Method of Electrodepositing Primary Amine Group-Containing Cationic Resins

Electrodeposition of aqueous organic coatings has risen to industrial prominence in recent years. The process has many advantages, including uniformity and completeness of coating even on intricate shapes, labor savings and pollution abatement. Virtually any electrically conductive substrate may be coated; however, the process has been primarily employed to prime or one-coat ferrous metal substrates.

Particular interest has recently arisen in cationic electrodeposition coatings, that is, coatings which deposit on the cathode, since when the article is the cathode, there is greatly reduced metal ion dissolution, which phenomena causes staining in certain anionic systems.

One route to cationic electrodepositable resin is the use of synthetic organic resins containing amine groups derived from epoxy group-containing resins which are solubilized through the use of an acid counter-ion. Typically, these amine groups are secondary or tertiary amine groups. However, due to the relatively weak nature of these amine groups, frequently problems have arisen in these systems. These problems include low pH, poor dispersibility, especially at low levels of theoretical neutralization.

Where the resins utilized in the preparation of amine-solubilized electrodepositable resin contain epoxy groups, it has heretofore been extremely difficult to incorporate primary amine groups into the resin molecule since these groups readily react with epoxy groups leading to markedly increased molecular weight, with loss of primary amine functionality, or gelation.

Also, when isocyanate groups are added, they likewise react rapidly with a primary amine functionality, thus removing the desired effect of free primary amine groups.

A number of amine group-solubilized, epoxy group-containing, resin-derived, electrodepositable resins are known in the art. These include two-component cures as well as self-curing resins.

It has now been found that primary amine groups may be incorporated in virtually any amine group-solubilized, epoxy group-containing, resin-derived electrodepositable resin. This can be accomplished by reacting a portion of the epoxy groups with virtually any polyamine containing a secondary amine group and containing primary amine groups in which the primary amine groups are blocked by ketimine groups. The ketimine groups when contacted with water decompose to provide primary amine functionality.

The presence of primary amine groups in an acid neutralized amine group-solubilized electrodepositable resin provide numerous benefits including increased system pH, greater dispersibility, especially at low levels of theoretical neutralization, higher throw power, and in cases where cure of the resin system occurs through amine groups, more rapid and complete cure.

Virtually any acid-neutralized, amine group-solubilized resin can be modified by the technique of this invention at a stage where the base epoxy resin retains epoxy functionality.

A number of acid-neutralized, amine group-solubilized, epoxy group-containing, resin-derived, cationically electrodepositable resins are known in the art.

One such system is described in copending application Ser. No. 193,590, filed Oct. 28, 1971, by Robert D. Jerabek, entitled "CATIONIC ELECTRODEPOSITABLE COMPOSITIONS", now abandoned, where the electrodepositable system comprises a capped or blocked organic polyisocyanate, an amine adduct of an epoxy group-containing resin and optionally a catalyst for urethane formation.

The capped or blocked isocyanate which may be employed in these compositions may be any isocyanate where the isocyanate groups have been reacted with a compound so that the resultant capped isocyanate is stable to hydroxyl or amine groups at room temperature but reactive with hydroxyl or amine groups at elevated temperatures, usually between about 200.degree. F. and about 600.degree. F.

In the preparation of the blocked organic polyisocyanates, any suitable organic polyisocyanate may be used. Representative examples are the aliphatic compounds such as trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 2,3-butylene, 1,3-butylene, ethylidine and butylidene diisocyanates; the cycloalkylene compounds such as 1,3-cyclopentane, 1,4-cyclohexane, and 1,2-cyclohexane diisocyanates; the aromatic compounds such as m-phenylene, p-phenylene, 4,4'-diphenyl, 1,5-naphthalene and 1,4-naphthalene diisocyanates; the aliphatic-aromatic compounds such as 4,4'-diphenylene methane, 2,4- or 2,6-tolylene, or mixtures thereof, 4,4'-toluidine, and 1,4-xylylene diisocyanates; the nuclear-substituted aromatic compounds such as dianisidine diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylether diisocyanate and chlorodiphenylene diisocyanate; the triisocyanates such as triphenyl methane-4,4', 4"-triisocyanate, 1,3,5-triisocyanate benzene and 2,4,6-triisocyanate toluene; and the tetraisocyanates such as 4,4'-diphenyl-dimethylmethane-2,2', 5,5'-tetraisocyanate; the polymerized polyisocyanates such as tolylene diisocyanate dimers and trimers, and the like.

In addition, the organic polyisocyanate may be a prepolymer derived from a polyol including polyether polyol or polyester polyol, including polyethers which are reacted with excess polyisocyanates to form isocyanate-terminated prepolymers may be simple polyols such as glycols, e.g., ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, as well as other polyols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, hexanetriol, pentaerythritol, and the like, as well as mono-ethers such as diethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and the like, and polyethers, i.e., alkylene oxide condensates of the above. Among the alkylene oxides that may be condensed with these polyols to form polyethers are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide and the like. These are generally called hydroxy-terminated polyethers and can be linear or branched. Examples of polyethers include polyoxyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1540, polyoxypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1025, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, polyoxyhexamethylene glycol, polyoxynonamethylene glycol, polyoxydecamethylene glycol, polyoxydodecamethylene glycol and mixtures thereof. Other types of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers can be used. Especially useful polyether polyols are those derived from reacting polyols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, and their mixtures; glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, polypentaerythritol, sorbitol, methyl glucosides, sucrose and the like, with alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, their mixtures, and the like.

Any suitable aliphatic, cycloaliphatic aromatic alkyl monoalcohol and phenolic compound may be used as a blocking agent in accordance with the present invention, such as, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl, ethyl, chloroethyl propyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, 3,3,5-trimethylhexanol, decyl and lauryl alcohols, and the like; the aromatic, alkyl alcohols, such as phenylcarbinol, methylphenylcarbinol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and the like; the phenolic compounds such as phenol itself, substituted phenols in which the substituents do not adversely affect the coating operations. Examples include cresol, xylenol, nitrophenol, chlorophenol, ethylphenol, t-butyl-phenol and 2,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy toluene. Minor amounts of even higher molecular weight, relatively non-volatile monoalcohols may be used, if desired, to serve as plasticizers in the coatings provided by this invention.

Additional blocking agents include tertiary hydroxyl amines such as diethylethanolamine and oximes such as methyl ethyl ketone oxime, acetone oxime and cyclohexanone oxime. Use of oximes and phenols is particularly desirable because specific polyisocyanates blocked with these agents unblock at relatively low temperatures without the need for externally added urethane forming catalyst such as tin catalyst.

The organic polyisocyanate-blocking agent adduct is formed by reacting a sufficient quantity of blocking agent with the organic polyisocyanate to insure that no free isocyanate groups are present.

As previously stated, the resin employed is a coating composition containing an aqueous dispersion prepared from a capped organic polyisocyanate and a resin which is an adduct of a primary and/or secondary amine wiith an epoxy group-containing resin to form a room temperature stable coating composition.

The epoxy material utilized to form the adduct can be any monometric or polymeric compound or mixture of compounds having an average of one or more epoxy groups per molecule. The monoepoxides can be utilized, but it is preferred that the epoxy compound be resinous and that the polyepoxide contain one or more epoxy groups per molecule. A particularly useful class of polyepoxides are the polyglycidyl ethers of polyphenols such as Bisphenol A. These can be produced, for example, by etherification of a polyphenol with epichlorohydrin or dichlorohydrin in the presence of an alkali. The phenolic compound may be, for example, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-propane, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)1,1-ethane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)1,1-isobutane, bis(4-hydroxytertiarybutyl-phenyl)2,2-propane bis(2-hydroxynaphthyl)methane, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthylene, or the like. In many instances, it is desirable to employ such polyepoxides having somewhat higher molecular weight and containing aromatic groups. These can be provided by reacting the diglycidyl ether above with a polyphenol such as Bisphenol A and then further reacting this product with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyglycidyl ether. Preferably the polyglycidyl ether of a polyphenol contains free hydroxyl groups in addition to epoxide groups.

While the polyglycidyl ethers of polyphenols may be employed per se, it is frequently desirable to react a portion of the reactive sites (hydroxyl or in some instances epoxy) with a modifying material to vary the film characteristics of the resin. The esterification of epoxy resins with carboxylic acid, especially fatty acids is well known in the art and need not be discussed in detail. Especially preferred are saturated fatty acids and especially pelargonic acid. Likewise the epoxy resin may be modified with isocyanate group-containing organic materials or other reactive organic materials.

Another quite useful class of polyepoxides are produced similarly from novolak resins or similar polyphenol resins.

Also suitable are the similar polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols which may be derived from such polyhydric alcohols as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,4-propylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, glycerol, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)2,2-propane and the like. There can also be used polyglycidyl esters of polycarboxylic acids, which are produced by the reaction of epichlorohydrin or similar epoxy compounds with an aliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, terephthalic acid, 2,6-naphthylene dicarboxylic acid, dimerized linolenic acid and the like. Examples are glycidyl adipate and glycidyl phthalate. Also useful are polyepoxides derived from the epoxidation of an olefinically unsaturated alicyclic compound. Included are diepoxides comprising in part one or more monoepoxides. These polyepoxides are non-phenolic and are obtained by the epoxidation of alicyclic olefins. For example, by oxygen and selected method catalysts, by perbenzoic acids, by acetaldehyde monoperacetate, or by peracetic acid. Among such polyepoxides are the epoxy alicyclic ethers and esters which are well known in the art.

Other epoxy-containing compounds are resins including nitrogeneous diepoxides such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,365,471; epoxy resins from 1,1-methylene bis(5-substituted hydantoin), U.S. Pat. No. 3,391,097; bis-imide containing diepoxides, U.S. Pat. No. 3,450,711, epoxylated ammomethyldiphenyl oxides, U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,664; heterocyclic N,N'-diglycidyl compounds, U.S. Pat. No. 3,503,979; amino epoxy phosphonates, British Pat. No. 1,172,916; 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurates, as well as other epoxy-containing materials known in the art.

As previously set forth, the epoxy-containing materials are reacted with an amine to form an adduct. The amine employed may be any primary or secondary amine, preferably a secondary amine. Preferably the amine is a water-soluble amino compound. Examples of such amines include mono- and dialkylamines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, methylbutylamine, and the like.

While in most instances reasonably low molecular weight amines may be employed, it is possible to employ higher molecular weight monoamines, especially where it is preferred that the molecule be flexibilized or further modified by the structure contributed by the amines. Likewise, a mixture of low molecular weight and high molecular weight amines may be employed to modify the resin properties.

Further, it is possible for the amines to contain other constituents so long as they do not interfere with the reaction of the amine and the epoxy group and are of the nature or employed under the conditions so that they do not gel the reaction mixture.

The reaction of the amine with the epoxy group-containing material takes place upon admixing the amine and the epoxy group-containing material. In fact, it may be exothermic. If desired, the reaction mixture, if necessary, may be heated to moderate temperature, that is, 50.degree. C. to 150.degree. C., although higher or lower temperatures may be used, depending on the desired reaction. It is frequently desirable, in any event, at the completion of the reaction to elevate the temperature at least slightly for a sufficient time to insure complete reaction.

The amount of amine reacted with the epoxy group-containing material is at least that amount sufficient to render the resin cationic in character, that is, transportable to the cathode when acid solubilized. In some instances, substantially all of the epoxy groups in the resin are reacted with an amine. However, excess epoxy groups may remain which hydrolyze upon contact with water to form hydroxyl groups.

The polyisocyanate-blocking agent adduct is preferably admixed with the amine epoxy adduct in ratios of from about 0.5 to about 2.0 urethane groups for each hydroxyl group.

Another cationic system which can be modified by the semi-ketimines is described in copending application Ser. No. 193,591, filed Oct. 28, 1971, by Robert D. Jerabek and Joseph R. Marchetti entitled SELF-CROSSLINKING CATIONIC ELECTRODEPOSITABLE COMPOSITIONS, comprising the reaction product of an epoxy group-containing resin, a primary or secondary amine, and a partially-capped or blocked organic polyisocyanate and containing a catalyst for urethane formation.

The epoxy material may be any of those described above.

The partially- or semi-capped or blocked isocyanate which may be employed in preparing the composition of the invention may be any polyisocyanate where a portion of the isocyanato groups have been reacted with a compound so that the resultant capped isocyanate portion is stable to hydroxyl or amine groups at room temperature but reactive with hydroxyl or amine groups at elevated temperatures, usually between about 200.degree. F. and about 600.degree. F. The semi-capped polyisocyanate employed should contain an average of about one free reactive isocyanate group.

In the preparation of the partially-blocked organic polyisocyanate, any suitable organic polyisocyanate may be used, such as the representative examples set forth above.

Preferably, the polyisocyanate employed should have isocyanate groups with varied reactivity to facilitate the partially-blocking reaction.

In addition, the organic polyisocyanate may be a prepolymer derived from a polyol including polyether polyol or polyester polyol such as those described above.

Any suitable aliphatic, cycloaliphatic aromatic alkyl monoalcohol and phenolic compound may be used as a blocking agent in accordance with the present invention, such as, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl, ethyl, chloroethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, 3,3,5-trimethylhexanol, decyl, and lauryl alcohols, and the like; the cycloaliphatic alcohols such as, for example, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, and the like; the aromatic alkyl alcohols, such as phenylcarbinol, methylphenylcarbinol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and the like; the phenolic compounds such as phenol itself, substituted phenols in which the substituents do not adversely affect the coating operations. Examples include cresol, xylenol, nitrophenol, chlorophenol, ethylphenol, t-butyl-phenol and 2,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy toluene. Minor amounts of higher molecular weight, relatively non-volatile monoalcohols may be used, if desired, to serve as plasticizers in the coatings provided by this invention.

Additional blocking agents include tertiary hydroxylamines such as diethylethanolamine and oximes such as methyl ethyl ketone oximes, acetone oxime and cyclohexanone oxime. Use of oximes and phenols is particularly desirable because specific polyisocyanates blocked with these agents uncap at relatively low temperatures without the need for externally added urethane forming catalyst such as tin catalyst.

The semi-capped organic polyisocyanate is formed by reacting a sufficient quantity of blocking agent with the organic polyisocyanate to provide a product having one free isocyanate group remaining.

As previously set forth, the epoxy-containing materials are reacted with an amine to form an adduct. The amine employed may be any primary or secondary amine, preferably a secondary amine. Preferably the amine is a water-soluble amino compound. Examples of such amines include mono- and dialkylamines such methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, methylbutylamine, and the like.

While in most instances reasonably low molecular weight amines may be employed, it is possible to employ higher molecular weight monoamines, especially where it is preferred that the molecule be flexibilized or further modified by the structure contributed by the amines. Likewise, a mixture of low molecular weight and high molecular weight amines may be employed to modify the resin properties.

Further, it is possible for the amines to contain other constituents so long as they do not interfere with the reaction of the amine and the epoxy group and are of the nature or employed under the conditions so that they do not gel the reaction mixture.

The epoxy containing material, the semi-capped isocyanate and the amine may be reacted in alternative order.

Where the epoxy group-containing materials also contain hydroxyl groups, for example, the higher polyglycidyl ethers of polyphenols, the epoxy may be first reacted with the semi-capped polyisocyanate. The portion reacted is not unduly critical. Preferably sufficient semi-capped isocyanate is employed to provide an adequate number of crosslinking sites to provide a cured film. Usually about one-half of the available hydroxyl groups are reacted. The maximum amount reacted can be the equivalence of the total hydroxyl functionality together with half the epoxy functionality.

Preferably this reaction is conducted at low or moderate temperatures, generally less than about 120.degree. C. to preserve the capped isocyanate groups in order to avoid gelation and to retain latent crosslinking sites. Usually the reaction is conducted in the presence of a catalyst for urethane formation at a temperature between about 60.degree. C. and about 120.degree. C. Temperatures of about 100.degree. C. are commonly employed.

After the completion of the above reaction, the resulting product is then reacted with the amine. The reaction of the amine with the epoxy group-containing material takes place upon admixing the amine and the epoxy-containing material. In fact, the reaction is frequently exothermic. If desired, the reaction mixture, if necessary, may be heated to moderate temperature, that is, 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., care being taken to preserve the capped isocyanate groups previously added. It is frequently desirable in any event to elevate the temperature at least slightly for a sufficient time to insure complete reaction.

The amount of amine reacted with the epoxy group-containing material is at least that amount sufficient to render the resin cationic in character, that is, transportable to the cathode when acid solubilized. In some instances substantially all of the epoxy groups in the resin are reacted with an amine. However, excess epoxy groups may remain which hydrolyze upon contact with water to form hydroxyl groups.

Alternatively, the epoxy group-containing material may first be reacted with the amine to form an amine-epoxy adduct.

Polyamine ketimine derivatives utilized in the formation of products of this invention are derived in turn from virtually any polyamine capable of reacting with an epoxy group and having at least one secondary amine group and containing primary amine groups such as diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, etc. Preferred polyamines are the alkylene polyamines and the substituted alkylene polyamines. Especially preferred polyamines are selected from those having the following formula:

where R is a difunctional aliphatic group containing from 2 to about 28 carbon atoms. R may represent the same or different radicals in any one polyamine compound. Inert or non-interferring groups may be present on the group R.

Particularly preferred polyamines are those having the formula set forth above wherein R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. It is still more preferred that R is an alkylene group of 2-6 carbon atoms.

Typical of the amines which may be used are diethylene triamine, etc., and the corresponding propylene, butylene, etc., amine. Other amines which may be employed include primary-secondary amines such as N-aminoethyl piperazine or amines corresponding to the formula:

the primary amine groups in the polyamine compounds are converted to ketimines by reaction with ketones. Such ketones may have the following structural formula: ##EQU1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are organic radicals and are each substantially inert to the ketimine formation reaction. Preferably R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are short chain alkyl groups (1 to 4 carbon atoms). It is often preferred to use a ketone which boils below or near the boiling point of water or which readily distills with water. The reaction of the ketone with the primary amine groups can be illustrated as follows: ##EQU2##

Preferred examples of ketones include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl n-butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, acetophenone, and the like. Especially preferred ketones are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone.

As previously stated, the secondary amine groups containing ketimine may be reacted with the base electrodepositable resin at any stage where free epoxy groups remain in the molecule.

The reaction of the amine with the epoxy group-containing material takes place upon admixing the amine and the epoxy group-containing material. In fact, the reaction is frequently exothermic. If desired, the reaction mixture, if necessary may be heated to moderate temperature, that is, about 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., care being taken to preserve the ketimine groups and blocked isocyanate groups present. It is frequently desirable, in any event, to elevate the temperature at least slightly for a sufficient time to insure complete reaction.

Subsequent to the reaction, the resultant resin should not be exposed to conditions which will decompose the ketimine groups to generate free primary amine groups until the possibility of gelation or crosslinking with the primary amine groups does not exist. The ketimine will decompose upon aqueous dispersion.

Generally, the ratio of capped isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in the final aqueous dispersion is from about 0.5 to about 2.0 isocyanate groups for each hydroxyl group.

It is usually necessary, in order to insure rapid and complete curing of the polymers of the invention, to have present in the coating mixture a catalyst for urethane formation. However, if curing temperatures after deposition are high enough, catalyst may not be needed. Also, if proper blocking agent for the isocyanate is employed, e.g. oximes, catalyst may not be needed. Examples of externally added catalyst are tin compounds such as dibutyl tin dilaurate and dibutyl tin diacetate, which are preferred, but other catalysts for urethane formation known in the art may be employed. The amount of catalyst employed is that amount which effectively promotes reaction of the deposited film, for example, amounts varying from about 0.5 percent to about 4 percent by weight of the polymer may be employed. Typically about 2 percent by weight is employed.

The polymer of the invention and catalyst mixture is electrodeposited on a suitable substrate and cured at elevated temperatures, such as from about 250.degree. F. to about 600.degree. F., the film curing at least in part through urethane crosslinks. The alcohol released may either volatilize or remain in the mixture as a plasticizer, depending essentially on its boiling point.

Aqueous components containing the above components are highly useful as coating compositions, particularly suited to application by electrodeposition, although they may also be applied by conventional coating techniques. It is necessary to add a neutralizing agent to obtain a suitable aqueous composition. It is desirable to electrodeposit these coatings from a solution having a pH between about 3 and about 9.

Neutralization of these products is accomplished by the reaction of all or part of the amino groups by water-soluble acid, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, or phosphoric acid, or the like. The extent of neutralization depends upon the particular resin and it is only necessary that sufficient acid be added to solubilize or disperse the resin.

Electrodepositable compositions while referred to as "solubilized" in fact are considered a complex solution, dispersion or suspension or combination of one or more of these classes in water, which acts as an electrolyte under the influence of an electric current. While no doubt in some instances the resin is in solution, it is clear that in some instances and perhaps in most the resin is a dispersion which may be called a molecular dispersion of molecular size between a collodial suspension and a true solution.

The concentration of the product in water depends upon the process parameters to be used and is in general not critical, but ordinarily the major proportion of the aqueous composition is water, e.g., the composition may contain one to 25 percent by weight of resin. In most instances, a pigment composition and, if desired, various additives such as anti-oxidants, surface-active agents, coupling solvents, and the like known in the electrodeposition art are included. The pigment composition may be of any conventional type, comprising, for example, one or more pigments such as iron oxides, lead oxides, strontium chromate, carbon black, titanium dioxide, talc, barium sulfate, cadmium yellow, cadmium red, chromic yellow, and the like.

In electrodeposition processes employing the aqueous coating compositions described above, the aqueous composition is placed in contact with an electrically conductive anode and an electrically conductive cathode, with the surface to be coated being the cathode. Upon passage of electric current between the anode and the cathode, while in contact with the bath containing the coating composition, an adherent film of the coating composition is deposited on the cathode. This is in contrast to processes utilizing polycarboxylic acid resins which deposit on the anode, and many of the advantages described above are in large part attributed to this cathodic deposition.

The conditions under which the electrodeposition is carried out are in general similar to those used in electrodeposition of other types of coatings. The applied voltage may be varied greatly and can be, for example, as low as one volt or as high as several thousand volts, although typically between 50 volts and 500 volts. The current density is usually between about 1.0 ampere and 15 amperes per square foot, and tends to decrease during electrodeposition.

The method of the invention is applicable to the coating of any electrically conductive substrate, and especially metals such as steel, aluminum, copper, or the like.

After deposition, the coating is cured at elevated temperatures by any convenient method, such as in baking ovens or with banks of infrared heat lamps. Curing tempeatures are preferably from about 350.degree. F. to about 425.degree. F., although curing temperatures from about 250.degree. F. to about 500.degree. F., or even 600.degree. F. may be employed, if desired.

Illustrating the invention are the following examples, which, however, are not construed as limiting the invention to their details. All parts and percentages in the examples, as well as throughout this specification, are by weight unless otherwise specified.

A cationic pigment dispersant was prepared by heating 746.2 parts of stearyl glycidyl ether (Proctor & Gamble's Epoxide 45) and 224 parts of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether to about 50.degree. C. and adding 150.2 parts of n-methyl ethanolamine over a 30-minute period with external cooling to keep the batch temperature below 100.degree. C. When all the amine was added, the batch was held an additional hour at 100.degree. C. before cooling and storage.

To prepare a grinding vehicle from this cationic pigment dispersant, 200 parts were blended with 38.5 parts of 88 percent lactic acid and 515 parts of deionized water.

To prepare a pigment paste, 90 parts of this grinding vehicle was blended with four parts of acetylenic alcohol defoamer (Surfynol 104-A), 60 parts of phthalocyanine blue, 140 parts of ion oxide brown and 306 parts of deionized water, and the resultant slurry ground in a suitable mill to a Hegman No. 7.

An amine-epoxy adduct was prepared as follows:

One thousand eight hundred thirty (1,830) parts of polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epon 1004) possessing an epoxy equivalent weight of 915 were dissolved in 353.2 parts of methyl butyl ketone by heating to reflux at 130.degree. C. with agitation in order to remove any water present by use of a decanting trap in the distillate return line. Upon cooking to 80.degree. C. under a dry nitrogen blanket, 52 parts of the diketimine derived from one mole of diethylene triamine and 2 moles of methyl isobutyl ketone (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,925) and 138.8 parts diethylamine were added and the batch heated to 120.degree. C. where it was held approximately 2 hours and then thinned with 326 parts of propylene glycol monomethyl ether. The resultant amine cationic resin-containing potential primary amine groups (to be generated from the ketimine moiety upon water addition) was stored for subsequent use. This product was identified as Adduct C.

In order to prepare a reactive cationic plasticizer, the 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate was first prepared by adding 1953 parts of 2-ethylhexanol to 2610 parts of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 200 parts methyl butyl ketone over a 5-hour period with agitation and external cooling to maintain the batch reaction temperature below 20.degree. C. The batch was then thinned with 100 parts of methyl butyl ketone and stored under dry nitrogen.

In another reactor, 456 parts of the above 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-TDI (1.5 equivalents of free isocyanate) was added to 769.5 parts (1.5 equivalents) of polyoxypropylene diamine (Jefferson Jeffamine D-1000) possessing an amine equivalent weight of 512 over a 20-minute period at 40.degree. C., and then thinned with 189 parts of methyl butyl ketone to yield a reactive cationic plasticizer of 85.2 percent non-volatile content.

In another reactor, the 2-ethylhexanol diurethane of 80/20 2,4-2,6-toluene diisocyanate was prepared by slowly adding 87.1 parts of 80/20 2,4-2,6-TDI to 143 parts of 2-ethylhexanol containing one drop of dibutyl tin dilaurate with external cooling to maintain the reaction mixture below 100.degree. C.

To prepare an electrodepositable thermosetting cationic urethane composition, 741 parts of the above polytertiary amine cationic resin (Adduct C), 57 parts of ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, 134 parts of the above reactive cationic plasticizer, 231 parts of the above 2-ethylhexanol diurethane and 18 parts dibutyl tin dilaurate catalyst were blended and then solubilized with 46 parts 88 percent lactic acid and 1773 parts deionized water.

To pigment this composition, 1216 parts of it were blended with 247 parts of the pigment paste described in Example A, and the batch thinned to about 12 percent non-volatile content with 2337 parts of deionized water.

This electrodeposition batch showed a pH of 6.0 and 2 minute throwpower of 10 inches at 280 volts. Films deposited cathodically for two minutes at 280 volts on zinc phosphated steel and baked 45 minutes at 350.degree. F. yielded smooth, hard, flexible films of 0.5 mil thickness.

A 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate sample was prepared by adding 651 parts of 2-ethylhexanol to an agitated mixture of 870 parts of 2,4-TDI and 100 parts methyl butyl ketone over approximately 3 hours, with external cooling to maintain the reaction temperature below 18.degree. C. After addition was complete, the batch was agitated an additional 2 hours and stored under dry nitrogen for subsequent use.

A self-crosslinking, cationic polyurethane containing free primary amine groups was then prepared by first dissolving 700 parts of polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epon 1001) possessing an equivalent weight of 492 per epoxide group, in 153.7 parts of methyl butyl ketone and refluxing about 20 minutes to remove any water present, by use of a decanting trap in the distillate return line. After cooling to 80.degree. C., 598.3 parts of the above 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate was added and the batch reheated to 90-95.degree. C. and held for about one hour, then heated to 120.degree.-125.degree. C. and held about 11/2 hours, until all NCO was found to have reacted, as indicated by an infrared scan.

The batch was cooled to 100.degree. C. and 73.8 parts of the diketimine derived from one mole of diethylene triamine and 2 moles of methyl isobutyl ketone (Shell Chemical Co. curing agent H-1) was added, followed by 93.6 parts of diethylamine. The batch was then heated to 120.degree. C. and held for one hour at which time 193 parts monohexyl ether of ethylene glycol was introduced.

Into a separate agitated container was blended 1445 parts of water and 76 parts of 88 percent aqueous lactic acid, after which 1432 parts of the above hot resin was slowly blended in. When cooled to approximately 110.degree. C., 29 parts of dibutyl tin dilaurate were added and the resultant 44.4 percent solids aqueous dispersion stored for subsequent use.

A cationic resin for pigment dispersion was prepared by dissolving 500 parts of polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epon 1001) possessing an epoxide equivalent weight of 500, in a blend of 96 parts butanol and 96 parts of the monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol by heating to 55.degree. C. with agitation and then introducing 73.1 parts of diethylamine. The batch was heated to 100.degree. to 110.degree. C. and held 23/4 hours and then stored for subsequent solubilization. For pigment grinding, 200 parts of this resin were solubilized by blending with 36 parts of 88 percent lactic acid and 273 parts of deionized water. To 73.2 parts of this solubilized pigment grinding resin was added 4.8 parts of acetylenic alcohol defoamer (Surfynol 104-A), 72 parts phthalocyanine blue, 162 parts iron oxide brown and 383 grams of deionized water, and the resultant pigment slurry ground in a steel ball mill.

A pigmented primary amine-containing self-crosslinking, cationic electrodepositable composition was prepared by blending 221 parts of the above pigment paste with 839 parts of the above 44.4 percent solids cationic urethane resin dispersion and 2740 parts of deionized water. This composition displayed a solids content of about 12 percent, a pH of 5.7 and a conductivity of 1165 mmhos./cm.

When cathodically deposited upon zinc phosphatized steel a (Ford) throw of 95/8 inches in 2 minutes at 320 volts was displayed. Panels similarly coated and baked 20 minutes at 400.degree. F. showed a film thickness of 0.45 mils, a pencil hardness of 6H and no scribe creepage after an exposure of 14 days to salt fog.

A 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate was prepared by adding 1953 parts of 2-ethylhexanol to an agitated mixture of 2610 parts of 2,4-TDI and 200 parts of methyl butyl ketone over approximately a 3-hour period with external cooling to maintain the reaction temperature below 18.degree. C. After the addition was completed, the product was stored under dry nitrogen for subsequent use.

A self-crosslinking cationic polyurethane-containing free primary amine groups was prepared by first dissolving 700 parts of polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epon 1001) possessing an equivalent weight of 492 per epoxide group, in 150 parts of methyl butyl ketone, and refluxing about 30 minutes at 130.degree. C. to remove any water present by use of a decanting trap in the distillate return line. After cooling to 100.degree. C., 598.3 parts of the above 2-ethylhexanol monourethane of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate was added along with ten drops of dibutyl tin dilaurate.

The batch was heated to 120.degree. C. and held about 35 minutes, at which time 143.2 parts of ethylene glycol monohexyl ether were added, followed by 96.1 parts of n-methyl ethanolamine and 73.8 parts of the diketimine derived from one mole of diethylene triamine and 2 moles of methyl isobutyl ketone (Shell Chemical Co. curing agent H-1). The batch was held at 100.degree. C. for about 2 hours, at which time 1400 parts of it were poured into an agitated vessel containing 831 parts of deionized water and 72 parts of 88 percent lactic acid. After cooling to 110.degree. F., 23 parts of dibutyl tin dilaurate were added to the mixture and it was thinned for subsequent use to 40 percent non-volatile content with 582 parts of deionized water.

A cationic pigment dispersant was prepared by heating 746.2 parts of stearyl glycidyl ether (Proctor & Gamble's Epoxide 45) and 224 parts of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether to about 50.degree. C. and adding 150.2 parts of n-methyl ethanolamine over a 30-minute period with external cooling to keep the batch temperature below 100.degree. C. When all the amine was added, the batch was held an additional hour at 100.degree. C. before cooling and storage. To prepare a grinding vehicle from this cationic pigment dispersant, 200 parts were blended with 38.5 parts of 88 percent lactic acid and 515 parts of deionized water. To prepare a pigment paste 90 parts of this grinding vehicle were blended with 4 parts of acetylenic alcohol defoamer (Surfynol 104-A), 60 parts of phthalocyanine blue, 140 parts of iron oxide brown, and 306 parts of deionized water, and the resultant slurry ground in a steel ball mill.

A pigmented, self-crosslinking cationic, primary amine-containing electrodepositable composition was prepared by blending 228 parts of the above paste with 930 parts of the above 40 percent non-volatile cationic resin dispersion and reducing with 2642 parts of deionized water. This coating bath showed a pH of 6.4, a conductivity of 1510 mmhos./cm., and a 2-minute throwpower (Ford) of 81/2 inches at 250 volts.

Films deposited cathodically for two minutes at 250 volts on zinc phosphated steel panels showed 0.4 mil film thickness after curing 20 minutes at 400.degree. F. and showed no scribe creepage when exposed to salt fog at 100.degree. F. for two weeks.

A cationic pigment dispersant was prepared by mixing 138 parts by weight of an alkyl imidazoline sold commercially by Geigy Industrial Chemicals under the trade name Geigy Amine C, 31 parts by weight of glacial acetic acid and 138 parts by weight of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The mixture was thinned with 383 parts by weight of deionized water to form a 40 percent solids solution.

To prepare a pigment paste, 100 parts of the above cationic pigment dispersant was blended with 40 parts of an acetylenic alcohol defoamer (Surfynol 104 A, commercially available from Air Products and Chemicals Inc.), 260 parts by weight of deionized water, 140 parts by weight of coal dust, 40 parts by weight of lead silicate and 20 parts by weight of strontium chromate. The resultant blend was ground in a suitable mill to a Hegman No. 7.

An amine-epoxy adduct was prepared as follows: 970 parts by weight of a polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epon 1001) possessing an epoxy equivalent weight of 485 was first dried by dissolving with 372 parts by weight of methyl butyl ketone and heating to reflux at 135.degree. C. to remove any water present.

A diketimine was prepared by charging 585 parts by weight of triethylene tetramine, 1129.88 parts by weight of methyl isobutyl ketone to a suitable reactor and heating to reflux to remove 129.5 grams of water over 111/2 hour period. The temperature increased from 100.degree. C. to 148.degree. C. over this period, during which time 93 grams of methyl isobutyl ketone were removed from the reaction mixture along with the water.

56.2 parts by weight of the diketimine and 90.5 parts by weight of diethylamine were added to the dried Epon 1001 solution and the batch heated to 120.degree. C., where it was held for approximately one hour. Four hundred and twenty (420) parts by weight of polyoxypropylene diamine commercially available from Jefferson Chemical Company under the trademark Jeffamine D-2000 were added and the batch held and additional 3 hours at 120.degree. C. The resultant polytertiary amine cationic resin-containing potential primary amine groups (to be generated from the ketimine moiety upon water addition) was stored for subsequent use.

A crosslinking agent, a triurethane was made by charging 290.8 parts by weight of 80/20 2,4/2,6-toluene diisocyanate to a reactor under a nitrogen blanket. To this was added slowly 217.6 parts by weight of 2-ethylhexanol with external cooling to maintain the reaction temperature below 100.degree. F. After the 2-ethylhexanol has been completely added, the reaction mixture was held for 30 minutes under 100.degree. F. The mixture was then allowed to exotherm and heat applied to raise the reaction temperature to 140.degree. F., at which time 75 parts by weight of trimethylol propane were added over the period of 10 minutes with agitation. After the trimethylol propane was added, 0.08 parts by weight of dibutyl tin dilaurate was added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was allowed to exotherm to 250.degree. F. and held for 11/2 hours until essentially all of the isocyanate moiety was gone, as indicated by an infrared scan. The reaction mixture was then thinned with 249 parts by weight of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

To prepare an electrodepositable thermosetting cationic urethane composition, 318 parts by weight of the above described polytertiary amine cationic resin, 178 parts by weight of the crosslinking agent and 7.6 grams of dibutyl tin dilaurate were blended together and then solubilized with 16.1 parts by weight of glacial acetic acid and 240.3 parts by weight of deionized water.

To pigment this composition, 171 parts of the pigment paste described in the beginning of Example IV was added, and the batch thinned with 2869 parts by weight of deionized water to form an electrodeposition bath of 11.5 percent solids content.

Using this bath, films were deposited cathodically for two minutes at 150 volts on zinc phosphated steel and baked 20 minutes at 400.degree. F., yielding a smooth, hard, acetone-resistant surface of 0.8 mil thickness.

In the manner of the above examples, various other epoxy-containing materials, ketimines, adjuvants and conditions within the scope of the above descriptions may be substituted to achieve similar results.

According to the provisions of the Patent Statutes, there are described above the invention and what are now considered to be its best embodiments. However, within the scope of the appended claims, it is to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.