Imaging Member Having a Polycarbonate-Biphenyl Diamine Charge Transport Layer

This invention relates in general to xerography and, more specifically, to a novel photoconductive device and method of use.

In the art of xerography, a xerographic plate containing a photoconductive insulating layer is imaged by first uniformly electrostatically charging its surface. The plate is then exposed to a pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation such as light, which selectively dissipates the charge in the illuminated areas of the photoconductive insulator while leaving behind a latent electrostatic image in the non-illuminated areas. This latent electrostatic image may then be developed to form a visible image by depositing finely divided electroscopic marking particles on the surface of the photoconductive insulating layer.

A photoconductive layer for use in xerography may be a homogeneous layer of a single material such as vitreous selenium or it may be a composite layer containing a photoconductor and another material. One type of composite photoconductive layer used in xerography is illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006 to Middleton and Reynolds which describes a number of layers comprising finely divided particles of a photoconductive inorganic compound dispersed in an electrically insulating organic resin binder. In its present commercial form, the binder layer contains particles of zinc oxide uniformly dispersed in a resin binder and coated on a paper backing.

In the particular examples described in Middleton et al, the binder comprises a material which is incapable of transporting injected charge carriers generated by the photoconductor particles for any significant distance. As a result, with the particular material disclosed in Middleton et al. patent, the photoconductor particles must be, in substantially continuous particle-to-particle contact throughout the layer in order to permit the charge dissipation required for cyclic operation. Therefore, with the uniform dispersion of photoconductor particles described in Middleton et al., a relatively high volume concentration of photoconductor, about 50 percent by volume, is usually necessary in order to obtain sufficient photoconductor particle-to-particle contact for rapid discharge. However, it has been found that high photoconductor loadings in the binder results in the physical continuity of the resin being destroyed, thereby significantly reducing the mechanical properties of the binder layer. Systems with high photoconductor loadings are often characterized as having little or no flexibility. On the other hand, when the photoconductor concentration is reduced appreciably below about 50 percent by volume, the photo-induced discharge rate is reduced, making high speed cyclic or repeated imaging difficult or impossible.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,007 to Middleton et al. teaches another type of photoreceptor which includes a two-phase photoconductive layer comprising photoconductive insulating particles dispersed in a homogeneous photoconductive insulating matrix. The photoreceptor is in the form of a particulate photoconductive inorganic pigment broadly disclosed as being present in an amount from about 5 to 80 percent by weight. Photodischarge is said to be caused by the combination of charge carriers generated in the photoconductive insulating matrix material and charge carriers injected from the photoconductive pigment into the photoconductive insulating matrix.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,037,861 to Hoegl et al. teaches that poly(N-vinylcarbazole) exhibits some long-wave length U.V. sensitivity and suggests that its spectral sensitivity can be extended into the visible spectrum by the addition of dye sensitizers. The Hoegl et al patent further suggests that other additives such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide may also be used in conjunction with poly(N-vinylcarbazole). In the Hoegl et al patent, the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is intended to be used as a photoconductor, with or without additive materials which extend its spectral sensitivity.

In addition to the above, certain specialized layered structures particularly designed for reflex imaging have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,165,405 to Hoesterey utilizes a two-layered zinc oxide binder structure for reflex imaging. The Hoesterey patent utilizes two separate contiguous photoconductive layers having different spectral sensitivies in order to carry out a particular reflex imaging sequence. The Hoesterey device utilizes the properties of multiple photoconductive layers in order to obtain the combined advantages of the separate photoresponse of the respective photoconductive layers.

It can be seen from a review of the conventional composite photoconductive layers cited above, that upon exposure to light, photoconductivity in the layered structure is accomplished by charge transport through the bulk of the photoconductive layer, as in the case of vitreous selenium (and other homogeneous layered modifications). In devices employing photoconductive binder structures which include inactive electrically insulating resins such as those described in the Middleton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, conductivity or charge transport is accomplished through high loadings of the photoconductive pigment and allowing particle-to-particle contact of the photoconductive particles. In the case of photoconductive particles dispersed in a photoconductive matrix, such as illustrated by the Middleton et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,007, photoconductivity occurs through the generation and transport of charge carriers in both the photoconductive matrix and the photoconductor pigment particles.

Although the above patents rely upon distinct mechanisms of discharge throughout the photoconductive layer, they generally suffer from common deficiencies in that the photoconductive surface during operation is exposed to the surrounding environment, and particularly in the case of repetitive xerographic cycling where these photoconductive layers are susceptible to abrasion, chemical attack, heat and multiple exposure to light. These effects are characterized by a gradual deterioration in the electrical characteristics of the photoconductive layer resulting in the printing out of surface defects and scratches, localized areas of persistent conductivity which fail to retain an electrostatic charge, and high dark discharge.

In addition to the problems noted above, these photoreceptors require that the photoconductor comprise either a hundred percent of the layer, as in the case of the vitreous selenium layer, or that they preferably contain a high proportion of photoconductive material in the binder configuration. The requirements of a photoconductive layer containing all or a major proportion of a photoconductive material further restricts the physical characteristics of the final plate, drum or belt in that the physical characteristics such as flexibility and adhesion of the photoconductor to a supporting substrate are primarily dictated by the physical properties of the photoconductor, and not by the resin or matrix material which is preferably present in a minor amount.

Another form of a composite photosensitive layer which has also been considered by the prior art includes a layer of photoconductive material which is covered with a realtively thick plastic layer and coated on a supporting substrate.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,041,166 to Bardeen describes such a configuration in which a transparent plastic material overlies a layer of vitreous selenium which is contained on a supporting substrate. In operation, the free surface of the transparent plastic is electrostatically charged to a given polarity. The device is then exposed to activating radiation which generates a hole-electron pair in the photoconductive layer. The electrons move through the plastic layer and neutralize positive charges on the free surface of the plastic layer thereby creating an electrostatic image. Bardeen, however, does not teach any specific plastic materials which will function in this manner, and confines his examples to structures which use a photoconductor material for the top layer.

French Pat. No. 1,577,855 to Herrick et al describes a special purpose composite photosensitive device adapted for reflex exposure by polarized light. One embodiment which employs a layer of dichroic organic photoconductive particles arrayed in oriented fashion on a supporting substrate and a layer of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) formed over the oriented layer of dichroic material. When charged and exposed to light polarized perpendicular to the orientation of the dichroic layer, the oriented dichroic layer and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) layer are both substantially transparent to the initial exposure light. When the polarized light hits the white background of the document being copied, the light is depolarized, reflected back through the device and absorbed by the dichroic photoconductive material. In another embodiment, the dichroic photoconductor is dispersed in oriented fashion throughout the layer of poly(N-vinylcarbazole).

The Shattuck et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,851, discloses a particular electrophotographic member having a charge generation layer and a separate charge transport layer. The charge transport layer comprises at least one tri-aryl pyrazoline compound. These pyrazoline compounds may be dispersed in binder material such as resins known in the art.

Cherry et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,826, discloses an electrophotographic member comprising a conductive substrate, a barrier layer, an inorganic charge generation layer and an organic charge transport layer comprising at least 20 percent by weight trinitrofluorenone.

Belgium Pat. No. 763,540, issued Aug. 26, 1971 (U.S. application Ser. No. 94,139, filed Dec. 1, 1970, now abandoned) discloses an electrophotographic member having at least two electrically operative layers. The first layer comprises a photoconductive layer which is capable of photogenerating charge carriers and injecting the photogenerated holes into a contiguous active layer. The active layer comprises a transparent organic material which is substantially non-absorbing in the spectral region of intended use, but which is "active" in that it allows injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer, and allows these holes to be transported to the active layer. The active polymers may be mixed with inactive polymers or non-polymeric material.

Gilman, Defensive Publication of Ser. No. 93,449, filed Nov. 27, 1970, published in 888 O.G. 707 on July 20, 1970, Defensive Publication No. P888.013, U.S. Cl. 96/1.5, discloses that the speed of an inorganic photoconductor such as amorphous selenium can be improved by including an organic photoconductor in the electrophotographic element. For example, an insulating resin binder may have TiO.sub.2 dispersed therein or it may be a layer of amorphous selenium. This layer is overcoated with a layer of electrically insulating binder resin having an organic photoconductor such as 4,4'-diethylamino-2,2'-dimethyltriphenylmethane dispersed therein.

"Multi-Active Photoconductive Element", Martin A. Berwick, Charles J. Fox and William A. Light, Research Disclosure, Vol. 133; pages 38-43, May 1975, was published by Industrial Opportunities Ltd., Homewell, Havant, Hampshire, England. This disclosure relates to a photoconductive element having at least two layers comprising an organic photoconductor containing a charge-transport layer in electrical contact with an aggregate charge-generation layer. Both the charge-generation layer and the charge-transport layer are essentially organic compositions. The charge-generation layer contains a continuous, electrically insulating polymer phase and a discontinuous phase comprising a finely-divided, particulate co-crystalline complex of (1) at least one polymer having an alkylidene diarylene group in a recurring unit and (2) at least one pyrylium-type dye salt. The charge-transport layer is an organic material which is capable of accepting and transporting injected charge carriers from the charge-generation layer. This layer may comprise an insulating resinous material having 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)-2,2'-dimethyltriphenylmethane dispersed therein.

Fox, U.S. Pat. No. 3,265,496, discloses that N,N,N'N'-tetraphenylbenzidine may be used as photoconductive material in electrophotographic elements. This compound is not sufficiently soluble in the resin binders of the instant invention to permit a sufficient rate of photo-induced discharge.

Straughan, U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,548, in pertinent part, discloses a xerographic plate having a photoconductive insulating layer comprising a composition of selenium, arsenic and a halogen. The halogen may be present in amounts from about 10 to 10,000 parts per million. This patent further discloses a xerographic plate having a support, a layer of selenium and an overlayer of a photoconductive material comprising a mixture of vitreous selenium, arsenic and a halogen.

The compound N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine is dispersed in an electrically inactive organic resinous material in order to form a charge transport layer for a multilayered device comprising a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The charge transport layer must be substantially non-absorbing in the spectral region of intended use, but must be "active" in that it allows injection of photo-excited holes from the photoconductive layer, i.e., the charge generation layer, and allows these holes to be transported through the charge transport layer.

Most organic charge transporting layers using active materials dispersed in organic binder materials have been found to trap charge carriers causing an unacceptable build-up of residual potential when used in a cyclic mode in electrophotography. Also, most organic charge transporting materials known when used in a layered configuration contiguous to an amorphous selenium charge generating layer have been found to trap charge at the interface between the two layers. This results in lowering the potential differences between the illuminated and non-illuminated regions when these structures are exposed to an image. This, in turn, lowers the print density of the end product, i.e., the electrophotographic copy.

In addition, most of the organic transport materials known to date are found to undergo deterioration when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, e.g. U.V. emitted from corotrons, lamps, etc.

Another consideration which is necessary in the system is the glass transition temperature (T.sub.g). The (T.sub.g) of the transport layer has to be substantially higher than the normal operating temperatures. Many organic charge transporting layers using active materials dispersed in organic binder material have unacceptable low (T.sub.g) at loadings of the active material in the organic binder material which is required for efficient charge transport. This results in the softening of the matrix of the layer and, in turn, becomes susceptible to impaction of dry developers and toners. Another unacceptable feature of a low (T.sub.g) is the case of leaching or exudation of the active materials from the organic binder material resulting in degradation of charge transport properties from the charge transport layer.

It was found that N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dispersed in an organic binder transports charge very efficiently without any trapping when this layer is used contiguous with a generation layer and subjected to charge/light discharge cycles in an electrophotographic mode. There is no buildup of the residual potential over many thousands of cycles.

Furthermore, when N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dispersed in a binder are used as transport layers contiguous a charge generation layer, there is no interfacial trapping of the charge photogenerated in and injected from the generating layer. No deterioration in charge transport was observed in these transport layers containing N,N'-diphneyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

Furthermore, the transport layers comprising N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dispersed in a binder were found to have sufficiently high (T.sub.g) even at high loadings, thereby eliminating the problems associated with low (T.sub.g) as discussed above.

None of the above-mentioned art overcomes the abovementioned problems. Furthermore, none of the above-mentioned art discloses specific charge generating material in a separate layer which is overcoated with a charge-transport layer comprising an electrically insulating resinous matrix material comprising an electrically inactive resinous material having dispersed therein N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine. The charge transport material is substantially non-absorbing in the spectral region of intended use, but is "active" in that it allows injection of photogenerated holes from the charge generation layer and allows these holes to be transported therethrough. The charge-generating layer is a photoconductive layer which is capable of photogenerating and injecting photogenerated holes into the contiguous charge-transport layer.

It has also been found that when an alloy of selenium and arsenic containing a halogen is used as a charge carrier generation layer in a multilayered device which contains a contiguous charge carrier transport layer, the member, as a result of using this particular charge generation layer, has unexpectedly high contrast potentials as compared to similar multilayered members using other generating layers. Contrast potentials are important characteristics which determined print density.

It is an object of this invention to provide a novel imaging system.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a novel photoconductive device adapted for cyclic imaging which overcomes the above-noted disadvantages.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a photoconductive member comprising a generating layer, preferably a generation layer of either of trigonal selenium or an alloy of arsenic-selenium containing a halogen preferably iodine, and a charge transport layer comprising an electrically inactive resinous material having dispersed therein N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

It is another object of this invention to provide a novel imaging member capable of remaining flexible while still retaining its electrical properties after extensive cycling and exposure to the ambient, i.e., oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, elevated temperatures, etc.

It is another object of this invention to provide a novel imaging member which has no bulk trapping of charge upon extensive cycling.

The foregoing objects and others are accomplished in accordance with this invention by providing a photoconductive member having at least two operative layers. The first layer comprises a layer of photoconductive material which is capable of photogenerating and injecting photogenerated holes into a contiguous or adjacent electrically active layer. The electrically active material comprises an electrically inactive resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine. The active overcoating layer, i.e., the charge transport layer, is substantially non-absorbing to visible light or radiation in the region of intended use but is "active" in that it allows the injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer, i.e., charge generation layer, and allows these holes to be transported through the active charge transport layer to selectively discharge a surface charge on the surface of the active layer.

It was found that, unlike the prior art, when N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-diamine was dispersed in an organic binder this layer transports charge very efficiently without any trapping of charges when this layer is used contiguous to a generator layer and subjected to charge/light discharge cycles in an electrophotographic mode. There is no buildup of the residual potential over thousands of cycles.

As mentioned, the foregoing objects and others may be accomplished in accordance with this invention by providing a specifically preferred photoconductive member having at least two operative layers. The first layer being a most preferred specie which consists essentially of a mixture of amorphous selenium, arsenic and a halogen. Arsenic is present in amounts from about 0.5 percent to about 50 percent by weight and the halogen is present in amounts from about 10 to about 10,000 parts per million with the balance being amorphous selenium. This layer is capable of photogenerating and injecting photogenerated holes into a contiguous or adjacent charge transport layer. The charge transport layer consists essentially of an electrically inactive resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

Furthermore, the transport layers comprising the N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine of the instant invention dispersed in a binder were found to have sufficiently high (T.sub.g) even at high loadings thereby eliminating the problems associated with low (T.sub.g). The prior art suffers from this deficiency.

Furthermore, no deterioration in charge transport was observed when these transport layers containing N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dispersed in a binder were subjected to ultraviolet radiation encountered in its normal usage in a xerographic machine environment. The prior art also suffers from this deficiency.

Therefore, when members containing charge transport layers comprising electrically inactive resinous material having N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine of the instant invention are exposed to ambient conditions, i.e., oxygen, U.V. radiation, etc., these layers remain stable and do not lose their electrical properties. Furthermore, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine does not crystallize and become insoluble in the electrically inactive resinous material into which these materials were originally dispersed. Therefore, since N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine does not appreciably react with oxygen or are not affected by U.V. radiation, normally encountered in their normal usage in a xerographic machine environment, the charge transport layer comprising an electrically inactive resinous material having N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine allow acceptable injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductor layer, i.e., charge generation layer, and allow these holes to be transported repeatedly through the active layer sufficiently to acceptably discharge a surface charge on the free surface of the active layer in order to form an acceptable electrostatic latent image.

As mentioned, when an alloy of selenium and arsenic containing a halogen of the instant invention is used as a charge carrier generation layer in a multilayered device which contains a contiguous charge carrier transport layer, the member, as a result of using this particular charge generation layer has unexpectedly high contrast potentials as compared to similar multilayered members using different generator layer materials.

A comparison is made between a 60 micron thick single layer photoreceptor member containing 64.5 percent by weight amorphous selenium, 35.5 percent by weight arsenic and 850 parts per million iodine and a multilayer member of the instant invention. The instant invention member used in the comparison is a multilayered device with a 0.2 micron thick charge generation layer of 35.5 percent by weight arsenic, 64.5 percent by weight amorphous selenium and 850 parts per million iodine. This charge generation layer is overcoated with a 30 micron thick charge transport layer of Makrolon.RTM., a polycarbonate resin, which has dispersed therein 40 percent by weight N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

The members are tested by the constant current charging mode. This is where the same amount of charge is placed on each member being tested. The multilayered device of the instant invention shows that its contrast potentials are more than those contrast potentials in the 60 micron thick single layer photoreceptor.

The members are tested by the constant voltage charging mode. This is where the same amount of voltage is placed across the member. The multilayered device of the instant invention shows that the xerographic sensitivity of this device is about 30 percent higher than the xerographic sensitivity in the 60 micron thick single layer member.

From the above, it is clear that unexpectedly, the xerographic sensitivities of the multilayered devices of the instant invention are much higher than the xerographic sensitivities of the 60 micron thick single layered member.

"Electrically active" when used to define active layer 15 means that the material is capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the generating material and capable of allowing the transport of these holes through the active layer in order to discharge a surface charge on the active layer.

"Electrically inactive" when used to describe the organic material which does not contain any N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine means that the material is not capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the generating material and is not capable of allowing the transport of these holes through the material.

It should be understood that the electrically inactive resinous material which becomes electrically active when it contains from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine does not function as a photoconductor in the wavelength region of intended use. As stated above, hole-electron pairs are photogenerated in the photoconductive layer and the holes are then injected into the active layer and hole transport occurs through this active layer.

A typical application of the instant invention involves the use of a layered configuration member which in one embodiment consists of a supporting substrate such as a conductor containing a photoconductive layer thereon. For example, the photoconductive layer may be in the form of amorphous, vitreous or trigonal selenium or alloys of selenium such as selenium-arsenic, selenium tellurium-arsenic and selenium-tellurium. A charge transport layer of electrically inactive resinous material, e.g., polycarbonates having dispersed therein from about 15 percent to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine which allows for hole injection and transport is coated over the selenium photoconductive layer. Generally, a thin interfacial barrier or blocking layer is sandwiched between the photoconductive layer and the substrate. The barrier layer may comprise any suitable electrically insulating material such as metallic oxide or organic resin. The use of the polycarbonate containing N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine allows one to take advantage of placing a photoconductive layer adjacent to a supporting substrate and protecting the photoconductive layer with a top surface which will allow for the transport of photogenerated holes from the photoconductor, and at the same time function to physically protect the photoconductive layer from environmental conditions. This structure can then be imaged in the conventional xerographic manner which usually includes charging, optical projection exposure and development.

The formula of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine is as follows:

In general, the advantages of the improved structure and method of imaging will become apparent upon consideration of the following disclosure of the invention, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a device of the instant invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a second embodiment of the device for the instant invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a third embodiment of the device of the instant invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the device of the instant invention.

FIG. 1 designates imaging member 10 in the form of a plate which comprises a supporting substrate 11 having a binder layer 12 thereon, and a charge transport layer 15 positioned over binder layer 12. Substrate 11 is preferably made up of any suitable conductive material. Typical conductors include aluminum, steel, brass, graphite, dispersed conductive salts, conductive polymers or the like. The substrate may be rigid or flexible and of any conventional thickness. Typical substrates include flexible belts or sleeves, sheets, webs, plates, cylinders and drums. The substrate or support may also comprise a composite structure such as a thin conductive layer such as aluminum or copper iodide, or glass coated with a thin conductive coating of chromium or tin oxide.

In addition, if desired, an electrically insulating substrate may be used. In this instance, the charge may be placed upon the insulating member by double corona charging techniques well known and disclosed in the art. Other modifications using an insulating substrate or no substrate at all include placing the imaging member on a conductive backing member or plate and charging the surface while in contact with said backing member. Subsequent to imaging, the imaging member may then be stripped from the conductive backing.

Binder layer 12 contains photoconductive particles 13 dispersed randomly without orientation in binder 14. The photoconductive particles may consist of any suitable inorganic or organic photoconductor and mixtures thereof. Inorganic materials include inorganic crystalline photoconductive compounds and inorganic photoconductive glasses. Typical inorganic crystalline compounds include cadmium sulfoselenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide and mixtures thereof. Typical inorganic photoconductive glasses include amorphous selenium and selenium alloys such as selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-arsenic and selenium-arsenic and mixtures thereof. Selenium may also be used in a crystalline form known as trigonal selenium. A method of making a photosensitive imaging device utilizing trigonal selenium comprises vacuum evaporating a thin layer of vitreous selenium onto a substrate, forming a relatively thicker layer of electrically active organic material over said selenium layer, followed by heating the device to an elevated temperature, e.g., 125.degree. C. to 210.degree. C., for a sufficient time, e.g., 1 to 24 hours, sufficient to convert the vitreous selenium to the crystalline trigonal form. Another method of making a photosensitive member which utilizes trigonal selenium comprises forming a dispersion of finely divided vitreous selenium particles in a liquid organic resin solution and then coating the solution onto a supporting substrate and drying to form a binder layer comprising vitreous selenium particles contained in an organic resin matrix. Then the member is heated to an elevated temperature, e.g., 100.degree. C. to 140.degree. C. for a sufficient time, e.g., 8 to 24 hours, which converts the vitreous selenium to the crystalline trigonal form.

Typical organic photoconductive material which may be used as charge generators include phthalocyanine pigment such as the X-form of metal-free phthalocyanine described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,357,989 to Byrne et al; metal phthalocyanines such as copper phthalocyanine; quinacridones available from DuPont under the tradename Monastral Red, Monastral Violet and Monastral Red Y; substituted 2,4-diamino-triazines disclosed by Weinberger in U.S. Pat. No. 3,445,227; triphenodioxazines disclosed by Weinberger in U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,781; polynuclear aromatic quinones available from Allied Chemical Corporation under the tradename Indofast Double Scarlet, Indofast Violet Lake B, Indofast Brilliant Scarlet and Indofast Orange.

Intermolecular charge transfer complexes such as a mixture of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and trinitrofluorenone (TNF) may be used as charge generating materials. These materials are capable of injecting photogenerated holes into the transport material.

Additionally, intramolecular charge transfer complexes, such as those disclosed in Limburg et al, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 454,484, filed Mar. 25, 1974, now abandoned; 454,485, filed Mar. 25, 1974, now abandoned; 454,486, filed Mar. 25, 1974, now abandoned; 454,487, filed Mar. 25, 1974, now abandoned; 374,157, filed June 27, 1973, now abandoned; and 374,187, filed June 27, 1973, now abandoned; may be used as charge generation materials capable of injecting photogenerated holes into the transport materials.

One of the most preferred embodiments is a 0.2 micron thick charge generation layer of 35.5 percent by weight arsenic, 64.5 percent by weight amorphous selenium and 850 parts per million iodine. This charge generation layer may be overcoated with a 30 micron thick charge transport layer of Makrolon.RTM., a polycarbonate resin, which has dispersed therein 40 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

The above list of photoconductors should in no way be taken as limiting, but merely illustrative as suitable materials. The size of the photoconductive particles is not particularly critical; but particles in a size range of about 0.01 to 1.0 microns yield particularly satisfactory results.

Binder material 14 may comprise any electrically insulating resin such as those described in the above-mentioned Middleton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006. When using an electrically inactive or insulating resin, it is essential that there be particle-to-particle contact between the photoconductive particles. This necessitates that the photoconductive material be present in an amount of at least about 10 percent by volume of the binder layer with no limitation on the maximum amount of photoconductor in the binder layer. If the matrix or binder comprises an active material, the photoconductive material need only to comprise about 1 percent or less by volume of the binder layer with no limitation on the maximum amount of the photoconductor in the binder layer. The thickness of the photoconductive layer is not critical. Layer thicknesses from about 0.05 to 20.0 microns have been found satisfactory, with a preferred thickness of about 0.2 to 5.0 microns yielding good results.

Another embodiment is where the photoconductive material may be particles of amorphous selenium-arsenic-halogen as shown as particles 13 which may comprise from about 0.5 percent to about 50 percent by weight arsenic and the halogen may be present in amounts from about 10 to 10,000 parts per million with the balance being amorphous selenium. The arsenic preferred may be present from about 20 percent to about 40 percent by weight with 35.5 percent by weight being the most preferred. The halogen preferably may be iodine, chlorine or bromine. The most preferred halogen is iodine. The remainder of the alloy or mixture is preferably selenium.

Active layer 15 comprises a transparent electrically inactive organic resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl'N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine. The addition of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine to the electrically inactive organic resinous material forms the charge transport layer and results in the charge transport layer being capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer and allowing the transport of these holes through the organic layer to selectively discharge a surface charge. Therefore, active layer 15 must be capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer and allowing the transport of these holes sufficiently through the active layer to selectively discharge the surface charge.

In general, the thickness of active layer 15 should be from about 5 to 100 microns, but thicknesses outside this range can also be used.

Active layer 15 may comprise any transport electrically inactive resinous material such as those described in the abovementioned Middleton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The electrically inactive organic material also contains at least 15 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, preferably from about 15 percent to about 75 percent by weight.

Active layer 15 must be capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer and allowing the transport of these holes through the organic layer to selectively discharge the surface charge. Typical electrically inactive organic materials may comprise polycarbonates, acrylate polymers, vinyl polymers, cellulose polymers, polyesters, polysiloxanes, polyamides, polyurethanes and epoxies as well as block, random, alternating or graft copolymers. In addition to Middleton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, an extensive list of suitable electrically inactive resinous materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,516, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

The preferred electrically inactive resinous material are polycarbonate resins. The preferred polycarbonate resins have a molecule weight (Mw) from about 20,000 to about 120,000, more preferably from about 50,000 to about 120,000.

The materials most preferred as the electrically inactive resinous material is poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) with a molecular weight (Mw) of from about 35,000 to about 40,000, available as Lexan.RTM. 145 from General Electric Company; poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) with a molecular weight (Mw) of from about 40,000 to about 45,000, available as Lexan.RTM. 141 from the General Electric Company; a polycarbonate resin having a molecule weight (Mw) of from about 50,000 to about 120,000 available as Makrolon.RTM. from Farbenfabricken Bayer A.G. and a polycarbonate resin having a molecular weight (Mw) of from about 20,000 to about 50,000 available as Merlon.RTM. from Mobay Chemical Company.

In another embodiment of the instant invention, the structure of FIG. 1 is modified to insure that the photoconductive particles are in the form of continuous chains through the thickness of binder layer 12. This embodiment is illustrated by FIG. 2 in which the basic structure and materials are the same as those in FIG. 1, except the photoconductive particles are in the form of continous chains. Layer 14 of FIG. 2 more specifically may comprise photoconductive materials in a multiplicity of interlocking photoconductive continuous paths through the thickness of layer 14, the photoconductive paths being present in a volume concentration based on the volume of said layer, of from about 1 to 25 percent.

A further alternative for layer 14 of FIG. 2 comprises photoconductive material in substantial particle-to-particle contact in the layer in a multiplicity of interlocking photoconductive paths through the thickness of said member, the photoconductive paths being present in a volume concentration, based on the volume of the layer, of from about 1 to 25 percent.

Alternatively, the photoconductive layer may consist entirely of a substantially homogeneous photoconductive material such as a layer of amorphous selenium, a selenium alloy or a powder or sintered photoconductive layer such as cadmium sulfoselenide or phthalocyanine. This modification is illustrated by FIG. 3 in which the photosensitive member 30 comprises a substrate 11, having a homogeneous photoconductive layer 16 with an overlying active organic transport layer 15 which comprises an electrically inactive organic resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

Another modification of the layered configuration described in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 include the use of a blocking layer 17 at the substrate-photoconductor interface. This configuration is illustrated by photosensitive member 40 in FIG. 4 in which the substrate 11 and photosensitive layer 16 are separated by a blocking layer 17. The blocking layer functions to prevent the injection of charge carriers from the substrate into the photoconductive layer. Any suitable blocking material may be used. Typical materials include nylon, epoxy and aluminum oxide.

It should be understood that in the layered configurations described in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4, the photoconductive material preferably is selected from the group consisting of amorphous selenium, trigonal selenium, selenium alloys selected from the group consisting essentially of selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-arsenic, and selenium-arsenic and mixtures thereof. One of the photoconductive material which is preferred is trigonal selenium.

Active layer 15, i.e., the charge transport layer, comprises an electrically inactive organic resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, is non-absorbing to light in the wavelength region of use to generate carriers in the photoconductive layer. This preferred range for xerographic utility is from about 4,000 to about 8,000 angstrom units. In addition, the photoconductor should be responsive to all wavelengths from 4,000 to 8,000 angstrom units if panchromatic responses are required. All photoconductor-active material combination of the instant invention results in the injection and subsequent transport of holes across the physical interface between the photoconductor and the active material.

The reason for the requirement that active layer 15, i.e., charge transport layer, should be transparent is that most of the incident radiation is utilized by the charge carrier generator layer for efficient photogeneration.

Charge transport layer 15, i.e., the electrically inactive organic resinous material containing N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, will exhibit negligible, if any, discharge when exposed to a wavelength of light useful in xerography, i.e., 4,000 to 8,000 angstroms. Therefore, the obvious improvement in performance which results from the use of the two-layered systems can best be realized if the active materials, i.e., electrically inactive organic resinous material containing N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, are substantially transparent to radiation in a region in which the photoconductor is to be used; as mentioned, for any absorption of desired radiation by the active material will prevent this radiation from reaching the photoconductive layer where it is much more effectively utilized. Therefore, the active layer which comprises an electrically inactive organic resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine is a substantially non-photoconductive material in the range of from about 4,000 to 8,000A which supports injection of photogenerated holes from the photoconductive layer. This material is further characterized by the ability to transport the carrier even at the lowest electrical fields developed in electrophotography.

The active transport layer which is employed in conjunction with the photoconductive layer in the instant invention is a material which is an insulator to the extent that the electrostatic charge placed on said active transport layer is not conducted in the absence of illumination, i.e., with a rate sufficient to prevent the formation and retention of an electrostatic latent image thereon.

In general, the thickness of the active layer preferably is from about 5 to 100 microns, but thicknesses outside this range can also be used. The ratio of the thickness of the active layer, i.e., charge transport layer, to the photoconductive layer, i.e., charge generator layer, preferably should be maintained from about 2:1 to 200:1 and in some instances as great as 400:1.

The following examples further specifically define the present invention with respect to a method of making a photosensitive member containing a photoconductive layer, i.e., charge generator layer, contiguous to an active organic layer, i.e., charge transport layer comprising an electrically inactive organic resinous material having dispersed therein from about 15 to about 75 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.

The percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. The examples below are intended to illustrate various preferred embodiments of the instant invention.

In a 1000 milliliter, round bottom, three necked flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer and a dropping funnel which is flushed with argon, is placed 500 milliliters of anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Then 100.8 grams (1.8 moles) of powdered potassium hydroxide is added to the flask. The mixture is then stirred for 15 minutes. Then 100.8 grams (0.3 moles) of N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine is added to the mixture. The mixture is now a deep red heterogeneous mixture. The mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then 200 grams (1.2 moles) of benzyl bromide is added portionwise to the mixture. The mixture is intermittently cooled in order to maintain the temperature between 20.degree. C. and 40.degree. C. The mixture is then stirred for 2 hours. The mixture becomes brown in color. The mixture is then poured into 1000 milliliters of benzene. The mixture is then extracted with water 4 times using about 2.5 liters of water each time. The mixture is then dried with magnesium sulfate. The benzene is then evaporated from the mixture leaving a black sludge residue. To this add 1 liter of acetone and heat to reflux for about 10 minutes. Let the mixture cool and filter the red solid from the mixture. Then column chromatrograph using Woelm neutral alumina, evaporate eluent. Then wash residue with methanol and dry. This yields 90 grams of white crystals of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine with a melting point of from 141.degree. C. to 142.degree. C. Additional products may be recovered from the column which equals 35 grams. The total yield is 81 percent.

A photosensitive layer structure similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3 comprises an aluminized Mylar substrate, having a 1 micron layer of amorphous selenium over the substrate, and a 22 micron thick layer of a charge transport material comprising 50 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmehtyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine and 50 percent by weight of poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) (Lexan.RTM. 145, obtained from General Electric Company) over the amorphous selenium layer. The member is prepared by the following technique:

A 1 micron layer of vitreous selenium is formed over an aluminized Mylar.RTM. substrate by conventional vacuum deposition technique such as those disclosed by Bixby in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,753,278 and 2,970,906.

A charge transport layer is prepared by dissolving in 135 grams of methylene chloride, 10 grams of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine as prepared in Example I and 10 grams of poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) (Lexan.RTM. 145, obtained from General Electric Company). The dispersion is mixed to form a homogeneous solution. A layer of the above mixture is formed on the vitreous selenium layer using a Bird Film Applicator. The coating is then vacuum dried at 40.degree. C. for 18 hours to form a 22 micron thin dry layer of charge transport material.

The plate is tested electrically by negatively charging the plate to a field of 60 volts/micron and discharging it at a wavelength of 4,200 angstrom units at 2 .times. 10.sup.12 photons/cm.sup.2 seconds. The plate exhibits satisfactory discharge at the above fields and is capable of use in forming visible images. The plate is then cycled for 1000 cycles in a Xerox 9200 duplication machine. After cycling, the plate is examined and found to have (1) excellent flexibility, (2) no deterioration due to brittleness and (3) has not crystallized and no deterioration in electrical properties.

0.328 grams of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and 0.0109 grams of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone are dissolved in 14 ml of benzene. 0.44 grams of submicron trigonal selenium particles are added to the mixture. The entire mixture is ball milled on a Red-Devil paint shaker for 15 to 60 minutes in a 2 oz. amber colored glass jar containing 100 grams of 1/8 inch diameter steel shot. Approximately 2 microns thick layer of the slurry in coated on an aluminized Mylar.RTM. substrate precoated with an approximately 0.5 micron Flexclad.RTM. adhesive interface which acts as a blocking layer. This member is evaporated at 100.degree. C. for 24 hours and then slowly cooled to room temperature. The charge transport layer is prepared by dissolving in 90 grams of tetrahydrofuran (THF) 18.0 grams of N,N;-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine as prepared in Example I and 10 grams of poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) with molecule weight (Mw) of about 38,000 available as Lexan.RTM. 145 from General Electricl Company. A layer of the above mixture is formed on the trigonal selenium containing layer by applying the mixtures with a Bird Film Applicator. The coating is then dryed in vacuum at 80.degree. C. for 48 hours. The plate is tested electrically by negatively charging the plate to a field of 60 volts/micron and discharging it at a wavelength of 4,200 angstrom units at 2 .times. 10.sup.12 photons/cm.sup.2 seconds. The plate exhibits satisfactory discharge at the above fields and is capable of use in forming visible images.

A photosensitive layer structure similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3 comprises an aluminized Mylar.RTM. substrate, having a 0.2 micron layer of amorphous selenium-arsenic containing a halogen over the substrate, and a 30 micron thick layer of a charge transport material comprising 50 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine and 50 percent by weight poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) (Lexan.RTM. 145, obtained from General Electric Company) over the amorphous selenium-arsenic-halogen layer. The member is prepared by the following technique:

A mixture of about 35.5 percent by weight of arsenic and about 64.5 percent by weight of selenium and about 850 parts per million (ppm) of iodine are sealed in a Pyrex.RTM. vial and reacted at about 525.degree. C. for about 3 hours in a rocking furnance. The mixture is then cooled to about room temperature, removed from the Pyrex.RTM. vial and placed in a quartz crucible within a bell jar. An aluminum plate is supported about 12 inches above the crucible and maintained at a temperature of about 70.degree. C. The bell jar is then evacuated to a pressure of about 5 .times. 10.sup.-5 torr and the quartz crucible is heated to a temperature of about 380.degree. C. to evaporate the mixture onto the aluminum plate. The crucible is kept at the evaporation temperature for approximately 30 minutes. At the end of this time the crucible is permitted to cool and the finished plate is removed from the bell jar.

A charge transport layer is prepared by dissolving in 135 grams of methylene chlorine, 10 grams of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine as prepared in Example I and 10 grams of poly(4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenylene carbonate) (Lexan.RTM. 145, obtained from General Electric Company). The solution is mixed to form a homogeneous dispersion. A layer of the above mixture is formed on the vitreous selenium-arsenic-iodine layer using a Bird Film Applicator. The coating is then vacuum dried at 80.degree. C. for 18 hours to form a 30 micron thin dry layer of charge transport material. The plate is tested electrically by negatively charging the plate to a field of 60 volts/micron and discharging it at a wavelength of 4,200 angstrom units at 2 .times. 10.sup.12 photons/cm.sup.2 seconds. The plate exhibits satisfactory discharge at the above fields and is capable of use in forming visible images. The plate is then cycled for 1000 cycles in a Xerox 9200 duplicating machine. After cycling, the plate is examined and found to have (1) excellent flexibility, (2) no deterioration due to brittleness and (3) has not crystallized and (4) no deterioration in electrical properties.

Other modifications and ramifications of the present invention which appear to those skilled in the art upon reading of the disclosure are also intended to be within the scope of this invention.