NON-HIGH THROUGHPUT BASIC RATE CALCULATION FOR ULTRA HIGH RELIABILITY PHYSICAL LAYER CONVERGENCE PROTOCOL DATA UNIT

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/823,134, filed Jun. 13, 2025, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/843,926, filed Jul. 14, 2025, all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

[0002] Wireless devices are becoming more prevalent, necessitating efficient access to wireless channels. Standards are evolving to enhance connectivity, integrating advanced technologies in modern networks.

[0011] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, algorithm, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0012] Wi-Fi 8 (IEEE 802.11bn or ultra high reliability (UHR)) is the next generation of Wi-Fi and a successor to the IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) standard. In line with all previous Wi-Fi standards, Wi-Fi 8 will aim to improve wireless performance in general along with introducing new and innovative features to further advance Wi-Fi technology.

[0013] Non-HT control response to soliciting PPDU is an important feature. Non-HT PPDU is used for control response for its simplicity, reliability, and backward compatibility.

[0014] The soliciting PPDU may be data frame in any PPDU format, Control frame like BAR in any PPDU format, or even Trigger frame, which is a new mode defined in 11bn.

[0015] IEEE 802.11bn (11bn) defines the initial control frame (ICF) and initial control response frame (ICR). ICF and ICR can be used as the first frame exchange for various sequences like enhanced multi-link single-radio (eMLSR), Dynamic Unavailability Operation (DUO), Dynamic sub-channel operation (DSO), Non-primary channel access (NPCA), solicited coexistence, and so on.

[0016] ICF is basically a Trigger frame like MU-RTS or Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) Trigger frame.

[0017] There are two categories of PHY format for ICR:

• • [0018] TB PPDU.
  • [0019] non-HT PPDU/non-HT duplicate PPDU.

[0020] When ICF is a Trigger frame, only BSRP Trigger frame can solicit non-HT PPDU/non-HT duplicate PPDU.

[0021] When ICF is a Trigger frame and solicits ICR as TB PPDU. The PHY format and MCS are defined by the ICF. When ICF is a Trigger frame that solicits ICR as non-HT PPDU/non-HT duplicate PPDU, then rate selection for the ICR is undefined.

[0022] Previous Solution:

[0023] Control Response rate selection has been defined in the baseline for CTS, Ack, BlockAck when carried in non-HT PPDU.

[0024] Control response rate selection has also been defined in the baseline for HE STA in HE SU PPDU or HE ER SU PPDU.

[0025] However, all the existing rules for rate selection do not include control response to triggering frame, which is a Trigger frame or a frame carrying a TRS Control subfield. The reason is that the normal rate and PPDU format for the control response to the trigger frame is determined by the Trigger frame or the rule defined for the TRS control subfield.

[0026] Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for IEEE 802.11bn (11bn) non-HT basic rate calculation for UHR PPDU.

[0027] It is proposed to define non-HT reference rate calculation for UHR PPDU and the new code rate defined for UHR PPDU.

[0028] One or more advantages include: Existing non-HT rate selection rule for control response can continue to be used.

[0029] It is proposed to define non-HT reference rate calculation for UHR PPDU and the new code rate defined for UHR PPDU.

[0030] One of the key advantages is that the current non-HT rate selection rule for control responses remains applicable and can be consistently utilized. This ensures compatibility with existing systems and simplifies implementation when handling control responses in non-HT PPDUs.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, a device or system may implement the proposed non-HT reference rate calculation specifically for Ultra High Reliability (UHR) Physical Layer Convergence Protocol Data Units (PPDUs). This means that when a UHR PPDU is transmitted, the reference rate used for non-HT frames is determined based on a clear, defined calculation method. For example, if a station (STA) in a wireless network needs to send a control response, such as a Block Acknowledgment (BA) or Clear To Send (CTS), using a UHR PPDU format, it would apply the non-HT reference rate calculation as specified. This allows the system to ensure that the control responses are sent at rates compatible with the receiver's capabilities, thereby improving reliability and interoperability during transmission opportunities.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, the new code rate defined for UHR PPDU is applied during the encoding process of the physical layer frame. For example, when an access point (AP) or user device prepares a UHR PPDU for transmission, it selects the code rate-a parameter that determines the proportion of data to error-correction bits-according to the new specification. This enables the transmitted frame to achieve higher reliability, as the code rate is tailored for robust communication even in challenging wireless environments. By continuing to use the existing non-HT rate selection rule for control responses, devices can maintain compatibility with legacy systems while also benefiting from the enhanced reliability features of UHR PPDUs.

[0033] Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for ICR response rate.

[0034] Rules are proposed to define the rate for control response to a Trigger frame that is not a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer (PHY) Convergence Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). These rules specify the appropriate transmission rate for such control responses to ensure interoperability and consistent behavior within a Transmission Opportunity (TXOP). For example, if a control response such as Clear To Send (CTS) or Block Acknowledgment (BA) is sent in response to a non-TB PPDU Trigger frame, it should use a rate defined by these rules to avoid communication failure between devices. The proposal will align with the baseline rule. This alignment helps preserve compatibility with existing protocol specifications and simplifies implementation across diverse hardware platforms. This is important because there is a need to align the rule with other control responses like block acknowledgment (BA) response to data, so that in a TXOP, all transmissions for the TXOP responder can reach the TXOP originator consistently. For instance, if a BA is transmitted at a non-compliant rate, the TXOP originator might fail to decode the response, leading to retransmission or reduced channel efficiency.

[0035] Definitions: A Trigger Based (TB) PPDU is a frame that may be transmitted in response to a Trigger frame and follows a format designed for scheduled uplink transmissions. A Physical Layer (PHY) Convergence Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) refers to the lowest-level data unit at the physical layer, encapsulating higher-layer data for transmission over the medium. A Block Acknowledgment (BA) is a control frame that collectively acknowledges receipt of multiple data frames. A Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) is a defined duration during which a station is allowed to transmit frames without further contention. A TXOP responder is the station responding within a TXOP session, while a TXOP originator initiates the session and expects responses from its counterpart.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, a device or a system may comprise one or more components, which may include one or more of: apparatus, station (STA), access point (AP), and/or other network elements. At its most basic configuration, the device or system includes one or more processors, memory, and instructions. The processor(s) may be implemented using general-purpose microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other suitable computational entities capable of performing calculations or manipulations of information. The memory may include RAM, ROM, flash memory, or other storage media suitable for storing instructions and data necessary for system operation. These components, individually or in combination, enable the execution of processes that facilitate communication and functionality within the system.

[0037] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, algorithms, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0038] FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment of optimized reliability, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user devices 120 and one or more access points(s) (AP) 102, which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards. The user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non-stationary (e.g., not having fixed locations) or may be stationary devices.

[0039] In some embodiments, the user devices 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 3 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 4.

[0040] One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. It should be noted that any addressable unit may be a station (STA). An STA may take on multiple distinct characteristics, each of which shape its function. For example, a single addressable unit might simultaneously be a portable STA, a quality-of-service (QoS) STA, a dependent STA, and a hidden STA. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and the AP(s) 102 may be STAs. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point/access point (PCP/AP). The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP(s) 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a software enabled AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a “carry small live large” (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an “origami” device or computing device, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list.

[0041] As used herein, the term “Internet of Things (IoT) device” is used to refer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has an addressable interface (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address, a Bluetooth identifier (ID), a near-field communication (NFC) ID, etc.) and can transmit information to one or more other devices over a wired or wireless connection. An IoT device may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, or the like. An IoT device can have a particular set of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, an environmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emitting function, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded in and/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to an IoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet. For example, IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices are equipped with an addressable communications interface for communicating with the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Accordingly, the IoT network may be comprised of a combination of “legacy” Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).

[0042] The user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may also include mesh stations in, for example, a mesh network, in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards and/or 3GPP standards.

[0043] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. The user device(s) 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly with each other with or without the AP(s) 102. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0044] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and AP(s) 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP(s) 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102.

[0045] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

[0046] MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

[0047] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP(s) 102 to communicate with each other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ax), 5 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be, 802.11bn, etc.), 6 GHZ channels (e.g., 802.11ax, 802.11be, 802.11bn, etc.), or 60 GHZ channels (e.g. 802.11ad, 802.11ay). 800 MHz channels (e.g. 802.11ah). The communications antennas may operate at 28 GHz and 40 GHz. It should be understood that this list of communication channels in accordance with certain 802.11 standards is only a partial list and that other 802.11 standards may be used (e.g., Next Generation Wi-Fi, or other standards). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols. The radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digital baseband.

[0048] In one embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 1, a user device 120 may be in communication with one or more APs 102. For example, one or more APs 102 may implement an optimized reliability 142 with one or more user devices 120. The one or more APs 102 may be multi-link devices (MLDs) and the one or more user device 120 may be non-AP MLDs. Each of the one or more APs 102 may comprise a plurality of individual APs (e.g., AP1, AP2, . . . , APn, where n is an integer) and each of the one or more user devices 120 may comprise a plurality of individual STAs (e.g., STA1, STA2, . . . , STAn). The AP MLDs and the non-AP MLDs may set up one or more links (e.g., Link 1, Link2, . . . , Linkn) between each of the individual APs and STAs. It is understood that the above descriptions are for the purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0049] To compute the rate of the non-HT PPDU response, a typical procedure is to compute the non-HT reference/basic rate of the soliciting PPDU, which is currently not defined for UHR PPDU in 10.6.11. A reference for the rule for BlockAck is provided below.

[0050] If a BlockAck frame is sent as an immediate response to either an Implicit BAR request or to a BlockAckReq frame that was carried in an HT or VHT PPDU and the BlockAck frame is carried in a non-HT PPDU, the primary rate is defined to be the highest rate in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter that is less than or equal to the rate (or non-HT reference rate; see 10.6.11 (Non-HT basic rate calculation)) of the previous frame. If no rate in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter meets these conditions, the primary rate is defined to be the highest mandatory rate of the attached PHY that is less than or equal to the rate (or non-HT reference rate; see 10.6.11 (Non-HT basic rate calculation)) of the previous frame. The STA may select an alternate rate according to the rules in 10.6.6.5.4 (Selection of an alternate rate or MCS for a control response frame). The STA shall transmit the non-HT PPDU BlockAck frame at either the primary rate or the alternate rate, if one exists.

[0051] Another problem is that existing table for the non-HT reference rate does not cover new code rate 2/3 for QPSK, new code rate 2/3 for 16-QAM, new code rate 5/6 for 16-QAM, and new code rate 2/3 for 256-QAM.

TABLE 10-10
Non-HT reference rate
		Coding	Non-HT reference
	Modulation	rate (R)	rate (Mb/s)
	BPSK	1/2	6
	BPSK	3/4	9
	QPSK	1/2	12
	QPSK	3/4	18
	16-QAM	1/2	24
	16-QAM	3/4	36
	64-QAM	1/2	48
	64-QAM	2/3	48
	64-QAM	3/4	54
	64-QAM	5/6	54
	256-QAM	3/4	54
	256-QAM	5/6	54
	1024-QAM	3/4	54
	1024-QAM	5/6	54

TABLE 38-65
UHR-MCSs for 242-tone RU, NSS,u = 1
UHR-
MCS			Data rate (Mb/s)
index	Modulation	Ru	NBPSCS, u	NSD, u	NCBPS, u	NDBPS, u	0.8 μs GI	1.6 μs GI	3.2 μs GI
0	BPSK	1/2	1	234	234	117	8.6	8.1	7.3
1	QPSK	1/2	2		468	234	17.2	16.3	14.6
2		3/4				351	25.8	24.4	21.9
3	16-QAM	1/2	4		936	468	34.4	32.5	29.3
4		3/4				702	51.6	48.8	43.9
5	64-QAM	2/3	6		1 404	936	68.8	65.0	58.5
6		3/4				1 053	77.4	73.1	65.8
7		5/6				1 170	86.0	81.3	73.1
8	256-QAM	3/4	8		1 872	1 404	103.2	97.5	87.8
9		5/6				1 560	114.7	108.3	97.5
10	1024-QAM	3/4	10		2 340	1 755	129.0	121.9	109.7
11		5/6				1 950	143.4	135.4	121.9
12	4096-QAM	3/4	12		2 808	2 106	154.9	146.3	131.6
13		5/6				2 340	172.1	162.5	146.3
15	BPSK-DCM	1/2	1	117	117	58	4.3	4.0	3.6
17	QPSK	2/3	2	234	468	312	22.9	21.7	19.5
19	16-QAM	2/3	4		936	624	45.9	43.3	39.0
20	16-QAM	5/6	4		936	780	57.4	34.2	48.8
23	256-QAM	2/3	8		1872	1248	91.8	86.7	78.0

[0052] There is no previous solution since non-HT reference rate calculation for UHR PPDU is not defined.

[0053] It is proposed to include the Non-HT basic rate calculation for UHR PPDU as defined in the following.

[0054] To convert an UHR-MCS to a non-HT basic rate for the purpose of determining the rate of the response frame, the procedure consists of two steps as follows:

• • [0055] Use the modulation and coding rate determined from UHR-MCS (defined in 38.5 (Parameters for UHR-MCSs)) to locate a non-HT reference rate by lookup into Table 10-10 (Non-HT reference rate). In the case of an MCS with UEQM, the modulation of stream 1 is used.
  • [0056] The non-HT basic rate is the highest rate in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter that is less than or equal to this non-HT reference rate.

[0057] For the new code rate 2/3 for QPSK, new code rate 2/3 for 16-QAM, new code rate 5/6 for 16-QAM, and new code rate 2/3 for 256-QAM, the mapping below is proposed.

• • [0058] For UHR MCS with QPSK modulation and 2/3 code rate, the non-HT reference rate has modulation QPSK, and code rate 1/2 is selected rather than code rate 3/4 so that the code rate will be stronger. Hence, non-HT reference rate 12 Mb/s is used.
  • [0059] As an alternative, QPSK 3/4 with non-HT reference rate 18 Mb/s is chosen since the overall rate is still smaller than the UHR MCS.
  • [0060] For UHR MCS with 16-QAM modulation and 2/3 code rate, the non-HT reference rate uses modulation 16-QAM, and code rate 1/2 is selected rather than code rate 3/4 so that the code rate will be stronger. Hence, non-HT reference rate 24 Mb/s is used.
  • [0061] As an alternative, 16-QAM 3/4 with non-HT reference rate 36 Mb/s is chosen since the overall rate is still smaller than the UHR MCS.
  • [0062] For UHR MCS with 16-QAM modulation and 5/6 code rate, the non-HT reference rate uses 16-QAM modulation, with the highest code rate 3/4 selected. Therefore, non-HT reference rate 36 Mb/s is used.
  • [0063] For UHR MCS with 256-QAM and 2/3 code rate, the non-HT reference rate has modulation 64-QAM, which is the highest QAM for non-HT rate. For the code rate, there are two options:
  • [0064] Option 1: code rate 3/4, with non-HT reference rate 54 Mbps. This avoids the rate gap since 64 QAM 5/6 is mapped to 54 Mbps and 256-QAM 3/4 maps to 54 Mbps.
  • [0065] Option 2: code rate 2/3, with non-HT reference rate 48 Mbps. This ensures that the code rate of the non-HT reference rate is smaller than the code rate of the soliciting UHR PPDU.

[0066] An example of the proposal to update table 10-10 is shown below, where bolded text highlights the addition.

TABLE 10-10
Non-HT reference rate
	Coding	Non-HT reference	Code rate of non-HT
Modulation	rate (R)	rate (Mb/s)	reference rate
BPSK	1/2	6	BSPK 1/2
BPSK	3/4	9	BSPK 3/4
QPSK	1/2	12	QPSK 1/2
QPSK	2/3	Option 1: 12	QPSK 1/2
		Option 2: 18	QPSK 3/4
QPSK	3/4	18	QPSK 3/4
16-QAM	1/2	24	16-QAM 1/2
16-QAM	2/3	Option 1: 24	16-QAM 1/2
		Option 2: 36	16-QAM 3/4
16-QAM	3/4	36	16-QAM 3/4
16-QAM	5/6	36	16-QAM 3/4
64-QAM	1/2	48	64-QAM 2/3
64-QAM	2/3	48	64-QAM 2/3
64-QAM	3/4	54	64-QAM 3/4
64-QAM	5/6	54	64-QAM 3/4
256-QAM	2/3	Option 1: 48	64-QAM 2/3
		Option 2: 54	64-QAM 3/4
256-QAM	3/4	54	64-QAM 3/4
256-QAM	5/6	54	64-QAM 3/4
1024-QAM	3/4	54	64-QAM 3/4
1024-QAM	5/6	54	64-QAM 3/4
4096-QAM	3/4	54	64-QAM 3/4
4096-QAM	5/6	54	64-QAM 3/4

[0067] The selection of a non-HT basic rate for the frame sent in response to an UHR PPDU is not influenced by DCM encoding in the UHR PPDU.

[0068] Reference for non-HT modulation:

TABLE 17-4
Modulation-dependent parameters
			Coded	Data	Data rate	Data rate	Data rate
		Coded	bits per	bits per	(Mb/s)	(Mb/s)	(Mb/s)
	Coding	bits per	OFDM	OFDM	(20 MHz	(10 MHz	(5 MHz
	rate	subcarrier	symbol	symbol	channel	channel	channel
Modulation	(R)	(NBPSC)	(NCBPS)	(NDBPS)	spacing)	spacing)	spacing)
BPSK	1/2	1	48	24	6	3	1.5
BPSK	3/4	1	48	36	9	4.5	2.25
QPSK	1/2	2	96	48	12	6	3
QPSK	3/4	2	96	72	18	9	4.5
16-QAM	1/2	4	192	96	24	12	6
16-QAM	3/4	4	192	144	36	18	9
64-QAM	2/3	6	288	192	48	24	12
64-QAM	3/4	6	288	216	54	27	13.5

[0069] It is understood that the above descriptions are for the purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the rule for initial control frame (ICF) that is carried in a high efficiency (HE) extended range (ER) single user (SU) PPDU and ICR that is carried in a non-high throughput (HT) PPDU is proposed. This proposal addresses the conditions under which specific control frames are transmitted using particular PHY formats, targeting mixed environments where HE and legacy devices coexist. For example, a scheduling Trigger frame transmitted using an HE ER SU PPDU may elicit a response from a legacy station using a non-HT PPDU format, necessitating clear rate-setting rules for successful interpretation.

[0071] If the ICF frame is a Trigger frame carried in a HE ER SU PPDU, and if ICR frame is carried in a non-HT PPDU, then the STA shall set the rate of the non-HT PPDU to 6 Mb/s. This aligns with the following baseline rule. This fixed rate requirement ensures backward compatibility and minimizes the risk of decoding errors by legacy devices operating under the non-HT mode. For instance, when a legacy STA responds to an HE ER SU Trigger frame with an acknowledgment or scheduling confirmation, using a 6 Mb/s rate guarantees that devices expecting non-HT responses can successfully demodulate the frame.

[0072] A STA that transmits a Control frame carried in a non-HT PPDU that is a response to a frame received in an HE ER SU PPDU shall set the rate of the non-HT PPDU to 6 Mb/s. As another alternative, disallow ICF that is a Trigger frame to be carried in an HE ER SU PPDU.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, the rule for ICF that is carried in a ELR PPDU designed for 11bn Wi-Fi 8 and ICR that is carried in a non-HT PPDU is proposed.

[0074] If the ICF frame is a Trigger frame carried in a ELR PPDU, and if ICR frame is carried in a non-HT PPDU, then the STA shall set the rate of the non-HT PPDU to 6 Mb/s. This aligns with the baseline rule for HE ER SU PPDU. As another alternative, disallow ICF that is a Trigger frame to be carried in an ELR PPDU.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, the rule for ICF for the other cases and ICR that is carried in a non-HT PPDU is proposed.

[0076] If the ICF frame is a Trigger frame which is not carried in a HE ER SU PPDU or is not carried in a ELR PPDU, and if ICR frame is not a CTS frame in response to MU-RTS and is carried in a non-HT PPDU or non-HT duplicate PPDU, the primary rate is defined to be the highest rate in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter that is less than or equal to the rate (or non-HT reference rate; see 10.6.11 (Non-HT basic rate calculation)) of the previous frame. If no rate in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter meets these conditions, the primary rate is defined to be the highest mandatory rate of the attached PHY that is less than or equal to the rate (or non-HT reference rate; see 10.6.11 (Non-HT basic rate calculation)) of the previous frame. The STA may select an alternate rate according to the rules in 10.6.6.5.4 (Selection of an alternate rate or MCS for a control response frame). In this case, the STA shall transmit the ICR frame carried in a non-HT PPDU or non-HT duplicate PPDU at either the primary rate or the alternate rate, if one exists.

[0077] The proposal is continued when ICR is carried in an ELR PPDU. A UHR STA that sends a Control frame in an ELR PPDU format should use MCS 0 ELR PPDU if the most recently received PPDU sent by the UHR STA, after association, to the STA soliciting the Control frame was a MCS 0 ELR PPDU; otherwise, the STA should not use a MCS 0 ELR PPDU for the Control frame.

[0078] It is understood that the above descriptions are for the purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0079] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow of illustrative process 200 for an optimized reliability system, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0080] At block 202: The device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1 and/or the my_19@ device ZZ19 of FIG. ZZ) may determine a basic rate from an ultra-high reliability modulation and coding scheme (UHR-MCS) defined in a parameter set. This step involves referencing the parameter set specific to UHR-MCS to identify the basic rate that will be used for subsequent transmissions, ensuring compatibility with the requirements of the optimized reliability system described in FIG. 2.

[0081] At block 204: The device may locate a non-high throughput (non-HT) reference rate by referencing a predetermined table based on the modulation and coding rate. This process enables the device to accurately identify the appropriate non-HT reference rate, which is essential for mapping the modulation and coding scheme to legacy transmission rates for backward compatibility.

[0082] At block 206: The device may select a non-HT basic rate as the highest rate in a basic service set (BSS) basic rate parameter that is less than or equal to the non-HT reference rate. This selection ensures that the response frame transmitted by the device adheres to the compatibility requirements of the BSS, minimizing the risk of decoding errors by legacy devices operating under non-HT mode as described in the surrounding context.

[0083] At block 208: The device may map a plurality of new code rates for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and two hundred fifty-six quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) to corresponding non-HT reference rates according to a predefined mapping procedure. This mapping ensures that the advanced modulation schemes are properly translated to legacy reference rates, facilitating reliable communication between devices supporting different transmission technologies.

[0084] At block 210: The device is operable to transmit a response frame to the UHR PPDU with the non-HT or non-HT duplicate PPDU and the rate determined by the non-HT basic rate selected in block 206. This transmission step ensures that the response frame meets the reliability and compatibility standards necessary for seamless operation within mixed-technology wireless networks as described in the illustrative process 200.

[0085] It is understood that the above descriptions are for the purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0086] FIG. 3 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 300, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or a user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station 300 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[0087] The communication station 300 may include communications circuitry 302 and a transceiver 310 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 301. The communications circuitry 302 may include circuitry that can operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or medium access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 300 may also include processing circuitry 306 and memory 308 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 302 and the processing circuitry 306 may be configured to perform operations detailed in the above figures, diagrams, and flows.

[0088] In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 302 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communications circuitry 302 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communications circuitry 302 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 306 of the communication station 300 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 301 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 302 arranged for sending and receiving signals. The memory 308 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 306 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein. The memory 308 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 308 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

[0089] In some embodiments, the communication station 300 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

[0090] In some embodiments, the communication station 300 may include one or more antennas 301. The antennas 301 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.

[0091] In some embodiments, the communication station 300 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0092] Although the communication station 300 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 300 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0093] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 300 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

[0094] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 400 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 400 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 400 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 400 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments. The machine 400 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

[0095] Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the device is operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member of more than one module. For example, under operation, the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[0096] The machine (e.g., computer system) 400 may include a hardware processor 402 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 404 and a static memory 406, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 408. The machine 400 may further include a power management device 432, a graphics display device 410, an alphanumeric input device 412 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 414 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the graphics display device 410, alphanumeric input device 412, and UI navigation device 414 may be a touch screen display. The machine 400 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 416, a signal generation device 418 (e.g., a speaker), an optimized reliability device 419, a network interface device/transceiver 420 coupled to antenna(s) 430, and one or more sensors 428, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 400 may include an output controller 434, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)). The operations in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure may be carried out by a baseband processor. The baseband processor may be configured to generate corresponding baseband signals. The baseband processor may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with the hardware processor 402 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the main memory 404, the storage device 416, and/or the optimized reliability device 419. The baseband processor may be provided on a single radio card, a single chip, or an integrated circuit (IC).

[0097] The storage device 416 may include a machine readable medium 422 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 424 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 424 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 404, within the static memory 406, or within the hardware processor 402 during execution thereof by the machine 400. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 402, the main memory 404, the static memory 406, or the storage device 416 may constitute machine-readable media.

[0098] The optimized reliability device 419 may carry out or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., process 200) described and shown above.

[0099] It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the optimized reliability device 419 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the optimized reliability device 419.

[0100] While the machine-readable medium 422 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 424.

[0101] Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

[0102] The term “machine-readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 400 and that cause the machine 400 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massed machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

[0103] The instructions 424 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 426 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 420 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 420 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 426. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 420 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 400 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software.

[0104] The operations and processes described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain implementations, less than or more than the operations described may be performed.

[0105] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 105A, 105B in accordance with some embodiments that may be implemented in any one of the example APs 102 and/or the example STAs 120 of FIG. 1. Radio architecture 105A, 105B may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 504a-b, radio IC circuitry 506a-b and baseband processing circuitry 508a-b. Radio architecture 105A, 105B as shown includes both Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT) functionality although embodiments are not so limited. In this disclosure, “WLAN” and “Wi-Fi” are used interchangeably.

[0106] FEM circuitry 504a-b may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 504a and a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 504b. The WLAN FEM circuitry 504a may include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 501, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 506a for further processing. The BT FEM circuitry 504b may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 501, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 506b for further processing. FEM circuitry 504a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 506a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 501. In addition, FEM circuitry 504b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 506b for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, although FEM 504a and FEM 504b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown) that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least some of the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.

[0107] Radio IC circuitry 506a-b as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry 506a and BT radio IC circuitry 506b. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 506a may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 504a and provide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 508a. BT radio IC circuitry 506b may in turn include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 504b and provide baseband signals to BT baseband processing circuitry 508b. WLAN radio IC circuitry 506a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert WLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 508a and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 504a for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 501. BT radio IC circuitry 506b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 508b and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 504b for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 501. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, although radio IC circuitries 506a and 506b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some of the radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.

[0108] Baseband processing circuitry 508a-b may include a WLAN baseband processing circuitry 508a and a BT baseband processing circuitry 508b. The WLAN baseband processing circuitry 508a may include a memory, such as, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform or Inverse Fast Fourier Transform block (not shown) of the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 508a. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 508a and the BT baseband circuitry 508b may further include one or more processors and control logic to process the signals received from the corresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 506a-b, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 506a-b. Each of the baseband processing circuitries 508a and 508b may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with a device for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio IC circuitry 506a-b.

[0109] Referring still to FIG. 5, according to the shown embodiment, WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry 513 may include logic providing an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 508a and the BT baseband circuitry 508b to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. In addition, a switch 503 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 504a and the BT FEM circuitry 504b to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios according to application needs. In addition, although the antennas 501 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 504a and the BT FEM circuitry 504b, embodiments include within their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM 504a or 504b.

[0110] In some embodiments, the front-end module circuitry 504a-b, the radio IC circuitry 506a-b, and baseband processing circuitry 508a-b may be provided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 502. In some other embodiments, the one or more antennas 501, the FEM circuitry 504a-b and the radio IC circuitry 506a-b may be provided on a single radio card. In some other embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 506a-b and the baseband processing circuitry 508a-b may be provided on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 512.

[0111] In some embodiments, the wireless radio card 502 may include a WLAN radio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some of these embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel. The OFDM or OFDMA signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

[0112] In some of these multicarrier embodiments, radio architecture 105A, 105B may be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device. In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, 802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016, 802.11n-2009, 802.11ac, 802.11ah, 802.11ad, 802.11ay and/or 802.11ax standards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Radio architecture 105A, 105B may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards.

[0113] In some embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured for high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.11ax standard. In these embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDMA technique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0114] In some other embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0115] In some embodiments, as further shown in FIG. 6, the BT baseband circuitry 508b may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivity standard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 8.0 or Bluetooth 6.0, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth Standard.

[0116] In some embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 5GPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 7G communications).

[0117] In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured for communication over various channel bandwidths including bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHZ, 5 GHZ, and bandwidths of about 2 MHz, 4 MHZ, 5 MHz, 5.5 MHz, 6 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or 80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths). In some embodiments, a 920 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of the embodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencies however.

[0118] FIG. 6 illustrates WLAN FEM circuitry 504a in accordance with some embodiments. Although the example of FIG. 6 is described in conjunction with the WLAN FEM circuitry 504a, the example of FIG. 6 may be described in conjunction with the example BT FEM circuitry 504b (FIG. 5), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

[0119] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 504a may include a TX/RX switch 602 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 504a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 504a may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 606 to amplify received RF signals 603 and provide the amplified received RF signals 607 as an output (e.g., to the radio IC circuitry 506a-b (FIG. 5)). The transmit signal path of the circuitry 504a may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals 609 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 506a-b), and one or more filters 612, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters (LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 615 for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 501 (FIG. 5)) via an example duplexer 614.

[0120] In some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communication, the FEM circuitry 504a may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum. In these embodiments, the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 504a may include a receive signal path duplexer 604 to separate the signals from each spectrum as well as provide a separate LNA 606 for each spectrum as shown. In these embodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 504a may also include a power amplifier 610 and a filter 612, such as a BPF, an LPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signal path duplexer 604 to provide the signals of one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by the one or more of the antennas 501 (FIG. 5). In some embodiments, BT communications may utilize the 2.4 GHz signal paths and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 504a as the one used for WLAN communications.

[0121] FIG. 7 illustrates radio IC circuitry 506a in accordance with some embodiments. The radio IC circuitry 506a is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 506a/506b (FIG. 5), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable. Alternatively, the example of FIG. 7 may be described in conjunction with the example BT radio IC circuitry 506b.

[0122] In some embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 506a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 506a may include at least mixer circuitry 702, such as, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry 706 and filter circuitry 708. The transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 506a may include at least filter circuitry 712 and mixer circuitry 714, such as, for example, up-conversion mixer circuitry. Radio IC circuitry 506a may also include synthesizer circuitry 704 for synthesizing a frequency 705 for use by the mixer circuitry 702 and the mixer circuitry 714. The mixer circuitry 702 and/or 714 may each, according to some embodiments, be configured to provide direct conversion functionality. The latter type of circuitry presents a much simpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixer circuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may be alleviated for example through the use of OFDM modulation. FIG. 7 illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and may include, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depicted circuitries may include more than one component. For instance, mixer circuitry 714 may each include one or more mixers, and filter circuitries 708 and/or 712 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs. For example, when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.

[0123] In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 702 may be configured to down-convert RF signals 607 received from the FEM circuitry 504a-b (FIG. 5) based on the synthesized frequency 705 provided by synthesizer circuitry 704. The amplifier circuitry 706 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 708 may include an LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals 707. Output baseband signals 707 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 508a-b (FIG. 5) for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 707 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 702 may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0124] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 714 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals 711 based on the synthesized frequency 705 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 704 to generate RF output signals 609 for the FEM circuitry 504a-b. The baseband signals 711 may be provided by the baseband processing circuitry 508a-b and may be filtered by filter circuitry 712. The filter circuitry 712 may include an LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0125] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 702 and the mixer circuitry 714 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help of synthesizer 704. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 702 and the mixer circuitry 714 may each include two or more mixers each configured for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 702 and the mixer circuitry 714 may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 702 and the mixer circuitry 714 may be configured for super-heterodyne operation, although this is not a requirement.

[0126] Mixer circuitry 702 may comprise, according to one embodiment: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) paths). In such an embodiment, RF input signal 607 from FIG. 7 may be down-converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to be sent to the baseband processor.

[0127] Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety-degree time-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitry which may be configured to receive a LO frequency (fLO) from a local oscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 705 of synthesizer 704 (FIG. 7). In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the carrier frequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the zero and ninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by the synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0128] In some embodiments, the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (the percentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset (the difference between start points of the period). In some embodiments, the LO signals may have an 85% duty cycle and an 80% offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at an 80% duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction in power consumption.

[0129] The RF input signal 607 (FIG. 6) may comprise a balanced signal, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-noise amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 706 (FIG. 7) or to filter circuitry 708 (FIG. 7).

[0130] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 707 and the input baseband signals 711 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals 707 and the input baseband signals 711 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

[0131] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for other spectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0132] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 704 may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 704 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According to some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 704 may include digital synthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizer circuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components, its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of an analog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, frequency input into synthesizer circuitry 704 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. A divider control input may further be provided by either the baseband processing circuitry 508a-b (FIG. 5) depending on the desired output frequency 705. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicated by the example application processor 510. The application processor 510 may include, or otherwise be connected to, one of the example secure signal converter 101 or the example received signal converter 103 (e.g., depending on which device the example radio architecture is implemented in).

[0133] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 704 may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 705, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 705 may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 705 may be a LO frequency (fLO).

[0134] FIG. 8 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processing circuitry 508a in accordance with some embodiments. The baseband processing circuitry 508a is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 508a (FIG. 5), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable. Alternatively, the example of FIG. 7 may be used to implement the example BT baseband processing circuitry 508b of FIG. 5.

[0135] The baseband processing circuitry 508a may include a receive baseband processor (RX BBP) 802 for processing receive baseband signals 709 provided by the radio IC circuitry 506a-b (FIG. 5) and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 804 for generating transmit baseband signals 711 for the radio IC circuitry 506a-b. The baseband processing circuitry 508a may also include control logic 806 for coordinating the operations of the baseband processing circuitry 508a.

[0136] In some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchanged between the baseband processing circuitry 508a-b and the radio IC circuitry 506a-b), the baseband processing circuitry 508a may include ADC 810 to convert analog baseband signals 809 received from the radio IC circuitry 506a-b to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 802. In these embodiments, the baseband processing circuitry 508a may also include DAC 812 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX BBP 804 to analog baseband signals 811.

[0137] In some embodiments that communicate OFDM signals or OFDMA signals, such as through baseband processor 508a, the transmit baseband processor 804 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). The receive baseband processor 802 may be configured to process received OFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT. In some embodiments, the receive baseband processor 802 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and by performing a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble. The preambles may be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.

[0138] Referring back to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the antennas 501 (FIG. 5) may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. Antennas 501 may each include a set of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.

[0139] Although the radio architecture 105A, 105B is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0140] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms “computing device,” “user device,” “communication station,” “station,” “handheld device,” “mobile device,” “wireless device” and “user equipment” (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[0141] As used within this document, the term “communicate” is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as “communicating,” when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[0142] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[0143] The term “access point” (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[0144] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[0145] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[0146] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

[0147] The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

[0148] Example 1 may include a device comprising processing circuitry coupled to storage, the processing circuitry configured to: determine a basic rate from an ultra-high reliability modulation and coding scheme (UHR-MCS) defined in a parameter set; locate a non-high throughput (non-HT) reference rate by referencing a predetermined table based on the modulation and coding rate; select a non-HT basic rate as a highest rate in a basic service set (BSS) basic rate parameter that may be less than or equal to the non-HT reference rate; and map a plurality of new code rates for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and two hundred fifty-six quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) to corresponding non-HT reference rates according to a predefined mapping procedure, wherein the device may be operable to transmit a response frame to the UHR PPDU with the non-HT or non-HT duplicate PPDU and the rate determined by the non-HT basic rate.

[0149] Example 2 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to select a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0150] Example 3 may include the device of example 2 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twelve megabits per second, which may be corresponding to non-HT modulation having QPSK modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0151] Example 4 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to select a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0152] Example 5 may include the device of example 4 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twenty-four megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0153] Example 6 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to select a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate.

[0154] Example 7 may include the device of example 6 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate may be thirty-six megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0155] Example 8 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to select a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0156] Example 9 may include the device of example 8 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be fifty-four megabits per second, corresponding to non-HT modulation having 64-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0157] Example 10 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: determining a basic rate from an ultra-high reliability modulation and coding scheme (UHR-MCS) defined in a parameter set; locate a non-high throughput (non-HT) reference rate by referencing a predetermined table based on the modulation and coding rate; selecting a non-HT basic rate as a highest rate in a basic service set (BSS) basic rate parameter that may be less than or equal to the non-HT reference rate; and mapping a plurality of new code rates for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and two hundred fifty-six quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) to corresponding non-HT reference rates according to a predefined mapping procedure, wherein the device may be operable to transmit a response frame to the UHR PPDU with the non-HT or non-HT duplicate PPDU and the rate determined by the non-HT basic rate.

[0158] Example 11 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the operations further comprise selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0159] Example 12 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twelve megabits per second, which may be corresponding to non-HT modulation having QPSK modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0160] Example 13 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the operations further comprise selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0161] Example 14 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twenty-four megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0162] Example 15 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the operations further comprise selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate.

[0163] Example 16 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 15 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate may be thirty-six megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0164] Example 17 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the operations further comprise selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0165] Example 18 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 17 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be fifty-four megabits per second, corresponding to non-HT modulation having 64-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0166] Example 19 may include a method comprising: determining a basic rate from an ultra-high reliability modulation and coding scheme (UHR-MCS) defined in a parameter set; locate a non-high throughput (non-HT) reference rate by referencing a predetermined table based on the modulation and coding rate; selecting a non-HT basic rate as a highest rate in a basic service set (BSS) basic rate parameter that may be less than or equal to the non-HT reference rate; and mapping a plurality of new code rates for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and two hundred fifty-six quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) to corresponding non-HT reference rates according to a predefined mapping procedure, wherein the device may be operable to transmit a response frame to the UHR PPDU with the non-HT or non-HT duplicate PPDU and the rate determined by the non-HT basic rate.

[0167] Example 20 may include the method of example 19 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0168] Example 21 may include the method of example 20 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twelve megabits per second, which may be corresponding to non-HT modulation having QPSK modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0169] Example 22 may include the method of example 19 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0170] Example 23 may include the method of example 22 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twenty-four megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0171] Example 24 may include the method of example 19 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate.

[0172] Example 25 may include the method of example 24 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate may be thirty-six megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0173] Example 26 may include the method of example 19 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0174] Example 27 may include the method of example 26 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be fifty-four megabits per second, corresponding to non-HT modulation having 64-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0175] Example 28 may include an apparatus comprising means for: determining a basic rate from an ultra-high reliability modulation and coding scheme (UHR-MCS) defined in a parameter set; locate a non-high throughput (non-HT) reference rate by referencing a predetermined table based on the modulation and coding rate; selecting a non-HT basic rate as a highest rate in a basic service set (BSS) basic rate parameter that may be less than or equal to the non-HT reference rate; and mapping a plurality of new code rates for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and two hundred fifty-six quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) to corresponding non-HT reference rates according to a predefined mapping procedure, wherein the device may be operable to transmit a response frame to the UHR PPDU with the non-HT or non-HT duplicate PPDU and the rate determined by the non-HT basic rate.

[0176] Example 29 may include the apparatus of example 28 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0177] Example 30 may include the apparatus of example 29 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with QPSK modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twelve megabits per second, which may be corresponding to non-HT modulation having QPSK modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0178] Example 31 may include the apparatus of example 28 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0179] Example 32 may include the apparatus of example 31 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be twenty-four megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a one-half code rate.

[0180] Example 33 may include the apparatus of example 28 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate.

[0181] Example 34 may include the apparatus of example 33 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 16-QAM modulation and a five-sixth code rate may be thirty-six megabits per second, corresponding to a non-HT modulation having 16-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0182] Example 35 may include the apparatus of example 28 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising selecting a non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate.

[0183] Example 36 may include the apparatus of example 35 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the non-HT reference rate for a UHR-MCS with 256-QAM modulation and a two-thirds code rate may be fifty-four megabits per second, corresponding to non-HT modulation having 64-QAM modulation and a three-fourths code rate.

[0184] Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g., system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.

[0185] The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

[0186] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[0187] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special-purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[0188] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[0189] Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[0190] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.