US 3,961,326 AGrant
Solid State Digital to Analog Converter
Issue Date:1976-06-01
•14 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An integrated-circuit 12-bit digital-to-analog converter comprising binarily-scaled constant-current sources with associated switch cells employing bipolar transistors to direct the bit currents either to a summing bus or to ground. The switch cells include a first differential transistor pair to translate a single-ended binary logic signal to double-ended (balanced) format, and a second, fully-balanced differential pair operated by the balanced logic signal to direct the bit current correspondingly. A bias-generating circuit maintains a constant collector-base voltage at the constant-current source. The threshold voltage for the logic signals can be set for TTL logic or, by pin-programming, for CMOS logic of either low-voltage or high-voltage type.
Metadata
Assignee
- Analog Devices, Inc.
Inventor
- Robert B. Craven
Application Information
Application Number:US 505477&
Filing Date:1974-09-12
Priority Date:1974-09-12
Art Unit:236
Classifications
IPC:
H03K 1304H03K 1756
Field of Search:
340307330347 DA235;244;27030 D
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to digital-to-analog converters. More particularly, this invention relates to such converters provided in integrated-circuit (IC) format on monolithic chips.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Digital-to-analog converters generally have comprised a plurality of switches which are selectively operated by an input digital signal to produce corresponding binarily-weighted contributions to an analog output signal. For solid-state converters, it was found that current switches were superior to voltage switches, and an excellent example of such a design, using discrete elements, is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,685,045. That patent also discloses the important concept of providing a matched reference transistor, in combination with means for automatically adjusting the power supply voltage so as to maintain the reference transistor current constant, thereby also maintaining the switch currents constant.
Considerable effort has been devoted to applying integrated-circuit techniques to digial-to-analog converters. However, difficult problems have been encountered, particularly in converters designed to handle relatively large digital numbers, e.g. upwards of 8 bits. One significant advance in that regard (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,088) was to divide the switches into separate but identical groups, and to provide attenuation means to reduce the current contributions of the groups representing lower-order bit. For example, a 12-bit converter can be formed of three separate IC switch modules each containing four switches (such modules now being commonly referred to as "quad switches"). The latter U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,088 also teaches the highly advantageous concept of binarily scaling the areas of the emitters of the constant-current transistors, so as to provide uniform current density within the conductive regions of the transistors, thereby minimizing any differential variations in V.sub.BE of the current switches.
Notwithstanding such developments in the design of solid-state digital-to-analog converters, there still has existed a need for improved integrated-circuit converters capable of handling relatively large digital numbers. It particularly has been desired to provide improved operational characteristics, e.g. accuracy and speed. Also, there has been a need for IC converters capable of performing a multiplier function with accuracy. And such improved performance converters particularly should be capable of being manufactured at reasonable cost, using straightforward IC processing techniques.
Summary of the Invention
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, to be described hereinbelow in detail, there is provided an IC digital-to-analog converter capable of handling 12-bit inputs with superior operating characteristics. This converter includes 12 high-performance current switches, all formed on a single chip. Each current switch is a precision multi-element cell structure comprising standard bipolar transistors arranged with a unique cooperative relationship resulting in excellent switching performance. A bias-voltage generator circuit is provided for all of the switch cells, to aid in rejecting the effects of supply voltage variations, and to enhance the capabilities of the converter as a multiplier. Special logic-threshold-setting circuitry also is incorporated to permit the converter to be pin-programmed for use with either conventional TTL logic inputs, or with CMOS logic inputs of either low-voltage or high-voltage range; the positive supply voltage can be set at any value over a relatively wide range of values without degrading the converter accuracy.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of this invention to provide improved digital-to-analog converter apparatus of the integrated-citcuit (IC) type. A more specific object of this invention is to provide such a converter which is capable of handling large digital numbers with superior operating characteristics, and yet is able to be manufactured at reasonable cost. Still other objects, aspects, and advantages of the invention will in part be pointed out in, and in part apparent from, the following description considered together with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred converter design, showing details of one switch cell and its relationship to other components of the converter;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the overall arrangement of the converter.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
Referring now to FIG. 1, a converter in accordance with this invention comprises a plurality of selectively-operable, identical switching cells 10 (only one of which is shown in detail), controllable by digital logic signals applied to respective logic signal input terminals 12. Each switching cell is arranged to switch the current flowing through a corresponding constant-current generator 14, alternatively between (1) an output current summing bus 16 and (2) a ground line 18. These constant-current generators 14 comprise NPN transistors with their emitters connected through respective current-setting resistors 20 to the negative power supply line 22. The resistor values are binarily-scaled to provide binarily-weighted currents through the respective transistors 14.
The areas of the emitters are also binarily-scaled to provide uniform current density in all of the constant-current transistors 14, thereby providing uniform V.sub.BE for all such transistors and minimizing the effects both of differential variations in current levels and differential temperature coefficients of these current levels attributable to V.sub.BE mismatch. The bases of all the constant-current transistors are connected together and driven from a common base line 24 connected to the output of an operational amplifier 26. This amplifier compares the current through a series-connected pair of reference transistors 28, 30 with a constant reference current developed by a reference voltage source 32 and a reference resistor 34, and continuously adjusts the base voltage of the reference transistor 30 to maintain the current through that transistor constant. This voltage control similarly maintains the current through all of the constant-current transistors 14 fixed, as explained in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,685,045 and 3,747,088.
Turning now to the switch cell structure 10 in detail, the logic signal from input terminal 12 is directed to the base of a PNP transistor 36A which cooperates with a matched transistor 36B to form a first differential pair 38. (In the description herein, the term "differential pair" is to be understood as meaning a two-transistor circuit arrangement wherein the two transistors are alternatively conductive, i.e. either one or the other is conductive, depending upon the state of an input signal to the differential pair.) The emitters of these transistors 36A, 36B are connected together and to the collector of an NPN transistor 40 connected as a constant-current source producing a current I.sub.o of 0.5 ma. A current-setting resistor 42 is connected between the emitter and the positive supply voltage line 44, and the base is connected to a common base line 46 held at the required voltage to maintain 0.5 ma from the source 40.
The base of transistor 36B is connected to a threshold voltage line 50 which carries a fixed voltage developed by a threshold voltage control circuit 52, to be described subsequently. When the conventional TTL-type logic circuitry is used to produce the logic signals for the input terminals 12, line 50 will be held at approximately 1.4 volts. If, now, the applied logic signal at the base of transistor 36A is .ltoreq. +0.8 volts (indicating a TTL logical 0), the constant current I.sub.o flows through that transistor 36A. The emitter potential under those conditions will be one-diode drop above the logic signal level, i.e. .ltoreq. + 1.5 volts, and thus there will be no conduction through the other transistor 36B. If, now, a logical 1 signal .gtoreq. + 2.0 volts is applied to terminal 12, the emitter potential will rise, and the constant source current I.sub.o now will flow through the other transistor 36B. The emitter potential in that case will be one diode-drop above the threshold base potential of 1.4 volts, i.e. 2.1 volts, and thus there can be no conduction through the first transistor 36A.
The collectors of transistors 36A, 36B are connected through respective identical resistors 56A, 56B to a bias-voltage line 58 the voltage of which is maintained substantially constant by a bias-generating circuit generally indicated at 60, and which will be described subseqeuntly. The upper terminals of resistors 56A, 56B are connected respectively to the bases of a second differential pair 62 of matched transistors 64A, 64B. This second pair is formed with NPN transistors, and the emitters are connected together to the collector of the constant-current generator 14 previously discussed.
This second pair 62 is a fully-balanced differential-pair, which in the context of the present invention means that the input circuits for the two transistors 64A, 64B are identical and function in exactly the same way to render the respective transistors alternatively conductive. Thus the input circuits are arranged to provide oppositely-symmetrical operating signals for controlling the two transistors. Oppositely-symmetrical in this context means that when one operating signal is high, the other is low, and vice-versa, and that the two high signals are equal and the two low signals are equal.
When the bit input is a logic 0 at terminal 12, and the first transistor 36A is conductive, I.sub.o flows through resistor 56A and thereby elevates the base potential of transistor 64A to approximately one-diode drop (about 0.7 volts) above the bias line 58. Since no current flows through the other resistor 56B, the base of transistor 64B will be held at the bias potential of line 58. Under these circumstances, transistor 64B will be non-conducting, and transistor 64A will be rendered conductive to carry current from ground line 18 through to the constant-current generator 14. Alternatively, if the input is a logical 1 at terminal 12, transistor 36B will conduct I.sub.o therethrough to resistor 56B which will accordingly render transistor 64B conductive while the other transistor 64A is non-conducting. Under those conditions, the current of the constant-current generator 14 will flow through the output current summing bus 18 connected to the collector of transistor 64B.
Since the transistor pair 62 is fully balanced, the potential of the connected emitters will not undergo any significant change when the pair switches differentially between the two alternative states of operation. More specifically, the emitter potential will be held at one diode-drop below the base potential of the conducting transistor, and the base potential of that conducting transistor will be approximately one diode-drop above the bias line 58. Thus, the potential of the emitters of the second differential pair 62 will remain effectively at the constant potential of the bias line 58, as the pair switches between its alternative states.
Accordingly, with a substantially unchanging emitter potential, the switching delay associated with the time required to charge an emitter transition capacitance is thus eliminated, thereby providing an important advance over prior art switches using conventional single-ended arrangements. Also of considerable importance is the fact that the switching speed of the cell is nearly independent of the value of current being switched, since reliable switching can be achieved with only a single diode-drop change in emitter-base voltage at each switch transistor 64A, 64B. This achievement can be contrasted with commonly-used converters wherein the switching time for the lower bit currents is significantly greater than for the higher bit currents. The constant-speed switching-characteristic of the inventive embodiment disclosed herein is particularly valuable in achieving accurate performance when the converter is operated as a multiplier.
It should further be noted that since the emitters of transistors 64A, 64B have the same potential for either of the two alternative switch states, the potential of the collector of the constant-current source transistor 14 likewise will have the same potential for either switch state. Thus, there is no differential power change in these transistors as the various bit combinations are switched. This reduces non-linearity and thermal transient errors caused by differential heating effects.
The current I.sub.o from resistors 56A, 56B flows down through the previously-mentioned bias-generating circuit 60 which in the preferred embodiment consists of a pair of series-connected diodes 70, 72 and a PNP transistor 74. The base of transistor 74 is connected to the controlled base line 24 driven by amplifier 26, and the collector is returned to the negative power line 22. With this arrangement it will be seen that the bias line 58 is held at 3 diode-drops above the base line 24. In effect, this bias voltage serves as a common-mode signal to both of the inputs of the differential switch pair 62, to be combined with the balanced but oppositely-symmetrical signals resulting from the flow of I.sub.o alternatively through resistor 56A or resistor 56B.
With I.sub.o of 0.5 ma flowing through either resistor 56A or 56B (both of 1.5 K ohms), the base voltage of the conducting transistor 64A, 64B will be approximately one diode-drop above the bias line 58. The emitter of the conducting transistor will, in turn, be one diode-drop below the base voltage. Since the transistor emitters both are connected to the collector of the constant-current generator transistor 14, the collector of that transistor 14 will be maintained at substantially the potential of the bias line 58. Thus, the collector-base voltage of transistor 14 will be maintained at a three diode-drop differential regardless of changes in the supply voltage, or of changes in the reference voltage 32.
This bias-circuit arrangement prevents h.sub.RE effects from causing changes in the collector current of transistor 14 due to variations in supply or reference voltage. Such voltage variations appear across the collector-base electrodes of the differential switch pair 62, but do not have any significant effect on the collector currents of transistors 64A, 64B because both of those transistors are operated with a constant-current source in their emitter circuits. Thus, this bias-circuit arrangement provides excellent rejection of power supply variations.
As noted previously, when the converter is used with standard TTL logic, the threshold voltage line 50 is maintained at + 1.4 volts with respect to the ground line by the threshold voltage control circuit 52. This circuit comprises a set of three resistors 76, 78, 80 connected in series between the positive voltage line 44 and the ground line 18. With a + 5-volt power supply, and resistance values as shown, the junction 82 between the lower two resistors 78, 80 will be at approximately + 1.4 volts. This voltage is applied to the base of a conducting PNP transistor 84 the emitter of which will be at a potential one diode-drop higher than its base, i.e. approximately + 2.1 volts. This emitter in turn is connected to the base of a conducting NPN transistor 86, the emitter potential of which will be one diode-drop below its base, i.e. approximately + 1.4 volts. This emitter is connected to the threshold voltage line 50, to direct the threshold voltage to the switching cells as described hereinabove.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the converter is provided with facilities to permit operation, selectively, with either TTL or CMOS logic signals. As noted above, TTL logic signals require a threshold voltage of + 1.4 volts. However, when CMOS logic inputs are employed, the threshold should be set at the optimum value of one-half of the positive power supply voltage. Moreover, at the present time there are in use two different categories of CMOS logic, one of which operates at a low power supply voltage, e.g. around 5 volts, and the other of which operates at a considerably higher voltage, such as around 12 volts. Either of these categories can be accommodated by the converter described herein.
In more detail, for operation with CMOS logic, the user merely connects a jumper 90 between the positive supply voltage pin 92 and an adjoining pin 94. This jumper connection shorts out resistor 76, so that the voltage at junction 82 will be determined by the voltage-dividing action of the two remaining equal-value resistors 78, 80. Thus, the voltage applied to the base of transistor 84 will, under these circumstances, always be equal to one-half of the positive power supply voltage (E.sub.cc). As noted hereinabove, this voltage, after translation through transistors 84 and 86, appears on the threshold voltage line 50. Accordingly, whatever value of E.sub.cc is selected for the particular CMOS logic being used, the threshold voltage will be automatically set at the required level of 1/2 E.sub.cc. This result, moreover, is achieved in very simple fashion by the converter user, by means of pin-programming.
In order to assure proper operation of the converter over the relatively wide range of E.sub.cc values which might be selected, the current source 40 is a constant-current generator, providing a constant output I.sub.o of 0.5 ma for the desired range of supply voltage. The base voltage line 46 for this source 40 is automatically set by a control circuit 100 which includes a constant-current source 102 connected between ground and the negative supply voltage (-15 V.). This source 102 includes an emitter resistor 104 arranged to set the current level at 0.5 ma. The source 102 is connected in series with another current source 106 which is energized by the positive voltage supply, and is matched to the switching-cell current source 40, with both sources 40 and 106 being driven by a common base line 46. The base voltage of source 106 is automatically maintained at the value required to produce 0.5 ma through that source, because the source current of 0.5 ma is fixed by source 102. Thus, the bases of all of the switching-cell constant-current sources 400 will be maintained at the value required to produce 0.5 ma from those sources. The circuit disclosed herein is designed to provide for proper operation of the converter over an E.sub. cc range from + 4.75 to + 15.8 volts.
The overall converter arrangement is shown in outline form in FIG. 2. Here it is seen that the converter has a digital capacity of 12 bits, divided into three separate 4-bit groups of switches 110, 112, 114. The current summing bus 16 of the first group goes directly to the output terminal 116. The other two summing buses 118, 120 are connected through respective attenuation networks 122, 124 to the output terminal. These networks give attenuations of 16:1 and 128:1, respectively. Resistors 126, 128 are included for operation with an output amplifier, to provide voltage spans of either 10 v. or 20 v.
An R-2R network 130 is used for the last group of switches 114. The transistors of this group operate at one-half the current level of the transistors of the other two groups. An additional transistor 132 is provided, matched to the 12th switch transistor 134, to properly terminate the R-2R network. Although there is a 2:1 emitter area mismatch between transistor 134 and the other switch transistors, the resulting differential-gain temperature coefficient is negligibly small since it is introduced at the least significant bit level.
The converter herein disclosed can be operated as a two-quadrant multiplier by varying the reference voltage 32 as one of the values to be multiplied, the other value being the digital input number. The magnitude of the reference voltage directly controls the magnitude of all of the bit currents correspondingly because the amplifier 26 sets the base voltage line 24 so that the bit currents track the reference current flowing through resistor 34. The bit currents are maintained at the correct values even at very low levels, as a result of the unique switching and voltage control arrangements described hereinabove, so that the converter performs quite accurately as a multiplier.
Although a specific preferred embodiment of the invention has been described hereinabove in detail, it is desired to note that this is for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and should not be construed as necessarily limiting of the invention, since it is apparent that those skilled in this art will be able to modify the form of the invention in many ways to meet the requirements of different applications.
Claims
I claim:
1. In an integrated-circuit, digital-to-analog converter of the type comprising a plurality of transistors formed in an IC chip and arranged with cooperating means to serve as constant-current generators to produce binarily-scaled currents; improved switch means for selectively directing the current of each such constant-current generator either to a first summing line or to a second line; said switch means comprising: a source of supply current; first and second transistors connected as a first differential pair providing controllable alternative conduction therethrough, said transistors being coupled to said source of supply current so that the conducting transistor of the pair carrier current from said source; logic signal means connected to one of said first pair of transistors to apply thereto a binary logic signal; threshold means connected to the other of said first pair of transistors to provide that the binary state of said logic signal determines which of said first pair of transistors carries the current from said source of supply current; third and fourth matched transistors connected as a second differential pair providing selective alternative conduction thereof; said second pair of transistors having their emitters connected together to said constant-current generator, and having their collectors connected to said first and second lines, respectively, to direct the current passing through said constant-current generator to one or the other of said lines depending upon which of said second pair of transistors has been made conductive; first input signal means responsive to current flow through said first transistor to apply to the base of said third transistor a first control voltage turning on said third transistor when said first transistor conducts current; second input signal means responsive to current flow through said second transistor to apply to the base of said fourth transistor a second control voltage turning on said fourth transistor when said second transistor conducts current; said first and second input signal means including means arranged to provide that said connected emitters of said third and fourth transistors are maintained substantially at the same voltage as the current from said constant-current generator switches from one to the other of said second pair of transistors in accordance with the state of said binary logic signal.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said logic signal is directed to the base of said one of said first transistor pair; said threshold means comprising a selectively-controllable circuit furnishing to the base of said other of said first transistor pair either (1) a threshold voltage providing for operation with TTL logic inputs, or (2) a threshold voltage which is one-half the d-c power supply voltage, for operation with CMOS logic inputs.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said source of supply current comprises a transistor connected as a constant-current generator, whereby the current conducted alternatively through said first or second transistors will be substantially invariant in the face of changes in power supply voltage.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said constant-current transistor is an NPN type.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein said second pair of differential transistors are NPN types.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said first pair of differential transistors are matched PNP transistors.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said first and second input signal means comprise first and second matched resistors connected to said first and second transistors respectively to receive the current thereof and to produce corresponding equal voltages across the resistors; and means connecting said resistors to the bases of said third and fourth transistors, respectively, to alternatively apply thereto equal base voltages including the voltage developed across the corresponding resistor by said flow of current therethrough.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the emitters of said third and fourth transistors are connected to the collector of said constant-current transistors; and said resistors are sized to provide a voltage thereacross of approximately one diode-drop, when said current passes therethrough from the corresponding one of said first pair of transistors.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a first reference transistor matching said constant-current transistor; a second reference transistor corresponding to one of said second pair of transistors connected in series with said first reference transistor; and means responsive to the current passing through said second reference transistor for automatically adjusting the base voltage of said first reference transistor so as to maintain said collector current constant.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said third and fourth transistors form a fully-balanced differential pair.
11. In an integrated-circuit digital-to-analog converter of the type having a plurality of NPN transistors connected as constant-current generators with their emitters connected through resistors to a power supply line, and wherein the base voltages of said transistors control the magnitude of the currents passing therethrough; switch means for such constant-current generator comprising: first and second matched NPN switch transistors interconnected to form a differential switch pair; means connecting the emitters of said switch transistors together and to the collector of the associated constant-current transistor; means connecting the collector of said first switch transistor to an output line through which said constant current is to be selectively directed by said switch transistor when the latter is rendered conductive; means connecting the collector of said second switch transistor to a current return line; said differential pair being operable selectively to direct said constant current either to said output line or to said return line according to which of said switch transistors is rendered conductive; control circuit means for supplying control voltages to said switch transistors to render one or the other of said transistors conductive; said control circuit means comprising fully-balanced input signal means for alternatively applying oppositely-symmetrical voltages to the bases of said two switch transistors; bias-generating means coupled between the base of said constant-current generator transistor and said control circuit means to maintain a substantially constant voltage differential between the base of said constant-current generator transistor and the bases of said two switch transistors, said bias-generating means serving to apply a common-mode voltage to the input circuit of both of said switch transistors; whereby the collector-to-base voltage of said constant-current transistor is maintained substantially invariant while said first switch transistor is conducting current therefrom to said output line; said control circuit means further comprising first and second equal-value resistors connected to said first and second switch transistor bases respectively to apply thereto equal-value voltages when equal currents flow through said resistors; and a second differential pair of transistors operable by a logic signal and serving to direct currents of equal value through one or the other of said resistors, thereby to activate one or the other of said switch transistors.
12. In an integrated-circuit, digital-to-analog converter of the type comprising a plurality of transistors formed in an IC chip and arranged with cooperating means to serve as constant-current generators to produce respective currents; improved switch means for selectively directing the current of each such constant-current generator either to a first summing line or to a second line; said switch means comprising: a source of supply current; first transistor means connected to said source of supply current, said first transistor means having first and second outputs and including means switchable into either of first or second alternative states respectively providing from said first or said second output a current derived from said source of supply current; control circuit means for switching said transistor means between said two states; said control circuit means comprising logic signal means to develop a binary logic signal; said control circuit means further including means responsive to said binary logic signal for switching said transistor means from said first state to said second state; second transistor means comprising a pair of matched transistors connected as a fully-balanced, symmetrical differential pair providing selective alternative conduction therethrough; said pair of matched transistors having their emitters connected together to said constant-current generator, and having their collectors connected to said first and second lines, respectively, to direct the current passing through said constant-current generator to one or the other of said lines depending upon which of said matched pair of transistors has been made conductive; first signal means responsive to current flow through said first output of said first transistor means to apply to one of said pair of transistors a first control voltage making that transistor conductive when said first output conducts current; and second signal means responsive to current flow through said second output of said first transistor means to apply to the other of said pair of transistors a second control voltage making said other transistor conductive when said second output conducts current; said first and second signal means including means arranged to provide that the connection of said emitters of said pair of transistors is maintained substantially at the same voltage when the current from said constant-current generator switches from one to the other of said pair of transistors in accordance with the state of said binary logic signal.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein said constant-current generator serving as said source of supply current is a PNP transistor.
14. In an integrated-circuit, digital-to-analog converter of the type comprising a plurality of transistors formed in an IC chip and arranged with cooperating means to serve as constant-current generators to produce binarily-scaled currents; improved switch means for selectively directing the current of each such constant-current generator either to a first summing line or to a second line; said switch means comprising: a source of supply current; first and second transistors connected as a first differential pair providing controllable alternative conduction therethrough, said transistors being coupled to said source of supply current so that the conducting transistor of the pair carries current from said source; logic signal means connected to one of said first pair of transistors to apply thereto a binary logic signal; threshold means connected to the other of said first pair of transistors to provide that the binary state of said logic signal determines which of said first pair of transistors carries the current from said source of supply current; third and fourth matched transistors connected as a second differential pair providing selective alternative conduction thereof; said second pair of transistors having their emitters connected together to said constant-current generator, and having their collectors connected to said first and second lines, respectively, to direct the current passing through said constant-current generator to one or the other of said lines depending upon which of said second pair of transistors has been made conductive; first input signal means including first resistor means responsive to current flow through said first transistor and arranged to apply to the base of said third transistor a first control voltage turning on said third transistor when said first transistor conducts current; and second input signal means including second resistor means responsive to current flow through said second transistor and arranged to apply to the base of said fourth transistor a second control voltage turning on said fourth transistor when said second transistor conducts current.
Patent Citations (11)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3446989 | 1969-05-01 | Allen et al. | |
| US3643110 | 1972-02-01 | Thompson | |
| US3648069 | 1972-03-01 | Frederiksen | |
| US3685045 | 1972-08-01 | Pastoriza | |
| US3725673 | 1973-04-01 | Frederiksen | |
| US3747088 | 1973-07-01 | Pastoriza | |
| US3758885 | 1973-09-01 | Voorman et al. | |
| US3760194 | 1973-09-01 | Lutz et al. | |
| US3783307 | 1974-01-01 | Breuer | |
| US3803590 | 1974-04-01 | Pastoriza | |
| US3842412 | 1974-10-01 | Spofford |
Non-Patent Literature (2)
- Dooley, "A Complete Monolithic 10-Bit D/A Converter," IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Feb. 1973, pp. 12-14.
- Maddox, "Current-Steering Chip Ungrades Performance of D/A Converter," Electronics, Apr. 1974, pp. 125-130.