BICYCLIC PEPTIDE LIGANDS WITH DETECTABLE MOIETIES AND USES THEREOF

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 18/345,506, filed Jun. 30, 2023, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/060,409, filed Oct. 1, 2020, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/018,432, filed Jun. 26, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/524,721, filed Jun. 26, 2017 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/594,613, filed Dec. 5, 2017, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (B170170041US05-SEQ-PJH.xml; Size: 280,233 bytes; and Date of Creation: Dec. 23, 2025) are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0003] The present invention relates to polypeptides which are covalently bound to molecular scaffolds such that two or more peptide loops are subtended between attachment points to the scaffold and further linked to a detectable moiety. In particular, the invention describes bicyclic peptide ligands useful for selectively delivering the linked detectable moiety to cancer cells. The invention also describes peptides which are high affinity binders of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), membrane type 1 metalloprotease (MT1-MMP), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), Eph receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2), or integrin αvβ3 (αvβ3). The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising said peptide ligands and to the use of said peptide ligands in diagnosing, imaging, preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3.

[0004] Transmembrane proteins which are overexpressed in cancer cells provide a potential means for selectively targeting and imaging cancer cells. Imaging of cancer cells plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Six such transmembrane proteins are: carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), Eph receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2), and the integrin αvβ3 (αvβ3).

[0005] Human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) is an isoform bound to the outer cell membrane (its catalytic domain is located in the extracellular space). At physiological conditions, hCAIX is expressed only in specific tissues of gastrointestinal tract. Its overexpression was shown during hypoxia in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of hCAIX was detected in carcinomas of cervix, ovaries, kidneys, esophagus, lungs, breasts and brain. In tumors, hCAIX is a molecule crucial for the maintenance of intracellular pH on normal level and its expression provides the hypoxic tumor cells with an advantage in growth at acidic conditions (Chiche et al. (2009) Cancer Res 69, 358).

[0006] MT1-MMP is a transmembrane metalloprotease that plays a major role in the extracellular matrix remodelling, directly by degrading several of its components and indirectly by activating pro-MMP2. MT1-MMP is crucial for tumor angiogenesis (Sounni et al (2002) FASEB J. 16(6), 555-564) and is over-expressed on a variety of solid tumors.

[0007] Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (also known as Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate peptidase I (NAALADase I) and NAAG peptidase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FOLH1 (folate hydrolase 1) gene. Human GCPII contains 750 amino acids and weighs approximately 84 kDa. Human PSMA is highly expressed in the prostate, roughly a hundred times greater than in most other tissues. In some prostate cancers, PSMA is the second-most upregulated gene product, with an 8- to 12-fold increase over levels in noncancerous prostate cells. Because of this high expression, PSMA is being developed as potential biomarker for therapy and imaging of some cancers. In human prostate cancer, the higher expressing tumors are associated with quicker time to progression and a greater percentage of patients suffering relapse.

[0008] CD38 is a 45 kD type II transmembrane glycoprotein with a long C-terminal extracellular domain and a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. CD38 is upregulated in many hematopoeitic malignancies and in cell lines derived from various hematopoietic malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), multiple myeloma (MM), B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), B and T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), T cell lymphoma (TCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

[0009] EphA2 is a 130 kDa receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed on adult epithelia. A member of the Eph family of tyrosine kinases known as Ephrins, EphA2 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase with a cell-bound ligand. EphA2 expression has been found to be altered in many metastatic cells, including lung, breast, colon, and prostate tumors. Additionally, the distribution and/or phosphorylation of EphA2 is altered in metastatic cells. Moreover, cells that have been transformed to overexpress EphA2 demonstrate malignant growth, and stimulation of EphA2 is sufficient to reverse malignant growth and invasiveness. EphA2 is a powerful oncoprotein.

[0010] Integrin αvβ3 is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that plays a major role in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. It is over-expressed in various types of tumor cells (Jin et al (2016) Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9). 2076-2085).

[0011] Accordingly, there remains a high unmet need in developing agents that selectively bind transmembrane proteins such as CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 for the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of cancer

[0012] It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as inhibitors of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3. Such compounds have the general formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

[0013] Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, associated with CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

[0014] Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 enzymes in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of these enzymes occurring in bodily tissues; and the comparative evaluation of new CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 inhibitors in vitro or in vivo.

[0037] A proprietary phage display and cyclic peptide technology (Bicycle® technology) was utilized to identify high affinity binding peptides to the membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14). MT1-MMP (MT1) is a cell surface membrane protease normally involved in tissue remodeling which has been found to be over-expressed in many solid tumors. Overexpression of MT1 has been linked to cancer invasiveness and poor prognosis. While attempts to target the proteolytic activity of MT1 and other MMPs in cancer were unsuccessful in clinical trials largely due to toxicity caused by insufficient selectivity, MT1-MMP remains an attractive cancer target for targeted cytotoxic delivery approaches.

[0038] Diverse selection phage libraries containing 10¹¹ to 10¹³ unique peptide sequences which are post-translationally cyclized with thiol-reactive scaffolds were used to identify small (1.5-2 kDa) constrained bicyclic peptides binders (Bicycles) to the hemopexin domain of MT1. Initial binders were subject to affinity maturation by directed screens and stabilization by chemical optimization.

[0039] A bicyclic constrained peptide binder (Bicycle) was identified that binds to the hemopexin domain of MT1 with an apparent Kd of approximately 2 nM. The Bicycle peptide (N241) binds with similar affinity to the entire ectodomain of the protease but shows no binding to the catalytic domain. N241 also shows no binding toward any of the closely related MMP family members tested (MMP15, MMP16, MMP24, MMP1, Pro-MMP1, MMP2). Characterization of the pharmacologic effect of N241 on MT1 in vitro shows that the peptide has no direct impact on the catalytic activity of the protease, nor related MMP catalytic activity (MMP1, MMP2 and MMP9) nor cell migration or invasion. However, binding of fluorescently-tagged N241 to MT1 on HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells results in the rapid internalization and subsequent lysosomal localization of the compound. In addition, ¹⁷⁷Lu-loaded N241 demonstrates rapid tumor localization when injected IV into mice bearing MT1-positive tumor xenografts, with levels as high as 15-20% injected dose per gram of tumor in less than 60 minutes. In contrast, a non-binding Bicycle peptide shows no tumor localization. These properties suggest that N241 may be a good delivery vehicle for Detectable Moieties targeting MT1-positive tumor cells. Bicycle Detectable Moiety Conjugates (BDMCs) with a variety of linkers and detectable moieties were prepared which retained binding to MT1. The imaging activity of select BDMCs was demonstrated in MT1-positive human tumor cell xenografts in mice as described in WO 2016/067035, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0040] A series of Bicycle Detectable Moiety Conjugates (BDMCs) were prepared comprising a constrained bicyclic peptide that binds with high affinity and specificity to membrane type 1-matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP; MMP14) covalently linked via a Linker to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), a chelating ligand capable of binding radionuclides. MT1-MMP is naturally involved in tissue remodeling, however overexpression of the cell-surface protease has been tied to tumor aggressiveness and invasiveness, as well as poor patient prognosis for many cancer indications. The Bicycle binder for MT1-MMP (N241) was identified using a proprietary phage display peptide technology consisting of highly diverse phage libraries of linear amino acid sequences constrained into two loops by a central chemical scaffold. While binding with similar affinity and specificity to that observed with monoclonal antibodies, the small size of a Bicycle peptide (1.5-2 kDa) aids in its rapid extravasation and tumor penetration making it an ideal format for the targeted delivery of Detectable Moieties for imaging and treating cancer.

[0041] A series of Bicycle-Linker-Detectable Moiety BDMCs were prepared, with varying spacer format to adjust the presentation of the Bicycle and evaluated for their ability to target and image tumors in an MT1-positive tumor xenograft model.

[0042] The Bicycle Detectable Moiety conjugates (BDMCs) of the present invention show selective targeting of tumor cells in human tumor xenograft models of fibrosarcomas. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the small size of the BDMC may offer a significant advantage to other targeted imaging approaches such as antibody-detectable moiety conjugates due to rapid extravasation and improved tumor penetration.

[0043] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of MT1-MMP, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0044] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of MT1-MMP, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0045] In a similar manner, proprietary phage display and cyclic peptide technology (Bicycle® technology) was utilized to identify high affinity binding peptides to carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), PSMA, CD38, EphA2, and the integrin αvβ3.

[0046] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of CAIX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0047] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of CAIX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0048] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of PSMA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0049] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of PSMA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0050] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of CD38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0051] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of CD38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0052] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of EphA2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0053] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of EphA2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0054] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of αvβ3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0055] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method of imaging certain cancers in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a detectable moiety conjugate comprising a high affinity binder of αvβ3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof.

[0056] In some embodiments, peptide sequences are treated with molecular scaffold reagents to form compounds of the present invention.

[0057] Compounds of the present invention, and compositions thereof, are useful as inhibitors of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CAIX. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits MT1-MMP. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits PSMA. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CD38. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits EphA2. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits αvβ3.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I:

• • [0059] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
  • [0060] each of L¹, L², and L³ is independently a covalent bond or a C_1-8 bivalent hydrocarbon chain wherein one, two or three methylene units of the chain are optionally and independently replaced by —S—, —N(R)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— or —N(R)CH₂C(O)—;
  • [0061] each of R is independently hydrogen or C_1-4 alkyl;
  • [0062] each of m, n, o, and p is independently 0 or 1;
  • [0063] each of q and r is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15;
  • [0064] R¹ is R or —C(O)R;
  • [0065] each of R⁴ and R⁶ is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1-6 aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • [0066] each of R^4′ and R^6′ is independently hydrogen or methyl;
  • [0067] each of R², R³, R⁵, and R⁷ is independently hydrogen, or C_1-4 aliphatic, or:
    • [0068] an R⁵ group and its adjacent R⁴ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or
    • [0069] an R⁷ group and its adjacent R⁶ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • [0070] Scaffold is a trivalent group that connects and orients a cyclic peptide;
  • [0071] Loop A is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

• • [0072] Loop B is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

• • [0073] indicates the site of attachment to the N-terminus of the Bicycle;
  • [0074] indicates the site of attachment to the C-terminus of the Bicycle;
  • [0075] Detectable Moiety¹ is any moiety capable of being detected;
  • [0076] Detectable Moiety² is any moiety capable of being detected;
  • [0077] Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R,

• •  or a bivalent moiety that connects the N-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety¹, wherein when n is 0, Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R, or

• • [0078] Linker² is —NH₂ or a bivalent moiety that connects the C-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety², wherein when p is 0, Linker² is —NH₂; and
  • [0079] Ring A is selected from the group consisting of 18-crown-6,1,7,13-triaza-18-crown-6, and a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged bicyclic, bridged tricyclic, propellane, or aromatic ring optionally substituted with 0-3 oxo, methyl, ethyl or spiroethylene groups and having 0-6 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0080] Compounds of the present invention include those described generally herein, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0081] Cyclic peptides are able to bind with high affinity and target specificity to protein targets and hence are an attractive molecule class for the development of therapeutics. In fact, several cyclic peptides are already successfully used in the clinic, as for example the antibacterial peptide vancomycin, the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine or the anti-cancer drug octreotide (Driggers et al. (2008), Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 (7), 608-24). Good binding properties result from a relatively large interaction surface formed between the peptide and the target as well as the reduced conformational flexibility of the cyclic structures. Typically, macrocycles bind to surfaces of several hundred square angstrom, as for example the cyclic peptide CXCR4 antagonist CVX15 (400 Å2; Wu et al. (2007), Science 330, 1066-71), a cyclic peptide with the Arg-Gly-Asp motif binding to integrin αVβ3 (355 Å2) (Xiong et al. (2002), Science 296 (5565), 151-5) or the cyclic peptide inhibitor upain-1 binding to urokinase-type plasminogen activator (603 Å2; Zhao et al. (2007), J Struct Biol 160 (1), 1-10).

[0082] Due to their cyclic configuration, peptide macrocycles are less flexible than linear peptides, leading to a smaller loss of entropy upon binding to targets and resulting in a higher binding affinity. The reduced flexibility also leads to locking target-specific conformations, increasing binding specificity compared to linear peptides. This effect has been exemplified by a potent and selective inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 8, MMP-8) which lost its selectivity over other MMPs when its ring was opened (Cherney et al. (1998), J Med Chem 41 (11), 1749-51). The favorable binding properties achieved through macrocyclization are even more pronounced in multicyclic peptides having more than one peptide ring as for example in vancomycin, nisin and actinomycin.

[0083] Different research teams have previously tethered polypeptides with cysteine residues to a synthetic molecular structure (Kemp and McNamara (1985), J. Org. Chem; Timmerman et al. (2005), ChemBioChem). Meloen and co-workers had used tris(bromomethyl)benzene and related molecules for rapid and quantitative cyclisation of multiple peptide loops onto synthetic scaffolds for structural mimicry of protein surfaces (Timmerman et al. (2005), ChemBioChem). Methods for the generation of candidate drug compounds wherein said compounds are generated by linking cysteine containing polypeptides to a molecular scaffold as for example tris(bromomethyl)benzene are disclosed in WO 2004/077062 and WO 2006/078161.

[0084] Phage display-based combinatorial approaches have been developed to generate and screen large libraries of bicyclic peptides to targets of interest (Heinis et al. (2009), Nat Chem Biol 5 (7), 502-7 and WO2009/098450). Briefly, combinatorial libraries of linear peptides containing three cysteine residues and two regions of six random amino acids (Cys-(Xaa)6-Cys-(Xaa)6-Cys) were displayed on phage and cyclised by covalently linking the cysteine side chains to a small molecule (tris-(bromomethyl)benzene).

[0085] A peptide ligand, as referred to herein, refers to a peptide covalently bound to a molecular scaffold. Typically, such peptides comprise two or more reactive groups (e.g. cysteine residues) which are capable of forming covalent bonds to the scaffold, and a sequence subtended between said reactive groups which is referred to as the loop sequence, since it forms a loop when the peptide is bound to the scaffold. In the present case, the peptides comprise at least three cysteine residues and form at least two loops on the scaffold. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other amino acid residues capable of forming covalent bonds to the scaffold can be used (e.g. lysine, Dap or serine) to form bicyclic peptides of the present invention.

[0086] Certain bicyclic peptides of the present invention have a number of advantageous properties which enable them to be considered as suitable drug-like molecules for injection, inhalation, nasal, ocular, oral or topical administration. Without being bound by any particular theory, such advantageous properties may include:

• • [0087] Species cross-reactivity. This is a typical requirement for preclinical pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic evaluation;
  • [0088] Protease stability. Bicyclic peptide ligands should ideally demonstrate stability to plasma proteases, epithelial (“membrane-anchored”) proteases, gastric and intestinal proteases, lung surface proteases, intracellular proteases and the like. Protease stability should be maintained between different species such that a bicycle lead candidate can be developed in animal models as well as administered with confidence to humans;
  • [0089] Desirable solubility profile. This is a function of the proportion of charged and hydrophilic versus hydrophobic residues and intra/inter-molecular H-bonding, which is important for formulation and absorption purposes;
  • [0090] An optimal plasma half-life in the circulation. Depending upon the clinical indication and treatment regimen, it may be required to develop a bicyclic peptide for short exposure in an acute illness management setting, or develop a bicyclic peptide with enhanced retention in the circulation, and is therefore optimal for the management of more chronic disease states. Other factors driving the desirable plasma half-life are requirements of sustained exposure for maximal therapeutic efficiency versus the accompanying toxicology due to sustained exposure of the agent; and
  • [0091] Selectivity. Certain peptide ligands of the invention demonstrate good selectivity over other carbonic anhydrases, metalloproteases, and integrins.

[0092] The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle,” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C₃-C₆ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

[0093] As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Such bridged bicyclic groups are well known in the art and include those groups set forth below where each group is attached to the rest of the molecule at any substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for aliphatic groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. Exemplary bridged bicyclics include:

[0094] The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C_1-4 straight or branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

[0095] The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C_1-4 straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

[0096] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

[0097] The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

[0098] As used herein, the term “bivalent C_1-8 (or C_1-6) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

[0099] The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)_n—, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0100] The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0101] As used herein, the term “cyclopropylenyl” refers to a bivalent cyclopropyl group of the following structure:

[0102] The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

[0103] The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.” In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

[0104] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 n electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. A heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0105] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

[0106] A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0107] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

[0108] As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

[0109] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH₂)_0-4R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4OR^∘; —O(CH₂)_0-4R^∘, —O—(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4CH(OR^∘)₂; —(CH₂)_0-4SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4Ph, which may be substituted with R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4O(CH₂)_0-1Ph which may be substituted with R^∘; —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4O(CH₂)_0-1-pyridyl which may be substituted with R^∘; —NO₂; —CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)₂; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)C(S)R^∘; —N(R^∘)C(NR^∘)N(R^∘)₂; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)C(S)NR^∘₂; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)OR^∘; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)R^∘; —C(S)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OSiR^∘₃; —(CH₂)_0-4OC(O)R^∘; —OC(O)(CH₂)_0-4SR—, —SC(S)SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4SC(O)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)NR^∘₂; —C(S)NR^∘₂; —C(S)SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4OC(O)NR^∘₂; —C(O)N(OR^∘)R^∘; —C(O)C(O)R^∘; —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^∘; —C(NOR^∘)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4SSR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)₂R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)₂OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4OS(O)₂R^∘; —S(O)₂NR^∘₂; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)S(O)₂NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)S(O)₂R^∘; —N(OR^∘)R^∘; —C(NH)NR^∘₂; —P(O)₂R^∘; —P(O)R^∘₂; —OP(O)R^∘₂; —OP(O)(OR^∘)₂; —SiR^∘₃; —(C_1-4 straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R^∘)₂; or —(C_1-4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O—N(R^∘)₂, wherein each R^∘ may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^∘, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

[0110] Suitable monovalent substituents on R^∘ (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R^∘ together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)_0-2R^●, -(haloR^●), —(CH₂)_0-2OH, —(CH₂)_0-2OR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2CH(OR^●)₂; —O(haloR^●), —CN, —N₃, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)R^●, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)OH, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)OR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2SR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2SH, —(CH₂)_0-2NH₂, —(CH₂)_0-2NHR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2NR^●₂, —NO₂, —SiR^●₃, —OSiR^●₃, —C(O)SR^●, —(C_{1- 4} straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^●, or —SSR^● wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R^∘ include ═O and ═S.

[0111] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))_2-3O—, or —S(C(R*₂))_2-3S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*₂)_2-3O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0112] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R^●, -(haloR^●), —OH, —OR^●, —O(haloR^●), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^●, —NH₂, —NHR^●, —NR^●₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0113] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R^†, —NR^†₂, —C(O)R^†, —C(O)OR^†, —C(O)C(O)R^†, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^†, —S(O)₂R^†, —S(O)₂NR^†₂, —C(S)NR^†₂, —C(NH)NR^†₂, or —N(R^†)S(O)₂R^†; wherein each Rt is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0114] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^† are independently halogen, —R^●, -(haloR^●), —OH, —OR^●, —O(haloR^●), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^●, —NH₂, —NHR^●, —NR^●₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0115] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

[0116] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C_1-4alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

[0117] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments, a provided compound comprises one or more deuterium atoms.

[0118] As used herein, the term “inhibitor” is defined as a compound that binds to and/or inhibits CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of less than about 50 μM, less than about 1 μM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM.

[0119] A compound of the present invention may be tethered to a detectable moiety. It will be appreciated that such compounds are useful as imaging agents. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a detectable moiety may be attached to a provided compound via a suitable substituent. As used herein, the term “suitable substituent” refers to a moiety that is capable of covalent attachment to a detectable moiety. Such moieties are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include groups containing, e.g., a carboxylate moiety, an amino moiety, a thiol moiety, or a hydroxyl moiety, to name but a few. It will be appreciated that such moieties may be directly attached to a provided compound or via a tethering group, such as a bivalent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via click chemistry. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via a 1,3-cycloaddition of an azide with an alkyne, optionally in the presence of a copper catalyst. Methods of using click chemistry are known in the art and include those described by Rostovtsev et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2596-99 and Sun et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2006, 12, 52-57.

[0120] As used herein, the term “detectable moiety” is used interchangeably with the term “label” and relates to any moiety capable of being detected, e.g., primary labels and secondary labels. Primary labels, such as radioisotopes (e.g., tritium, ²²⁵Ac, ²²⁷Ac, ²⁴¹Am, ⁷²As, ⁷⁴As, ²¹¹At, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹¹B, ⁷Be, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, ⁴⁸Ca, ¹⁰⁹Cd, ¹³⁹Ce, ¹⁴¹Ce, ²⁵²Cf, ⁵⁵Co, ⁵⁷Co, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵¹Cr, ¹³⁰Cs, ¹³¹Cs, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶¹Cu, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁵²Eu, ¹⁵⁵Eu, ¹⁸F, ⁵⁵Fe, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁶⁴Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁵³Gd, ⁶⁸Ge, ¹²²I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹³²I, ¹¹¹In, ^115mIn, ^191mIr, ¹⁹²Ir, ^81mKr, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁵¹Mn, ⁵²Mn, ⁹⁹Mo, ¹³N, ⁹⁵Nb, ¹⁵O, ¹⁹¹Os, ¹⁹⁴Os, ³²P, ³³P, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁰³Pd, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ²³⁸Pu, ²²³Ra, ²²⁶Ra, ⁸²Rb, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ³⁵S, ⁴⁶Sc, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁷²Se, ⁷⁵Se, ²⁸Si, ¹⁴⁵Sm, ¹⁵³Sm, ^117mSn, ⁸⁵Sr, ⁸⁹Sr, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹⁷⁸Ta, ¹⁷⁹Ta, ¹⁸²Ta, ¹⁴⁹b, ⁹⁶Tc, ^99mTc, ²²⁸Th, ²²⁹, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁷⁰Tm, ¹⁷¹Tm, ¹⁸⁸W, ¹²⁷Xe, ¹³³Xe, ⁸⁸Y, ⁹⁰Y ⁹¹Y, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ⁶²Zn, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁹Zr or ⁹⁵Zr, wherein a superscripted m denotes a meta-state), mass-tags, and fluorescent labels are signal generating reporter groups which can be detected without further modifications. Detectable moieties also include luminescent and phosphorescent groups.

[0121] The term “secondary label” as used herein refers to moieties such as biotin and various protein antigens that require the presence of a second intermediate for production of a detectable signal. For biotin, the secondary intermediate may include streptavidin-enzyme conjugates. For antigen labels, secondary intermediates may include antibody-enzyme conjugates. Some fluorescent groups act as secondary labels because they transfer energy to another group in the process of nonradiative fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the second group produces the detected signal.

[0122] The terms “fluorescent label”, “fluorescent dye”, and “fluorophore” as used herein refer to moieties that absorb light energy at a defined excitation wavelength and emit light energy at a different wavelength. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to: Alexa Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), AMCA, AMCA-S, BODIPY dyes (BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), Carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Coumarin 343, Cyanine dyes (Cy3, Cy5, Cy3.5, Cy5.5, Cy7, Cy7.5), Dansyl, Dapoxyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4′,5′-Dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxy-fluorescein, DM-NERF, Eosin, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, FAM, Hydroxycoumarin, IRDyes (IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), JOE, Lissamine rhodamine B, Marina Blue, Methoxycoumarin, Naphthofluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2′,4′,5′,7′-Tetra-bromosulfone-fluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine (TMR), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Texas Red, Texas Red-X.

[0123] The term “mass-tag” as used herein refers to any moiety that is capable of being uniquely detected by virtue of its mass using mass spectrometry (MS) detection techniques. Examples of mass-tags include electrophore release tags such as N-[3-[4′-[(p-Methoxytetrafluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl]-3-methylglyceronyl]isonipecotic Acid, 4′-[2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(pentafluorophenoxyl)]methyl acetophenone, and their derivatives. The synthesis and utility of these mass-tags is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,650,750, 4,709,016, 5,360,8191, 5,516,931, 5,602,273, 5,604,104, 5,610,020, and 5,650,270. Other examples of mass-tags include, but are not limited to, nucleotides, dideoxynucleotides, oligonucleotides of varying length and base composition, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, and other synthetic polymers of varying length and monomer composition. A large variety of organic molecules, both neutral and charged (biomolecules or synthetic compounds) of an appropriate mass range (100-2000 Daltons) may also be used as mass-tags.

[0124] The term “quantum dot” as used herein refers to any moiety that is a highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystal (e.g. zincsulfide-capped cadmium selenide). The synthesis and utility of these quantum dots is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,326,144, 6,468,808, 7,192,785, 7,151,047, and in the scientific literature (see: Chan and Nie (1998) Science 281(5385) 2016-2018).

[0125] The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as used herein, means a measurable change in CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 activity between a sample comprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof, and CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, and an equivalent sample comprising CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof.

[0126] As described above, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I:

• • [0127] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
  • [0128] each of L¹, L², and L³ is independently a covalent bond or a C_1-8 bivalent hydrocarbon chain wherein one, two or three methylene units of the chain are optionally and independently replaced by —S—, —N(R)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— or —N(R)CH₂C(O)—;
  • [0129] each of R is independently hydrogen or C_1-4 alkyl;
  • [0130] each of m, n, o, and p is independently 0 or 1;
  • [0131] each of q and r is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15;
  • [0132] R¹ is R or —C(O)R;
  • [0133] each of R⁴ and R⁶ is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1-6 aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • [0134] each of R^4′ and R^6′ is independently hydrogen or methyl;
  • [0135] each of R², R³, R⁵, and R⁷ is independently hydrogen, or C_1-4 aliphatic, or:
    • [0136] an R⁵ group and its adjacent R⁴ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or
    • [0137] an R⁷ group and its adjacent R⁶ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • [0138] Scaffold is a trivalent group that connects and orients a cyclic peptide;
  • [0139] Loop A is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

• • [0140] Loop B is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

• • [0141] indicates the site of attachment to the N-terminus of the Bicycle;
  • [0142] indicates the site of attachment to the C-terminus of the Bicycle;
  • [0143] Detectable Moiety¹ is any moiety capable of being detected;
  • [0144] Detectable Moiety² is any moiety capable of being detected;
  • [0145] Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R,

• •  or a bivalent moiety that connects the N-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety¹, wherein when n is 0, Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R, or

• • [0146] Linker² is —NH₂ or a bivalent moiety that connects the C-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety², wherein when p is 0, Linker² is —NH₂; and
  • [0147] Ring A is selected from the group consisting of 18-crown-6, 1,7,13-triaza-18-crown-6, and a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged bicyclic, bridged tricyclic, propellane, or aromatic ring optionally substituted with 0-3 oxo, methyl, ethyl or spiroethylene groups and having 0-6 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0148] As defined above and described herein, each of L¹, L², and L³ is a covalent bond or a C_1-8 bivalent hydrocarbon chain wherein one, two or three methylene units of the chain are optionally and independently replaced by —S—, —N(R)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— or —N(R)CH₂C(O)—.

[0149] In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂S—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂O—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂CH₂O—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, each of L¹, L², and L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)—.

[0150] In some embodiments, L¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂S—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂SCH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, L¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0151] In some embodiments, L² is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂S—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂SCH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, L² is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0152] In some embodiments, L³ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂S—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂O—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂SCH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂SCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)NH—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂SCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂C(O)—. In some embodiments, L³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, L³ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0153] As defined above and described herein, each of R is independently hydrogen or C_1-4 alkyl.

[0154] In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is C_1-4 alkyl.

[0155] In some embodiments, R is methyl. In some embodiments, R is ethyl. In some embodiments, R is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R is tert-butyl.

[0156] In some embodiments, R is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0157] As defined above and described herein, each of m, n, o, and p is independently 0 or 1.

[0158] In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, m is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0159] In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, n is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0160] In some embodiments, o is 0. In some embodiments, o is 1. In some embodiments, o is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, o is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0161] In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, p is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0162] As defined above and described herein, each of q and r is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, 14 or 15.

[0163] In some embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In some embodiments, q is 3. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, q is 5. In some embodiments, q is 6. In some embodiments, q is 7. In some embodiments, q is 8. In some embodiments, q is 9. In some embodiments, q is 10. In some embodiments, q is 11. In some embodiments, q is 12. In some embodiments, q is 13. In some embodiments, q is 14. In some embodiments, q is 15. In some embodiments, q is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, q is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0164] In some embodiments, r is 1. In some embodiments, r is 2. In some embodiments, r is 3. In some embodiments, r is 4. In some embodiments, r is 5. In some embodiments, r is 6. In some embodiments, r is 7. In some embodiments, r is 8. In some embodiments, r is 9. In some embodiments, r is 10. In some embodiments, r is 11. In some embodiments, r is 12. In some embodiments, r is 13. In some embodiments, r is 14. In some embodiments, r is 15. In some embodiments, r is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, r is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0165] As defined above and described herein, R¹ is R or —C(O)R.

[0166] In some embodiments, R¹ is R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)R.

[0167] In some embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is tert-butyl.

[0168] In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)C(CH₃)3. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0169] As defined above and described herein, each of R⁴ and R⁶ is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1-6 aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0170] In some embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0171] In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

wherein the site of attachment has (S) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁴ is

wherein the site of attachment has (R) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

[0172] In some embodiments, R⁴ is

wherein the site of attachment has (S) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁴ is

wherein the site of attachment has (R) stereochemistry.

[0173] In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

[0174] In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

[0175] In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

[0176] In some embodiments, R⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0177] In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R⁶ is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0178] In some embodiments, R⁶ is methyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (S) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (R) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (S) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (R) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

[0179] In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (S) stereochemistry. In some embodiments, R⁶ is

wherein the site of attachment has (R) stereochemistry.

[0180] In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

[0181] In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is H

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

[0182] In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

In some embodiments, R⁶ is

[0183] In some embodiments, R⁶ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R⁶ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0184] As defined above and described herein, each of R^4′ and R^6′ is independently hydrogen or methyl.

[0185] In some embodiments, R^4′ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^4′ is methyl.

[0186] In some embodiments, R^4′ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R^4′ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0187] In some embodiments, R^6′ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^6′ is methyl.

[0188] In some embodiments, R^6′ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R^6′ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0189] As defined above and described herein, each of R², R³, R⁵, and R⁷ is independently hydrogen, or C_1-4 aliphatic, or: an R⁵ group and its adjacent R⁴ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or an R⁷ group and its adjacent R⁶ group are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0190] In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R² is C_1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R² is methyl. In some embodiments, R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, R² is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R² is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R² is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R² is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R² is tert-butyl.

[0191] In some embodiments, R² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R² is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0192] In some embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R³ is C_1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R³ is methyl. In some embodiments, R³ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R³ is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R³ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R³ is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R³ is tert-butyl.

[0193] In some embodiments, R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0194] In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁵ is C_1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R⁵ is methyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl.

[0195] In some embodiments, an R⁵ group and its adjacent R⁴ group are taken together with their intervening atoms to form

In some embodiments, an R⁵ group and its adjacent R⁴ group are taken together with their intervening atoms to form

[0196] In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0197] In some embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁷ is C_1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R⁷ is methyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is n-propyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is n-butyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is tert-butyl.

[0198] In some embodiments, an R⁷ group and its adjacent R⁶ group are taken together with their intervening atoms to form

In some embodiments, an R⁷ group and its adjacent R⁶ group are taken together with their intervening atoms to form

[0199] In some embodiments, R⁷ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, R⁷ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0200] As defined above and described herein, Scaffold is a trivalent group that connects and orients a cyclic peptide.

[0201] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0202] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0203] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0204] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0205] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0206] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0207] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0208] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0209] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

[0210] In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is

In some embodiments, Scaffold is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Scaffold is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0211] As defined above and described herein, Loop A is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

In some embodiments, Loop A is a bivalent natural amino acid residue attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

In some embodiments, Loop A is a bivalent unnatural amino acid residue attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

In some embodiments, Loop A is a bivalent peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L² and the amino acid residue linked to L¹, wherein Loop A comprises

[0212] In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

(SEQ ID NO: 9). In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

[0213] In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

[0214] In some embodiments, Loop A is

In some embodiments, Loop A is

[0215] As defined above and described herein, Loop B is a bivalent natural or unnatural amino acid residue or peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

In some embodiments, Loop B is a bivalent natural amino acid residue attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

In some embodiments, Loop B is a bivalent unnatural amino acid residue attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

In some embodiments, Loop B is a bivalent peptide attached to the amino acid residue linked to L¹ and the amino acid residue linked to L³, wherein Loop B comprises

[0216] In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

[0217] In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

[0218] In some embodiments, Loop B is

In some embodiments, Loop B is

[0219] In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 1-15 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 1-15 amino acid residues.

[0220] In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 5 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 5 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 6 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 5 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 2 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 7 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 3 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 7 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 3 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 9 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 3 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 6 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 2 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 6 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, Loop A comprises 6 amino acid residues and Loop B comprises 5 amino acid residues.

[0221] In some embodiments, Loop A is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Loop A is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0222] In some embodiments, Loop B is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Loop B is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0223] As defined above and described herein, indicates the site of attachment to the N-terminus of the Bicycle.

[0224] As defined above and described herein, indicates the site of attachment to the C-terminus of the Bicycle.

[0225] As defined above and described herein, Detectable Moiety¹ is any moiety capable of being detected.

[0226] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is any moiety capable of being detected.

[0227] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of Detectable moieties are amenable to achieve the imaging effects of the present invention.

[0228] As used herein, “M” is a metal.

[0229] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ can be connected at any available position. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ can be connected at any available —OH, —C(O)OH, —SH, —NH₂, or —NHCH₃.

[0230] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA, DotA, or tetraxetan):

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Bn-DOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Bn-oxo-DOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Bn-PCT:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is TETA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Bn-NOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is CHX-A″-DTPA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Bn-DTPA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is 2B3M-DTPA:

[0231] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a desferrioxamine (DFO):

[0232] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a heptamethine dye:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Fluorescein:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is Alexafluor488:

[0233] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a DOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a Bn-DOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a Bn-oxo-DOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a Bn-PCTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a TETA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a Bn-NOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a CHX-A″-DTPA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a Bn-DTPA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a 2B3M-DTPA complex with a metal:

[0234] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a desferrioxamine (DFO) complex with a metal:

[0235] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ forms a complex with a metal.

[0236] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a scorpionate. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a nanomaterial. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is a quantum dot.

[0237] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0238] As defined above and described herein, Detectable Moiety² is any moiety capable of being detected.

[0239] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is any moiety capable of being detected.

[0240] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² can be connected at any available position. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² can be connected at any available —OH, —C(O)OH, —SH, —NH₂, or —NHCH₃.

[0241] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA, DotA, or tetraxetan):

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Bn-DOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Bn-oxo-DOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Bn-PCTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is TETA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Bn-NOTA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is CHX-A″-DTPA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Bn-DTPA:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is 2B3M-DTPA:

[0242] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a desferrioxamine (DFO):

[0243] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a heptamethine dye:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Fluorescein:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is Alexafluor488:

[0244] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a DOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a Bn-DOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a Bn-oxo-DOTA complex with a metal:

[0245] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a Bn-PCTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a TETA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a Bn-NOTA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a CHX-A″-DTPA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a Bn-DTPA complex with a metal:

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a 2B3M-DTPA complex with a metal:

[0246] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a desferrioxamine (DFO) complex with a metal:

[0247] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² forms a complex with a metal.

[0248] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a scorpionate. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is

In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a nanomaterial. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is a quantum dot.

[0249] In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Detectable Moiety² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

[0250] In some embodiments, the metal is a radiometal. In some embodiments, the metal is ¹¹¹In. In some embodiments, the metal is ⁶⁷Ga. In some embodiments, the metal is ⁶⁸Ga. In some embodiments, the metal is ⁸⁶Y. In some embodiments, the metal is ⁹⁰Y. In some embodiments, the metal is ¹⁷⁷Lu.

[0251] In some embodiments, the metal is ⁸⁹Zr. In some embodiments, the metal is ⁹⁵Zr.

[0252] As defined above and described herein, Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R,

or a bivalent moiety that connects the N-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety¹, wherein when n is 0, Linker¹ is hydrogen, —C(O)R, or

[0253] In some embodiments, Linker¹ is hydrogen, wherein n is 0. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is hydrogen, wherein n is 0. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is —C(O)R, wherein n is 0. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is —C(O)CH₃, wherein n is 0. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

wherein n is 0. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is a bivalent moiety that connects the N-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety¹.

[0254] In some embodiments, Linker¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

[0255] In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

In some embodiments, Linker¹ is

[0256] In some embodiments, Linker¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Linker¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0257] As defined above and described herein, Linker² is —NH₂ or a bivalent moiety that connects the C-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety², wherein when p is 0, Linker² is —NH₂.

[0258] In some embodiments, Linker² is —NH₂, wherein p is 0. In some embodiments, Linker² is a bivalent moiety that connects the C-terminus of the Bicycle with Detectable Moiety².

[0259] In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

[0260] In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

(SEQ ID NO: 62). In some embodiments, Linker² is

(SEQ ID NO: 63). In some embodiments, Linker² is

[0261] In some embodiments, Linker² is

In some embodiments, Linker² is

[0262] In some embodiments, Linker² is

[0263] In some embodiments, Linker² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Linker² is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0264] As defined above and described herein, Ring A is selected from the group consisting of 18-crown-6, 1,7,13-triaza-18-crown-6, and a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged bicyclic, bridged tricyclic, propellane, or aromatic ring optionally substituted with 0-3 oxo, methyl, ethyl or spiroethylene groups and having 0-6 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0265] In some embodiments, Ring A is 18-crown-6. In some embodiments, Ring A is 1,7,13-triaza-18-crown-6. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged bicyclic, bridged tricyclic, propellane, or aromatic ring optionally substituted with 0-3 oxo, methyl, ethyl or spiroethylene groups and having 0-6 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0266] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

[0267] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

[0268] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

[0269] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

[0270] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

[0271] In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below.

[0272] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a Bicycle of formula I, wherein Scaffold is Ring A, thereby forming a compound of formula I-a:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Loop A, Loop B, Ring A, L¹, L², L³, Linker¹, Linker², Detectable Moiety¹, Detectable Moiety², R¹, R², R³, m, n, o, and p is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

[0273] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a Bicycle of formula I, wherein Loop A is

thereby forming a Bicycle of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of L¹, L², L³, Scaffold, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R^4′, R⁵, R⁶, R^6′, R⁷, Linker1¹, Linker², Detectable Moiety¹, Detectable Moiety², m, n, o, p, q and r is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

[0274] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a Bicycle of formula II, wherein p is 0, thereby forming a Bicycle of formula II-a:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of L¹, L², L³, Scaffold, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R^4′, R⁵, R⁶, R^6′, R⁷, Linker1¹, Detectable Moiety¹, m, n, q and r is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

[0275] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a Bicycle of formula II, wherein n is 0, thereby forming a Bicycle of formula II-b:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of L¹, L², L³, Scaffold, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R^4′, R⁵, R⁶, R^6′, R⁷, Linker2, Detectable Moiety², o, p, q and r is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

[0276] Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1
Exemplary compounds
I-1 (SEQ ID NO: 28)
I-2 (SEQ ID NO: 29)
I-3 (SEQ ID NO: 30)
I-4 (SEQ ID NO: 31)
I-5 (SEQ ID NO: 32)
I-6 (SEQ ID NO: 33)
I-7 (SEQ ID NO: 34)
I-8 (SEQ ID NO: 35)
I-9 (SEQ ID NO: 36)
I-10 (SEQ ID NO: 37)
I-11 (SEQ ID NO: 38)
I-12 (SEQ ID NO: 39)
I-13 (SEQ ID NO: 40)
I-14 (SEQ ID NO: 41)
I-15 (SEQ ID NO: 42)
I-16 (SEQ ID NO: 43)
I-17 (SEQ ID NO: 44)
I-18 (SEQ ID NO: 45)
I-19 (SEQ ID NO: 46)
I-20 (SEQ ID NO: 47)
I-21 (SEQ ID NO: 48)
I-22 (SEQ ID NO: 49)
I-23 (SEQ ID NO: 50)
I-24 (SEQ ID NO: 51)
I-25 (SEQ ID NO: 52)

[0277] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0278] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein the compound is not any of compounds described in Table 2, below.

[0279] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein the compound is not any of compounds from WO 2013/050617 described in Table 2, below.

[0280] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein the compound is not any of compounds from WO 2016/067035 described in Table 2, below.

TABLE 2
Compounds
Publication	Compound Code
WO 2013/050617	DOTA-GSar6(SEQ ID NO: 68)-(06-34-18)-NH2
WO 2013/050617	[89Y]•DOTA-GSar6(SEQ ID NO: 68)-(06-34-18)-
	NH2
WO 2013/050617	Palm-G-Sar6(SEQ ID NO: 69)-PK15(TMB)K-(Fluo)
WO 2013/050617	Palm-G-Hyp6(SEQ ID NO: 70)-PK15(TMB)K-
	(Fluo)
WO 2013/050617	Palm-G-Hyp12(SEQ ID NO: 71)-UK18(TMB)K-
	(Fluo)
WO 2016/067035	17-69-07-N144
WO 2016/067035	17-69-07-N147
WO 2016/067035	17-69-07-N246
WO 2016/067035	17-69-07-N248

[0281] In some embodiments, the present invention is not a compound set forth in Table 2, above.

[0282] Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 3, below.

TABLE 3
Exemplary Compounds
I-26 (SEQ ID NO: 53)
I-27 (SEQ ID NO: 54)
I-28 (SEQ ID NO: 27)

[0283] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 3, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0284] The compounds of Table 3 are useful as negative controls of the compounds of Table 1. For example, I-26 (K_d to MT1-MMP of >5,000 nM) serves as a negative control of I-23 (K_d to MT1-MMP of 0.52±0.24 nM) as I-26 is an I-23 analog that has alanine residues flanking the central cysteine residue, thereby rendering it inactive at MT1-MMP. I-27 (K_d to MT1-MMP of >5,000 nM) serves as a negative control of I-24 (K_d to MT1-MMP of 1.37±0.53 nM) as I-27 is an I-24 analog that has alanine residues flanking the central cysteine residue, thereby rendering it inactive at MT1-MMP. Such control compounds can be useful, for example, in biodistribution studies of active MT1-MMP binders.

[0285] The compounds of this invention may be prepared or isolated in general by synthetic and/or semi-synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art for analogous compounds and by methods described in detail in the Examples, herein.

[0286] The compounds of this invention may be prepared by treating a peptide with a molecular scaffold reagent. The molecular scaffold reagent comprises the Scaffold and reactive functionality such as leaving groups (“LG”) or Michael acceptors (“MA”), that allow the peptide to form covalent bonds with the molecular scaffold via displacement of the leaving group or addition to the Michael acceptor group followed by subsequent protonation of the addition complex.

[0287] Compounds of the present invention are formed by treating peptides with various molecular scaffold reagents to form a Bicycle intermediate which is then coupled to a Detectable Moiety using standard amide formation methodology.

[0288] One such peptide is peptide 1 (17-69-07-N241), which has the following amino acid sequence: βAla-Sar10-A-C(D-Ala)NE(1Nal)(D-Ala)CEDFYD(tBuGLy)C (SEQ ID NO:1)

[0289] The bicyclic peptide formed by treating 17-69-07-N241 with the molecular scaffold reagent 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (“TBMB”) as described in WO 2016/067035 affords an MT1-MMP binder with a K_d of 1.2 nM.

[0290] Another such peptide is peptide 2, which contains only the amino acid residues corresponding to the Bicyclic portion of peptide 1 and has the following amino acid sequence: C(D-Ala)NE(1Nal)(D-Ala)CEDFYD(tBuGLy)C (SEQ ID NO:2)

[0291] Another such peptide is peptide 3, which has the following amino acid sequence: βAla-Sar10-A-CTECWVDGWVPC (SEQ ID NO: 3).

[0292] The bicyclic peptide formed by treating 3 with the molecular scaffold reagent 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (“TBMB”) as described in the UK provisional application P2120 affords a CAIX binder with a K_d of 10 nM.

[0293] Another such peptide is peptide 4, which contains only the amino acid residues corresponding to the Bicyclic portion of peptide 3 and has the following amino acid sequence: CTECWVDGWVPC (SEQ ID NO: 4).

[0294] Another such peptide is peptide 5, which has the following amino acid sequence: Ac-CIL(HArg)PNCDLDGRCA-Sar6-(D-K) (SEQ ID NO: 5).

[0295] The bicyclic peptide formed by treating 5 with the molecular scaffold reagent 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (“TBMB”) as described in the UK provisional application P2122 affords a αvβ3 binder with a K_i of 15 nM.

[0296] Another such peptide is peptide 6, which contains a subset of the amino acid residues corresponding to peptide 5 including the Bicyclic portion, the acetyl residue at the N-terminus and an Alanine C-terminal extension and has the following amino acid sequence: Ac-CIL(HArg)PNCDLDGRCA (SEQ ID NO: 6).

[0297] In the Schemes below, where a particular Michael acceptor (“MA”), leaving group (“LG”), or transformation condition is depicted, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other Michael acceptors, leaving groups, and transformation conditions are also suitable and are contemplated. Such acceptors, groups and transformations are described in detail in March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, M. B. Smith and J. March, 5^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, R. C. Larock, 2^nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0298] As used herein, the phrase “leaving group” (LG) includes, but is not limited to, halogens (e.g. fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide), sulfonates (e.g. mesylate, tosylate, benzenesulfonate, brosylate, nosylate, triflate), diazonium, and the like.

[0299] As used herein, the phrase “activated ester” (AE) includes, but is not limited to, acyl halides (e.g. acyl fluoride, acyl chloride, acyl bromide, acyl iodide), N-succinimidyl esters, uronium esters (e.g. 1-hydroxy-7azabenzotriazole, —OAt), and the like.

[0300] In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention of formula I are generally prepared according to Scheme I set forth below:

[0301] In Scheme I above, each of LG, L¹, L², L³, Scaffold, Linker¹, Linker2, R¹, R², R³, Loop A, Loop B, Detectable Moiety¹, Detectable Moiety², AE, m, n, o and p is as defined above and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

[0302] In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing compounds of formula I according to the steps depicted in Scheme I, above. In some embodiments, step S-1 comprises contacting the scaffold reagent R-1 with a peptide P-1 to displace the leaving group LG, thereby forming an intermediate which is further treated with an activated ester of a Detectable Moiety to afford a compound of formula I. In some embodiments, LG is a halogen. In some embodiments, LG is chlorine. In some embodiments, LG is a sulfonate. In some embodiments, AE is a N-succinimidyl ester. In some embodiments, a base is added to promote the displacement. In some embodiments, the base is ammonium carbonate. In some embodiments, the base is an amine. In some embodiments, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.

[0303] In certain embodiments, step S-1 comprises contacting a compound of formula P-1 with a compound of the formula

wherein

• • [0304] LG and Ring A are defined above and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

[0305] In some embodiments the reaction further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments the solvent is acetonitrile. In some embodiments the reaction further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments the solvent is DMSO. In some embodiments the solvent is a mixture of water and acetonitrile.

[0306] In some embodiments, LG is a halogen. In some embodiments, LG is chlorine. In some embodiments, LG is a sulfonate. In some embodiments, a catalyst is added to promote the displacement. In some embodiments, the catalyst is generated from 3^rd Generation XPhos precatalyst. In some embodiments, the solvent is tert-butanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of water and tert-butanol.

[0307] In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention of formula I are generally prepared according to Scheme II set forth below:

[0308] In Scheme II above, each of MA, L¹, L², L³, Scaffold, Linker¹, Linker², R¹, R², R³, Loop A, Loop B, Detectable Moiety¹, Detectable Moiety², AE, m, n, o, and p is as defined above and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

[0309] In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing compounds of formula I according to the steps depicted in Scheme II, above. In some embodiments, step A-1 comprises contacting the scaffold reagent R-2 with a peptide P-1 to affect a Michael addition to MA, thereby forming a an intermediate which is further treated with an activated ester of a Detectable Moiety to afford a compound of formula I. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated amide. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated ketone. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated ester. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated sulfone. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated nitrile. In some embodiments, a base is added to promote the Michael addition. In some embodiments, AE is a N-succinimidyl ester. In some embodiments, the base is ammonium carbonate. In some embodiments, the base is an amine. In some embodiments, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.

[0310] In certain embodiments, step A-1 comprises contacting a compound of formula P-1 with a compound of the formula

wherein

• • [0311] MA and Ring A are defined above and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

[0312] In some embodiments the reaction further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments the solvent is acetonitrile. In some embodiments the reaction further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments the solvent is DMSO. In some embodiments the solvent is a mixture of water and acetonitrile.

[0313] In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated amide. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated ketone. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated ester. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated sulfone. In some embodiments, MA is an α,β-unsaturated nitrile. In some embodiments, a base is added to promote the Michael addition. In some embodiments, the base is ammonium carbonate. In some embodiments, the base is an amine. In some embodiments, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.

[0314] One of skill in the art will appreciate that compounds of formula I may contain one or more stereocenters, and may be present as an racemic or diastereomeric mixture. One of skill in the art will also appreciate that there are many methods known in the art for the separation of isomers to obtain stereoenriched or stereopure isomers of those compounds, including but not limited to HPLC, chiral HPLC, fractional crystallization of diastereomeric salts, kinetic enzymatic resolution (e.g. by fungal-, bacterial-, or animal-derived lipases or esterases), and formation of covalent diastereomeric derivatives using an enantioenriched reagent.

[0315] One of skill in the art will appreciate that various functional groups present in compounds of the invention such as aliphatic groups, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, aldehydes, halogens and nitriles can be interconverted by techniques well known in the art including, but not limited to reduction, oxidation, esterification, hydrolysis, partial oxidation, partial reduction, halogenation, dehydration, partial hydration, and hydration. “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such interconversions may require one or more of the aforementioned techniques, and certain methods for synthesizing compounds of the invention are described below in the Exemplification.

[0316] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably inhibit CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably inhibit CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

[0317] The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0318] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

[0319] A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.

[0320] As used herein, the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof.

[0321] Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

[0322] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

[0323] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

[0324] Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

[0325] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

[0326] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

[0327] For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

[0328] For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

[0329] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

[0330] Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.

[0331] The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

[0332] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

[0333] Certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as CAIX binding agents.

[0334] Various forms of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyze hydration of carbon dioxide to generate bicarbonate anion (HCO₃⁻) and a proton. Substrates of the reaction which is catalyzed by CA regulate a number of physiological processes, including formation and transport of CO₂, protons and bicarbonate anion, such as respiration, maintenance of pH levels, bone development and other processes. In the human organism, 12 catalytically active CA isoenzymes were identified which differ in their cellular localization and their expression in various tissues.

[0335] Clinical regulation of the activity of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) by small molecular inhibitors proved to be reliable therapeutic method for a number of human diseases and already for several decades it remains a major component of therapy for high blood pressure, glaucoma, hyperthyrosis and hypoglycemia (Supuran (2008) Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7, 168). Classical inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases, binding into the active site of CA, are aromatic or heteroaromatic sulfonamides.

[0336] Human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCAIX) is an isoform bound to the outer cell membrane (its catalytic domain is located in the extracellular space). At physiological conditions, hCAIX is expressed only in specific tissues of gastrointestinal tract. Its overexpression was shown during hypoxia in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of hCAIX was detected in carcinomas of cervix, ovaries, kidneys, esophagus, lungs, breasts and brain. In tumors, hCAIX is a molecule crucial for the maintenance of intracellular pH on normal level and its expression provides the hypoxic tumor cells with an advantage in growth at acidic conditions (Chiche et al. (2009) Cancer Res 69, 358). hCAIX enzyme is thus a convenient target for development of specific inhibitors used as anti-cancer therapeutics with new mechanism of action (Neri and Supuran (2011) Nature Reviews 10, 767).

[0337] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound or composition as defined herein, for use in preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by CAIX.

[0338] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by CAIX, which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a compound or composition as defined herein.

[0339] In one embodiment, the CAIX is mammalian CAIX. In a further embodiment, the mammalian CAIX is human CAIX (hCAIX).

[0340] In one embodiment, the disease or disorder mediated by CAIX is selected from cancer.

[0341] In another aspect, certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as high affinity binders of membrane type 1 metalloprotease (MT1-MMP, also known as MMP14). MT1-MMP is a transmembrane metalloprotease that plays a major role in the extracellular matrix remodeling, directly by degrading several of its components and indirectly by activating pro-MMP2. MT1-MMP is crucial for tumor angiogenesis (Sounni et al (2002) FASEB J. 16(6), 555-564) and is over-expressed on a variety of solid tumors, therefore the MT1-MMP-binding bicycle peptides of the present invention have particular utility in the targeted treatment of cancer, in particular solid tumors such as non-small cell lung carcinomas. In one embodiment, the bicyclic peptide of the invention is specific for human MT1-MMP. In a further embodiment, the bicyclic peptide of the invention is specific for mouse MT1-MMP. In a yet further embodiment, the bicyclic peptide of the invention is specific for human and mouse MT1-MMP. In a yet further embodiment, the bicyclic peptide of the invention is specific for human, mouse and dog MT1-MMP.

[0342] In another aspect, certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as high affinity binders of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).

[0343] PSMA is a type II integral membrane protein that has abundant and restricted expression on the surface of prostate cancer, particularly in androgen-independent, advanced and metastatic disease (Schulke, N.; et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100, 12590-12595). The latter is important since almost all PCa becomes androgen independent. It is also expressed within the endothelium of most solid tumors other than prostate (Chang, S. S.; et al. Cancer Res 1999, 59, 3192-3198). PSMA possesses the criteria of a promising target for therapy, i.e., abundant and restricted (to prostate) expression at all stages of the disease, presentation at the cell surface but not shed into the circulation, and association with enzymatic or signaling activity (Schulke, N.; et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100, 12590-12595). The PSMA gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11 and functions both as a folate hydrolase and neuropeptidase. It is the neuropeptidase function that is equivalent to glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), which is referred to as the “brain PSMA”, and may modulate glutamatergic transmission by cleaving N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) to N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate (Nan, F.; et al. J Med Chem 2000, 43, 772-774). There are up to 10⁶ PSMA molecules per cancer cell, further suggesting it as an ideal target for imaging and therapy with radionuclide-based techniques (Tasch, J.; et al. Crit Rev Immunol 2001, 21, 249-261).

[0344] In another aspect, certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as CD38 binding agents.

[0345] CD38 is a 45 kD type II transmembrane glycoprotein with a long C-terminal extracellular domain and a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The CD38 protein is a bifunctional ectoenzyme that can catalyze the conversion of NAD+ into cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and also hydrolyze cADPR into ADP-ribose. During ontogeny, CD38 appears on CD34+ committed stem cells and lineage-committed progenitors of lymphoid, erythroid and myeloid cells. CD38 expression persists mostly in the lymphoid lineage with varying expression levels at different stages of T and B cell development.

[0346] CD38 is upregulated in many hematopoeitic malignancies and in cell lines derived from various hematopoietic malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), multiple myeloma (MM), B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), B and T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), T cell lymphoma (TCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). On the other hand, most primitive pluripotent stem cells of the hematopoietic system are CD38−. CD38 expression in hematopoietic malignancies and its correlation with disease progression makes CD38 an attractive target for antibody therapy.

[0347] CD38 has been reported to be involved in Ca²⁺ mobilization (Morra et al. (1998) FASEB J. 12; 581-592; Zilber et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 2840-2845) and in the signal transduction through tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous signaling molecules, including phospholipase C-γ, ZAP-70, syk, and c-cbl, in lymphoid and myeloid cells or cell lines (Funaro et al. (1993) Eur J Immunol 23, 2407-2411; Morra et al. (1998), supra; Funaro et al. (1990) J Immunol 145, 2390-2396; Zubiaur et al. (1997) J Immunol 159, 193-205; Deaglio et al. (2003) Blood 102, 2146-2155; Todisco et al. (2000) Blood 95, 535-542; Konopleva et al. (1998) J Immunol 161, 4702-4708; Zilber et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 2840-2845; Kitanaka et al. (1997) J Immunol 159, 184-192; Kitanaka et al. (1999) J Immunol 162, 1952-1958; Mallone et al. (2001) Int Immunol 13, 397-409). On the basis of these observations, CD38 was proposed to be an important signaling molecule in the maturation and activation of lymphoid and myeloid cells during their normal development.

[0348] The exact role of CD38 in signal transduction and hematopoiesis is still not clear, especially since most of these signal transduction studies have used cell lines ectopically overexpressing CD38 and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, which are non-physiological ligands. Because the CD38 protein has an enzymatic activity that produces cADPR, a molecule that can induce Ca²⁺ mobilization (Lee et al. (1989) J Biol Chem 264, 1608-1615; Lee and Aarhus (1991) Cell Regul 2, 203-209), it has been proposed that CD38 ligation by monoclonal antibodies triggers Ca²⁺ mobilization and signal transduction in lymphocytes by increasing production of cADPR (Lee et al. (1997) Adv Exp Med Biol 419, 411-419). Contrary to this hypothesis, the truncation and point-mutation analysis of CD38 protein showed that neither its cytoplasmic tail nor its enzymatic activity is necessary for the signaling mediated by anti-CD38 antibodies (Kitanaka et al. (1999) J Immunol 162, 1952-1958; Lund et al. (1999) J Immunol 162, 2693-2702; Hoshino et al. (1997) J Immunol 158, 741-747).

[0349] The best evidence for the function of CD38 comes from CD38−/− knockout mice, which have a defect in their innate immunity and a reduced T-cell dependent humoral response due to a defect in dendritic cell migration (Partida-Sanchez et al. (2004) Immunity 20, 279-291; Partida-Sanchez et al. (2001) Nat Med 7, 1209-1216). Nevertheless, it is not clear if the CD38 function in mice is identical to that in humans since the CD38 expression pattern during hematopoiesis differs greatly between human and mouse: a) unlike immature progenitor stem cells in humans, similar progenitor stem cells in mice express a high level of CD38 (Randall et al. (1996) Blood 87, 4057-4067; Dagher et al. (1998) Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 4, 69-74), b) while during the human B cell development, high levels of CD38 expression are found in germinal center B cells and plasma cells (Uckun (1990) Blood 76, 1908-1923; Kumagai et al. (1995) J Exp Med 181, 1101-1110), in the mouse, the CD38 expression levels in the corresponding cells are low (Oliver et al. (1997) J Immunol 158, 1108-1115; Ridderstad and Tarlinton (1998) J Immunol 160, 4688-4695).

[0350] Several anti-human CD38 antibodies with different proliferative properties on various tumor cells and cell lines have been described in the literature. For example, a chimeric OKT10 antibody with mouse Fab and human IgG1 Fc mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) very efficiently against lymphoma cells in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear effector cells from either MM patients or normal individuals (Stevenson et al. (1991) Blood 77, 1071-1079). A CDR-grafted humanized version of the anti-CD38 antibody AT13/5 has been shown to have potent ADCC activity against CD38-positive cell lines (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/797,941). Human monoclonal anti-CD38 antibodies have been shown to mediate the in vitro killing of CD38-positive cell lines by ADCC and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and to delay the tumor growth in SCID mice bearing MM cell line RPMI-8226 (WO 2005/103083). On the other hand, several anti-CD38 antibodies, IB4, SUN-4B7, and OKT10, but not IB6, AT1, or AT2, induced the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal individuals (Ausiello et al. (2000) Tissue Antigens 56, 539-547).

[0351] Some of the antibodies of the prior art have been shown to be able to trigger apoptosis in CD38+ B cells. However, they can only do so in the presence of stroma cells or stroma-derived cytokines. An agonistic anti-CD38 antibody (IB4) has been reported to prevent apoptosis of human germinal center (GC) B cells (Zupo et al. (1994) Eur J Immunol 24, 1218-1222), and to induce proliferation of KG-1 and HL-60 AML cells (Konopleva et al. (1998) J Immunol 161, 4702-4708), but induces apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphoblastic cells (Morra et al. (1998) FASEB J 12, 581-592). Another anti-CD38 antibody T16 induced apoptosis of immature lymphoid cells and leukemic lymphoblast cells from an ALL patient (Kumagai et al. (1995) J Exp Med 181, 1101-1110), and of leukemic myeloblast cells from AML patients (Todisco et al. (2000) Blood 95, 535-542), but T16 induced apoptosis only in the presence of stroma cells or stroma-derived cytokines (IL-7, IL-3, stem cell factor).

[0352] In another aspect, certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as EphA2 binding agents.

[0353] Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (Ephs) belong to a large group of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), kinases that phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine residues. Ephs and their membrane bound ephrin ligands (ephrins) control cell positioning and tissue organization (Poliakov et al. (2004) Dev Cell 7, 465-80). Functional and biochemical Eph responses occur at higher ligand oligomerization states (Stein et al. (1998) Genes Dev 12, 667-678).

[0354] Among other patterning functions, various Ephs and ephrins have been shown to play a role in vascular development. Knockout of EphB4 and ephrin-B2 results in a lack of the ability to remodel capillary beds into blood vessels (Poliakov et al., supra) and embryonic lethality. Persistent expression of some Eph receptors and ephrins has also been observed in newly-formed, adult micro-vessels (Brantley-Sieders et al. (2004) Curr Pharm Des 10, 3431-42; Adams (2003) J Anat 202, 105-12).

[0355] The de-regulated re-emergence of some ephrins and their receptors in adults also has been observed to contribute to tumor invasion, metastasis and neo-angiogenesis (Nakamoto et al. (2002) Microsc Res Tech 59, 58-67; Brantley-Sieders et al., supra). Furthermore, some Eph family members have been found to be over-expressed on tumor cells from a variety of human tumors (Brantley-Sieders et al., supra); Marme (2002) Ann Hematol 81 Suppl 2, S66; Booth et al. (2002) Nat Med 8, 1360-1).

[0356] EPH receptor A2 (ephrin type-A receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHA2 gene.

[0357] EphA2 is upregulated in multiple cancers in man, often correlating with disease progression, metastasis and poor prognosis e.g.: breast (Zelinski et al (2001) Cancer Res. 61, 2301-2306; Zhuang et al (2010) Cancer Res. 70, 299-308; Brantley-Sieders et al (2011) PLoS One 6, e24426), lung (Brannan et al (2009) Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2, 1039-1049; Kinch et al (2003) Clin Cancer Res. 9, 613-618; Guo et al (2013) J Thorac Oncol. 8, 301-308), gastric (Nakamura et al (2005) Cancer Sci. 96, 42-47; Yuan et al (2009) Dig Dis Sci 54, 2410-2417), pancreatic (Mudali et al (2006) Clin Exp Metastasis 23, 357-365), prostate (Walker-Daniels et al (1999) Prostate 41, 275-280), liver (Yang et al (2009) Hepatol Res. 39, 1169-1177) and glioblastoma (Wykosky et al (2005) Mol Cancer Res. 3, 541-551; Li et al (2010) Tumour Biol. 31, 477-488).

[0358] The full role of EphA2 in cancer progression is still not defined although there is evidence for interaction at numerous stages of cancer progression including tumour cell growth, survival, invasion and angiogenesis. Downregulation of EphA2 expression suppresses tumour cancer cell propagation (Binda et al (2012) Cancer Cell 22, 765-780), whilst EphA2 blockade inhibits VEGF induced cell migration (Hess et al (2001) Cancer Res. 61, 3250-3255), sprouting and angiogenesis (Cheng et al (2002) Mol Cancer Res. 1, 2-11; Lin et al (2007) Cancer 109, 332-40) and metastatic progression (Brantley-Sieders et al (2005) FASEB J. 19, 1884-1886).

[0359] An antibody drug conjugate to EphA2 has been shown to significantly diminish tumour growth in rat and mouse xenograft models (Jackson et al (2008) Cancer Research 68, 9367-9374) and a similar approach has been tried in man although treatment had to be discontinued for treatment related adverse events (Annunziata et al (2013) Invest New drugs 31, 77-84).

[0360] In another aspect, certain bicyclic peptides of the invention have specific utility as integrin αvβ3 binding agents.

[0361] Integrins are heterodimeric matrix receptors that anchor cells to substrates and transmit externally derived signals across the plasma membrane. Integrin αvβ3 is involved in the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, both in vivo and in vitro. This heterodimer molecule recognizes the amino acid motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) contained in bone matrix proteins such as osteopontin and bone sialoprotein. Integrin αvβ3 is expressed in an osteoclast and its expression is modulated by resorptive steroids and cytokines. Based on blocking experiments, αvβ3 integrin has been identified as a major functional adhesion receptor on osteoclasts. Inhibitors of integrin αvβ3 reduce the capacity of osteoclasts to bind to and resorb bone. Integrin αvβ3 plays a major role in the function of osteoclasts and inhibitors of this integrin are being considered for treating or preventing osteoporosis, osteolytic metastases, and malignancy-induced hypercalcemia.

[0362] There are many bone diseases that are related to osteolysis that is mediated by osteoclasts. Osteoporosis is the most common one that is induced when resorption and formation of bone are not coordinated and bone breakdown overrides bone building. Osteoporosis is also caused by other conditions, such as hormonal imbalance, diseases, or medications (e.g., corticosteroids or anti-epileptic agents). Bone is one of the most common sites of metastasis by human breast, prostate, lung and thyroid cancers, as well as other cancers. Osteoporosis may also result from post-menopausal estrogen deficiency. Secondary osteoporosis may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Bone metastasis shows a very unique step of osteoclastic bone resorption that is not seen in metastasis of other organs. It is widely accepted that osteolysis that is associated with cancer is essentially mediated by osteoclasts, which seem to be activated and may be indirectly activated through osteoblasts or directly by tumor products. In addition, hypercalcemia (increased blood-calcium concentration) is an important complication of osteolytic bone diseases. It occurs relatively frequently in patients with extensive bone destruction, and is particularly common in breast, lung, renal, ovarian and pancreatic carcinomas and in myeloma.

[0363] Disintegrins are a family of low-molecular-weight RGD-containing peptides that bind specifically to integrins αIIbβ3, α5β1 and αvβ3 expressed on platelets and other cells including vascular endothelial cells and some tumor cells. In addition to their potent antiplatelet activity, studies of disintegrins have revealed new uses in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and the design of therapeutic agents in arterial thrombosis, osteoporosis and angiogenesis-related tumor growth and metastasis. Rhodostomin (Rho), a disintegrin derived from the venom of Colloselasma rhodostoma, has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro through the blockade of platelet glycoprotein αIIbβ3.

[0364] The role of αvβ3 integrin in bone diseases has been well documented (Ross et al (2006) Journal of Clinical Investigation 116(5); Rodan et al (1997) Journal of Endocrinology 154, S47-S56; Teitelbaum (2005) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90(4), 2466-2468; Teitelbaum (2000) Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 18, 344-349; Nakamura et al (2007) Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 25, 337-344; Duong et al (1999) Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 17, 1-6; and Teti et al (2002) Calcified Tissue International 71, 293-299). In addition to bone diseases, αvβ3 integrin plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth in conditions not related to bone diseases.

[0365] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a peptide ligand as defined herein, for use in preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by integrin αvβ3.

[0366] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by integrin αvβ3, which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a peptide ligand as defined herein.

[0367] In one embodiment, the integrin αvβ3 is mammalian integrin αvβ3. In a further embodiment, the mammalian integrin αvβ3 is human integrin αvβ3.

[0368] In one embodiment, the disease or disorder mediated by integrin αvβ3 is selected from bone disease (such as osteoporosis), cancer, and diseases involving angiogenesis.

[0369] In a further embodiment, the disease or disorder mediated by integrin αvβ3 is selected from cancer.

[0370] Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, metalloprotease, carboxypeptidase, hydrolase, kinase, or integrin activity of one or more enzymes.

[0371] Polypeptide ligands selected according to the method of the present invention may be employed in in vivo therapeutic and prophylactic applications, in vitro and in vivo diagnostic applications, in vitro assay and reagent applications, and the like. Ligands having selected levels of specificity are useful in applications which involve testing in non-human animals, where cross-reactivity is desirable, or in diagnostic applications, where cross-reactivity with homologues or paralogues needs to be carefully controlled. In some applications, such as vaccine applications, the ability to elicit an immune response to predetermined ranges of antigens can be exploited to tailor a vaccine to specific diseases and pathogens.

[0372] Substantially pure peptide ligands of at least 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred for administration to a mammal, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity is most preferred for pharmaceutical uses, especially when the mammal is a human. Once purified, partially or to homogeneity as desired, the selected polypeptides may be used diagnostically or therapeutically (including extracorporeally) or in developing and performing assay procedures, immunofluorescent stainings and the like (Lefkovite and Pernis, (1979 and 1981) Immunological Methods, Volumes I and II, Academic Press, NY).

[0373] The activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an inhibitor of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell line. Alternative in vitro assays quantitate the ability of the inhibitor to bind to CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3. Inhibitor binding may be measured by radiolabeling the inhibitor prior to binding, isolating the inhibitor/CAIX, inhibitor/MT1-MMP, inhibitor/PSMA, inhibitor/CD38, inhibitor/EphA2, or inhibitor/αvβ3 complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound. Alternatively, inhibitor binding may be determined by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 bound to known radioligands. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying an MT1-MMP inhibitor include those described and disclosed in: Pietraszek et al., (2014) FEBS Letters 588(23), 4319-4324; Cheltsov et al., (2012) Cancer Res. 72(9), 2339-49; and WO 2009/098450, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying a CAIX inhibitor include those described and disclosed in: Wind et al., (2011) Ann Clin Biochem. 48(2), 112-120; Gandhi et al., (2015) J. Urology 193(4), e870-e871; and WO 2004/005348, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying a αvβ3 inhibitor include those described and disclosed in: Wang et al (2005) Bioconjug Chem 16(3), 729-34. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound utilized in this invention as an inhibitor of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, are set forth in the Examples below.

[0374] As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.

[0375] Provided compounds are inhibitors of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3 and are therefore useful for treating one or more disorders associated with activity of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3. Thus, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a CAIX-mediated, a MT1-MMP-mediated, PSMA-mediated, CD38-mediated, EphA2-mediated, or αvβ3-mediated disorder comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.

[0376] As used herein, the terms “CAIX-mediated”, “MT1-MMP-mediated”, “PSMA-mediated”, “CD38-mediated”, “EphA2-mediated”, or “αvβ3-mediated” disorders, diseases, and/or conditions as used herein means any disease or other deleterious condition in which CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, are known to play a role. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, are known to play a role.

[0377] Examples of cancers (and their benign counterparts) which may be treated (or inhibited) include, but are not limited to tumors of epithelial origin (adenomas and carcinomas of various types including adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas and other carcinomas) such as carcinomas of the bladder and urinary tract, breast, gastrointestinal tract (including the esophagus, stomach (gastric), small intestine, colon, rectum and anus), liver (hepatocellular carcinoma), gall bladder and biliary system, exocrine pancreas, kidney, lung (for example adenocarcinomas, small cell lung carcinomas, non-small cell lung carcinomas, bronchioalveolar carcinomas and mesotheliomas), head and neck (for example cancers of the tongue, buccal cavity, larynx, pharynx, nasopharynx, tonsil, salivary glands, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses), ovary, fallopian tubes, peritoneum, vagina, vulva, penis, cervix, myometrium, endometrium, thyroid (for example thyroid follicular carcinoma), adrenal, prostate, skin and adnexae (for example melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, dysplastic naevus); hematological malignancies (i.e. leukemias, lymphomas) and premalignant hematological disorders and disorders of borderline malignancy including hematological malignancies and related conditions of lymphoid lineage (for example acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL], chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], B-cell lymphomas such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [DLBCL], follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas and leukemias, natural killer [NK] cell lymphomas, Hodgkin's lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders), and hematological malignancies and related conditions of myeloid lineage (for example acute myelogenousleukemia [AML], chronic myelogenousleukemia [CML], chronic myelomonocyticleukemia [CMML], hypereosinophilic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, and promyelocyticleukemia); tumors of mesenchymal origin, for example sarcomas of soft tissue, bone or cartilage such as osteosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, liposarcomas, angiosarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcomas, epithelioid sarcomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, benign and malignant histiocytomas, and dermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans; tumors of the central or peripheral nervous system (for example astrocytomas, gliomas and glioblastomas, meningiomas, ependymomas, pineal tumors and schwannomas); endocrine tumors (for example pituitary tumors, adrenal tumors, islet cell tumors, parathyroid tumors, carcinoid tumors and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid); ocular and adnexal tumors (for example retinoblastoma); germ cell and trophoblastic tumors (for example teratomas, seminomas, dysgerminomas, hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas); and pediatric and embryonal tumors (for example medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors); or syndromes, congenital or otherwise, which leave the patient susceptible to malignancy (for example Xeroderma Pigmentosum).

[0378] In a further embodiment, the cancer is selected from cancer of the cervix, ovary, kidney, esophagus, lung, breast and brain.

[0379] References herein to the term “prevention” involves administration of the protective composition prior to the induction of the disease. “Suppression” refers to administration of the composition after an inductive event, but prior to the clinical appearance of the disease. “Treatment” involves administration of the protective composition after disease symptoms become manifest.

[0380] Animal model systems which can be used to screen the effectiveness of the peptide ligands in protecting against or treating the disease are available. The use of animal model systems is facilitated by the present invention, which allows the development of polypeptide ligands which can cross react with human and animal targets, to allow the use of animal models.

[0381] Furthermore, the invention provides the use of a compound according to the definitions herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative disease.

[0382] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

[0383] In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

[0384] In certain embodiments, combination therapies of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof, are administered in combination with a monoclonal antibody or an siRNA therapeutic.

[0385] Those additional agents may be administered separately from a provided combination therapy, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

[0386] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a combination of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form.

[0387] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

[0388] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with a compound of formula I, or may be administered prior to or following administration of a compound of formula I. Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a compound of formula I may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, a compound of formula I may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent.

[0389] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0390] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a solid tumor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0391] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is DLBCL (Ramirez et al “Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma” Leuk. Res. (2012), published online July 17, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0392] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0393] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating multiple myeloma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®).

[0394] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Waldenström's macroglobulinemia comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from chlorambucil (Leukeran®). cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®). fludarabine (Fludara®). cladribine (Leustatin®), rituximab (Rituxan®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, and a SYK inhibitor.

[0395] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a BTK inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, Still's disease, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Ord's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison's disease, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, ankylosing spondylosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, optic neuritis, scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Reiter's syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener's granulomatosis, psoriasis, alopecia universalis, Behcet's disease, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, membranous glomerulonephropathy, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, neuromyotonia, scleroderma, vulvodynia, a hyperproliferative disease, rejection of transplanted organs or tissues, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS, also known as HIV), type 1 diabetes, graft versus host disease, transplantation, transfusion, anaphylaxis, allergies (e.g., allergies to plant pollens, latex, drugs, foods, insect poisons, animal hair, animal dander, dust mites, or cockroach calyx), type I hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, asthma, appendicitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergy, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic graft rejection, colitis, conjunctivitis, Crohn's disease, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis, B-cell proliferative disorder, e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma (also known as plasma cell myeloma), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, plasmacytoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or cancer of the mast cells (e.g., mastocytoma, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma, systemic mastocytosis), bone cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, diseases of the bone and joints including, without limitation, rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies (including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's disease), Behcet's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, osteoporosis, bone cancer, bone metastasis, a thromboembolic disorder, (e.g., myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, reocclusion after angioplasty, restenosis after angioplasty, reocclusion after aortocoronary bypass, restenosis after aortocoronary bypass, stroke, transitory ischemia, a peripheral arterial occlusive disorder, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis), inflammatory pelvic disease, urethritis, skin sunburn, sinusitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis, myositis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis, dermatitis, gingivitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholocystitus, agammaglobulinemia, psoriasis, allergy, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren's disease, tissue graft rejection, hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), autoimmune alopecia, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, vasculitis, autoimmune hemolytic and thrombocytopenic states, Goodpasture's syndrome, atherosclerosis, Addison's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, septic shock, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, atopic dermatitis, degenerative joint disease, vitiligo, autoimmune hypopituitarism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Behcet's disease, scleroderma, mycosis fungoides, acute inflammatory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ischemia/reperfusion injury), and Graves' disease.

[0396] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from a cancer, a neurodegenerative disorder, an angiogenic disorder, a viral disease, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disorder, a hormone-related disease, conditions associated with organ transplantation. immunodeficiency disorders, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder. an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death. thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), liver disease, pathologic immune conditions involving T cell activation, a cardiovascular disorder, and a CNS disorder.

[0397] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from benign or malignant tumor, carcinoma or solid tumor of the brain, kidney (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)), liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, endometrium, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma or a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, a neoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, (including, for example, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (also termed Hodgkin's or Hodgkin's disease)), a mammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, or a leukemia, diseases include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Dudos disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, or diseases in which the PI3K/PKB pathway is aberrantly activated, asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection, acute lung injury (ALI), adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular other inhaled drug therapy, bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, but not limited to, acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis, pneumoconiosis (an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts) of whatever type or genesis, including, for example, aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis and byssinosis, Loffler's syndrome, eosinophilic, pneumonia, parasitic (in particular metazoan) infestation (including tropical eosinophilia), bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, polyarteritis nodosa (including Churg-Strauss syndrome), eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophil-related disorders affecting the airways occasioned by drug-reaction, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforma, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and vernal conjunctivitis, diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis, and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or etiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders (e.g. hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polychondritis, scleroderma, Wegener granulamatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), endocrine opthalmopathy, Grave's disease, sarcoidosis, alveolitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis (anterior and posterior), keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis and glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, e.g. including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minal change nephropathy, restenosis, cardiomegaly, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and congestive heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury, glutamate neurotoxicity and hypoxia.

[0398] The compounds and compositions, according to the method of the present invention, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of a cancer, an autoimmune disorder, a proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a neurodegenerative or neurological disorder, schizophrenia, a bone-related disorder, liver disease, or a cardiac disorder. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts. The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0399] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

[0400] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

[0401] Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

[0402] Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

[0403] In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

[0404] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0405] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

[0406] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[0407] The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

[0408] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

[0409] According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0410] According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting metalloprotease activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0411] According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting integrin activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0412] According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0413] The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

[0414] Inhibition of CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, biological assays.

[0415] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, metalloprotease or integrin activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0416] According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a disorder mediated by CAIX, MT1-MMP, PSMA, CD38, EphA2, or αvβ3, or a mutant thereof, in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound according to the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof. Such disorders are described in detail herein.

[0417] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

[0418] A compound of the current invention may also be used to advantage in combination with other antiproliferative compounds. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin. The term “aromatase inhibitor” as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits estrogen production, for instance, the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed under the trade name Aromasin™. Formestane is marketed under the trade name Lentaron™. Fadrozole is marketed under the trade name Afema™. Anastrozole is marketed under the trade name Arimidex™. Letrozole is marketed under the trade names Femara™ or Femar™. Aminoglutethimide is marketed under the trade name Orimeten™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

[0419] The term “antiestrogen” as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen is marketed under the trade name Nolvadex™. Raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name Evista™. Fulvestrant can be administered under the trade name Faslodex™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an antiestrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

[0420] The term “anti-androgen” as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (Casodex™). The term “gonadorelin agonist” as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin can be administered under the trade name Zoladex™.

[0421] The term “topoisomerase I inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecin and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148. Irinotecan can be administered, e.g. in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Camptosar™. Topotecan is marketed under the trade name Hycamptin™.

[0422] The term “topoisomerase II inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (including liposomal formulation, such as Caelyx™), daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed under the trade name Etopophos™. Teniposide is marketed under the trade name VM 26-Bristol Doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Acriblastin™ or Adriamycin™. Epirubicin is marketed under the trade name Farmorubicin™. Idarubicin is marketed. under the trade name Zavedos™. Mitoxantrone is marketed under the trade name Novantron.

[0423] The term “microtubule active agent” relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing compounds and microtubulin polymerization inhibitors including, but not limited to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vinblastine sulfate, vincristine or vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine; discodermolides; colchicine and epothilones and derivatives thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxol™. Docetaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxotere™. Vinblastine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Vinblastin R.P™. Vincristine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Farmistin™.

[0424] The term “alkylating agent” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel). Cyclophosphamide is marketed under the trade name Cyclostin™. Ifosfamide is marketed under the trade name Holoxan™.

[0425] The term “histone deacetylase inhibitors” or “HDAC inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes, but is not limited to, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

[0426] The term “antineoplastic antimetabolite” includes, but is not limited to, 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, DNA demethylating compounds, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate, and folic acid antagonists such as pemetrexed. Capecitabine is marketed under the trade name Xeloda™. Gemcitabine is marketed under the trade name Gemzar™.

[0427] The term “platin compound” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum and oxaliplatin. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Carboplat™. Oxaliplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Eloxatin™.

[0428] The term “compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, such as a) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-111; b) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); c) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF-I receptor or its growth factors; d) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; e) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase family; f) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; g) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib; h) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases, which are part of the PDGFR family, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, such as imatinib; i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Abl kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); j) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK/pan-JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB/Akt, Ras/MAPK, PI3K, SYK, TYK2, BTK and TEC family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) including staurosporine derivatives, such as midostaurin; examples of further compounds include UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; Ilmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); k) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) or tyrphostin such as Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin); l) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR₁ ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, such as EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, CP 358774, ZD 1839, ZM 105180; trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives; m) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF, n) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of one or more JAK family members (JAK1/JAK2/JAK3/TYK2 and/or pan-JAK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, SB-1578, baricitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, VX-509, AZD-1480, TG-101348, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib; o) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3 kinase (PI3K) including but not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib; and; and q) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the signaling effects of hedgehog protein (Hh) or smoothened receptor (SMO) pathways, including but not limited to cyclopamine, vismodegib, itraconazole, erismodegib, and IPI-926 (saridegib).

[0429] The term “PI3K inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against one or more enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase family, including, but not limited to PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β, PI3K-C2γ, Vps34, p110-α, p110-β, p110-γ, p110-δ, p85-α, p85-β, p55-γ, p150, p101, and p87. Examples of PI3K inhibitors useful in this invention include but are not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib.

[0430] The term “BTK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), including, but not limited to AVL-292 and ibrutinib.

[0431] The term “SYK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, R-343, R-333, Excellair, PRT-062607, and fostamatinib

[0432] Further examples of BTK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2008039218 and WO2011090760, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0433] Further examples of SYK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2003063794, WO2005007623, and WO2006078846, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0434] Further examples of PI3K inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2004019973, WO2004089925, WO2007016176, U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,347, WO2002088112, WO2007084786, WO2007129161, WO2006122806, WO2005113554, and WO2007044729 the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0435] Further examples of JAK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2009114512, WO2008109943, WO2007053452, WO2000142246, and WO2007070514, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0436] Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g. thalidomide (Thalomid™) and TNP-470.

[0437] Examples of proteasome inhibitors useful for use in combination with compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to bortezomib, disulfiram, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), salinosporamide A, carfilzomib, ONX-0912, CEP-18770, and MLN9708.

[0438] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

[0439] Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes include, but are not limited to, retinoic acid, α- γ- or δ-tocopherol or α- γ- or δ-tocotrienol.

[0440] The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (Celebrex™), rofecoxib (Vioxx™), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2-arylaminophenylacetic acid, such as 5-methyl-2-(2′-chloro-6′-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.

[0441] The term “bisphosphonates” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. Etridonic acid is marketed under the trade name Didronel™. Clodronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bonefos™. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the trade name Skelid™. Pamidronic acid is marketed under the trade name Aredia™. Alendronic acid is marketed under the trade name Fosamax™. Ibandronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bondranat™. Risedronic acid is marketed under the trade name Actonel™. Zoledronic acid is marketed under the trade name Zometa™. The term “mTOR inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and which possess antiproliferative activity such as sirolimus (Rapamune®), everolimus (Certican™), CCI-779 and ABT578.

[0442] The term “heparanase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI-88. The term “biological response modifier” as used herein refers to a lymphokine or interferons.

[0443] The term “inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms”, such as H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras, as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras; for example, a “farnesyl transferase inhibitor” such as L-744832, DK8G557 or R115777 (Zarnestra™). The term “telomerase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, such as telomestatin.

[0444] The term “methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase include, but are not limited to, bengamide or a derivative thereof.

[0445] The term “proteasome inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include, but are not limited to, Bortezomib (Velcade™) and MLN 341.

[0446] The term “matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor” or (“MMP” inhibitor) as used herein includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996.

[0447] The term “compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, which are compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase.

[0448] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, such as PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518.

[0449] The term “HSP90 inhibitors” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, such as 17-allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.

[0450] The term “antiproliferative antibodies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab (Rituxan®), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

[0451] For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds of the current invention can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds of the current invention can be administered in combination with, for example, farnesyl transferase inhibitors and/or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412.

[0452] Other anti-leukemic compounds include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2′-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases. Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,065 including, but not limited to, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially the lactate salt. Somatostatin receptor antagonists as used herein refer to compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230. Tumor cell damaging approaches refer to approaches such as ionizing radiation. The term “ionizing radiation” referred to above and hereinafter means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4^th Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 248-275 (1993).

[0453] Also included are EDG binders and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. The term “EDG binders” as used herein refers to a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720. The term “ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors” refers to pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, cladribine, 6-mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives.

[0454] Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF such as 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine succinate; Angiostatin™; Endostatin™; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, such as rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer such as Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™).

[0455] Photodynamic therapy as used herein refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as Visudyne™ and porfimer sodium.

[0456] Angiostatic steroids as used herein refers to compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone.

[0457] Implants containing corticosteroids refers to compounds, such as fluocinolone and dexamethasone.

[0458] Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action.

[0459] The structure of the active compounds identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium “The Merck Index” or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications).

[0460] A compound of the current invention may also be used in combination with known therapeutic processes, for example, the administration of hormones or radiation. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is used as a radiosensitizer, especially for the treatment of tumors which exhibit poor sensitivity to radiotherapy.

[0461] A compound of the current invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic compounds, possible combination therapy taking the form of fixed combinations or the administration of a compound of the invention and one or more other therapeutic compounds being staggered or given independently of one another, or the combined administration of fixed combinations and one or more other therapeutic compounds. A compound of the current invention can besides or in addition be administered especially for tumor therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, surgical intervention, or a combination of these. Long-term therapy is equally possible as is adjuvant therapy in the context of other treatment strategies, as described above. Other possible treatments are therapy to maintain the patient's status after tumor regression, or even chemopreventive therapy, for example in patients at risk.

[0462] Those additional agents may be administered separately from an inventive compound-containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

[0463] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a compound of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound of the current invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

[0464] The amount of both an inventive compound and additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent as described above) that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, compositions of this invention should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of an inventive compound can be administered.

[0465] In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and the compound of this invention may act synergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions a dosage of between 0.01-1,000 μg/kg body weight/day of the additional therapeutic agent can be administered.

[0466] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

[0467] As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein.

[0468] Peptide synthesis was based on Fmoc chemistry, using a Symphony peptide synthesizer manufactured by Peptide Instruments and a Syro II synthesizer by MultiSynTech. Standard Fmoc-amino acids were employed (Sigma, Merck), with appropriate side chain protecting groups: where applicable standard coupling conditions were used in each case, followed by deprotection using standard methodology. Peptides were purified using HPLC and following isolation they were modified with a molecular scaffold reagent with leaving groups. For this, linear peptide was diluted with H₂O up to ~35 mL, ~500 μL of 100 mM molecular scaffold reagent in acetonitrile was added, and the reaction was initiated with 5 mL of 1 M NH₄ HCO₃ in H₂O. The reaction was allowed to proceed for ~30-60 min at RT, and lyophilized once the reaction had completed (as judged by MALDI). Following lyophilization, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex). Solvents (H₂O, acetonitrile) were acidified with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The gradient ranged from 30-70% acetonitrile in 15 minutes, at a flowrate of 15-20 mL/min, using a Gilson preparative HPLC system. Pure fractions containing the desired product were pooled, lyophilized and kept at −20° C. for storage.

[0469] Alternatively, peptides were purified using HPLC and following isolation they were modified with a molecular scaffold reagent containing Michael acceptors. For this, linear peptide was diluted with 50:50 MeCN:H₂O up to ~35 mL, ~500 μL of 100 mM molecular scaffold reagent containing Michael acceptors in acetonitrile was added, and the reaction was initiated with 5 mL of 1 M NH₄HCO₃ in H₂O. The reaction was allowed to proceed for ~30-60 min at RT, and lyophilized once the reaction had completed (as judged by MALDI). Once completed, 1 mL of 1M L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (Sigma) in H₂O was added to the reaction for ~60 min at RT to quench any excess molecular scaffold reagent containing Michael acceptors.

[0470] Following lyophilization, the modified peptide was purified as above, while replacing the Luna C8 with a Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex), and changing the acid to 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Pure fractions containing the correct desired product were pooled, lyophilized and kept at −20° C. for storage.

[0471] All amino acids, unless noted otherwise, were used in the L-configurations.

[0472] 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is a complexing agent, it can be conjugate with Bicycles in order to obtain constructs which, after being labelled with radioactive isotopes (i.e. Lu³⁺) or MRI contrast agents (i.e. Gd³⁺), are used for biodistribution studies in animal models. Commercially available N-succinimidyl ester of DOTA is coupled to an amino group, generally the N-terminal amino group, of the Bicycle peptide.

	Name	CAS number	Mw
	DOTA N-succinimidyl ester	170908-81-3	761.48

• • [0473] LCMS
  • [0474] MALDI Mass Spectrometer

• • [0475] Dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
  • [0476] DOTA N-succinimidyl ester
  • [0477] N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA)
  • [0478] 100 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) pH 9

[0479] Prepare 20 mM solution of the Bicycle peptide in dry DMSO.

[0480] Prepare 100 mM solution of DOTA N-Succinimidyl ester in dry DMSO. N-Succinimidyl esters are moisture sensitive and are kept under nitrogen in a desiccator in −20° C. freezer.

[0481] Add the DOTA N-Succinimidyl ester solution to the peptide solution in order to have a 5-fold excess of the former over the peptide. Mix well the resulting reaction mix and spin down any droplets on the wall.

[0482] Add neat DIPEA to the mixture to have a 20-fold excess of the DIPEA over the peptide. Mix well the resulting solution and spin down any droplets on the wall. Thus, the approximate initial concentrations of the reactants are:

• • [0483] Bicycle peptide 15 mM
  • [0484] DOTA N-succinimidyl ester 19 mM
  • [0485] DIPEA 300 mM.

[0486] Stir or shake the reaction mix are room temperature and follow the progression of the reaction using LC/MS or MALDI-TOF.

[0487] When the reaction is complete quench the mixture with 100 mM TRIS pH 9, dilute to 10 mL with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and purify the mixture by RP-HPLC.

[0488] The commercially available N-succinimidyl ester of the 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein (CAS number: 92557-80-7) is coupled to an amino group, generally the N-terminal amino group, of the Bicycle peptide.

[0489] MALDI Mass Spectrometer.

[0490] In an Eppendorf tube prepare a 20 mM solution of the Bicycle peptide in dry DMSO. In an Eppendorf tube prepare 100 mM solution of 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein N-Succinimidyl ester in dry DMSO. N-Succinimidyl esters are moisture sensitive and are kept under nitrogen in a desiccator in −20° C. freezer. 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein is light sensitive, handle it and peptides labelled with it in amber glassware/plasticware and keep light irradiation as low as possible. Add the Fluorescent dye solution to the peptide solution in order to have a 5-fold excess of dye over the peptide. Mix resulting reaction mixture well and spin down any droplets on the wall. Add neat DIPEA to the mixture to have a 20 fold excess of the DIPEA over the peptide. Mix well the resulting solution and spin down any droplets on the wall. Thus, the approximate initial concentrations of the reactants are: Bicycle peptide (10 mM), fluorescent dye N-Succinimidyl ester (50 mM), and DIPEA (200 mM). Stir or shake the reaction mix at room temperature and follow the progression of the reaction using MALDI-TOF. When the reaction is complete quench the mixture with 100 mM TRIS pH 9, transfer the mixture into a 50 mL Falcon tube, dilute to 10 mL with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and purify the mixture by RP-HPLC.

[0491] Alexa Fluor® dyes are a family of fluorescent dyes produced by Molecular Probes, Inc. They are commercially available as N-succinimidyl esters, which can be coupled to an amino group, generally the N-terminal amino group, of the Bicycle peptide.

[0492] The Alexa Fluor® N-succinimidyl esters used are as follows: Alexa Fluor 488 N-succinimidyl ester and Alexa Fluor 680 N-succinimidyl ester.

[0493] MALDI Mass Spectrometer.

[0494] In an Eppendorf tube prepare 20 mM solution of the Bicycle peptide in dry DMSO. In an Eppendorf tube prepare 15 mM solution of Alexa Fluor® N-Succinimidyl ester in dry DMSO. N-Succinimidyl esters are moisture sensitive and are kept under nitrogen in a desiccator in −20° C. freezer. Alexa Fluor® dyes are light sensitive, handle them and peptides labelled with them in amber glassware/plasticware and keep light irradiation as low as possible. Add the Fluorescent dye solution to the peptide solution in order to have a 2.5 fold excess of dye over the peptide. Mix well the resulting reaction mix and spin down any droplets on the wall. Add neat DIPEA to the mixture to have a 20 fold excess of the DIPEA over the peptide. Mix well the resulting solution and spin down any droplets on the wall. Thus, the approximate initial concentrations of the reactants are: Bicycle peptide (5 mM); Fluorescent dye N-Succinimidyl ester (12.5 mM); and DIPEA (100 mM). Stir or shake the reaction mix at room temperature and follow the progression of the reaction using MALDI-TOF. When the reaction is complete quench the mixture with 100 mM TRIS pH 9, transfer the mixture in a 50 mL Falcon tube, dilute to 10 mL with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and purify the mixture by RP-HPLC.

[0495] CAIX Competition Binding Assay Affinity of the peptides of the invention for human CAIX (Ki) was determined using a competition fluorescence polarization assay analogous to that described in Dubois et al. (2011) Radiotherapy and Oncology 99(3), 424-43 using A-(CAECWIDGWVPC)-A-Sar6-K(Fl) (SEQ ID NO: 7) as the fluorescent ligand.

[0496] Direct Binding Fluorescence Polarization or Anisotropy Assays are performed by titrating a constant concentration of fluorescent tracer (here, the fluoresceinated bicyclic peptide to be studied) with its binding partner (here, the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain). As the concentration of binding partner increases during the titration, the polarization signal changes in proportion to the fraction of bound and unbound material. This allows determination of dissociation rates (K_d) quantitatively. Assay data can be fit using standard ligand binding equations.

[0497] Typically, concentrations of the tracer are ideally well below the K_d of the tracer:titrant pair, and concentrations chosen are usually at ~1 nM or less. The titrant (binding partner) concentration is varied from 0.1 nM up to typically 5 μM. The range is chosen such that the maximum change in fluorescent polarization can be observed. Buffers employed are phosphate buffered saline in the presence of 0.01% Tween. Experiments were run in black 384 well low-bind/low volume plates (Corning 3820), and the fluorescent polarization signal was measured using a BMG Pherastar FS plate reader. Fluorescent tracers referred to in the text are bicyclic peptides that have been fluoresceinated using 5,6-carboxyfluorescein. Fluoresceination may be performed on the N-terminal amino group of the peptide, which is separated from the bicycle core sequence by a sarcosine spacer (usually Sar10 (SEQ ID NO: 73)). This can be done during Fmoc solid phase synthesis or post-synthetically (after cyclization with the molecular scaffold reagent and purification) if the N-terminal amino group is unique to the peptide. Fluoresceination can also be performed on the C-terminus, usually on a Lysine introduced as the first C-terminal residue, which is then separated from the bicycle core sequence by a sarcosine spacer (usually Sar6 (SEQ ID NO: 69)). Thus, N-terminal tracers can have a molecular format described as Fluo-Ala-Sar10-A(SEQ ID NO: 72) (BicycleCoreSequence), and (BicycleCoreSequence)-A-Sar6-K(Fluo) (SEQ ID NO: 67) for a C-terminally fluoresceinated construct.

[0498] Fluorescent tracers used in the Examples are A-(17-69)-A-Sar6-K(Fluo) (SEQ ID NO: 67), A-(17-69-07)-A-Sar6-K(Fluo) (SEQ ID NO: 67), and A-(17-69-12)-A-Sar6-K(Fluo) (SEQ ID NO: 67). Due to the acidic nature of the 17-69 fluorescent peptides, they were typically prepared as concentrated DMSO stocks, from which dilution were prepared in 100 mM Tris pH 8 buffer.

[0499] Due to their high affinities to the MT1-MMP Hemopexin domain (PEX), the fluoresceinated derivatives of 17-69-07 and 17-69-12 (denoted as 17-69-07-N040 and 17-69-12-N005, respectively) can be used for competition experiments (using FP for detection). Here, a preformed complex of PEX with the fluorescent PEX-binding tracer is titrated with free, non-fluoresceinated bicyclic peptide. Since all 17-69-based peptides are expected to bind at the same site, the titrant will displace the fluorescent tracer from PEX. Dissociation of the complex can be measured quantitatively, and the Ke of the competitor (titrant) to the target protein determined. The advantage of the competition method is that the affinities of non-fluoresceinated bicyclic peptides can be determined accurately and rapidly.

[0500] Concentrations of tracer are usually at the K_d or below (here, 1 nM), and the binding protein (here, hemopexin of MT1-MMP) is at a 15-fold excess such that >90% of the tracer is bound. Subsequently, the non-fluorescent competitor bicyclic peptide (usually just the bicycle core sequence) is titrated, such that it displaces the fluorescent tracer from the target protein. The displacement of the tracer is measured and associated with a drop in fluorescence polarization. The drop in fluorescence polarization is proportional to the fraction of target protein bound with the non-fluorescent titrant, and thus is a measure of the affinity of titrant to target protein.

[0501] The raw data is fit to the analytical solution of the cubic equation that describes the equilibria between fluorescent tracer, titrant, and binding protein. The fit requires the value of the affinity of fluorescent tracer to the target protein, which can be determined separately by direct binding FP experiments (see previous section). The curve fitting was performed using Sigmaplot 12.0 and used an adapted version of the equation described by Zhi-Xin Wang (FEBS Letters 360 (1995) 1 11-1 14).

[0502] Affinity of the peptides of the invention for integrin αvβ3 (Ki) was determined using a competition fluorescence polarization assay analogous to that described in Wang et al (2005) Bioconjug Chem 16(3), 729-34 using 5 nM peptide with the sequence: FITC-LC-GRGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 8) as the ligand.

[0503] General procedure for radiolabelling with Lu-177.

• • [0504] 50 μL 0.25 M Na-Acetate buffer pH 5.2+0.1% Tween 20;
  • [0505] 10 μL [Lu-177]LuCl₃ in 0.05 M HCl; and
  • [0506] 2 μL of the diluted peptide (2 nmols).

[0507] The reaction mixture was incubated at 98° C. for 2, 10, 30, 45 minutes and for 5 h. At each time point the heating was stopped and 5 μL of the labeling reaction were diluted in 100 μL INJECTION BUFFER (0.25 M Na-Acetate pH 7+0.05% Tween20) and subsequently analyzed in radio-HPLC. TLC was done in parallel and confirmed the results of the radio-HPLC.

[0508] Organ distribution studies, general method: For organ distribution, the respective dose is prepared by dilution of the labeling reaction mixture in injection buffer (0.25 M Na-Acetate pH 7+0.05% Tween20). The ¹⁷⁷Lu-radiolabeled peptide was injected via the tail vein of the nu/nu mice (50 kBq per mouse), transplanted with the respective cell line. At indicated time points after injection the animals were sacrificed. Blood, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, muscle, brain, femur, and the tumor were dissected, blotted dry, and weighed. The radioactivity was measured with a γ-counter (CobraII; Canberra Packard) along with a sample of the injection solution to calculate the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g).

Exemplary Procedure for Radiolabelling with Lu-177

[0509] The γ- and β-emitter ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ (NEZ307D, Perkin Elmer, in 0.04 M HCl), with a t_1/2 of 6.7 days was used for both in vivo biodistribution and internalization studies. Labeling reactions were performed by adding 10 μL ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ (~10 MBq) in 50 mM HCl, 2 μL of the diluted peptide (1 mM solution in 50 mM HEPES buffer pH 7+0.1% Tween 20 diluted from a 10 mM DMSO stock) to 50 μL 50 mM HEPES buffer pH 7 supplemented with 0.1% Tween 20. The reaction mixture was incubated at 98° C. for 10 minutes. The radiochemical yield (RCY) was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a Latek P402 (Latek, Eppelheim, Germany), a HITACHI variable UV detector (absorbance was measured at 214 and 254 nm) and a gamma detector (Bioscan, WA, USA), using a Chromolith RP-18 column (100×4.6 mm; Merck). The analytical HPLC run was performed at 4 mL/min, using a linear A (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water) to B (0.1% TFA in acetonitrile) gradient (0% B to 100% B in 6 min). Thin-layer chromatography was performed in parallel to confirm the results of the radio-HPLC. The RCY was generally >95%, and thus, the output of labelling reactions was directly diluted with the appropriate buffer and further unlabeled peptide if required, to use in subsequent experiments.

[0510] 5×10⁶ cells of HT1080 were subcutaneously inoculated into the right trunk of male 6-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice (Charles River Laboratories). The tumors were grown for approximately 1 week, to a maximum size of ~200 mm³. Respective doses were prepared by mixing a fixed quantity of 5 pmoles ¹⁷⁷Lu labelled peptides (at approx. 50 kBq) with different quantities of non-labelled peptide (derived from 1 mM stock solution in 0.25 M sodium acetate pH 7+0.05% Tween20) in 100 μL injection buffer (0.25 M sodium acetate pH 7+0.05% Tween20). 3 animals were used per dose and timepoint. Radiolabelled peptide solutions were injected via the tail vein, followed by sacrifice at various time points. Organs of interest (blood, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, muscle, small intestine, brain, HT1080 tumor) were dissected, blotted dry, and weighed. The radioactivity was measured using a gamma counter and calculated as % ID/g.

[0511] Results: Lipidation of biomolecules is known to increase serum half-life through serum albumin binding in the circulation (Di, L (2015) Strategic approaches to optimizing peptide ADME properties. AAPS J 17, 134-43.) and could offer a potential modification to the MT1 Bicyclic Peptide I-23 to further increase the tumor-specific signal through prolonged exposure in vivo. A palmitoylated bicyclic peptide derivative I-25 was generated based on stabilised I-23, where its N-terminus was modified with an extended sarcosine oligomer spacer terminated with palmitoic acid, and where a lysine modified with DOTA was placed within the sarcosine spacer. Oligosarcosine was chosen as a spacer due to its extended, non-globular structure, high aqueous solubility and ease of synthesis (Teufel, D. P., Johnson, C. M., Lum, J. K., and Neuweiler, H. (2011) Backbone-driven collapse in unfolded protein chains. J Mol Biol 409, 250-62). The overall spacer length was set at 15 sarcosines, so as to ensure that the bicyclic peptide and its MT1-MMP binding activity are spatially well separated from the albumin-binding palmitoic acid. The molecular design should in principle allow formation of a ternary complex between albumin, fatty acid-modified radio-labelled bicyclic peptide and MT1-MMP. Indeed, despite the extended modification on the peptide's N-terminus, I-25 retained its affinity to MT1-MMP (Kd=2.25±0.5 nM).

[0512] A biodistribution study using ¹⁷⁷Lu-labelled I-25 was conducted, choosing the 48 hr timepoint p.i. to assess the optimal dose for high tumour-to-organ contrast by administering a range of dose levels (10, 100, 750, 1000, 5000 pmole/mouse; FIG. 1). A striking tumour signal of ~26% ID/g is observed at 750-1000 pmole/mouse. Further signals at <4.5% are observed in spleen, liver and small intestine.

[0513] A dose of 750 pmol I-25 was found to be optimal. As shown in FIG. 1, using 750 pmoles as the injected dose, the background activity is quite low in all organs except the kidneys while the tumor accumulation in HT1080 xenografts is extremely high even after 48 h p.i. (24.1±2.5% ID/g).

[0514] The non-PA and stabilized derivative I-23 was produced to increase resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo. I-23 sequence differs from 17-69-07-N144 sequence in that I-23 sequence comprises four modifications: D-Alal, 1NAl4, D-Ala5, and tBuGly11. Using varying quantities of I-23 and a constant quantity of ¹⁷⁷Lu (approx. 50 kBq/mouse), a variety of doses were assessed in biodistribution studies using HT1080 xenograft mice. Biodistribution was performed at 1 h post injection.

[0515] A dose of 50 to 150 pmol/mouse was found to be optimal as shown in FIG. 2. As compared to the molecule 17-69-07-N144, all doses of the stabilized I-23 showed significantly higher tumor uptake as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The tumor uptake was slightly blocked at a dose of 500 pmoles and nearly completely blocked using 5 nmoles of I-23.

[0516] The results demonstrate that proteolytic stabilization of the molecules leads to an improvement in tumor signal for I-23 compared to 17-69-07-N144 and makes the molecules suitable probes for molecular imaging (12.4% ID/g at the 1 hour timepoint for I-23, FIG. 3). Example 12. I-24 organ distribution and dose study

[0517] I-24 comprises I-23 and the Sar10 (SEQ ID NO: 73) spacer. Using varying quantities of I-24 and a constant quantity of ¹⁷⁷Lu (approx. 50 kBq/mouse), a variety of doses were assessed in biodistribution studies using HT1080 xenograft mice. Biodistribution was performed at 1 h post injection.

[0518] A dose of 150 pmol was found to be optimal. The signal in the tumor is slightly lower than I-23, but significantly greater than the non-stabilized 17-69-07-N144 (FIG. 4).The tumor uptake was slightly blocked at a dose of 500 pmoles and nearly completely blocked using 5 nmoles of I-24.

[0519] Results of these studies are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0520] I-27 represents the MT1-MMP inactive variant of I-24. An organ distribution of I-27 showed that the tumor uptake was reduced clearly by a factor of 25 from 7.04±2.83% ID/g tumor to 0.28±0.05% ID/g tumor as shown in FIG. 7.

[0521] In addition, two different inactive variants of the spacer-less I-23, I-26 and 17-69-07-N246 have been characterized in organ distribution. Again, in both cases the tumor uptake was shown to essentially absent as compared with the binding variant I-23 as shown in FIG. 8.

[0522] The distribution of the I-23 molecule at different time points was performed. It showed that the tumor localization decreases significantly after 1 h p.i. At 24 h p.i. the tumor uptake is reduced from 12.02±2.37% ID/g (1 h p.i.) to 1.54±0.06% ID/g as shown in FIG. 9.

[0523] General method for μPET imaging: the mice were anaesthetized (2% sevoflurane, Abbott), placed into the small animal PET scanner (Inveon PET, Siemens) and injected with 68Ga-labeled Bicycle peptides. A 20 min transmission scan, a 50 min dynamic scan and a static scan from 100 to 120 min p.i. were performed. Images were reconstructed iteratively using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization method (SAGE, 16 subsets, 4 iterations) applying median root prior correction and were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV) images. Quantitation was done using a ROI (region of interest) technique and expressed as SUVmean.

[0524] General method for radiolabeling with Ga-68: ⁶⁸Ga (half-life 68 min; β⁺ 89%; Eβ+ max. 1.9 MeV) was obtained from a in house ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator based on pyrogallol resin support. 1 GBq ⁶⁸Ga was eluted using 5.5 M HCl. The activity was trapped on a small anion-exchanger cartridge (AG1X8, Biorad, Richmond, CA, USA) as [⁶⁸Ga]GaCl4⁻. The radiogallium was eluted from the cartridge in a final volume of 300 μL ultrapure water (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) as [⁶⁸Ga]GaCl₃.

[0525] 1 nmol Bicycle peptide in 1 μL DMSO was added to a mixture of 50 μL 0.05 M HEPES, 0.1% Tween-20, and 80 μL [⁶⁸Ga]Ga³⁺ eluate (~200 MBq). The pH of the labelling solution was adjusted to 4.2 using 30% NaOH. The reaction mixture was incubated at 98° C. for 10 minutes. The radiochemical yield (RCY) was determined using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC; Chromolith RP-18e, 100×4.6 mm; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The analytical HPLC run was performed using a linear A-B gradient (0% B to 100% B in 6 min) at a flow rate of 4 mL/min. Solvent A consisted of 0.1% aqueous TFA and solvent B was 0.1% TFA in CH₃CN.

[0526] For μPET imaging, the labelling reaction mixture was diluted in injection buffer (0.25 M Na-Acetate 0.05% Tween-20 pH 7) by a factor of 6 to obtain 150 pmoles in 100 μL injection buffer. The anaesthetized mouse (2% sevoflurane, Abbott) was injected with 100 μL of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled I-23 (~25 MBq) and placed in a small animal PET scanner (Inveon PET, Siemens). The imaging was performed 60 min post-injection and included a 15 min transmission scan before injection and a 60 min emission scan post-injection. Scans from μPET imaging were reconstructed iteratively using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization method (SAGE, 16 subsets, 4 iterations) applying median root prior correction and were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV) images. Quantitation was accomplished using an ROI (region of interest) technique and expressed as SUVmean. Results from this study are shown in FIG. 10.

[0527] The μPET images revealed MMP-14-selective tumor uptake in the xenograft model and rapid clearance from non-target crucial organs resulting in high imaging contrasts as early as 20 min post injection. The compound represents a highly promising radiopharmaceutical candidate for future clinical PET imaging.

[0528] The radiolabelling with Ga-68 was done as described before. The labelling reaction mixture was diluted in injection buffer (0.25 M Na-Acetate 0.05% Tween-20 pH 7) by a factor of 6 to obtain 150 pmoles in 100 μL injection buffer. The anaesthetized mouse (2% sevoflurane, Abbott) was injected with 100 μL of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled I-24 (~19 MBq) and placed in a small animal PET scanner (Inveon PET, Siemens). The imaging was performed 60 min post-injection and included a 15 min transmission scan before injection and a 60 min emission scan post-injection. Scans from μPET imaging were reconstructed iteratively using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization method (SAGE, 16 subsets, 4 iterations) applying median root prior correction and were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV) images. Quantitation was accomplished using an ROI (region of interest) technique and expressed as SUVmean. Results from this study are shown in FIG. 11.

[0529] The radiolabelling with Ga-68 was done as described before. The labelling reaction mixture was diluted in injection buffer (0.25 M Na-Acetate 0.05% Tween-20 pH 7) by a factor of 6 to obtain 150 pmoles in 100 μL injection buffer. The anaesthetized mouse (2% sevoflurane, Abbott) was injected with 100 μL of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled 17-69-07-N144 and 17-69-07-N246 and placed in a small animal PET scanner (Inveon PET, Siemens). The imaging was performed 60 min post-injection and included a 15 min transmission scan before injection and a 60 min emission scan post-injection. Scans from μPET imaging were reconstructed iteratively using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization method (SAGE, 16 subsets, 4 iterations) applying median root prior correction and were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV) images. Quantitation was accomplished using an ROI (region of interest) technique and expressed as SUVmean. Results from this study are shown in FIG. 12.

[0530] Using varying quantities of I-17 and a constant quantity of ¹⁷⁷Lu (approx. 50 kBq/mouse), a variety of doses were assessed in biodistribution studies using HT1080 xenograft mice. Biodistribution was performed at 1 h post injection. The results of this study are shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.

[0531] A dose of 50 to 150 pmol was found to be optimal. The tumor uptake was slightly blocked at a dose of 500 pmoles and nearly completely blocked using 5 nmoles of I-17.

[0532] I-13 to I-15 represent higher affinity and higher stability DOTA-labelled Bicycles targeting EphA2. I-17 represents a stabilized candidate-like molecule for EphA2. I-18 contains an additional stabilization in Loop 1, at the price of slightly lower affinity. I-28 is an inactive variant of I-17.

[0533] The results of this study are shown in FIGS. 15-17.

[0534] The radiolabelling with Ga-68 was done as described before. The labelling reaction mixture was diluted in injection buffer (0.25 M Na-Acetate 0.05% Tween-20 pH 7) by a factor of 6 to obtain 150 pmoles in 100 μL injection buffer. The anaesthetized mouse (2% sevoflurane, Abbott) was injected with 100 μL of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled I-13 and I-15 and placed in a small animal PET scanner (Inveon PET, Siemens). The imaging was performed 60 min post-injection and included a 15 min transmission scan before injection and a 60 min emission scan post-injection. Scans from μPET imaging were reconstructed iteratively using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization method (SAGE, 16 subsets, 4 iterations) applying median root prior correction and were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV) images. Quantitation was accomplished using an ROI (region of interest) technique and expressed as SUVmean.

[0535] The results of this study are shown in FIG. 18.

[0536] The high liver uptake of I-13 which has been shown already in the organ distribution (FIG. 15) could be confirmed in the PET imaging as well. I-15 presented with a clearly reduced liver uptake. The tumor signal was extremely high for both compounds.

[0537] To determine the specific cell uptake and internalization of I-19, 10⁵ cells were seeded in poly-L-lysine coated 24-well cell culture plates 24 h before incubation. After washing, the cells were incubated with 30 nM of the radiolabeled compound for 45 min at 37° C. and at 4° C., respectively. Specific cellular uptake was determined by competitive blocking with 100 μM of the respective cold compound (non-DOTA). Cellular uptake was terminated by washing 4 times with 1 mL of ice-cold PBS. Cells were subsequently incubated twice with 0.5 mL glycine-HCl in PBS (50 mM, pH=2.8) for 5 min to remove the surface-bound fraction. The cells were washed with 1 mL of ice-cold PBS and lysed using 0.3 N NaOH (0.5 mL). The surface-bound and the internalized fractions were measured in a gamma counter. The cell uptake was calculated as percent of the initially added radioactivity bound to 10⁶ cells [% ID/10⁶ cells]. Specific cell surface binding was observed; no internalization was observed.

[0538] These results are shown in FIG. 19.

[0539] The compound I-21 was labeled with Ga-68 and used with a concentration of 30 nM in the assays. The exposure time was 45 minutes at 37° C. Blocking was done by using the same compound but non-labeled (concentration was 110 μM).

[0540] These results are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21.

[0541] While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example.

[0542] Applying the exemplary procedures as described in Example 10, a palmitoylated bicyclic peptide derivative I-25 was generated based on stabilised I-23, where its N-terminus was modified with an extended sarcosine oligomer spacer terminated with palmitoic acid, and where a lysine modified with DOTA was placed within the sarcosine spacer. An organ distribution study investigating additional time points (2, 6 and 24 h) with the optimal dose of 750 pmole/mouse (FIG. 22A) shows a high tumour accumulation of 25.03±1.61% ID/g as early as 2 h p.i. At 6 h p.i., the tumor uptake of ¹⁷⁷Lu-labelled BCY-C5 reached a maximum of 35.88±1.11% ID/g whereas most of the activity in the background organs was cleared. At later time points, ¹⁷⁷Lu-labelled BCY-C5 is further cleared from circulation and therefore presents extremely high tumor-to-organ ratios (tumour to blood signal ratio at 6 hrs is 19, and at 48 hrs is 97), making this molecule an attractive option for molecular diagnostic imaging.

[0543] A biodistribution study using ¹⁷⁷Lu-labelled I-29 was performed, which is a non-MT1-MMP binding “mutant” of I-25 wherein D-Ala5 is replaced with L-Ala5, and Glu6 is replaced with L-Ala5. This mutant essentially alters/removes sidechains key to the interaction with MT1-MMP and serves as an inactive control peptide. The molecule is essentially the palmitoylated inactive version of I-27 described herein. This inactive, palmitoylated control peptide was assessed in the mouse xenograft tumour model and compared against the active I-25 comparator, at the 6 hour timepoint where tumour uptake is maximal (750 pmole per mouse). The tumour uptake measured for I-29 was 4.8%, which is ~8 fold lower than the active I-25 (FIG. 22B), indicating that significant, target-selective uptake is occurring in the palmitoylated I-25, and making I-25 a powerful imaging reagent for MT1-MMP expressing tumours in vivo.