Aminolyzed Carrier Coatings

This invention relates in general to imaging systems and more particularly to improved electrostatographic developer mixtures for use in such systems.

The formation and development of images on the surface of photoconductive materials by electrostatographic means is known. The basic electrostatographic process, as taught by C. F. Carlson in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691, involves placing a uniform electrostatic charge on a photoconductive insulating layer, exposing the layer to a light and shadow image to dissipate the charge on the areas of the layer exposed to the light, and developing the resultant electrostatic latent image by depositing on the image a finely-divided electroscopic material referred to in the art as "toner". The toner is attracted to those areas of the layer which retain a charge, thereby forming a toner image corresponding to the electrostatic latent image. This "powder" image may then be transferred, usually electrostatically, to a support surface such as paper. The transferred image may subsequently be permanently affixed to a support surface by heat or other suitable affixing means, such as solvent or overcoating treatment may be used instead.

Many methods are known for applying the electroscopic particles to the latent image to be developed. One development method, as disclosed by E. N. Wise in U.S. Pat. No. 2,618,582, is known as "cascade" development. In this method, developer material comprising relatively large carrier particles having finely-divided toner particles electrostatically clinging to the surface of the carrier particles is conveyed to and rolled or cascaded across the surface bearing the electrostatic latent image. The charged portions of the surface have a charge of the same polarity as, but stronger, than, the carrier particles. Toner and carrier particles having opposite polarities are selected so that the toner particles cling to the carrier particles. In order to develop a negatively charged electrostatic latent image, a toner and carrier combination are selected in which the toner is triboelectrically positive in relation to the carrier. Conversely, to develop a positively charged electrostatic latent image, a toner and carrier combination wherein the toner is triboelectrically negative in relation to the carrier is used. The triboelectric relationship between the toner and carrier depends on the relative positions of the materials in the "triboelectric series". In this series, materials are arranged in ascending order of their ability to take on a positive charge. Each material is positive with respect to any material classified below it in the series; and, negative with respect to any material above it in the series. As the developer mixture cascades or rolls across the image-bearing surface, the toner particles are electrostatically attracted from the carrier to the charged portions of the image-bearing surface, whereas they are not electrostatically attracted to the uncharged or background portions of the image which they contact. The carrier particles and unused toner particles are then recycled. The cascade development process is extremely good for the development of line copy images, and is the most widely used commercial electrostatographic development technique. A general purpose office copying machine incorporating this technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,099,943.

Another technique for developing electrostatic latent images is the "magnetic brush" process as disclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,063. In this process, a developer material containing toner and magnetic carrier particles is attracted to and is carried by a magnet. The magnetic field causes alignment of the magnetic particles in a brush-like configuration. When this magnetic brush is brought into contact with an electrostatic latent image-bearing surface, the toner particles are attracted from the carrier particles of the brush to the charged areas of the image-bearing surface but not to the uncharged areas. Since the charged areas have an imagewise configuration, the toner material clings to the surface in imagewise configuration, thus developing the latent image.

Anoter method for developing electrostatic latent images is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,503,776 issued to R. W. Gundlach. In this method, images are formed by transporting an electrostatic latent image-bearing surface in a generally ascending arcuate path, and contacting only the image in a contact zone with a bath of developer material transported in a concave chamber adjacent the lower path of the imaging surface. The contact zone extends from about the lowermost point of the arcuate path to the uppermost point of the arcuate path. As the imaging surface is transported along its arcuate path, frictional contact between the developer and the imaging surface in the contact zone circulates the developer in the bath and brings developer material into developing configuration with the imaged surface.

Many other methods, such as the "touchdown" development method disclosed by C. R. Mayo in U.S. Pat. No. 2,895,847 are known for applying electroscopic particles to the electrostatic latent image to be developed. The development process, as described above, together with numerous modifications, are well-known to the art through various patents and publications and through the widespread availability and utilization of electrostatographic imaging equipment.

In automatic reproduction equipment, it is conventional to employ as the imaging plate a photoconductor on a conductive substrate in the form of a cylindrical drum of a flexible belt which is continuously rotated through a cycle of sequential operations including charging, exposing, developing, transferring and cleaning. The developer chamber is charged with a developer mixture comprising carrier particles and enough toner particles for hundreds of reproduction cycles. Generally, the freshly charged developer mixtures contain between about 1.5 and 5% toner particles based upon the weight of the developer. This initial concentration provides sufficient toner for many reproduction cycles without causing undesirably high background toner deposition.

While ordinarily capable of producing good quality images, conventional developing systems suffer serious deficiencies in certain areas. In the reproduction of high contrast copies such as letters, tracings and the like, it is desirable to select the electroscopic powder and carrier materials so that their mutual electrification is relatively large; the degree of such electrification being governed in most cases by the distance between their relative positions in the triboelectric series. However, when otherwise compatible electroscopic powder and carrier materials are removed from each other in the triboelectric series by too great a distance, the resulting images are very faint because the attractive forces between the carrier and toner particles compete with the attractive forces between the electrostatic latent image and the carrier particles. Although the image density described in the immediately preceding sentence may be improved by increasing toner concentration in the developer mixture, undesirably high background toner deposition as well as increased toner impaction and agglomeration is encountered when the developer mixture is over-toned. The initial electrostatographic plate charge may be increased to improve the density of the deposited powder image, but the plate charge would ordinarily have to be excessively high in order to attract the electroscopic powder away from the carrier particles. Excessively high electrostatographic plate charges are not only undesirable because of the high power consumption necessary to maintain the electrostatographic plate at high potentials, but also because the high potential causes the carrier particles to adhere to the electrostatographic plate surface rather than merely roll across and off the electrostatographic plate surface. Print deletion and massive carry-over of carrier particles often occur when carrier particles adhere to reusable electrostatographic imaging surfaces. Massive carrier carry-over problems are particularly acute when the developer is employed in solid area coverage machines where excessive quantities of toner particles are removed from carrier particles thereby leaving many carrier particles substantially bare of toner particles. Further, adherence of carrier particles to reusable electrostatographic imaging surfaces promotes the formation of undesirable scratches on the surfaces during image transfer and surface cleaning operations. It is, therefore, apparent that many materials which otherwise have suitable properties for employment as carrier particles are unsuitable because they possess too high a triboelectric value. In addition, uniform triboelectric surface characteristics of many carrier surfaces are difficult to achieve with mass production techniques. Quality images are, in some instances almost impossible to obtain in high speed automatic machines when carriers having non-uniform triboelectric properties are employed. Although it may be possible to alter the triboelectric value of an insulating carrier material by blending the carrier material with another insulating material having a triboelectric value remote from the triboelectric value of the original carrier material, relatively larger quantities of additional material are necessary to alter the triboelectric value of the original carrier material. The addition of large quantities of material to the original carrier material to change the triboelectric properties thereof requires a major manufacturing operation and often undesirably alters the original physical characteristics of the carrier material. Further, it is highly desirable to control the triboelectric properties of carrier surfaces to accommodate the use of desirable toner compositions while retaining the other desirable physical characteristics of the carrier. The alteration of the triboelectric properties of a carrier by applying a surface coating thereon is a particularly desirable technique. With this technique, not only is it possible to control the triboelectric properties of a carrier made from materials having desirable physical characteristics, it is also possible to employ materials previously not suitable as a carrier. Thus, for example, a carrier having desirable physical properties with the exception of hardness, can be coated with a material having desirable hardness as well as other physical properties, rendering the resultant product more useful as a carrier. However, since most carrier coating materials are deficient in one or more of the above areas, there is a continuing need for improved electrostatographic carrier and developer compositions and methods for forming the same.

It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide carrier compositions and a method for their preparation which overcome the above-noted deficiencies.

It is another object of this invention to provide a method for controllably altering the triboelectric values of carrier materials without markedly changing the physical and chemical properties of the original carrier material.

It is a further object of this invention to provide carrier material manufacturing techniques for producing developer materials having finely-adjusted triboelectric properties.

It is a further object of this invention to render suitable as carrier coating materials many polymeric materials which were heretofore unsuitable as carrier coating materials.

It is another object of this invention to provide carrier and developer materials having triboelectric properties which are superior to known carrier and developer materials.

A still further object of this invention is to provide improved developer materials having physical and chemical properties superior to those of known developer materials.

The foregoing objects and others are accomplished generally speaking, by the controlled chemical alteration of the triboelectric charging potential of functional polymers employed as carrier coating materials. The controlled variation of the triboelectric behavior of functional polymers provides a means of attaining optimum triboelectric responses of electrostatographic developer materials for specifically defined applications. Thus, in accordance with this invention monomeric and/or polymeric materials are systematically chemically modified to provide structural effects which yield structure-triboelectric property relationships among amines, amides, alcohols, esters, urethanes, silyl ethers, nitroaromatics, haloaromatics, aromatic ethers and alkylaromatics. These relationships have been found to be extremely helpful in designing new carrier materials. By this invention, the triboelectric charging properties of toner-carrier pairs are controlled to enable optimum triboelectric relationships in developer compositions.

FIG. 1 illustrates the dependence of triboelectric charging on the degree of conversion of the functionalized copolymer when using nickel beads as a carrier.

FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of triboelectric charging properties as a function of a mixture composition comprising a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer and a functionalized copolymer using nickel beads as a carrier.

FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of triboelectric charging properties as a function of a mixture composition comprising a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer and a functionalized copolymer using steel beads as a carrier.

It is to be noted that, by itself, no material has a triboelectric charge. The magnitude of a triboelectric charge depends upon both the toner and the carrier material. Thus, replacement of one of the components to optimize triboelectric charging properties is generally necessary to provide the desired triboelectric response. By so doing, greater latitude is available for specific electrostatographic applications. In accordance with this invention, it has been found that by varying the degree of chemical modification of polymeric materials for use as carrier coating materials, either stoichiometerically or kinetically, the triboelectric properties of developer materials can be controlled in a continuous manner.

In electrostatographic development of selenium photoconductor latent images, polymers which tend to take on a relatively high positive charge are generally satisfactory for use as carrier coating materials; in electrostatographic development of other photoconductor latent images, for example, zinc oxide, phthalocyanine, cadmium sulfide, polyvinylcarbazoletrinitroflurenone, polymers which tend to acquire relatively high negative charges are generally satisfactory for use as carrier coating materials. In accordance with this invention, the triboelectric properties of developer materials are correlated with their structural composition and thereby predictably controlled. Since the distance between a given toner-carrier pair on a triboelectric charging scale determines the triboelectric charge between them, their relative positions determine the sign of the triboelectric charge. Those materials low on the scale prefer to adopt a positive charge and those materials high on the scale prefer to adopt a negative charge. Appropriate toner-carrier pairs can be selected based on their triboelectric charging or triboelectric series relationship to satisfy a particular acceptable triboelectric charging range requirement for a given electrostatographic machine developer housing.

It has been found that triboelectric behavior is a function of molecular structure which now allows the controlled and progressive modification of the triboelectric charging properties of carrier compositions so as to obtain optimum triboelectric charging properties between toner and carrier pairs. Thus, by this invention, adjustment of the triboelectric charging properties of electrostatographic developer materials need not be done in stepwise fashion but may be accomplished in a continuous manner providing a high degree of "fine tuning" of triboelectric properties for developer materials.

In accordance with this invention, the triboelectric charging properties of monomeric and polymeric compounds may be modified by systematic chemical modification by means of aminolysis of their pendant ester functions. Cascade development trioboelectric charging evaluations of such functionalized polymers have demonstrated that these materials charge more positively than the starting polymeric esters. In the resultant amides, the propensity for negative charging increases in the following order of terminal group structure for NH.sub.2, OH, H.

In addition to these transformations, functionalized polymers may be further derivatized. For example, an aminolyzed polymer having the general structure ##STR1## where X may be NH.sub.2, OH, NHCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R, OCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R and H provides polymer compositions of varying triboelectric charging potential. More specifically, conversion of the NH.sub.2 group to be benzamide (X.dbd.NHCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R) causes the polymer to accept more negative charge. The nitro substituent (R) causes more negative charging than does methoxy (R). Likewise, conversion of the OH group to OCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R also allows the polymer to accept more negative charge.

It is also noted that the triboelectric charging capacity is controlled by the substituent R of the benzamides (X.dbd.NHCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R) and benzoates (X.dbd.OCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R). The propensity for negative charging increases with increasing electron withdrawing power of R as measured by substituent constants in each case.

An alternative to reactions of polymers in many applications is the polymerization of monomers bearing the desired substituent. The aforementioned techniques may be applied to many polymers such as those disclosed above and their derivatives including styrene-alkylmethacrylates and stryene-alkyl acrylates.

The chemical modification of such materials enables the alteration of materials having optimum physical properties in such a way as to improve their triboelectric properties for electrostatographic use. This invention may serve as a guide for the preparation of carrier compositions having "finely-tuned" triboelectric charging properties, and the capacity for continuous control of such properties through variation in extent of reaction may be employed for such purpose.

In regard to triboelectric response, it is to be noted that materials such as those derived by aminolysis of styrene-methacrylate copolymers provide excellent carrier coatings, especially in view of their crosslinkability. By the use of such materials, toners that previously provided unacceptable triboelectric response with conventional carriers now function properly. Thus, the coating of carrier cores, for example, metallic beads, with functionalized polymers containing a crosslinking agent provides carrier materials which, in addition to improved toughness, the triboelectric properties thereof may be continuously varied by means of controlling the amount of the crosslinking agent in the coating composition.

The coating of metallic carriers with hydroxy or amino functionalized polymers and crosslinking these materials via reaction of the pendant hydroxyl or amino moieties with a crosslinking agent such as diisocyanate provides a means of continuous control of the triboelectric properties of the coated carriers. It has been found that as the degree of conversion increases, the capacity for positive triboelectric charging decreases. In addition, the degree of conversion can be controlled stoichiometrically. Further, various types of crosslinking agents which are reactive toward hydroxyl or amino functions may be employed. In addition, various hydroxyl or amino containing polymers exhibit similar effects. It is to be noted that it is not necessary for the polymer material to be crosslinked to observe a change in the triboelectric charging properties since the change in triboelectric charging is not due to molecular weight change. Monofunctional reagents have been found to bring about similar changes.

Any suitable carrier coating material may be chemically modified in accordance with this invention to control the triboelectric properties of the coated carrier. Typical carrier coating materials include vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, styene-acrylate-organosilicon terpolymers, natural resins such as caoutchouc, colophony, copal, dammar, Dragon's Blood, jalap, storaz; thermoplastic resins including the polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, chlorinated polyethylene, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene; polyvinyls and polyvinylidenes such as polystyrene, polymethlstyrene, polymethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl ethers, and polyvinyl ketones; fluorocarbons such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride; and polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polyamides such as polycaprolactam and polyhexamethylene adipamide; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate; polyurethanes; polysulfides, polycarbonates; thermosetting resins including phenolic resins such as phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-furfural and resorcinol formaldehyde; amino resins such as urea-formaldehyde and melamineformaldehyde; polyester resins; epoxy resins; and the like. Many of the foregoing and other typical carrier coating materials are described by L. E. Walkup in U.S. Pat. No. 2,618,551; B. B. Jacknow et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,526,533; and R. J. Hagenbach et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,533,835 and 3,658,500.

Any suitable electrostatographic carrier coating thickness may be employed. However, a carrier coating having a thickness at least sufficient to form a thin, continuous film on the carrier particle is preferred because the carrier coating will then possess sufficient thickness to resist abrasion and prevent pinholes which adversely affect the triboelectric properties of the coated carrier particles. Generally, for cascade and magnetic brush development, the carrier coating may comprise from about 0.1 percent to about 10.0 percent by weight based on the weight of the coated carrier particles. Preferably, the carrier coating should comprise from about 0.3 percent to about 1.0 percent by weight based on the weight of the coated carrier particles because maximum durability, toner impaction resistance, and copy quality are achieved. To achieve further variation in the properties of the coated carrier particles, well-known additives such as plasticizers, reactive and non-reactive polymers, dyes, pigments, wetting agents and mixtures thereof may be mixed with the coating materials. An ultimate coated carrier particle having an average diameter between about 50 microns and about 1,000 microns is preferred in cascade systems because the carrier particle then possesses sufficient density and inertia to avoid adherence to the electrostatic image during the cascade development process. Adherence of carrier particles to an electrostatographic drum is undesirable because of the formation of deep scratches on the drum surface during the image transfer and drum cleaning steps, particularly where cleaning is accomplished by a web cleaner such as the web disclosed by W. P. Graff, Jr., et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,186,838.

Any suitable well known coated or uncoated electrostatographic carrier bead material may be employed as the core of the beads of this invention. Typical carrier core materials include sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, aluminum potassium chloride, Rochelle salt, sodium nitrate, potassium chlorate, granular zircon, granular silicon, methyl methacrylate, glass, silicon dioxide, flintshot, iron, steel, ferrite, nickel, Carborundum, and mixtures thereof.

Any suitable well-known toner material may be employed with the coated carriers of this invention. Typical toner materials include gum copal, gum sandarac, rosin, cumaroneindene resin, asphaltum, gilsonite, phenolformaldehyde resins, rosin modified phenolformaldehyde resins, methacrylic resins, polystyrene resins, polypropylene resins, epoxy resins, polyethylene resins, polyester resins, and mixtures thereof. The particular toner material to be employed obviously depends upon the separation of the toner particles from the coated carrier in the triboelectric series and should be sufficient to cause the toner particles to electrostatically cling to the carrier surface. Among the patents describing electroscopic toner compositions are U.S. Pat. No. 2,659,670 to Copley; 2,753,308 to Landrigan; 3,079,342 to Insalaco; Re. 25,136 to Carlson and 2,788,288 to Rheinfrank et al. These toners generally have an average particle diameter between about 1 and 30 microns.

Any suitable colorant such as a pigment or dye may be employed to color the toner particles. Toner colorants are well known and include, for example, carbon black, nigrosine dye, aniline blue, Calco Oil Blue, chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, Quinoline Yellow, methylene blue chloride, Monastral Blue, Malachite Green Ozalat, lampblack, Rose Bengal, Monastral Red, Sudan Black BM, and mixtures thereof. The pigment or dye should be present in the toner in quantity sufficient to render it highly colored so that it will form a clearly visible image on a recording member. Preferably, the pigment is employed in an amount from about 3 percent to about 20 percent, by weight, based on the total weight of the colored toner because high quality images are obtained. If the toner colorant employed is a dye, substantially small quantities of colorant may be used. Any suitable conventional toner concentration may be employed with the coated carriers of this invention. Typical toner concentrations for cascade and magnetic brush development systems include about 1 part toner with about 10 to about 200 parts by weight of carrier.

Any suitable organic or inorganic photoconductive material may be employed as the recording surface with the coated carriers of this invention. Typical inorganic photoconductor materials include: sulfur, selenium, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc cadmium sulfide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium selenide, zinc silicate, calcium strontium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, mercuric iodide, mercuric oxide, mercuric sulfide, indium trisulfide, gallium selenide, arsenic disulfide, arsenic trisulfide, arsenic triselenide, antimony trisulfide, cadmium sulfoselenide, and mixtures thereof. Typical organic photoconductors include: quinacridone pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, triphenylamine, 2,4-bis(4,4'-diethylaminophenol)-1,3,4-oxadiazol, N-isopropylcarbazol, triphenylpyrrol, 4,5-diphenylimidazolidinone, 4,5-diphenylimidazaolidinethione, 4,5-bis(4'-aminophenyl) imidazolidinone, 1,5,-dicyanonaphthalene, 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene, aminophthalodinitrile, nitrophthalodinitrile, 1,2,5,6-tetra-azacylooctatetraene-(2,4,6,8), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-2-phenyl-4-diphenylideneoxazolone, 6-hydroxy-2, 3-di(p-methoxyphenyl)benzofurane, 4-dimethylaminobenzylidenebenzhydrazide, 3-benzylideneaminocarbazole, polyvinyl carbazole, (2-nitrobenzylidene)-p-bromoaniline, 2,4-diphenylquinazoline, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,5-diphenyl-3-methylpyrazioline, 2-(4'-dimethylamine phenyl)benzoxazole, 3-aminocarbazole, and mixtures thereof. Representative patents in which photoconductive materials are disclosed include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,803,542 to Ullrich, 2,970,906 to Bixby, 3,121,006 to Middleton, 3,121,007 to Middleton, and 3,151,982 to Corrsin.

The suprisingly better results obtained with the electrostatographic coated carriers of this invention may be due to many factors. For example, the coated carriers of this invention possess smooth outer surfaces which are highly resistant to cracking, chipping, and flaking. In cascade development systems, the smooth surface enhances the rolling action of the carrier particles across the electrostatographic surfaces and reduces the tendency of carrier particles to adhere to the electrostatographic imaging surfaces. When these coated carriers are employed in electrostatographic development systems, carrier life is unexpectedly extended particularly with respect to toner impaction resistance. Additionally, the carrier coating materials of this invention appear to contribute to the stability of the triboelectric properties of the coated carrier over a wide relative humidity range. Because of their triboelectric properties, these carrier materials may be employed in reversal development of positively charged images. Further, the coated carriers of this invention provide more uniform triboelectric characteristics than current carriers when employed in electrostatographic development systems. In addition, the coated carriers of this invention provide exceptionally good life performance, durability, copy quality, quality maintenance, less carrier bead sticking and agglomeration, and also provides improved abrasion resistance thereby minimizing carrier chipping and flaking. Further, the coated carriers of this invention provide triboelectric values such that they can be used with a wide variety of presently available toners in present electrostatographic processes, and retain a predictable triboelectric value. Thus the improved coated carrier particles of this invention have desirable properties which permit their wide use in presently available electrostatographic systems.

The following examples, other than the control examples, further define, describe and compare preferred methods of utilizing the coated carriers of the present invention in electrostatographic applications. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

In the following, the relative triboelectric values generated by contact of carrier beads with toner particles is measured by means of a cascade device. The device comprises a grounded metal plate set at an arbitrary but constant angle of elevation to horizontal, for example, 30 degrees, and a cup at the bottom of the incline. The cup is not attached to the incline and is thus not grounded; it is attached to an electrometer. The material to be tested is coated onto a metallic sheet, such as aluminum, and this is attached to the incline. Then beads of the desired carrier material are cascaded down the film and into the electrometer cup, where the charge acquired by the beads is measured. From this quantity and the weight of the beads the charge to mass ratio is calculated. This quantity is a direct measure of the triboelectric charging capacity of the polymeric film. The measurement is done at constant relative humidity and temperature. Since triboelectric measurements are relative, the measurements should, for comparative purposes, be conducted under substantially identical conditions.

Correlation of molecular structure and triboelectric behavior in polymeric system is of practical importance when considering electrodstatographic carrier coating candidates and such is demonstrated herein. Thus a polymeric system based on a polystyrene series, chosen for accessibility and simplicity, having the generic structure: ##STR2## wherein X may be H, t-Bu, Cl, Br, CH.sub.2 Cl, NO.sub.2, and CH.sub.3 was studied. Poly(p-nitrostyrene), where X = NO.sub.2, was synthesized from polystyrene by nitration; poly(p-bromostyrene), where X = Br, was prepared by using bromine/thallium acetate; poly (p-chloromethylstyrene), where X = CH.sub.2 Cl, was prepared by polymerization of the corresponding monomer; and poly(p-methylstyrene), where X = CH.sub.3, was formed by reduction of the polystyrene, X = CH.sub.2 Cl by reductive dehalogenation with lithium aluminum hydride. Films of the polymers were cast onto aluminum sheets from tetrahydrofuran solution except that poly(p-nitrostyrene) was cast from dimethylformamide. The films were dried for about fifteen hours in vacuo at about 60.degree. and then transferred without exposure to moist air to a dry box maintained at zero relative humidity. Zinc carrier beads were similarly dried for about 15 hours in vacuo at about 120.degree. C and transferred. Cascade triboelectric measurements were conducted using an angle of about 30.degree. C, a drop height of about 1 cm, and a film length of about nine inches. The humidity was raised to successive constant levels by use of saturated salt solutions. The films and carrier beads were equilibrated at each relative humidity condition for about 20 hours prior to triboelectric charging measurement. The results indicate that with increased electron drawing power of the substituent, there is an accompanying increase in the amount of negative charge generated on the film. Though both carrier beads and films may be affected by moisture, the slope of a line at a given relative humidity is a function only of the materials and their response to water vapor since the same carrier is used for each film. These results indicate a practical means of predicting the relative triboelectric behavoir of polymers which are substituted in the aromatic moiety, such as predictably increasing the negative charging property of the polymer. While the triboelectric charging property of mixtures and copolymers is not generally linear with composition, it is a linear function of the extent of reaction for chemical modifications as shown in the following.

Functionalized polymers were prepared for carrier coating materials by ester group aminolysis of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) with an aminoalcohol resulting in formation of hydroxyalkylamide functions.

A mixture of about 117.5 grams (0.289 mole of ester functions based on elemental analysis) of the styrene-n-butyl methacrylate, about 41.0 grams (0.350 mole) of 6-aminohexanol, and about 39.3 grams (0.350 mole) of 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane was stirred under dry nitrogen at about 180.degree. C (oil bath temperature 205.degree. C) using an ambient air-cooled condenser to allow escape of the n-butanol produced. Samples were removed periodically, quenched in 10% HCl by volume and purified as follows. Each sample was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and then 10% HCl was added. The liquid phase was decanted from the gummy polymer. This procedure was repeated twice, followed by a fourth and fifth wash using 5% methanolic HCl. The polymer was taken up in tetrahydrofuran and precipitated by dropwise addition with rapid stirring to 10% HCl. After homogenization in a blender and filtration, the process was repeated. The polymer in tetrahydrofuran solution was then precipitated in like manner from deionized water, and this process repeated. After a final precipitation from methanol, the sample was dried in vacuo. Generally, the polymer sample was dissolved in about five times its weight of tetrahydrofuran. Volumes of the precipitating solutions were 6-10 times those of the polymertetrahydrofuran solution.

Following the above procedure to obtain functionlized polymers by aminolysis, the ester functions of styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) were aminolyzed with 6-aminohexanol from 0 to 25 mole percent of available ester functions and films were cast from solution onto aluminum plates and thoroughly dried. FIG. 1 illustrates the dependence of triboelectric charging on the degree of conversion of the functionalized copolymer when using 250 micron nickel beads as a carrier. Other carriers gave similar results.

Functionalized polymers were prepared for toner materials by ester group aminolysis of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) wih a diamine resulting in formation of aminoalkylamide functions.

A mixture of about 200 grams of the styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer and about 50.0 grams of hexane-1.6-diamine was stirred under dry nitrogen at about 180.degree. C (oil bath temperature 250.degree. C) for a period of about 20 hours using an ambient air-cooled condenser to allow escape of the n-butanol produced. Samples were removed periodically, quenched in 10% HCl by volume and purified as follows. Each sample was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and then 10% HCl was added. The liquid phase was decanted from the gummy polymer. This procedure was repeated twice, followed by a fourth and fifth wash using 5% methanolic HCl. The polymer was taken up in tetrahydrofuran and precipitated by dropwise addition with rapid stirring to 10% HCl. After homogenization in a blender and filtration, the process was repeated. The polymer in tetrahydrofuran solution was then precipitated in like manner from deionized water, and this process repeated. After a final precipitation from methanol, the sample was dried in vacuo. Generally, the polymer sample was dissolved in about five times its weight of tetrahydrofuran. Volumes of the precipitating solutions were 6-10 times those of the polymertetrahydrofuran solution.

Following the above procedure to obtain functionalized polymers by aminolysis, the ester functions of styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) were aminolyzed with hexane-1, 6-diamine from 0 to 2.3 mole percent of available ester functions and films were cast from solution onto aluminum plates and thoroughly dried. Triboelectric measurements following the procedure of Example I illustrated the dependence of triboelectric charging on the degree of conversion of the functionalized copolymer when using 250 micron nickel beads as a carrier. Other carriers gave comparable results.

Functionalized polymers were prepared for toner materials by ester group aminolysis of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) with an alkyl amine resulting in formation of alkylamide functions.

A mixture of about 117.5 grams (0.289 mole of ester functions based on elemental analysis) of the styrene-n-butyl methacrylate, about 35,4 grams (0.350 mole) of aminohexane, and about 39.3 grams (0.350 mole) of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]-octane was stirred under dry nitrogen at about 180.degree. C (oil bath temperature 205.degree. C) using an ambient air-cooled condenser to allow escape of the n-butanol produced. Samples were removed periodically, quenched in 10% HCl by volume and purified as follows. Each sample was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and then 10% HCl was added. The liquid phase was decanted from the gummy polymer. This procedure was repeated twice, followed by a fourth and fifth wash using 5% methanolic HCl. The polymer was taken up in tetrahydrofuran and precipitated by dropwise addition with rapid stirring to 10% HCl. After homogenization in a blender and filtration, the process was repeated. The polymer in tetrahydrofuran solution was then precipitated in like manner from deionized water, and this process repeated. After a final precipitation from methanol, the sample was dried in vacuo. Generally, the polymer sample was dissolved in about five times its weight of tetrahydrofuran. Volumes of the precipitating solutions were 6-10 times those of the polymer-tetrahydrofuran solution.

Following the above procedure the ester functions of styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) were aminolyzed with aminohexane to the extent of 10 mole percent of available ester functions.

The effect of triboelectric charging properties as a function of mixture composition was studied employing solutions of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54-1.00 mole ratio) and the copolymer from Example II which had been functionalized via aminolysis with 6-aminohexanol to the extent of 25 mole percent of available ester functions. From 0 to 100 weight percent of the styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer was mixed with the functionalized polymer. Films were cast from solution onto aluminum plates and thoroughly dried. The cascade triboelectric charging properties obtained using these films are illustrated in FIG. 2 when using 250 micron nickel beads as a carrier, and in FIG. 3 when using 250 micron steel carrier beads. It is seen that triboelectric charging properties are related to composition in an S-shaped fashion and are not linear as might be expected ideally. By comparing quantitatively these results with those obtained in Example II as illustrated in FIG. 1, it was concluded that due to its higher surface energy, proportionally less of the functionalized material resides on the surface of the polymer film than in the bulk. Therefore, the prediction of triboelectric charging properties for mixtures is quantitatively precarious, while chemical alterations of a single phase offers linear control of triboelectric charging properties.

The aminolyzed copolymers of Examples II and III were derivatized. The copolymers have the general structure ##STR3## wherein 1, X.dbd.NH.sub.2 ; 2, X.dbd.OH; 3, X.dbd.NHCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R; 4, X.dbd.OCOC.sub.6 H.sub.4 R; and 5, X.dbd.H.

To a stirred solution of about 10.0 grams of the hydroxy polymer in about 30 ml. of dry pyridine was added a solution of about 5.0 grams of substituted benzoyl chloride in dry pyridine. The solution was refluxed about 18 hours and then poured into about 400.0 ml of 10% by volume HCl. After homogenization in a blender with 10% by volume HCl, then saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and then water, the polymer was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and precipitated into 10% volume HCl. In like manner, the polymer was successively precipitated from saturated sodium bicarbonate twice, methanol and water thrice. In this way, the following p-substituted benzoate esters were prepared: NO.sub.2 (60%), OCH.sub.3 (85%), Cl (100%), H (90%). The degree of conversions was determined by elemental analysis.

While the degree of conversions with various reagents were not exactly the same, trends can be discerned from Table I. That is, conversion of 1 to a benzamide 3 causes the polymer to accept more negative charge. The nitro substituent causes more negative charging than does methoxy, an electron releasing substituent. In a similar way, conversion of 2 to 4 also allows the polymer to accept more negative charge. To ascertain the effect of changing the ester linkage of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer to an amide linkage, 5 was prepared by aminolysis of the copolymer with hexylamine. As can be seen from Table I, the amide polymer 5 charges more positively that the ester polymer even though the degree of conversion to 5 is relatively low.

From these results, it can be concluded that the effect of polymer structure on its triboelectric charging capacity is as follows: Electron withdrawing substituents attached to aromatic moieties increase the negative charging ability of the material relative to electron releasing substituents. In aliphatic systems, the extent of negative charging of the material increases in the order NH.sub.2 OH H. Benzamides and alkanamides charge more negatively than the corresponding free amines. Benzoates, and alkanoates charge more negatively than the corresponding free alcohols. In aliphatic systems, the extent of negative charging is greater for esters than for amides.

A sample of about 100 grams of 250 micron steel beads was continuously extracted with tetrahydrofuran for about 24 hours to remove soluble organics from their surface. The beads were then vigorously stirred mechanically in tetrahydrofuran for about 20 hours. The solvent and suspended rust particles were decanted. This was repeated until no further rust was evident in the decantate. The beads were dried in vacuo.

A solution of about 0.14 grams of polymer in about 125 ml. tetrahydrofuran was added to about 50.0 grams of the cleaned beads. The polymer was prepared by ester group aminolysis of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (2.54:1.00 mole ratio) as in Example II with 6-aminohexanol to the extent of 25 mole percent of available ester functions. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator at room temperature under vacuum. The coated carrier beads which did not pass through a 177 micron sieve were then used in a cascade triboelectric charging test. The triboelectric value obtained by cascading the coated carrier beads against a film of the untreated styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer was found to be about +1.2 nano-coulombs per gram after correction for background charge of the beads. Uncoated carrier beads developed a triboelectric charge of about -0.30 nano-coulombs per gram against the same film under the same test conditions. Thus, the triboelectric charge on the uncoated carrier beads developed against the film changed sign from positive to negative.

A hydroxy functionalized styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer containing about 0.05 percent by weight of tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate which had been blocked with acetone oxime was coated onto steel carrier beads at a coating weight of the beads. A portion of the beads were heated at 190.degree. C for 0.5 hour to release the diisocyanate and cause crosslinking. In triboelectric response measurements against a film of the non-functionalized styrene-methacrylate copolymer, the beads coated with crosslinked polymer acquired a triboelectric charge of about +0.15 nanocoulombs per gram. By comparison, beads coated with the uncrosslinked copolymer and measured against the film of untreated styrene-methacrylate copolymer acquired a triboelectric charge of about +1.2 nanocoulombs per gram. Versus a film of the hydroxy functionalized styrene-methacrylate copolymer, the triboelectric charge acquired by the uncrosslinked coated beads and the crosslinked coated beads was about +0.76 and -0.52 nanocoulombs per gram respectively. Thus a relatively large change in triboelectric charging properties was observed against both films; in both cases the beads with crosslinked coating accepted less positive charge.

Although specific components, proportions and procedures have been stated in the above description of the preferred embodiments of the novel coated carrier compositions, other suitable components, proportions and procedures as listed above may be used with similar results. Further, other materials and procedures may be employed to synergize, enhance or otherwise modify the novel system.

Other modifications and ramifications of the present invention will appear to those skilled in the art upon the reading of this disclosure of this invention.