US 4,104,489 AGrant
Holographic Memory With Fringe Stabilizing Compensation for Recording Medium Motion
Issue Date:1978-08-01
•18 Claims
•14 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The holographic recording system comprises a pair of aligned first and second Fourier transforming lenses, a holographic beam splitter having a series of random phase illumination holograms at a front focal plane of the first lens and arranged to move in a given direction to successively receive a light beam for deffracting it into a zero-order diffracted beam and a first-order diffracted array of sampled, phase shifted beams, and a mask having a first and second apertures disposed at the Fourier transform plane of the first lens. A page composer having electrooptical transducers is positioned in the second aperture to receive the first-order diffracted array of beams to spatially optically modulate the incident beams in accordance with one of successive groups of binary signals. The zero-order diffracted beam is allowed to pass through the first aperture and the first-order diffracted array of spatially modulated beams are focused by the second lens to produce interference fringes between the wavefronts of zero- and first-order beams on a Fourier transform plane of the second lens on which a recording medium is positioned. The holographic beam splitter and the recording medium are conjugate to each other relative to the lens system and moved in opposite directions at equal speeds in synchronism with the occurrence of each group of binary signals, a series of two-dimensional holograms of the binary information is recorded.
Metadata
Assignee
- Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Inventors
- Isao Satoh
- Makoto Kato
Application Information
Application Number:US 7687443
Filing Date:1977-02-15
Priority Date:1976-02-18
Art Unit:257
Classifications
IPC:
G03H 130G11B 700
Field of Search:
3503401793583.5173 LT;173 LM100.3 G128;130;132;127
Patent Drawings (14 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to holographic information recording and reproduction, and in particular to a system for recording a series of two-dimensional holograms each of a pattern of binary signals along a track of photographic medium. The present invention is particularly advantageous for recording audio signals on a disk.
Background of the Invention
As an alternative to the conventional mechanical groove recording, optical density recording utilizing a laser beam has been proposed to record video and/or audio information on a photosensitive disk. Since this optical recording permits the use of a non-contact type transducer during playback, the problem of impairing the quality of recorded information can be completely eliminated. To permit high quality recording of an analog signal, the signal should first be quantized and each quantized signal is encoded into a series of binary signals. One approach that has been proposed is to record such binary signals on a bit-by-bit basis. This requires that the signals be recorded on a track as wide as 1 micrometer, and consequently involves the use of a costly mechanism for playback to provide high precision tracking and focusing of beam onto the desired track. Because of the narrow width track, the recorded information is less immune to the effects of dust and scratches, a problem which somewhat offsets the advantages of the optical density recording.
Fourier transform holography has been considered as a solution to such problems. To provide recording of a Fourier transform hologram binary signals are converted into a two-dimensional pattern of binary optical densities and the interference fringe pattern of such optical information is recorded as a unit hologram on a photographic medium. It is however necessary that the recording medium be substantially motionless during exposure to the incident laser beam in order to obtain interference fringes of a tolerable degree of sharpness. It has been found that distance travelled by the recording medium during the exposure must be kept below one eighth of the spacing between successive fringes of the hologram being recorded. One approach that has been proposed to meet this requirement employed one-dimensional Fourier transform holography. The one-dimensional hologram is the record of a series of laterally spaced strip-like patterns successively arranged along the track and each strip-like pattern extending across the width of the track represents the Fourier spectrum while the optical density of each strip varies with the length of the track to represent the binary information. This method of recording can be regarded as a compromise between bit-by-bit direct recording and two-dimensional hologram recording because of its resemblance to the former in terms of the time-varying component of the recorded information and its likeness in someway to the latter in terms of the formation of interference fringes. However, it falls short of the latter in terms of the redundancy of information and the tolerance in precision required of the focusing and servo mechanisms.
The concept of recording a series of two-dimensional Fourier transform holograms has been precluded by the fact that the above-mentioned requirement can only be met if an extremely long period of time is allowed for recording, using methods conventionally available.
Summary of the Invention
The primary object of the invention is to provide a novel signal recording system which permits recording of a series of sharply defined, two-dimensional Fourier transform holograms of optically converted binary information substantially on a real time basis.
Another object of the invention is to provide a two-dimensional Fourier transform holography which permits high fidelity, wide dynamic range recording and reproduction of audio signal.
A further object of the invention is to provide a holographic information recording system in which the recorded information has a considerable redundancy that makes it immune to dust and scratches.
A further object of the invention is to provide a holographic information recording system which permits recording of a large volume of information.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a holographic information recording and reproduction system which eliminates the need of having a high precision type drive mechanism.
In accordance with the invention, the holographic recording system comprises a pair of aligned first and second Fourier transforming lenses, a page composer having an array of electrooptical transducers disposed in the Fourier transform plane of the first lens which is also a front focal plane of the second lens, and a holographic beam splitter having a series of random phase illumination holograms and disposed in the front focal plane of the first lens. A laser beam source is aligned with the optical axis of the first and second lenses or image forming lens system to illuminate the random phase illumination holograms. The illumination of each random phase illumination hologram will result in a zero-order diffracted beam and a first-order diffracted array of sampled, phase-shifted light beams. The first-order diffracted beams are the reconstructed image of a sampling mask having a plurality of light transmissive areas and a random phase mask having a plurality of equal number of phase shifting areas superimposed on the sampling mask and aligned such that the phase shifting areas are in a one-to-one correspondence with the transmissive areas of the sampling mask. The first-order diffracted array of beams is focused on the page composer where it is spatially modulated by discrete amounts in accordance with an optical pattern of data bits and the phase-shifted beams are focused on the Fourier transform plane of the second lens where a recording film is movably disposed. The zero-order diffracted beam is also focused by the second lens on the same point of the recording film to produce an interference fringe pattern, which is a two-dimensional Fourier transform hologram of the optical bit pattern. The beam splitter and the hologram recording film are in conjugate relationship to each other with respect to the image forming lens system.
A series of sharply defined interference fringe patterns is obtained by moving the holographic beam splitter and the hologram recording film in opposite directions at the same speed since the movement of beam splitter in a given direction causes the resulting interference fringes to drift in the opposite direction at the same speed on the recording film.
Audio signals are quantized and coded into a stream of binary signals. Each stream of bits for each quantization is spatially arranged and transferred in synchronism with the movement of the beam splitter and the hologram recording film to the page composer to energize the electrooptical transducers at one of binary excited states.
Since the page composer is illuminated with an array of sampled, phase shifted light beams, the resultant hologram contains redundant information and less speckle noise. Therefore, high quality, error-free PCM signals can be recorded to faithfully the original signal so that a dynamic range of about 100 dB can be attained.
Brief Description of the Drawings
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view in elevation of the optical section of the holographic recording system of the invention;
FIG. 1B and 1C are perspective views of the optical section;
FIG. 2A is a schematic circuit diagram of a data input circuit of the recording system of the invention illustrating a page composer used in the optical section of FIG. 1A in enlarged scale;
FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating servo control section of the recording system;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an optical arrangement with which an original random phase illumination hologram is prepared;
FIGS. 4A to 4C are illustrations in part of sampling and phase masks employed in the optical arrangement of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an optical arrangement with which the original random phase illumination hologram is reproduced in a convoluted spirally configured sequence on a recording disk which serves as a holographic beam splitter of FIG. 1A.
FIG. 5A is a front view of a mask used in the arrangement of FIG. 5;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the holographic beam splitter prepared in accordance with the arrangement of FIG. 5 illustrating a portion of random phase illumination holograms enlarged in scale;
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a drive circuit connected as an interface between the page composer and the data input circuit;
FIG. 8 is a circuit block diagram of another embodiment of the data input circuit of the recording system;
FIG. 9 is an exploded view of the page composer employed in the circuit of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is an illustration useful for describing the operation of a light modulator in relation with the switching performance of the page composer;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the recording system;
FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of the hologram playback system of the invention for reproducing the holograms as recorded in the system of the preceding Figures;
FIG. 13 is a perspective illustration of a part of hologram recording disk and an image sensor used in the embodiment of FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 illustrates waveforms of synchronization signals generated from the image sensor;
FIG. 15 is an illustration of a modified form of the page composer of FIG. 2A; and
FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a modified form of the optical system employed in the embodiment of FIG. 12.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
In FIGS. 1 and 2, the holographic system of the invention is illustrated as generally comprising an optical section (FIGS. 1A to 1C), a data input circuit (FIG. 2A), and a servo control section (FIG. 2B). In FIGS. 1A and 1B, the optical section of the system comprises a laser beam source 10 for providing a beam of substantially monochromatic light to a light modulator 12 for modulating the intensity of the incident light into high and low brightness levels with a signal applied thereto, and a double diffraction lens system 14 comprising a pair of Fourier transforming lenses 14a and 14b. A holographic beam splitter disk 16 is disposed to receive the intensity modulated laser beam at a focal distance from the first Fourier transforming lens 14a. A mask 18 is positioned in a Fourier transform plane of the first lens 14a which is also a front focal plane of the second lens 14b. A hologram recording disk 20 coated with a photosensitive film 22 is located in a Fourier transorm plane of the second lens 14b. The holographic beam splitter disk 16 and the hologram recording disk 20 are both turned clockwise at the same speed by motors 24 and 28, respectively. Motors 24 and 28 are coupled respectively to motor drive means 26 and 30 which moves the respective motors in a direction transverse to their axes of rotation in opposite directions.
As will be described later, the holographic beam splitter disk 16 comprises a convoluted spirally configured series of identical random phase illumination holograms (Fourier transform holograms) as illustrated separately in FIG. 6. As the disk 16 is turned clockwise each random phase illumination hologram 16a is positioned in the path of intensity modulated beam 13 at its high brightness level. Each hologram 16a when positioned in the path of beam 13 will diffract the incident light into a zero-order diffracted beam and a first-order diffracted array of sampled, randomly phase shifted light beams, both beams being focused by the first Fourier transforming lens 14a onto the mask 18.
The mask 18 is provided with a first aperture or a reference aperture 18a and a second or information bearing aperture 18b in which is positioned a page composer or light modulator 32 that spatially modulates in phase the incident light by discrete amounts in accordance with a set of binary signals applied thereto.
Through the first Fourier transforming lens 14a, the zero-order beam passes through the reference aperture 18a to serve as a reference beam and the first-order beams which pass through the information bearing aperture 18b. The second Fourier transofmring lens 14b is aligned to receive the zero- and first-order beams to bring them to focus on the hologram recording disk 20. A hologram is formed as at 22a as a result of interference between the zero- and first-order beams and a set of binary information applied to the light modulator 32 is recorded in the form of interference fringes.
In order to make a record of sharply defined interference fringes on disk 20, it is necessary that the disks 16 and 20 are both located in planes conjugate to each other and that the axes of rotation of both disks are located symmetrically opposite to each other with respect to the optical axis of the image forming lens system 14. Otherwise stated, the points of rotation of disks 16 and 20 must be conjugate to each other at all times. As seem in FIG. 1B, a clockwise rotation of disk 16 will cause the resultant interference fringes on disk 20 to drift in a direction opposite to the direction of movement of the hologram 16a on disk 16. By clockwise rotation of the disk 20 in synchronism with disk 16, it is possible to make the resultant interference fringes almost standstill with respect to the hologram recording disk 20.
FIG. 1C depicts an alternative arrangement of that shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. In the alternative arrangement the hologram recording disk 20 is positioned such that its axis of rotation is aligned to the axis of rotation of the holograhic beam splitter disk 16 and the disk 20 is turned in counterclockwise direction and laterally moved in the same direction as the disk 16. Therefore, both disks are turned in opposite directions but moved laterally to the axes of rotation in the same direction.
In step with the application of a set of binary signals to the page composer 32, a series of holograms 22a can be recorded on disk 20 in convoluted spirally configured tracks from outer to inner convolutions by laterally shifting the disks 16 and 20 in appropriate directions successively by the width of a track.
In FIG. 2A, the data input section of the system comprises a signal source 34 providing, for example, audio information to a PCM encoder 36 where the signal is sampled at a rate of 50 kHz, for example, using timing signal from clock source 38 and converted into a stream of 13 bits for each sampled signal. The output of 13 bits for each sample is clocked into a shift register 40 and transferred to a drive circuit 42.
The page composer 32 comprises an electrooptical plate 44 formed of a material capable of providing birefringent effect such as PLZT or DKDP and is positioned in the second aperture 18b of mask 18 and a plurality of rectangular electrodes 46 laterally spaced on the plate 44 in two columns. An electrooptical transducing rectangular area 48 is formed in the space between adjacent electrodes to impart a phase shift of 90.degree. to the incident light in response to the application of a potential difference between adjacent electrodes. In the illustrated embodiment, a ceramic plate of 9/65/35 PLZT polished to a thickness of 0.127 mm is employed as the electrooptical plate 44.
The composer drive circuit 42 is shown separately in FIG. 7 as comprising a plurality of two-level exclusive-OR gates identified by numerals 42.sub.2 to 42.sub.13 where the subscript represents the corresponding number of bit position #1 to #13 of the shift register 40 and the corresponding number of modulator electrodes 42.sub.2 and 42.sub.13. The first bit position of shift register is connected to the first modulator electrode 46.sub.1 through an amplifier 43. Each of the exclusive-OR gates 42.sub.2 to 42.sub.13 has its first input connected to the corresponding storage bit position and its output connected to the corresponding modulator electrode through amplifier 43. The second input of each gate is connected to the output of the adjacent gate associated with the preceding bit position except that the second input of gate 42.sub.2 is connected directly to the first bit position. A reference modulator electrodes 46.sub.0 is connected to ground to serve as a reference potential, and the first electrode 46.sub.1 is biased at a potential corresponding directly to the binary level of the first bit position of the shift register.
Assuming that contents of the shift register 40 are represented by a series of bits "01101 . . . 01", the first electrode 46.sub.1 is at zero so that no potential difference exists between electrodes 46.sub.0 and 46.sub.1 and consequently the space therebetween is not electrooptically excited and imparts a zero-degree phase shift to the incident light. The gate 42.sub.2 provides a "1" output to the second modulator electrode 46.sub.2 to thereby establish a potential gradient with respect to the electrode 46.sub.1 so that the space therebetween is electrooptically excited to impart a phase shift of 90.degree.. Since the output of the adjacent gate 42.sub.2 is "1", the gate 42.sub.3 places a "0" output to the third electrode 46.sub.3 so that a potential gradient exists relative to the preceding electrode 46.sub.3 so that a potential gradient exists relative to the preceding electrode 46.sub.2. Therefore, it will be understood that the space between adjacent ones of the modulator electrodes 46.sub.0 to 46.sub.13 is electrooptically made active at one of binary states depending on the binary state of the corresponding bit position of the shift register and the incident light on the light modulator 32 is spatially modulated in phase at one of zero and 90.degree..
The information stored in the shift registor 40 is cleared periodically in step with the output from a counter 50 which in response to a count of 13 bits from the clock source 38.
The output from the counter 50 is also connected to the light modulator 12 to achieve synchronization between it and the disks 16 and 20 and the page composer 32.
To achieve synchronization of the system the servo control section of the system shown in FIG. 2B includes a light detector 52 disposed to pickup the light reflected from the surface of the disk 16 to feed its output to one input of a phase detector 54. To the other input of the phase detector 54 is connected the output from the counter 50 for comparison in phase with the output from the light detector 52. The minimum light level of the beam from the light modulator 12 when the beam is substantially reduced in intensity is sufficient for the light detector 52 to provide its output, but lower than the light sensitive level of the hologram recording disk 20, so that the beam at the reduced light level is substantially reflected from the portions of the disk 16 where the illumination hologram are not recorded and picked up by the detector 52. The output from detector 52 thus represents the track speed of the disk 16.
The output from the phase detector 54 thus represents the deviation of the shifting speed of such hologram from the reference speed set by the timing signal from the counter 50, and is applied to the motor 24 through driver 56 so that the light modulator 12 is synchronized with the speed of the motor 24 to illuminate each hologram 16a with the pulsed beam 13.
The hologram recording disk 20 is also in synchronism with the disk 16. To achieve this, a light source 58 is provided to illuminate the periphery of the turnable 20 where a circle of equally spaced patterns 20a is constantly illuminated by the beam from the source 58. A light detector 60 is disposed to receive the light reflected from the pattern 20a to convert it into electrical pulses which are in turn fed into a phase detector 62 for comparison with the output from the counter 50. The detector 62 output is fed into the motor 28 through driver 64 so that the disk 29 is turned in synchronism both with the shifting of each illumination hologram and with the application of each set of binary signals to the light modulator 32.
In order to make full understanding of the present invention, reference is then had to FIGS. 3 and 4 in which is shown in arrangement for preparing an original random phase illumination hologram and then to FIG. 5 in which is shown an arrangement for preparing the holographic beam splitter disk 16 using the original random phase illumination hologram.
In FIG. 3, a mask 66 having a first aperture 66a and a second aperture 66b is positioned to receive a parallel coherent light beam. The first and second apertures of the mask 66 have the same dimensions as the dimensions of the first and second apertures 18a and 18b of mask 18, respectively. The beams passing through the apertures 66a and 66b are brought to a focus by a Fourier transforming lens 68 on a Fourier transform plane 70 on which a photographic recording film is disposed. In the second aperture 66b is positioned a sampling mask 72 and a random phase shift mask 74 superimposed on the sampling mask 72. In FIG. 4A, sampling mask 72 is partly shown as comprising an opaque material having a regular array of transparent areas or apertures 72a. A portion of the phase mask 74 is shown in FIG. 4B as comprising a light transmitting material having discretly varying depression 74a randomly arranged to impart a phase shift of 180.degree. (white areas) to the light incident on it, with the remaining areas (shaded areas) imparting a phase shift of 0.degree.. The sampling and phase masks are aligned such that each of the transparent areas of the former falls completely within one discrete phase shifting area of the latter. As shown in FIG. 4C, the combination of the two masks looks like a new mask where the light transmitted through half the transparent areas undergoes a phase shift of 180.degree. while the light transmitted through the remaining areas undergoes a zero phase shift. The combination of these masks is placed in aperture 66b in the front focal plane of the Fourier transforming lens 68 and is illuminated with the coherent light beam, so that the beam passing therethrough is an array of sampled, randomly phase-shifted beams of light. The coherent light beam passing through the first aperture 66a serves as a reference beam so that a hologram is formed on the Fourier transform plane 70. It will be understood that the hologram thus produced is of Fourier transform type, and it is the Fourier transform hologram that is arranged in sequence in the holographic beam splitter disk 16.
The use of such illumination holograms as a beam splitter is advantageous in that coherence requirement (monochromaticity and spatial dispersion) of the light incident thereon is considerably eased as fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,380 issued to Makoto Kato et al. assigned to the same assignee of the present invention.
The original random phase illumination, or Fourier transform hologram 70 is located at a front focal plane of a Fourier transforming lens 76 as shown in FIG. 5 and subject to illumination of a substantially monochromatic light beam from a source 78. A mask 80, separately shown in FIG. 5A, is positioned in the rear focal plane of the lens 76 which is also a front focal plane of a second Fourier transforming lens 82. The mask 80 is provided with first and second apertures 80a and 80b having equal dimensions to the first and second apertures respectively of the mask 66 employed in the record of the original Fourier transform hologram in connection with FIG. 3. A hologram disk 84 is positioned in the rear focal plane of the second lens 82 and is driven by a motor 86 which is in turn carried on a suitable moving means 88 to move the disk 84 in a direction transverse to the axis of rotation of the disk 84 as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 5. A light modulator or shutter 90 is disposed to interrupt the passage of beam from source 78 periodically in synchronism with the speed of the motor 86.
Since the original hologram 70 is a record of the interference fringe pattern of the combination of sampling mask 72 and phase mask 74 (FIG. 4C), the first-order diffracted beams from the hologram 70 are the reconstructed image of the combination sampling and phase masks and are focused on the second aperture 80b of mask 80 in the rear focal plane of the lens 76 and then focused on the rear focal plane of the second lens 82 in which the recording medium 84 is placed. The zero-order diffracted beam passes through the first aperture 80a of mask 80 and is focused on the recording medium 80 to produce a replica of the original hologram 70. Many of such replicas of the original hologram are recorded in convoluted spirally configured tracks as shown in a rather exaggerated illustration of FIG. 6 which has been referred to previously in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 1.
Therefore it will be understood that by placement of the hologram recorded disc thus produced in the position of the holographic beam splitter 16 of FIG. 1 the electrooptical transducer 32 is illuminated by the reconstructed image of the combination of phase mask and sampling mask as previously described. This permits the record of a highly redundant hologram on disk 20.
The phase mask 74 of FIG. 4B may be replaced to advantage with a pseudo-random phase mask as disclosed by Makoto Kato in copending U.S. patent application filed on July 31, 1975 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,037,918). As disclosed in the copending application, the pseudo-random phase mask comprises an array of approximately equal number of phase shifting squares for each one of m360.degree./N phase shifts where "m" is an integer ranging from unity to N and N is the number of phase shifts including zero phase shift. The phase shifting areas are arranged in a pattern of rows and columns such that the difference in phase shift between orthogonally adjacent areas or squares is 360.degree./N. Therefore, if N=4, the phase difference between orthogonally adjacent areas is 90.degree.. The use of pseudo-random phase mask in combination with the sampling mask 72 allows the elimination of objectionable coherent noise.
Information storage density of each final hologram can be increased by arranging the electrodes of the light modulator 32 in a pattern of rows and columns using a buffer memory for storing the binary encoded signals. FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment for the purpose of increasing the storage capacity of the hologram recording disk. In FIG. 8 the PCM signals are stored as a group of 256 bits in a specified storage location of a buffer memory 92 which is addressed by an address register 94 and transferred to a Y-decoder 98. An X-decoder 96 is provided to successively apply an enabling potential to its output leads. The decoders 96 and 98 may be of the type SN-74154 manufactured by Texas Instruments. The X- and Y-decoders are addressed respectively by address registers 100 and 102. A control circuit 104 receives clock pulses from its source 106 to generate control signals for the address register 94, 100 and 102.
The light modulator 32 comprises a matrix of electrodes arranged in a pattern of rows and columns as separately illustrated in FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, column electrodes X.sub.1 to X.sub.16 are connected to the output leads of the X-decoder 96 and arranged on a light transmitting substrate 110 by vacuum vapor deposition method. Similarly, row electrodes Y.sub.1 to Y.sub.16 are connected to the output leads of the Y-decoder 98 and arranged on a light transmitting substrate 114. The electrodes 108 and 112 are made of light transmissive conductive material and arranged to intersect each other. The substrates 110 and 114 are assembled together with a framed structure or Mylar spacer 116 held therebetween to define an air tight space. In the air tight space lies a layer of nematic liquid crystals, so that the portion of the liquid crystal layer where an electrical field is established is excited to impart a phase shift of 90.degree. to the incident light. The X- and Y-decoders are designed to apply one of binary potentials to its output leads in sequence under the control of the timing signals from the control circuit 104 such that while a column electrode X.sub.1 is enabled or biased at a binary potential "1", the Y-decoder 98 is addressed to apply binary potentials ("1" and "0") transferred from the buffer memory 92 in sequence to the row electrodes Y.sub.1 to Y.sub.16 so that the portions of the crystal layer along the electrode X.sub.1 where X and Y potentials coincide are excited to impart a phase shift of 90.degree. to the incident light and remains excited for a length of time determined by the characteristic decay time of the liquid crystal. The X-decoder 96 is addressed to successively shift its enabling potential to adjacent electrodes and the above process is repeated until electrode X.sub.16 is reached. Therefore, it is necessary that the liquid crystal be capable of staying in the excited state to hold the stored information until a total of 256 bits of information is delivered from the Y-decoder 98. Otherwise stated, the number of bits stored on light modulator 32 depends on the decay time of the liquid crystal.
The hologram recording disk 20 is coated with photoresist which, after recording is completed, will be chemically etched to form a relief. The hologram relief is then used as a master disk for copying the recorded material into polyvinyl sheets by stamping for mass production.
To evaluate the present invention in terms of time required to record an audio signal equivalent to the conventional four-channel 30 cm-diameter stereo record, reference is now made to FIG. 10 in which the waveform of the pulses applied to the light modulator 12 is shown (FIG. 10A) in relation to the switching performance of the electrooptical transducers of the modulator 32 (FIG. 10B) in response to the applied binary signals and to the area of each random phase illumination hologram on the disk 16 (FIG. 10C).
The light modulator 12 is synchronized to emit a light pulse 120 when the electrooptical transducer is switched completely to the stable state during the exposure time designated by "t.sub.exp ". The beam incident on the holographic beam splitter 16 is shown as a circle 122 and and each hologram on disk 16 is depicted as a series of squares arranged on a track 126, each being indicated by shaded area 124 having dimensions of DH.sub.1 .times. DH.sub.2, where DH.sub.1 represents the width of the track and DH.sub.1 represents the width of each hologram. The holograms 124 are spaced at an interval of (.beta.H-1) DH.sub.2 (in this example .beta.H=1.25). The hologram 124a is exposed to the light beam shown as a circle 122a at the instant corresponding to the leading edge of the light pulse 120 and the beam continues to illuminate it until at the trailing edge of the light pulse 120 where the light beam terminates in a position as indicated by a circle 122b.
The electrooptical transducer 32 is allowed to switch off and on during the time interval "t.sub.f + t.sub.r " indicating respectively the fall and rise times. Therefore, the time taken to record a single final hologram on the hologram recording disk 20 is given by
where, PH is the interval between the trailing edge of a previous hologram and the trailing edge of the hologram of interest. The speed of rotation (rpm) of the disk 16 as well as disk 20 is expressed by ##STR1## where, d.sub.1 is the diameter of the outermost track. The exposure time "t.sub.exp " is also given by the following equation: ##STR2## where, Em is a coefficient determined by the photosensitivity of the material used as the hologram recording disk 20, .eta..sub.01 represents the optical efficiency of the image forming system 14, and P is the laser output. If it is assumed that photoresist AZ 1350 is used as the photographic material, the suitable values for Em = 24 mJ/cm.sup.2 and .eta..sub.01 = 0.10. If P = 75 mW and d.sub.1 = 290 mm, then the exposure time t.sub.exp is 320 microseconds. Assuming the time interval (t.sub.f + t.sub.r) be 1.5 milliseconds, the time (t.sub.Rec) needed to record a single final hologram on the disk 20 will be approximately 2 milliseconds, so that N will be 8.23 rpm.
The time required to record the entire sequence of holograms is given by ##STR3## where, d.sub.2 is the diameter of the innermost track, .beta.T DH.sub.1 is the pitch with which the record tracks are laterally spaced.
Assuming that .beta.T = 1.10, d.sub.2 = d.sub.1 /2, then T.sub.Rec will be approximately a practical value of 1.2 hours. Furthermore, applicants' experiments showed that the permissible value of flutter is 0.18%.
FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which, instead of using disks for the record of both Fourier transform illumination holograms and final holograms, photographic recording tapes are employed such as used in motion picture films. Therefore, this embodiment is particularly useful for motion-picture sound track recording. As illustrated, a series of random phase illumination hologram as described previously is recorded in advance along the length of an endless-tape photographic film 130 which is transported by engagement between a capstan 132 and a roller 134 through guide posts 136 and 138 in endless fashion. A hologram recording tape 140 is coiled at respective ends around a takeup reel 142 and a supply reel 144 and supported between guide posts 146 and 148 so that the elongate section of the film 140 between guides 146 and 148 are parallel with the elongate section of the beam splitter tape 130. The capstan 132 and takeup reel 142 are both driven by a suitable drive means 150 such that the elongate sections of both film tapes are transported in opposite directions as indicated by the arrows A and B at the same speed in synchronism with a speed control signal delivered from the servo system 152 in a manner identical to that described previously in connection with FIG. 2B. A servo control signal from the recording film is generated by impinging a light beam from a light source 141 onto a series of perforations 145 provided on the edge of the film 140 and sensing the reflected light by means of a light detector 143, and another control signal is obtained from a detector 147 positioned adjacent to the beam splitter tape 130. Between the elongate sections of both tapes is provided the image forming lens system 14 as described previously and mask 18 at position identical to that described with reference to FIG. 1A. The present embodiment is also suitable for recording a large number of data in the form of hologram as compared to the disk system.
In FIG. 12 there is shown a holographic playback system embodying the present invention to reproduce the original signal recorded in the form of a series of two-dimensional holograms.
The playback system comprises a turntable 160 (formed of a transparent plastic material) mounted on the drive shaft of a motor 162 for rotation therewith to carry thereon to record disk 164 which has been prepared in accordance with the procedure previously described, a portion of the hologram recorded disk 164 being separately illustrated in FIG. 13. A light beam is emanated from a laser beam source 166, shaped into a beam of rectangular cross-section by means of a cylindrical lens 168, deflected by a tracking mirror 170 and brought to a focus on the surface of the disk 164 by a collimating lens 172. The mirror 170 is pivoted laterally to a shaft of a suitable drive means or tracking mechanism 174 so that it turns on its pivot in directions as indicated by the arrow C to change the deflection angle of the laser beam. The collimating lens 172 is located at equal distances from the mirror 170 and disk 164 in its focal plane so that the light deflected by the tracking mirror 170 is formed into a parallel light beam and made to be incident on a desired track on the disk 164. The motor 162 is suitably mounted on a turntable-advance mechanism 163 which advances the turntable 160 so that the point of incidence is shifted successively from outer to inner tracks as the turntable rotates.
The light incident on the record track is diffracted by the interference fringe pattern recorded therein and focussed by a Fourier transforming lens 176 onto a solid-state image sensor 178 located below the turntable 160 to receive a reconstructed image of the original bit pattern as illustrated clearly in FIG. 13. Since each hologram on disk 164 is the interference fring pattern of the bit pattern on the page composer 32, each sensing area of the image sensor 178 is so arranged to correspond to each information bit contained in the hologram. The incident light beam 180 is so shaped as to illuminate each of the holograms at a predetermined angle of incidence as illustrated.
The image sensor 178 comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a bucket-brigade device (BBD) or a self-scanned type MOS image sensor and includes an array of light sensitive areas 182 and 183 arranged in two columns and capable of storing carriers in response to the incident light for a duration proportional to its characteristic decay time. The sensors of this type have their input leads respectively connected to the output of a decoder 184 which is identical in operation to those described previously. The output of the sensors 182 and 183 are connected together to a sense amplifier 186. A pair of photosensors 182' and 183' of non-charge storage type is provided on the image sensor 178 each arranged in a respective column of the charge-storage type sensors 182 and 183. As the disk 164 is turned in the direction as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 13, all the sensors are illuminated by the beam 180 and the optical energy is converted into corresponding electrical energy in the form of carriers in each sensor and stored therein. The decoder 184 is then signalled by an address register 188 to cause the information bearing sensors 182 and 183 to deliver their outputs in sequence to the sense amplifier 186 during the interval when the beam 180 is being shifted to the next hologram. Therefore, the address register 188 is timed with a train of clock pulses from a clock pulse generator 190 which also supplies its clock signal to a phase detector 192 for comparison with a synchronization signal. This synchronization signal is obtained from the output of a differential amplifier 194 which receives its input signal from the non-storage type sensors 182' and 183' on its respective input terminals. These sensors, when excited by the impinging light beam 180, produce pulses 196-1 and 196-2 as illustrated in FIG. 14A in succession. Therefore, the differential amplifier 194 receives a train of such pulses 196-1 on its one input and a train of pulses 196-2 on the other input and generates a differential output whose waveform is shown in FIG. 14B. The differential amplification of input signals from the sensor 182' and 183' can effectively reduce the noise introduced by pulsating signals from the digital circuitry. The differential output is coupled to the phase detector 192 through a pulse shaping circuit 198 and also to a tracking control circuit 200.
A signal representing the difference in phase between the synchronization signal and the clock signal is amplified by driver 202 and supplied to the motor 162.
In the tracking control circuit 200, the received synchronization is processed to generate a signal which is amplified by driver 204 and supplied to the drive means 174 so that the beam position is controlled within the desired track.
The sense amplifier 186 delivers its output to a PCM decoder 206 where the signal is converted into the original analog signal and fed into a utilization 208 such as stereo equipment.
As referred to above, the synchronization signal is obtained from the two non-storage type sensors 182' and 183' which are disposed to receive the light beam diffracted from the respective holograms in which are recorded the corresponding information bearing areas of the electrooptical transducer 32. Therefore, it is necessary to assign a portion of electrooptical phase modulating areas to the function of synchronization. FIG. 15 illustrates the light modulator 32 of FIG. 2A modified to incorporate such phase modulating areas as indicated by numerals 210 and 212 defined respectively by a pair of electrodes 214 and a pair of electrodes 215. Electrode 214a is energized by a potential supplied through an amplifier 220 from the 14th bit position of the shift register 40 which has been referred to previously, and electrode 215a is biased at the opposite potential. A two-bit counter 221 is connected to the output of counter 50 which has also been referred to in connection with FIG. 2A to generate 1 or 0 output alternately with the counter output. The output of the two-bit counter 221 is supplied to the 14th bit position of the shift register so that its binary content varies alternately with successive holograms. The binary content of the 14th bit position is inverted by an inverter 222 and applied to the electrode 215a. The electrodes 214b and 215b are connected to ground so that electrical fields are established in the phase shifting areas 210 and 212 respectively depending upon the potential applied to the counter electrodes. When "1" bit is placed in the 14th bit position, the phase modulating area 210 is excited to impart a phase shift of 90.degree. while phase modulating area 212 is not excited. Therefore, it will be understood that phase modulating areas 210 and 212 are oppositely excited at alternate intervals with successive holograms. Therefore, when a given hologram is being illuminated the image sensing area 182' is excited to generate the pulse 196-1 (FIG. 14) while no output is delivered from image sensing area 183', and the subsequent hologram, when illuminated, will cause the pulse 196-2 to be generated from phase shifting area 183', and so on. The output from the differential amplifier 194 varies in amplitude at alternate intervals with successive holograms.
FIG. 16 illustrates a modification of FIG. 12 in which the laser beam source is shown as comprising a solid-state laser emitting device 230 with its beam emitting active layer 231 being vertically oriented. The narrow thin beam of light is focussed by an image forming lens 232 onto the surface of the record 164 through a deflected path provided by a tracking mirror 234 driven by a drive means 236. If the distance "a" between the laser emitting device 230 and the lens 232 and the distance "b" between the lens 230 and the record surface through the deflected path are suitably chosen, the beam is sharply focused onto the record 164 without the need of having the lens 172 as employed in the embodiment of FIG. 12. The use of such solid-state laser is advantageous because of its compactness, high efficiency and high output power available at a relatively low cost.
With the embodiment of FIG. 12, the turntable 160 is turned at a speed of 36 rpm using the image sensor 178 with a sensitivity of 10 pJ/bit and a laser output of 1.9 mW, and a playing time of 2 hours can be obtained.
The foregoing description shows only preferred embodiments of the present invention. Various modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the hologram beam splitter disk 16 can also be prepared by using the technique by Fast Fourier Transform to generate interference fringe pattern of sampled, randomly phase-shifted light beams, and recording the interference fringes with the use of the electron beam recording method as employed in the process of the electron beam microfabrication. Therefore, the embodiment shown and described are only illustrative, not restrictive.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A holographic recording system for recording the hologram of an electrical signal, comprising: an array of identical random phase illumination holograms arranged in sequence to successively receive substantially monochromatic light for diffracting the light incident thereon into a zero-order diffracted beam of light and into a first-order diffracted array of sampled, phase-shifted beams of light; a double diffraction lens system comprising a first Fourier transforming lens receptive of the zero-order beam and the first order diffracted array of light beams for focusing the light beams in the focal plane and a second Fourier transforming lens aligned to receive the light beams focussed by said first Fourier transforming lens; a mask having a first and a second aperture and disposed in the focal plane of said first and second Fourier transforming lenses for allowing the transmittance of only the zero-order diffracted beam and the first-order diffracted array of light beams through the first and second apertures, respectively, and beyond the focal plane; means disposed in said second aperture of said mask for spatially modulating the first-order diffracted array of light beams in accordance with said electrical signal to form a holographic interference pattern between the zero-order diffracted beam and the spatially modulated first-order diffracted array of light beams in a plane conjugate to said array of random phase illumination holograms; and means for moving said array of random phase illumination holograms in a given direction so that said holograms are successively receptive of said substantially monochromatic light and moving said hologram forming plane in a direction opposite to said given direction at equal speed to the speed of movement of said random phase illumination holograms so that a series of holographic interference patterns is formed on said hologram forming plane.
2. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a photographic recording medium mounted on said hologram forming plane.
3. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said random phase illumination holograms are arranged on a disk in the form of a apiral and said photographic recording medium has a configuration of disk, said random phase illumination hologram disk and said photographic recording disk being positioned in planes conjugate to each other with respect to said double diffraction lens system and the axes of rotation of said disks being positioned symmetrically opposite to each other with respect to the optical axis of said lens system, and wherein said moving means comprises means for rotating said disks about the respective axes in the same direction at equal speeds and means for moving said disks along the respective conjugate planes in opposite directions at equal speeds.
4. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said random phase illumination holograms are arranged on a disk in the form of a spiral and said photographic recording medium has a configuration of disk, said random phase illumination hologram disk and said photographic recording disk being positioned in planes conjugate to each other with respect to said double diffraction lens system and the axes of rotation of said disks being aligned to each other, and wherein said moving means comprises means for rotating said disks about the respective axes in opposite directions at equal speeds and means for moving said disks along the respective conjugate planes in the same direction at equal speeds.
5. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said random phase illumination holograms are arranged along the length of an endless tape.
6. A holographic recording system are claimed in claim 1, further comprising a source of substantially monochromatic coherent light disposed to illuminate said random phase illumination holograms and means disposed between said light source and said random phase illumination holograms for modulating the intensity of said substantially monochromatic coherent light in discrete levels in synchronism with the movement of each of said random phase illumination holograms.
7. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said means for moving the random phase illumination holograms comprises means sensitive to the light reflected from the surface of said random phase illumination holograms, means for generating a reference timing signal, means for comparing in phase between the output from said light sensitive means and said reference timing signal to generate an error correction signal, and drive means receptive of said error correction signal to drive said array of random phase illumination holograms.
8. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said spatially modulating means comprises means for coding said electrical signal into groups of binary signals, and an array of electrooptical transducers arranged in said second aperture of said mask and successively receptive of said groups of binary signals to modulate the first-order diffracted array of light beams in accordance with the received binary signals.
9. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 8, further comprising a pair of additional electrooptical transducers in said second aperture and means for exciting said additional transducers such that one of the transducers imparts a phase shift at one of binary levels and the other transducers imparts a phase shift of the opposite binary level.
10. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 8, wherein said coding means comprises a PCM encoder.
11. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said spatially light modulating means comprises: a shift register having a series of bit positions receptive of the binary information from said PCM encoder; a slab of electrooptical material disposed in said second aperture of said mask; (k + 1) spaced electrodes laterally arranged in sequence on said electrooptical slab, where k is the number of the bit positions of said shift register; and means for establishing an electric field in the space between respective ones of said electrodes in response to the binary potential of a respective one of said bit positions to electrooptically energize said space to impart a phase modulation of a discrete amount to the light incident thereon.
12. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said electrooptical transducers are arranged in a pattern of rows and columns.
13. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 12, wherein said electrooptical transducers of the row and column arrangement are formed by a pair of spaced, light transmissive plates, a plurality of light transmissive elongated electrodes successively arranged on each of said light transmissive plates at right angles to each other, and a layer of liquid crystal disposed in the space between said light transmissive plates.
14. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 12, wherein said coding means further comprises: a buffer memory having a plurality of storage locations receptive of the output from said PCM encoder: a first address register for selectively addressing the storage locations of said buffer memory; X and Y decoders respectively associated with said electrodes, said Y decoder being receptive of the binary information addressed in said buffer memory; second and third address registers respectively associated with said X and Y decoders to cause said X decoder to sequentially apply an enabling potential to the associated electrodes and cause said Y decoder to selectively apply one of binary potentials corresponding to the binary information received in said Y decoder to the associated electrodes; and means including a timing signal generator for controlling said first, second and third address registers in response to said timing signal.
15. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said array of random phase illumination holograms is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first mask having a first and a second aperture each having identical dimensions to the dimensions of said first and second apertures respectively of the mask recited in claim 1; (b) positioning in said second aperture of said first mask a sampling mask having an array of light transmissive areas; (c) superimposing on said sampling mask a phase mask having randomly arranged groups of substantially equal numbers of phase shifting areas having phase shifts differing by discrete amounts such that each of said transmissive areas is aligned with each of said phase shifting areas; (d) subjecting said first mask to a first coherent light beams to provide a sampled, randomly phase shifted array of light beams through said second aperture and a reference light beam through said first apertures; (e) subjecting a first photographic recording medium to said sampled, randomly phase shifted array of light beams and to said reference light beam in a Fourier transform plane to produce thereon an interference fringe pattern of said sampling array to thereby produce an original random phase illumination hologram; (f) positioning said original random phase illumination hologram on a focal plane of a Fourier transforming lens system; (g) positioning a second mask having a first and a second aperture each having identical dimensions to the dimensions of said first and second apertures of the first mask respectively in the focal plane of said Fourier transforming lens system; (h) positioning a second photographic recording medium on a plane conjugate to the original random phase illumination hologram with respect to said second image forming lens system; (i) illuminating said original random phase illumination hologram with a second coherent light beam for diffracting the illuminating beam into a zero-order diffracted light beam and into a first-order sampled, randomly phase shifted array of light beams, whereby the zero-order and first-order diffracted light beams are allowed to pass through the first and second apertures of the third mask, respectively, to form an interference fringe pattern on said second photographic recording medium; (j) modulating the intensity of said second coherent light beam in discrete levels at periodic intervals; and (k) moving said second photographic recording medium stepwisely at a rate in proportion to said periodic intervals, whereby said array of identical random phase illumination holograms is produced on said second photograhic recording medium.
16. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 15, wherein said second photographic recording medium comprises a disk and wherein the step (k) of moving said recording medium comprises rotating said disk while moving the same in a direction transverse to the axis of rotation to form a spirally configured series of random phase illumination holograms.
17. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 15, wherein said phase mask comprises a plurality of substantially equal number of phase shifting areas differing by discrete amounts and arranged randomly thereon to impart a phase shift in the range from 0.degree. to 360.degree..
18. A holographic recording system as claimed in claim 16, wherein said phase shifting areas are arranged in a pattern of rows and columns, wherein there is an equal number of phase shifting areas for each of N different phase shifts of m360.degree./N where m ranges from 1 to N and N is at least three, and the phase difference between orthogonally adjacent phase shifting areas is 360.degree./N.