereto, and the adsorbent carrying the adsorbed species is physically separated from the reaction mixture. Thereafter, the label is measured in the remaining reaction mixture or on the adsorbent. The exposure of the adsorbent to the reaction mixture and subsequent separation thereof can be accomplished in many different ways.

In one aspect, the adsorbent may be in a particulate form such as in the form of powder, beads, pellets, granules, crystals, filaments, and so forth. The particulate adsorbent may simply added as such to the reaction mixture and separation accomplished by centrifugation, filtration, and the like. Alternatively, the particulate adsorbent may be contained in a column and exposure to and separation from the reaction mixture can be carried out by passing same through the column. Such passage may comprise allowing the reaction mixture to perculate and/or be washed by downward gravitational flow of the reaction mixture through the column or by drawing the reaction mixture into the column such as in the manner described in an application filed on even date herewith entitled "Column Chromatography Specific Binding Assay Method and Test Kit", based on Israel patent application No. 51,354, assigned to the instant assignee.

In another aspect, the adsorbent may take the form of a solid composite body such as a solid carrier inert to the reaction mixture impregnated or coated with the adsorbent. In use, the adsorbent-carrier device is immersed in the reaction mixture and after a set period of time simply removed therefrom to effect the necessary separation. This embodiment is particularly attractive in practicing the present method, since it can be carried out in any ordinary laboratory vessel, such as a test tube. For this particular embodiment the composite adsorbent body may be fitted with a handle which may be permanently or detachably connected thereto. The composite body may be of any desirable shape. If it is intended to be used inside columns it is preferably in the form of a disc or cylinder. In practicing this particular embodiment the number of individual bodies packed into one column will depend on the adsorption capacity of the composite body and the concentration of ligand in the reaction mixture. The composite body can be prepared by conventional impregnation and coating techniques. Preferably, the carrier will first be impregnated or coated with the adsorbent such as by immersion in a bath of a suitable solution, followed by contacting the thus impregnated or coated carrier with a solution containing a cross-linked agent, again best by immersion.

In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention previously discussed, separation is accomplished using adsorption columns packed with a particulate form of the adsorbent. For the preparation of such columns it is, for example, possible to use plastic syringe barrels. Each barrel is prefitted with a bottom closure means, for example, a removable cap, and a detergent treated sintered porous ethylene polymer (homopolymer or copolymer thereof) retaining disc is pressed coaxially to the bottom of the plastic barrel. After placement of the granular adsorbent in the syringe barrel it is, if necessary, washed with a buffer and is then permitted to settle free of air bubbles after which another porous, detergent treated sintered ethylene polymer (homopolymer or copolymer thereof) disc, similar to the first mentioned disc, is inserted into the syringe barrel adsorbent. The amount of the granular adsorbent inside the columns depends on the type of adsorbent and the type of the test for which the column is prepared. The column thus prepared is then washed with an appropriate buffer. For performing a measurement in accordance with this embodiment, the reaction mixture is prepared and incubated in the top region of the column. The column is then unsealed from below so that the aqueous phase can flow through and the column is then washed with buffer to wash away any residual amounts of the unadsorbed bound-species.

In preferred embodiment, the detection of a nonproteinaceous hapten in the liquid medium, usually aqueous, is carried out by an improved radioimmunoassay method of the type wherein said aqueous medium is mixed with a radiolabeled form of said hapten or of a binding analog thereof and with an antibody for said hapten and the resulting reaction mixture is incubated to form a bound-species of said radiolabeled hapten or analog wherein such is bound to said antibody and a free-species of said radiolabeled hapten or analog wherein such is not bound to said antibody, wherein said bound-species and said free-species are separated, and wherein the radioactivity of one of said separated bound-species and said free-species is measured. The improvement of the present invention comprises accomplishing said separation of said bound-species and said free-species by contacting said reaction mixture with the novel adsorbent described herein.

From the total radioactivity ("initial" count) and the radioactivity of the separated adsorbent upon conclusion of the assay ("final" count), the percent retention is calculated by the following formula: ##EQU1## For the determination of unknown quantities of the hapten, it is first necessary to perform a series of assays with varying known amounts of hapten, thereby to establish a standard percent retention versus concentration curve. This curve is then used to determine an unknown concentration from the percent retention calculated from radioactivity counts.

In principle, the total radioactivity is determined by the amount of radioactively labeled hapten or analog used for the preparation of the reaction mixture. However, to avoid inaccuracies due to imprecise application of the labeled component, it may be preferable to establish the total radioactivity experimentally. This may be done either before or after the selective determination of the radioactivity of the separated adsorbent. The total radioactivity may be determined after incubation and before actual separation of the adsorbent column and the remaining reaction mixture.

The present invention also provides a method for determining the ligand binding capacity of a liquid medium. In such an assay, the liquid medium is suspected of containing a binding agent for the ligand. For example, the method according to the invention can be modified for the performance of the so called "T-3 Uptake Test". In this test, the thyroid hormone in serum is indirectly assayed by determining the available binding sites on thyroid binding globulin (TBG) present in the serum. In this test, it is assumed that the amount of TBG in normal sera is relatively constant and that it binds most of the available thyroid hormone. When labeled T-3 (triiodothyronine) is added to a serum sample, it will be bound by the TBG in proportion to the residual binding sites available thereon. Thus, if it is found that a large amount of labeled T-3 is bound by the serum, this indicates a large number of available binding sites and hence a low level of thyroid hormone, and vice versa. Measurement of the unbound T-3 can thus be related to thyroid function. In the clinical application of the T-3 uptake test, it suffices in many cases to determine the T-3 uptake ratio in comparison with a standard normal serum. This ratio can be derived by dividing the initial count (as defined above) obtained from the unknown sample by the initial count of a standard serum sample which has been subjected to a parallel, identical assay procedure.

In preferred embodiment, the determination of the binding capacity of a liquid medium, usually aqueous, for a non-proteinaceous hapten, is carried out by an improved radioassay method of the type wherein said aqueous medium is mixed with a radiolabeled form of said hapten or of a binding analog thereof and the resulting mixture is incubated to form a bound-species of said radiolabeled hapten or analog wherein such is bound to a binding agent of said aqueous medium and a free-species of said radiolabeled hapten or analog wherein such is not bound to said binding agent, wherein said bound-species and said free-species are separated, and wherein the radioactivity of one of said separated bound-species and said free-species is measured. The improvement of the present invention comprises accomplishing said separation of said bound-species and said free-species by contacting said reaction mixture with the novel adsorbent described herein.

The present invention also provides a test kit for carrying out the present method. A test kit is provided for determining a ligand in a liquid medium, comprising (1) said ligand, or a binding analog thereof, incorporated with a label, such as a radioactive atom, (2) a binding agent for said ligand, such as an antibody, and (3) a solid nonion exchange cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol. Also provided is a test kit for determining the ligand binding capacity of a liquid medium, comprising (1) said ligand, or a binding analog thereof, incorporated with a lebel, such as radioactive atom, and (2) a solid nonion exchange cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol. Such test kits preferably comprise said polyvinyl alcohol in a particulate form and contained in a column, or incorporated with a carrier matrix, as described in detail hereinbefore.

The present invention will now be illustrated, but is not intended to be limited, by the following examples.

Hydrochloric acid (concentrated, 5 ml) was added to a stirred solution of 10 grams of cold water soluble crystalline Type II polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (catalog No. P-8136, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.) in water (600 ml). The resulting viscous solution was stirred with a high-powered stirrer and heated to 65.degree. C. Glutaraldehyde (25% aqueous solution, 10 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 65.degree. C. for 20 min. The resulting insoluble, cross-linked PVA was filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the washing was neutral. The wet cake was washed with ethanol or acetone and air-dried. The yield of the granular, white polymer was 11.0 g. No melting, softening or decomposition was observed on heating to 260.degree. C. It was found insoluble in water and in organic solvents, including refluxing dimethylformide (DMF).

Columns were prepared by packing 100 milligrams of granular cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) prepared as above into 5 ml plastic syringe barrels prefitted with a removable bottom cap and a detergent-treated sintered, porous retaining disc made of copolymer of ethylene and vinylacetate. Two (2) milliliters of barbital buffer (2.33 g. sodium barbital and 0.724 g. ethylenedinitrilotetraacetate in 150 ml water, pH 8.6) were added, followed by a second detergent-treated, sintered, porous disc as described above, which was pressed parallel to the first one with a plunger. The bottom cap was removed and the PVA columns were washed with 3 ml of barbital buffer, after which the cap was replaced.

In order to perform a radioimmunoassay for T-4, the following reagents were added to the barbital-buffer washed PVA columns (all reagents were dissolved in barbital buffer):

1. 100 .mu.l ANS solution (8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ammonium salt, 4.0 g/liter).

2. 100 .mu.l .sup.125 I-T-4 (about 40,000 cpm).

3. 100 .mu.l T-4 standard (in concentration range of 6-36 .mu.g/liter) or a 1:5 diluted clinical serum sample.

4. 100 .mu.l anti-T-4 antibody.

The columns were gently shaken in order to assure thorough mixing of the reagents, and after five minutes of incubation at room temperature, the bottom cap was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to penetrate into the PVA bed. The amount of radioactivity in each column was determined ("initial count"). Each column was then washed with 3.0 ml of buffer and a second reading of the radioactivity of the columns was taken ("final count"). The "percent retention" of each column was calculated using the equation: ##EQU2## A standard curve was obtained by plotting the percent retention values versus the corresponding concentration of thyroxine, the T-4 standard (FIG. 1).

Results obtained with known reference sera samples:

The buffer used in this test is made by dissolving sodium biphosphate (1.57 g) and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (0.78 g) in distilled water (120 ml), pH 7.4. The crosslinked PVA columns were prepared as described above and were washed with the buffer (6.0 ml).

The test was performed by applying the following solutions on top of the crosslinked PVA columns:

1. 0.5 ml .sup.125 I-estriol (about 10,000 cpm).

2. 0.25 ml anti-estriol antibody (1:150).

3. 0.5 ml estriol standard (in concentrations of 2.0, 5.0, and 20 ng/ml) or the unknown tested sample.

The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature for 90 minutes, after which it was allowed to penetrate into the columns. The radioactivity of each column was measured ("initial count"), 1 ml of buffer was allowed to flow through each column and the radioactivity was measured again ("final count"). The calibration curve was obtained by plotting the percent retention (calculated as described in Example 1) versus concentration of estriol (FIG. 2).

Unknown amounts of estriol, e.g. in serum, can be determined in a similar manner against the curve of FIG. 2.

A. preparation of Cross-Linked PVA-Coated Discs

About 6000 discs of total weight 500 g., each of a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, cut from a sheet of a copolymer of ethylene and vinylacetate (EVA) (Porvair Ltd., King's Lynn, Norfolk, England) were placed in a solution of 240 g. of PVA in 2400 ml of water at 65.degree. C. and left in the solution for 45 minutes. The discs were then separated from the aqueous solution by filtration and washed with water. The washed discs were then placed in a solution of 96 ml of glutaraldehyde and 8 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 2400 ml of water at 65.degree. C. and left in that solution for 15 minutes. The discs were separated from the solution by filtration, washed free from any adhering residual solution and dried.

B. assay Method

Two PVA-coated discs prepared as described above, were placed on top of each other in a plastic syringe barrel prefitted with a removable bottom cap. The bottom cap was removed and the column was washed with 0.1 M tris-maleate buffer pH 7.4 (prepared by dissolving 285 g tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, 1.2 g maleic acid and 0.43 g ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in 290 ml of distilled water). The bottom of the column was then sealed with the cap and the column filled to a level about the top surface of the upper disc with the same buffer.

In order to perform a radioimmunoassay for T-4 the following reagents were applied to top of of the buffer solution in the column (all reagents were dissolved in 0.1 M trismaleate buffer, pH 7.4):

1. 100 .mu.l ANS solution (8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ammonium salt, 4.0 g/liter).

2. 100 .mu.l .sup.125 I-T-4 (about 40,000 cpm).

3. 100 .mu.l T-4 standard (in concentration range of 6-36 .mu.g/liter) or a 1:5 diluted clinical serum sample.

4. 100 .mu.l anti-T-4 antibody.

The reaction mixture was allowed to incubate on top of the column for 30 minutes and the first counting of radioactivity ("initial count") was taken. The columns were allowed to drain, then washed with 1 ml of 0.1 M tris-maleate pH 7.4 and a second reading of the radioactivity was taken ("final count").

The "percent retention" of each column was calculated using the equation: ##EQU3## A standard curve was obtained by plotting the percent retention values versus the corresponding concentration of the T-4 standards (FIG. 3).

Results obtained with known reference sera:

Unknown amounts of T-4, e.g. in serum, can be determined in the above manner with aid of the standard curve of FIG. 3.