Synergistic Antioxidant Additive Composition

This invention relates to an improved lubricating composition, and more particularly, this invention relates to a lubricating composition containing an additive combination having improved antioxidation properties.

Hydrocarbon oils are partially oxidized when contacted with oxygen at elevated temperatures for long periods. The internal combustion engine is a model oxidator, since it contacts a hydrocarbon motor oil with air under agitation at high temperatures. Also, many of the metals (iron, copper, lead, nickel, etc.) used in the manufacture of the engine and in contact with both the oil and air, are effective oxidation catalysts which increase the rate of oxidation. The oxidation in motor oils is particularly acute in the modern internal combustion engine which is designed to operate under heavy work loads and at elevated temperatures.

The oxidation process produces acidic bodies within the motor oil which are corrosive to typical copper, lead, and cadmium engine bearings. It has also been discovered that the oxidation products contribute to piston ring sticking, the formation of sludges within the motor oil and an overall breakdown of viscosity characteristics of the lubricant.

Several effective oxidation inhibitors have been developed and are used in almost all of the conventional motor oils today. Typical of these inhibitors are the sulfurized oil-soluble organic compounds, such as wax sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized fatty acid esters, and sulfurized olefin esters, as well as zinc dithiophosphates and the oil-soluble phenolic and aromatic amine antioxidants. These inhibitors, while exhibiting good antioxidant properties, are burdened by economic and oil contamination problems. It is preferred to maintain the sulfur content of the oil, as low as possible, while at the same time receiving the benefits of the antioxidation property. A need, therefore, exists for an improved antioxidant that is stable at elevated temperatures, that can be employed in reduced concentrations, and that is economical and easy to produce.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,718,501 discloses a synergistic mixture of a sulfur-containing compound, such as a wax sulfide or dioctadecyl disulfide, and an aromatic amine compound having at least 2 aromatic rings, such as phenyl alpha-naphthyl amine, for use in preventing oxidation in lubricating oils.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,958,663 discloses an extreme pressure lubricant composition containing from 0.01 to 5 percent each of sulfurized oleic acid, C.sub.18 -C.sub.22 alkenyl succinic acid, chlorinated paraffin wax containing from 20 to 60 percent chlorine, diphenylamine and N,N-salicylal-1,2-propylenediamine.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,345,292 discloses stabilized alkyl substituted diaryl sulfides for use as functional fluids where the stabilizer can be diaryl amine or alkylated phenol.

It is an object of this invention to provide additive compositions for crankcase lubricating oils which impart improved antioxidant properties. It is a further object of this invention to provide a synergistic additive composition having antioxidant properties in crankcase lubricating oil compositions.

A lubricating oil additive composition which imparts improved oxidation properties to lubricants comprises an antioxidant selected from aromatic or alkyl sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized carboxylic acid esters and sulfurized ester-olefins, and a primary amine of the formula: ##STR2## wherein each A is independently hydrogen or alkyl, R is alkyl or alkenyl of at least 6 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of at least 2 carbon atoms, x is an integer from 2 to 4, y is 1 to 4, and Het forms with the N atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing an additional N or O hetero atom.

As a second embodiment, there is provided a lubricating oil composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an antioxidant amount of the composition described above comprising (1) an oil-soluble antioxidant selected from aromatic or alkyl sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized fatty acid esters and sulfurized ester-olefins, and (2) a primary amine of the formula: ##STR3## wherein each A is independently hydrogen or alkyl, R is alkyl or alkenyl of at least 6 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of at least 2 carbon atoms, x is an integer from 2 to 4, y is 1 to 4, and Het forms with the N atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing an additional N or O hetero atom.

It has been found that the antioxidant described above in combination with the primary amine as defined above complement each other in a synergistic manner resulting in a combination having antioxidant properties superior to either additive alone. The primary amine component has virtually no antioxidant effect. However, when the combination of primary amine and antioxidant is added to a lubricating oil, less antioxidant is needed to obtain oxidation control than when the primary amine compound is not present.

Preferably, an oil-soluble zinc salt is present in the lubricating oil composition. While this zinc salt is not required to achieve the synergistic effect from the combination of the antioxidant and the primary amine compound, an improved lubricating oil composition results from the use of all three additive components.

The compositions of this invention are highly stable additives for crankcase lubricating oils and impart excellent antioxidant properties to these oils.

The additive composition of this invention which imparts improved antioxidation properties to lubricants comprises (1) an oil-soluble antioxidant selected from aromatic or alkyl sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized fatty acid esters and sulfurized ester-olefins and (2) a primary amine of the formula: ##STR4## wherein each A is independently hydrogen or alkyl, R is alkyl or alkenyl of at least 6 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of at least 2 carbon atoms, x is an integer from 2 to 4, y is 1 to 4, and Het forms with the N atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing an additional N or O hetero atom.

The lubricant compositions of this invention contain a lubricating oil and the additive composition as described above. Preferably, the lubricating oil composition contains from 2 to 40 mmols of zinc per kilogram, which zinc is present as an oil-soluble zinc salt.

In a preferred embodiment of the lubricating oil composition, the antioxidant is present in the amount of from 0.25 to 10 weight percent and the primary amine is present in the amount of 0.001 to 5 weight percent. The weight ratio of the antioxidant to the primary amine is ordinarily in the range of 1 to 0.001-21.

More preferably, the antioxidant is present in the lubricating oil in the amount of 0.25 to about 2 weight percent. More preferably, the primary amine compound is present in the amount of 0.01 to 0.3, preferably 0.05 to 0.3 weight percent.

In a further preferred embodiment, the oil-soluble zinc salt is present in an amount of from 9 to 30 mmols per kilogram.

The class of antioxidants which may be employed in the practice of this invention are conventional ones including wax sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized carboxylic acid esters and sulfurized ester-olefins.

The sulfurized fatty acid esters are prepared by reacting sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and/or sulfur dichloride with an unsaturated fatty ester under elevated temperatures. Typical esters include C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl esters of C.sub.8 -C.sub.24 unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic, oleic, ricinoleic, petroselinic, vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, oleostearic, licanic, paranaric, tariric, gadoleic, arachidonic, cetoleic, etc. Particularly good results have been obtained with mixed unsaturated fatty acid esters, such as are obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils, such as tall oil, linseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, peanut oil, rape oil, fish oil, sperm oil, and so forth.

Exemplary fatty esters include lauryl tallate, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate, lauryl oleate, cetyl oleate, cetyl linoleate, lauryl ricinoleate, oleyl linoleate, oleyl stearate, and alkyl glycerides.

Cross-sulfurized ester olefins, such as a sulfurized mixture of C.sub.10 -C.sub.25 olefins with fatty acid esters of C.sub.10 -C.sub.25 fatty acids and C.sub.1 -C.sub.25 alkyl or alkenyl alcohols, wherein the fatty acid and/or the alcohol is unsaturated may also be employed in this invention.

Sulfurized olefins which may be employed as an antioxidant in the practice of this invention are prepared by the reaction of the C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 olefin or a low-molecular-weight polyolefin derived therefrom with a sulfur-containing compound such as sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and/or sulfur dichloride.

Another class of organic sulfur-containing compounds which may be used in the practice of this invention is sulfurized aliphatic esters of an olefinic mono- or dicarboxylic acid, for example aliphatic alcohols of 1-30 carbon atoms, used to esterify monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2,4-pentadienoic acid and the like, or fumaric acid, maleic acid, muconic acid, and the like. Sulfurization is carried out by combining the above-described esters with elemental sulfur, sulfur monochloride and/or sulfur dichloride.

The preferred antioxidants are the aromatic and alkyl sulfides, such as dibenzylsulfide, dixylyl sulfide, dicetyl sulfide, diparaffin wax sulfide and polysulfide, cracked waxolefin sulfides and so forth. These antioxidants can be prepared by treating the starting material, e.g., olefinically unsaturated compounds, with sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and sulfur dichloride. Particularly preferred are the paraffin wax thiomers described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,346,156, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

All of the sulfides and polysulfides included within the scope of this invention are sulfurized sulfides and polysulfides. That is, the sulfide or polysulfide has been reacted with additional sulfur, sulfur chloride or sulfur dichloride after the initial formation of the sulfide. The sulfurization if any of the antioxidants may be carried out using sulfur, sulfur monochloride or sulfur dichloride. Residual chlorine that may be present in the antioxidant after sulfurization is not detrimental and may be beneficial.

The second component of the additive composition for use in lubricating oils is a primary amine compound of the formula: ##STR5## wherein each A is independently hydrogen or alkyl, R is alkyl or alkenyl of at least 6 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of at least 2 carbon atoms, x is an integer from 2 to 4, y is 1 to 4, and Het forms with the N atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing an additional N or O hetero atom.

Preferably, A is hydrogen, x is 2, R contains at least 12 carbon atoms and R.sup.1 is alkyl of 2 to 12, more preferably 2-6 carbon atoms. Also, in the polyamine compounds, it is preferred that the R group have from about 30 to about 250, preferably 30 to 120, carbon atoms. R as polyisobutylene is particularly preferred.

When R is alkenyl, the alkenyl portion preferably has 1 to 2 olefinically unsaturated linkages per molecule. If a totally saturated group, is desired, the compound containing, e.g. a polyisobutylene group, can be treated with hydrogen over a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum, using conventional hydrogenation techniques.

The R group may be either branched or unbranched hydrocarbon. In the monoamine compounds, R is preferably alkyl of 12 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably is octadecyl.

The heterocyclic primary amines included within the invention have 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally an additional nitrogen or oxygen hetero atom. The heterocyclic ring designated Het N- can be saturated or unsaturated and is preferably piperazinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, morphorlinyl, pyrazolyl or pyridyl. The rings may, of course, be substituted by one or more alkyl groups which do not affect the synergistic activity of the amine.

The compounds included within the scope of the above formula are compounds, whose methods of preparation are well known.

The class of zinc salts which may be employed in the practice of this invention includes oil-soluble zinc salts which are used in the lubricating oil in amount to supply from 2 to 40 mmols of zinc per kilogram of oil.

The zinc salt is preferably a zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms in each hydrocarbyl group. The zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate is formed by reacting the corresponding dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acid with a zinc base, such as zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and zinc carbonate. The hydrocarbyl portions may be all aromatic, all aliphatic, or mixtures thereof.

Exemplary zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates include:

zinc di(n-octyl)dithophosphate,

zinc butyl isooctyl dithiophosphate,

zinc di(4-methyl-2-pentyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(tetrapropenylphenyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(isooctyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(hexyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(ethylphenyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc di(amyl)dithiophosphate,

zinc butylphenyldithiophosphate, and

zinc di(octadecyl)dithiophosphate.

Preferred compounds are those zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms in each hydrocarbon group, and especially preferred are the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate wherein each alkyl group typically contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms.

The lubricating oil composition is prepared by admixing, by conventional mixing techniques, the desired amount of antioxidant and primary amine compound within a suitable lubricating oil. The selection of the particular base oil and primary amine compound, as well as the amounts and ratios of each, depends upon the contemplated application of the lubricant and the presence of other additives. Generally, however, the amount of oil-soluble antioxidant employed in the lubricating oil will vary from 0.25 to 10, and usually from 0.25 to 2, weight percent in most applications. The primary amine compound will range from 0.01 to 2, and usually from 0.01 to 0.3, preferably from 0.05 to 0.3, weight percent based on the weight of the final composition. The weight ratio of organic oil-soluble antioxidant to primary amine will generally vary from 5-20 to 1, and usually from 10-20 to 1.

Concentrates of the new additive composition of this invention can be prepared for easier handling and storage of the additive. Usually the concentrate will be 10 to 90% by weight additive composition and from 5 to 90% by weight lubricating oil diluent. Preferably the additive composition comprises 20 to 80% by weight of the lubricating oil additive concentrate. This concentrate is diluted with additional oil before use.

The lubricating oil which may be employed in the practice of this invention includes a wide variety of hydrocarbon oils such as naphthenic base, paraffin base, and mixed base oils. Other oils include lubricating oils derived from coal products and synthetic oils, e.g., alkylene polymers (such as propylene, butylene, and so forth, and mixtures thereof), alkylene oxidetype polymers (e.g. alkylene oxide polymers prepared by polymerizing alkylene oxides, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc. in the presence of water or alcohol, e.g. ethyl alcohol), carboxylic acid esters (e.g. those which are prepared by esterifying carboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, alkenylsuccinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and so forth, with an alcohol such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, pentaerythritol and so forth, liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids such as trialkyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, etc., alkylbenzenes, polyphenyls (e.g. biphenyls and terphenyls), alkylbiphenyl ethers, esters and polymers of silicon, e.g. tetraethylsilicate, tetraisopropylsilicate, hexyl(4-methyl-2-pentoxy)disilicate, poly(methyl)siloxane, and poly(methylphenylsiloxane) and so forth. Various lubricating oil materials such as the foregoing may be used individually or in combinations whenever miscible, or whenever made so by use of mutual solvents. The lubricating oils generally have a viscosity which ranges from 50 to 5000 SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds), and usually from 100 to 1500 SUS at 100.degree. F.

In addition to the antioxidant, the amine compound and the oil-soluble zinc salt, other additives may be successfully employed within the lubricating composition of this invention without affecting its high stability and performance over a wide temperature scale. One type of additive which may be employed is a rust inhibitor. The rust inhibitor is employed in all types of lubricants to suppress the formation of rust on the surface of metallic parts. Exemplary rust inhibitors include sodium nitrite, alkenyl succinic acid and derivatives thereof, alkylthioacetic acid and derivatives thereof, polyglycols and derivatives thereof, and alkoxylated amines and derivatives thereof. Another type of lubricating additive which may be employed in the compositions of this invention is metallic or ashless dispersants and detergents. Typical compositions included within this class are the conventional succinimides, succinates, hydrocarbylalkylene polyamines, alkaline earth metal salts of alkylaryl sulfonates, phenates and the like.

Other types of lubricating oil additives which may be employed in the practice of this invention include antifoam agents, (e.g. silicones, organic copolymers), stablizers and antistain agents, tackiness agents, antichatter agents, dropping point improvers and antisquawk agents, lubricant color correctors, extreme pressure agents, odor control agents, detergents, antiwear agents, thickeners, and so forth.

The presence of the primary amine within the lubricant composition increases the antioxidation properties of the oil-soluble antioxidant used therewith. With this combination, less of the antioxidant is necessary in the lubricant formulation in order to achieve the desired antioxidation properties.

The following example is presented to illustrate the practice of specific embodiments of this invention and should not be interpreted as limitations on the scope of this invention.

This example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the combination of the primary amines with this antioxidant in improving the antioxidation properties of a lubricating oil over the use of either of the components individually. The oxidation test is employed herein uses the resistance of the test sample to oxidation using pure oxygen with a Dornte-type oxygen absorption apparatus (R. W. Dornte, "Oxidation of White Oils", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, page 26, 1936). The conditions are an atmosphere of pure oxygen exposed to the test oil maintained at a temperature of 340.degree. F. The time required for 100 g of test sample to adsorb 1000 ml of oxygen is observed and reported in the following Table I. The test oil in section A is midcontinent neutral oil containing 6% of a conventional succinimide dispersant, 0.5% terephalic acid, 0.4% of a conventional rust inhibitor, and 9 mmols/kg of a zinc dithiophosphate. The test oil in sections B, C and D is a refined mineral oil.