US 4,135,204 AGrant
Automatic Glass Blowing Apparatus and Method
Issue Date:1979-01-16
•9 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An automatic process controller and method for automatically controlling in real time the formation of an object having boundaries which change with time. A TV camera provides a video image of the object. An interface circuit detects first and second boundaries of the object by analyzing the analog video signal and generates first and second digital numbers corresponding to the first and second boundaries. A programmable digital processor determines the maximum difference between the first and second digital numbers, compares that difference with a target object size and produces a control signal based on the comparison for controlling the continued formation of the object.
Metadata
Assignee
- Chesebrough-Pond's Inc.
Inventors
- Ray E. Davis, Jr.
- Richard J. Becker
- Robert G. Foster
- Michael J. Westkamper
Application Information
Application Number:US 804905&
Filing Date:1977-06-09
Priority Date:1977-06-09
Art Unit:233
Classifications
IPC:
C03B 900H04N 718
Field of Search:
65364358235DIG. 9;DIG. 13;158;161468;473;469;118;200;900101;107;10692 PD
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Background and Brief Description of the Invention
The present invention relates to an automatic process controller and method employing a closed circuit TV camera to monitor the progress of the process. More particularly, in the exemplary embodiment disclosed herein, the present invention relates to a real time automatic process for forming end-opening blisters during the manufacture of thermometers.
In the manufacture of thermometers, a glass rod is cut to a size somewhat greater than the length of two thermometers. The glass rod is then heated and a large blister is blown approximately in the center of the rod using compressed air. After the rod has cooled the rod is cut in half through the center of the blister. In this way the large end opening is formed in the thermometer. A bulb is fastened to the end opening to seal that end and the thermometer is filled with mercury. After degassification of the mercury, the thermometer is calibrated, the excess mercury removed and the other end sealed.
One of the more critical steps in the manufacture of a thermometer involves the forming of the large or end-opening blister. Traditionally, this blister has been blown by an operator while observing an optically magnified image of the blister and controlling the compressed air supply by, for example, using a foot-operated treadle. Although most operators had fairly good eye-foot coordination, the defect rate for thermometers due to unsatisfactory end opening blisters was undesirably high. This was due in part to the fact that there are tremendous variations, even within the same lot of glass, in how readily the blister can be blown. These differences result from differences in the thicknesses of the glass rods as well as differences in the bore diameters thereof. Moreover, movements in the manufacturing area can cause drafts which vary the flames being used to heat the glass rods prior to forming the end opening blisters therein.
One of the complicating factors associated with blowing the large or end-opening blisters is the phenomenon of "coast" or "drift". Even though the end-opening blister is blown in the glass rod after it has been removed from the heat and has started to cool, the blister does not stop growing immediately after the compressed air is turned off. Rather, the blister continues to expand or "coast". Moreover, the rate and extent of coast varies significantly from piece of glass to piece of glass, even within a single batch. Accordingly, even with the best of eye-foot coordination it was impossible for an operator to predict the amount of coast to be expected with a given piece of glass. Hence, the undesirably high rejection rate due to unsatisfactory end opening blisters.
The present invention solves the problems associated with blowing end-opening blisters in thermometers. In accordance with the present invention, a closed circuit TV camera is focused on a magnified optical image of the blister. The analog video information is analyzed to detect the leading and trailing edges of the blisters. Digital numbers corresponding to the leading and trailing edges are produced and fed to a computer where they are analyzed and process control signals are developed based thereon.
More particularly, the digital numbers are analyzed to determine the actual size of the blister. In addition, the "coast" associated with the blister is calculated. The difference between the desired blister size and the actual blister size is determined and the "coast" substracted therefrom. A sufficient quantity of compressed air is then supplied to the rod to cause the blister to grow to one-half of the difference between the desired size and the actual size, minus the "coast". The air is then turned off, the edges of the new blister determined and a new "coast" calculated. The difference between the desired blister size and the new blister size is again computed and the new "coast" subtracted therefrom. Enough compressed air is supplied to the blister to cause it to grow by one-half of the remaining distance, minus the new coast.
The above-described iterative process is repeated many times a second. In this manner uniform end-opening blisters are formed and the rejection rate due to improper end-opening blisters is greatly diminished.
While the particular embodiment of the invention is disclosed in connection with the formation of end-opening blisters in thermometers, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the automatic process controller of the present invention has wide application. It may be used, for example, to control the size of a workpiece being turned on a lathe. Broadly, the present invention can make either relative or absolute comparisons between static shapes or between objects of varying size and their actual location versus their desired location, the only requirement being that the object be susceptible to view by a TV camera.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The present invention is disclosed in conjunction with the following drawings which form a part of the specification and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a video/computer interface for use with the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an idealized representation of a TV image in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a pictorial representation of a TV image in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1.
Detailed Description
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is set forth a functional block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention. A glass rod 10, which has previously been heated, has a bore 11 therein. An end-opening blister 12 is shown being formed therein. Attached to one end of rod 10 is a cap 13 which is connected to air solenoid 15 by a tube 14. Air solenoid 15 is connected to an air supply which may, for example, be maintained at a pressure of 90 p.s.i.g. A switch 16, which is preferably of the solid-state type, controls the operation of air solenoid 15. Switch 16 in turn is controlled by the output from computer 17 which may, for example, be an Intel 80/10 single board programmable digital computer.
TV camera 18 is focused on an optically enlarged image of end-opening blister 12. The optics are conventional and are not shown for purposes of simplicity. TV camera 18 has a power supply 19 associated therewith for supplying power thereto. TV camera 18 is preferably a solid state TV camera of the charge injection device or charge coupled device type. TV camera 18 may, for example, be a type TV 2000 manufactured by General Electric Company which has a 244 by 188 element array. TV camera 18 may also be a type TN 2200 manufactured by General Electric Company which has a 128 by 128 element array. The particular camera selected will depend on the resolution required for satisfactory process control.
TV camera 18 produces a video image in the form of an analog video signal, together with horizontal and vertical sync signals. These outputs are fed to interface 20 which interfaces the analog signals produced by TV camera 18 with digital computer 17.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a functional block diagram of interface 20. The vertical sync signal is received by buffer amplifier 30 which performs an impedance matching function and changes -0.3 to +1.5 volt vertical sync signal to a 0 to +5 volt signal compatible with TTL logic circuitry. The output of buffer amplifier 30 is fed to the computer and indicates the start of the raster.
The horizontal sync signal is received by buffer amplifier 31 which, like buffer amplifier 30, performs impedance matching and logic level changing functions. The output of buffer amplifier 31 is used to reset free running counter 32. Counter 32 may, for example, run at a frequency of five megahertz. Counter 32 preferably produces an 8-bit digital count which is fed to one input of gate 37.
The analog video signal is fed to buffer amplifier 33 which performs automatic gain control and impedance matching functions. The output of buffer amplifier 33 is fed to one input each of comparators 34 and 35. In addition, the other inputs of comparators 34 and 35 are connected respectively to different reference voltages. Comparator 34 senses when the analog video signal exceeds a predetermined level (the leading edge of the blister) and comparator 35 senses when the analog video signal drops below a predetermined level (the trailing edge of the blister).
The outputs of comparators 34 and 35 are fed to the inputs of OR gate 36. The output of OR gate 36 is fed to the other input of gate 37. Thus, when the analog video signal exceeds a predetermined level, comparator 34 produces an output which is fed by OR gate 36 to gate 37. The count at the output of counter 32 is then gated to the computer. When the analog video signal falls below a predetermined level, comparator 35 produces an output which is fed by OR gate 36 to gate 37. The count now present at the output of counter 32 is also fed to the computer.
It has been found that it is not necessary to utilize every horizontal line of video and that excellent results are obtained using every other line.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown an idealized representation of a TV image. The dark area represents blister 12 shown in FIG. 1. To control the process of generating blister 12 it is necessary to determine the limits of blister 12 at various times during its growth. The leading edge of blister 12 is designated by the letter "A" and the trailing edge by the letter "B".
The leading edge of the blister is sensed by comparator 34. In the idealized representation of FIG. 3, the leading edge A is designated by the number 25, that being the count present at the output of counter 32 when comparator 34 sensed the leading edge. Similarly, the trailing edge B is designated by the number 30, that being the count present at the output of counter 32 when comparator 35 sensed the trailing edge. In this way, two 8-bit digital numbers are generated for each line of analog video information, the digital numbers corresponding, respectively, to the leading and trailing edges of blister 12.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a pictorial representation of a TV image of a blister. It is immediately apparent that blister 12 lacks the symmetry of the idealized representation shown in FIG. 3. It is also apparent that the maximum extent of the leading edge A and the maximum extent of the trailing edge B do not necessarily occur in the same horizontal line. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the minimum value of the numbers corresponding to the leading edge A and to determine the maximum value of the numbers corresponding to the trailing edge B. The difference between minimum A and maximum B determines the extent of the blister. This difference is then compared with the desired size, indicated by the lines C--C in FIG. 4, to determine how much, if any, the size of the blister should be increased so as to attain the desired or target size.
As brought out earlier, one of the complicating factors in generating a blister is the phenomenon of drift or "coast", i.e., the tendency of the blister to continue to grow after the air supply has been turned off. To accurately control the size of the blister it is necessary to calculate the "coast" at various points in time and employ this figure directly in the automatic control of the process.
Thus, at the beginning of the process the air is turned on until the edges A and B can be reliably determined. At that point in time the air is turned off and initial minimum A, maximum B and max/A-B/ are determined. The blister is allowed to coast to a stop. Then second minimum A, maximum B and max/A-B/ are determined. In addition, the "coast" is calculated by subtracting the initial max/A-B/ from the second max/A-B/. From the desired size C--C are subtracted the second max/A-B/ and the "coast".
One half of the resultant figure is taken as the target and enough compressed air is fed to rod 10 to cause blister 12 to grow to that target size. At that point the air is turned off again and new minimum A, maximum B, max/A-B/ and a new "coast" are determined. The new max/A-B/ and the new "coast" are subtracted from the desired size C--C and one half of that new value is taken as the new target. Sufficient compressed air is fed to rod 10 to cause blister 12 to grow to that new target size. This process is repeated many times a second to ensure a controlled, accurate growth of the blister over the several seconds required to generate the blister.
As noted earlier, computer 17 may, for example, be an Intel 80/10 single board programmable digital computer. One program for carrying out the preferred embodiment of the invention using such a computer is set forth below. ##SPC1## ##SPC2##
The invention disclosed and claimed herein is not limited to the specific mechanism and techniques herein shown and described since modification will undoubtedly occur to those skilled in the art. Hence, departures may be made from the form of the instant invention without departing from the principles thereof.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. Apparatus for automatically, iteratively controlling in real time the growth of a blister in a heated, hollow glass rod in response to a controlled supply of air comprising: (a) a TV camera for producing video images of said blister both when said supply of air is turned off and when growth of said blister has ceased; (b) interface means connected to said camera for detecting the leading and trailing edges of said blister by analyzing said video images and for generating sets of digital numbers corresponding to said leading and trailing edges both when said air supply is turned off and when said growth of said blister has ceased; (c) programmable digital processor means connected to said interface means for analyzing said sets of digital numbers to determine the size of said blister, both when said air supply is turned off and when the growth of said blister has ceased, for computing the coast associated with the formation of said blister, for comparing the size of said blister when growth has ceased and said coast with a target blister size, and for producing a control signal based upon the result of said comparison; and (d) control means connected to said processor means for controlling the air supplied to said blister in accordance with said control signal to iteratively control in real time the growth of said blister.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the size of the blister is determined by computing the minimum value of the digital number corresponding to the leading edge of said blister and the maximum value of the digital number corresponding to the trailing edge of said blister and determining the difference therebetween.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the coast is computed by determining the difference between the size of said blister when the air supply is turned off and the size of said blister when growth of said blister has ceased.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said interface means includes: a digital counter; first and second comparator means for detecting said leading and trailing edges; and gating means connected to the output of said counter and to the outputs of said first and second comparator means for transmitting to said processor means the output of said counter upon detection of said leading and trailing edges by said first and second comparators.
5. A real time method for automatically, iteratively controlling the growth of a blister in a heated, hollow glass rod in response to a controlled supply of air comprising the steps of: (a) forming video images of said blister both when said supply of air is turned off and when growth of said blister has ceased; (b) detecting the leading and trailing edges of said blister by analyzing said video images both when said air supply is turned off and when said growth of said blister has ceased; (c) generating sets of digital numbers corresponding to said leading and trailing edges; (d) determining the size of said blister both when said air supply is turned off and when the growth of said blister has ceased; (e) computing the coast associated with the growth of said blister; (f) comparing the size of said blister when growth has ceased and said coast with a target blister size; (g) iteratively controlling the formation of said blister based upon the result of said comparison.
6. The method according to claim 5 wherein said detecting step includes the steps of: comparing said video image with a first reference voltage to determine said leading edge; and comparing said video image with a second reference voltage to determine said trailing edge.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein said generating step includes the step of: initiating a digital counter at the start of a horizontal scan; gating the counter output upon detection of said leading edge; and gating the counter output again upon detection of said trailing edge.
8. The method according to claim 5 wherein said step of determining the size of said blister comprises the steps of: determining the minimum value of the digital number corresponding to the leading edge of said blister; determining the maximum value of the digital number corresponding to the trailing edge of said blister; and computing the difference between said minimum and maximum values.
9. The method according to claim 5 wherein said step of computing said coast comprises determining the difference between the size of said blister when the air supply is turned off and the size of said blister when growth of said blister has ceased.
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